中考英语写作指导（汇编19篇）

When you were born, you need to face the ups and downs in our life. For

example, you need to learn to speak, learn to walk, learn to write, learn to

read, and so on. Whenever you learn a new thing, you will be always full of joy.

But the hardness only you know. Perhaps, you have thought about giving up, but

in the end you insist on. In this world, there is no difficult, only those who

do not adhere to. As long as you can hold on, thats not a thing. Perseverance

prevails! This is the eternal law! Come on.

导语：一个不懂宽容的人，将失去别人的尊重，一个一味地宽容的人，将失去自己的尊严。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

宽容，可以用爱和真诚来温暖他人的心灵，能帮助我们做一个和和气气、大大方方的人。

曾经，我在一本书上面看到过一个寓言故事：是说有一个人骑着一匹骏马，另一个骑着普通的马的人一起行走。普通的马不知为何咬了骏马一口，骏马血流不止，但若无其事行走自如，并没有和普通的马一起撕咬。后来普通的马回到家中，不吃草，也不饮水，浑身颤颤巍巍。骏马主人知道后说：“他可能是因为咬了骏马而感到羞愧，不如把它牵来，让它们相互理解就好了。”把普通的马牵来后，让它们共同饮食，共同奔跑，不多会，普通的马就好了。这只是一个小故事，却揭示了宽容的基本含义。

在人生的道路上，我们人与人之间发生的不仅仅是马与马之间简简单单的事。在学校打架斗殴的事件基本都是一件小事引起的。在寓意中，那匹骏马没有以同样的方式来还击普通的马，而是明智的选择了宽容，最终它们和好如初。相反，如果骏马同普通的马一起撕咬，那么结果就有可能是头碰血流，两败俱伤。而我们和马不同，我们可以达到马达不到的境界。既然如此，我们为什么不能多多的理解他人，宽容他人哪?

宽容，还代表着对日常生活事件的处理上，而且不计较个人过失。从古至今，没有一个心胸狭窄的人能成大事。宽容，应是每个人都遵循的原则。拥有一颗宽容的心，可以让人进入一个神清气爽的境界，让人拥有乐观的人生。

安德鲁~马修斯说过：“一个人脚跟踩扁了紫罗兰，而它却把香味留在脚跟上。”这就是宽容。让我们告别狭隘之心，用宽容之心包容一切，学做那留人清香的紫罗兰。

关于宽容的名人名言

1、最高贵的复仇之道是宽容。——法雨果

2、最高贵的复仇是宽容。——雨果

3、自出洞来无敌手，得饶人处且饶人。——(宋)善棋道人《绝句》

4、开诚心，布大度。——康有为《上清帝第一书》

5、宽宏精神是一切事物中最伟大的。——欧文

6、宽容并不是姑息错误和软弱，而是一种坚强和勇敢。——中国周向潮

7、与人为善就是善于宽谅。——(美)弗罗斯特《新罕布什尔》

8、遇方便时行方便，得饶人处且饶人。——(明)吴承恩《西游记》

9、宽容就如同自由，只是一味乞求是得不到的，只有永远保持警惕，才能拥有。汪国真《宽容与刻薄》

10、宽容就像天上的细雨滋润着大地。它赐福于宽容的人，也赐福于被宽容的人。——莎士比亚名剧《威尼斯商人》

11、只有勇敢的人才懂得如何宽容;懦夫绝不会宽容，这不是他的本性。——美斯特恩

12、紫罗兰把它的香气留在那踩扁了它的脚踝上。这就是宽怒。——马克吐温

13、宽容意味着尊重别人的任何信念。——爱因斯坦

14、宽容与刻薄相比，我选择宽容。因为宽容失去的只是过去，刻薄失去的却是将来。——佚名

15、人们应该彼此容忍：每一个人都有弱点，在他最薄弱的方面，每一个人都能被切割捣碎。——济慈

16、人心不是靠武力征服，而是靠爱和宽容征服。——(俄罗斯)斯宾诺莎

17、世界上最宽阔的是海洋，比海洋更宽阔的是天空，比天空更宽阔的是人的胸怀。——法·雨果

18、生活中有许多这样的场合：你打算用忿恨去实现的目标，完全可能由宽恕去实现。西德尼·史密斯

19、如果别人已不宽容，就不要去使劲儿乞求宽容，乞求得来的宽容，从来不是真正的宽容。——佚名

20、忍一句，息一怒，忍一事，少一事。——中国谚语

下面是小编整理的2017年中考作文指导：写事，欢迎阅读。

写事要求清楚、具体。一件事情的发生，总离不开时间、地点、人物和事情的起因、经过、结果。这就是人们常说的“记叙文六要素”。把这六个方面写清楚了，才能让读者明白究竟是一件什么事。同时，还要寓理于事，即通过一件事或几件事来说明一个道理。在六要素当中，起因、经过、结果是事情的主要环节。其中，“经过”部分又是事情的核心，是全文成败的关键所在。在小学生的作文里，“经过”部分写得不具体是带有普遍性的问题。小学生的继续文不感人，平淡乏味，这是其中一个重要原因。记事的记叙文可分两种：写事和写活动。

(一)怎样写事

一是把“经过”部分分成几个阶段，然后按照先后顺序一层一层地写得清楚。写的时候多文几个“后来怎样”，文章就具体了。

二是注意材料的详略，有所侧重。对一些重要的过程、场面要细致描绘，使读者有如身临其境。

三是对事件中的人物，特别是主要人物，当时是“怎么说的”、“怎么做的”，又是“怎么想的”，一定要写具体。

(二)怎样写活动

活动都是有目的、有形式、有过程的。搞什么活动?为什么搞活动?则眼搞活动?活动的结果怎样?都要写清楚。写活动也要求写清楚“六要素”，要把活动的时间、地点、人物和活动开始、经过、结果写出来。

在整个活动当中，不是写一个人，二是写一群人;不是用一两件事来写人物，而是通过写一个活动场面，来表现人物的精神面貌。写活动的记叙文，最大的特点就是必须有活动的基本内容、主要过程和重要场面。把印象最深刻的内容作为重点，把自己看到的、听到的、亲身经历的主要部分记叙下来，采用点面结合的方法，既要写好群体活动，又要把个体代表写进去;既要写整个场面，又要突出典型人物。

写活动的文章一般包括两大部分：一是活动的经过，二是自己的感受。如果写“参观”活动，就要用“观一处，感一处”的方法。写整个活动的过程，要用顺叙法，即按活动的先后顺序，把活动时间、地点、人物及活动的经过和结果依次写出来。

写人必须从具体的事情之中写人，写事也必须通过人的活动来写事。

人因事而鲜活，事因人而彰显。人事相因，互为依托。因此，要想写出人物的鲜明个性，就必须记述人物的二三事；而要写出事情的曲折波澜，也必须把握好人物的思想性格。

世界上没有两片相同的树叶，作为有着自然的、社会的、精神的各种属性的人那就更是千差万别、各不相同了。

一、什么是人物的个性特征?

个性特征，是指一个人在思想、品质、行为、习惯等方面异于他人的特征。由于人们的生活经历和所处的社会环境不同，因而个性的差异是普遍存在的，即使是同一种思想品质，在表现形式上也总有这样那样的区别，不会完全相同。因此，我们在作文中描写人物的时候，应该着重表现人物的这种个性特征，这样才会把人物写得栩栩如生、惟妙惟肖，才会感染读者。通过人物的心理或肖像或动作或语言等描写来刻画人物性格特征的例子可以说不胜枚举。

二、怎样才能写出人物的个性?

１．运用语言、外貌、动作等勾勒人物形象。    描写人物的语言和行动，应注意以下问题：

第一，要注意语言和行动描写必须切合人物身份，符合人物的年龄与地位，做到“言如其人”，“行如其人”。

第二，要注意语言、行动描写必须符合人物的性格。人物具有怎样的性格特征，就会有怎样的言行。要写出个性，必须抓住有代表性的言行进行描写。

第三，要注意言行往往是相关联的，有怎样的言，就有怎样的行。描写人物的语言和行动，要协调一致，共同体现人物的性格特征。

写好肖像，以形传神。写肖像，一定要学会刻画眼睛。眼睛是心灵的窗户，透过这个窗户，可以窥视人物内心的种种变化，把握人物的性格特征。鲁迅先生就说：“要极俭省的画出一个人的特点，最好是画他的眼睛。”画眼睛，就是要把人物的眼睛中最传神的特点表现出来，使人物形神兼备。怎样才能画好人物的眼睛呢？

一是要让人物的眼睛反映人物的经历、遭遇、处境和人物的内心变化。鲁迅的《祝福》多次写祥林嫂的眼睛、眼光、眼神，借以表现祥林嫂的不幸遭遇和性格的变化。

二是要让人物的眼睛反映出人物的年龄、个性和不同的情绪。人物的年龄、性格、情绪不同，他们的眼神和目光也会不同。

比如孩子的眼睛可以是“明澄得像水晶一样“，而老人的眼睛则应当留下生活刻下的印记，或是饱经沧桑，或是沉静平和慈详，或睿智深邃。刚强自信的人会拥有熠熠生辉的双眸，而脆弱自卑的人眼光是躲躲闪闪游离不定。

眼睛可写满渴望写满期待，希望工程的代表宣传画——魏明娟的大眼睛；眼睛可写满兴奋写满激动，成功者噙着泪花的眼睛；眼睛也可写满绝望，吸毒者无神的眼睛；写满忧郁感伤，刚强自信的人会拥有熠熠生辉的双眸，而脆弱自卑的人眼光是躲躲闪闪游离不定。

总之，只有写出人物的鲜明的个性特征，才能给读者留下深刻印象。似想，有这样一个人，个子不高不矮，身体不胖不瘦，脸色不黑不白，眼睛不大不小，鼻子不高不低，嘴巴不宽不窄，耳朵不圆不长-------你猜他（她）是谁？再比如有这样一个人，黑脸短毛，长嘴大耳，圆身肥肚，穿一领青不青、蓝不蓝的梭布直裰，提一柄九齿钉耙 ------你道他（她）又是谁？

对于前者，恐怕你苦思冥想也得不出个圆满的答案来，都是，又都不是；而对于后者，相信你一定会脱口而出：猪八戒！这两个人，为什么前一个猜不出，后一个一猜就中呢？关键就在于前者只简单介绍了人物的外貌，没有写出特征，更没有写出人物的个性，后者则不然。

许多同学认为要写出人物特征，最简单的方法便是从人物的肖像描写入手，千人千面，人的外表是很少有雷同的。八戒丑陋的外形下带着他的憨态，憨态的骨子里刻着“馋”、“懒”，也刻着“情”、“义”，恐怕这就是他立体生动的原因。这样看来，要真正把握人物的整体风貌，光写外貌是不行的，还需要从多方面、多角度去表现人物。

我们还是以猪八戒为例。虽然孙大圣的勇猛和机智夺走了读者许多的视线，但这不妨碍我们喜爱猪八戒。当然，他并不美，与孙悟空的小巧机灵一比，他愈发显得笨拙；他的武艺不错，但在金箍棒的威力下，他绝不敢逞强（高老庄的一场厮杀除外）；他的心眼似乎也不能说很好，在沙和尚的老实忠厚面前，他的懒惰与自私是藏也藏不住的。但就是这么一个缺点多多的人，他给我们带来了许多人间的烟火味，一种属于凡人的个性特征。他的这些特点不是三言两语所能说清的，作者就用多个事例来具体地描绘给我们看。因此，我们才看到了这样一个猪八戒：在高老庄，变身为壮汉的他食量大如牛，一人可抵好几个庄稼汉，你能说他不是一个勤劳的好农民吗？奉师命去寻找食物，他美滋滋地吃了一顿大西瓜，然后懒洋洋地睡了一个好觉，这样一个八戒，怎能逃脱“馋”和“懒”的评语！孙猴子被赶回了老家，八戒不也是依依不舍？大师兄不在的日子里，师傅有难，他不也是奋不顾身与妖魔斗得天昏地暗？这样一个八戒，不也是有情有义？当然，我们也忘不了他在三位菩萨变化而成的美女面前，丑态百出，这不又是一个活脱脱的好色之徒？--------就是通过众多的事例，从多个方面，写出了一个世俗的、有着人间男子的大多数优缺点的八戒。

２．通过细节表现人物个性    作文必须重视细节，如果不善于捕捉生活中的细节并合理利用的话，那么我们的文章可能无力承载浓厚的情感，无法很好地表达自己，更谈不上去感动别人。拿一把放大镜，定格住人物在特定情境下的瞬间表现，人物便会因此而生动立体。如我前面所举的严监生因两根灯芯不肯闭眼的例子。下面还是谈一下我们熟悉的猪八戒。当调皮的孙悟空抖出他私设“小金库”的隐私时，他嘴里嘀嘀咕咕地发着无意义的牢骚，一边很不情愿地从大耳朵中掏出几钱银子来，这样一个细节让我们无法忽视，无法不发出会心的微笑。

什么是细节描写?

细节描写是指对人物、环境的某一局部、某一特征的具体描绘，或是对事物发展中某一细微事实（事态）的形象描写。细节描写可以分为动作性细节描写、语言性细节描写、肖像性细节描写等。

如何通过生动的细节描写来表现人物的个性?

首先得选择好细节。细节叙写要力求生动、细致、传神。细节描写可以通过人物的言行、习惯、心理、服饰、行身立事的方法等方面来表现。

同学们特别要注意这些看起来好像不影响叙事的细节，正是这些细节使得文章生动自然并且有深度，内容也会很充实。而同学们写叙事记人的文章最大缺点就是容易把文章写得流水账一样:

“今天我晚了一点起床，把单车骑得飞快去上学，突然‘砰’的一声——胎爆了，只好去补胎，迟到了，被老师罚跑了两圈，今天真倒霉！”，根本没有什么细节，甚至连最基本的详略都没有。写人物忌空洞地叙说，否则，写出来的人必然是苍白的，干瘪的。描写人物须“当如镜中取影，妍媸好丑令观者自知”，要让人物自己说话，自己行动，“个个活跳”，而不是作者下评语，加论断。

通过细节描写表现人物个性的主要问题是细节选择不当，不能表现人物个性的本质方面；细节描写不生动传神，甚至给人虚假的感觉。

3.写好环境，以景写人

因为人物的言谈举止、神情心态只有在特定的环境中，才具有表现个性的意义。我们写人物的时候，也要注意运用环境，可以用环境与人物的行动肖像互相烘托，比如写一个热闹的聚会和朋友兴高才烈的言行及笑脸；同样，也可以用环境与人物的行动肖像进行对比烘托，同样是写一个热闹的聚会，你也可写发现为聚会不停忙碌的母亲白发又多几根。

4.正面描写与侧面描写相结合

写人物可以直接写他的言行举止，有时直接写人物言行举止表达不出他的精神，也可以采用侧面描写的方法。成语“沉鱼落雁，闭月羞花”用的也是侧面描写这个方法。

三、如何选材

刻画人物往往需要选取两三件事来表现人物性格特征，选材时，就要选用几件事或者表现一个人某一方面的个性特点和本质，或者从不同侧面来表现人物的几个方面的个性品质和特点。

通过二三事表现人物要注意的主要问题是必须通过精彩的片断来表现，而不要将二三事叙述得完整具体，使行文冗长平淡。要从不同的角度来选择二三事。如果表现的角度一致，事实上成了材料的堆砌。选材时要把握好二三事之间的外在和内在逻辑联系，使文章眉目清晰，形成一个有机的整体。

四、小结

一、什么是人物的个性特征?

二、怎样才能写出人物的个性?

１．运用语言、外貌、动作等勾勒人物形象。写好肖像，以形传神

２．通过细节表现人物个性。什么是细节描写。如何通过生动的细节描写来表现人物的个性。

3 . 写好环境，以景写人。

4 . 正面描写与侧面描写相结合。

三、如何选材。选取两三件事来表现人物性格特征。

You are writing a complaint to the manager about the hotel.

题目：你向饭店经理写信投诉酒店服务。

(以e-mail的形式出现)

On the whole, my stay here was satisfactory. The hotel was comfortable and the room was bright, but it was too dirty. Whats more the food was compeletely awful and the service was really terrible. I have stayed in your hotel for several times and everything is getting worse, though the price is fair.

总体而言，我在这边住得比较满意。酒店很舒服，房间也很明亮，但是太脏了。另外，这儿的食物太糟糕了，服务也很差。我已经在这里住过好几次了，虽然价钱还不错，但每件事都越来越糟糕。

Please try to clean the room a bit more often and find someone who is capable of cooking and who knows how to talk friendly to others.

请时常打扫一下房间，找个真正懂烹饪的和懂得跟别人和睦相处的员工!

在考研英语的小作文部分，历年考试大纲中都会列出多种应用文类型，投诉信、建议信、申请信、求职信、辞职信、求助信、感谢信、号召信、邀请信、道歉信等等，但是考生们回到具体的实践写作中，翻阅近几年考研英语真题试卷，常常发现这些归为一大类，终究是书信形式。既然书信写作如此重要，下面就为各位考生带来书信写作的攻克大招，让写作变得无比简单。

一、书信写作总体概述

1.首段

1)问候收信人

例：Dear Sir/Madam

2)解释来信原因

例：I’m writing for ……

2.中间段落

1)阅读题干要求，从中寻找名词或动词

例：Write a letter of application according to the following situation. You saw an advertisement in this morning’s newspaper .A company need’s a secretary and you are interested. Write an application letter to that company.

2)注意题目文字暗示，把名词具体化，把动词近义词化。

例：I am pleased to discover from Beijing Youth that your company is calling for a secretary……

3.结尾段落

例：I would appreciate your assistance in this matter. If you have any question , please don’t hesitate to contact me. I can be reached at...Look forward to your reply.

4.署名

在文章右下角署名，一般格式为：Yours sincerely……

二、书信写作分类讲解(写作脉络)

1.投诉信

投诉信通常包括：说明投诉原因并表示遗憾，实事求是阐述问题发生的经过，指出问题引起的后果，提出批评及处理意见，督促对方采取措施，提出所希望的赔偿及补救方式。

2.建议信

建议信即写给某个组织或机构，就改进其服务质量提出建议忠告;或写给个人，就某一重大事件提出自己的看法、建议及观点。

3.道歉信

投诉信通常包括：表示歉意、阐明表示歉意的具体原因，提出补救办法，再次表示致歉，并希望得到谅解，提供合适的补救办法。(要注意语言的诚挚)

4.感谢信

感谢信中通常带有浓厚的感情色彩，是所有书信中最带有“人情味”的，该书信内容通常包括：表达感谢之情并说明原因--提及自己曾受到对方的帮助--再次感谢并表达回报愿望。

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[考研英语书信写作方法

谈及写作训练,学生认为就是勤练笔,其实不然。英语的听、说、读、写四种能力是密切相关、相互渗透的。听和读是领会理解别人表达的思想,说和写是用言语表达思想。写的能力要在听、说、读的基础上进行培养和提高,而写的训练又能进一步提高听、说、读的能力。因此,写作训练应该贯穿于英语教学的全过程,才能真正提高学生的写作能力。

一、多读

“读是写的前提,写是读的升华”。一般而言,听和读的量必须数十倍地多于说和写的量,才能较自如地在口头上或书面上表达自己的思想。一方面,大量阅读可以提高阅读能力,扩大词汇量,另一方面,它还可以增强英语语感,对英语写作起着潜移默化的作用。只有当阅读量达到一定程度时,才能找到写好文章的语感。我们可以选择适合学生的读物,如英文报纸(《英语周报》、《21世纪报》)、杂志(《中学生英语园地》)、科普文章、书虫等(水平较高的学生可读小说原著)。大量阅读是学生接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增强记忆力的一种有效途径,同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种有效方法,非常有利于写作。实践证明,学生平时课外阅读面越广,阅读量越大,运用英语表达的能力就越强。

二、多背

英语和汉语存在很大差异,语法规则和句子结构是不同的,很多学生在写作过程中难免会受到母语的影响,出现一些Chinglish(中式英语),而且有些语法规则也把握不准,谓语动词常出现“be+do”的错误形式或缺少谓语的现象。所以,背诵模仿是行之有效的手段之一。

(一)背课文

在多年的教学实践中,我坚持让学生背诵部分课文,较长的文章选背一两段,下节课抽查背诵,或进行默写。《新概念英语2》中很多英语短文通俗有趣,我给学生挑选其中一部分让他们背诵、默写,对培养学生的语感很有效。

(二)背范文

英语写作一般包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文及开放性作文写作。我经过筛选,找出每种文体各五篇文章,同时,我也注重搜集一些好的范文和习作要求学生背诵。通过熟背精彩段落,使学生逐步掌握英语基本的表达方法,有助于模仿。而且,通过这些范文,学生可熟练掌握各种体裁的写作技巧,这是学生写好作文的一条捷径。经过一段时间的训练,学生就会有内容可写、写得出来。

三、多写

除了以上对学生进行读、背训练,还要对学生进行动手训练。学生只有通过写才能知道自己的不足与缺陷,毕竟说和写是两回事。

(一)改写课文

教师可要求学生把Reading缩写成一篇一百字左右的短文,也可让学生把对话改写成记叙文(如项链),这也是进一步理解课文的手段。一般在学完一个单元,学生熟练掌握课文之后,再做这一步,让学生尽量使用本单元的短语句型,同时,也要学着套用背诵的句子。

(二)写英语周记

让学生写英语周记,这是很多老师训练学生写作的方法。有些英语写作不好的学生,往往不坚持写或应付了事。对这样的学生,教师要严格要求,督促检查。对学生的每篇周记,教师都要认真批改。周记不必拘泥于形式,学生可以自由发挥。开始可以写简单的几句话,要求学生多用学过的词组、句型,多套用和模仿。逐渐地,学生会写多些,也会越写越流利,错误也会越来越少。

(三)每周练习写一篇作文

教师挑选一至两篇习作打在投影仪上,师生共同修改,然后让学生将改写过的文章抄写在作文积累本上。这样日积月累,学生考前只要翻翻自己的“作文本”,即可胸有成竹,这个习惯一定要养成,对学生会有很大帮助。

(四)限时写作训练

近年高考试题包容量大,知识覆盖面广,这就要求学生在做题时必须注意速度和节奏,而高考书面表达从时间分配上看,最多也只能是30分钟左右的时间,学生必须在有限时间内完成作文,并且要意思连贯,无严重语法错误。为达到这一要求,每届学生从高一开始,就应定期做限时写作训练。

四、多积累

(一)积累词汇

词汇是说话写作的必需材料,掌握词汇量的多少,是衡量一个学生英语水平高低的“标尺”。《教学大纲》规定的词汇是最基本的词汇,必须熟记。我在多年的教学中,每堂课都坚持让学生默写或听写单词,要求学生根据中文意思,写出单词的拼写形式、词类和词形变化。这就使学生积累了大量的词汇,为高考书面表达打下坚实的拼写基础,避免了因单词拼写错误而丢分。

(二)积累句型

我在平时授课过程中,让学生把重点句型记录在作文积累本上,随时翻看和背诵。如写观点类文章常用的Some share the view that...,Others hold the opposite opinion that...,The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages,As far as I’m concerned,以及常用到的定语从句、倒装句、非限、非谓、同位语、强调句型等。

(三)积累文章

学生背过的篇章、写过的作文,尤其是各种体裁的范文习作,要分类整理粘贴在作文积累本上,经常拿出来朗读背诵。我教过的学生,都积累了大量的范文习作,考试时可做到有备无患。

通过长期的写作训练,我狠抓学生基本功,学生的写作水平明显提高。我所教班级在每次考试中书面表达平均分都在同类班级之上。总之,英语写作训练是综合能力训练之一,写作能力的提高需要通过循序渐进的训练才能达到。听、说、读、写几方面的训练是相辅相成的,它们互相促进、互相制约,在平时教学中教师要合理安排,有机穿插,这样才能让学生“下笔如有神”。

2017年的中考还有是来天就到了，下面是小编整理的鲜明的主题，欢迎阅读。

文章所表达的思想感情、态度观点，要一目了然。切忌“犹抱琵琶半遮面”，让人读完全文觉得云里雾里，不知所言。仝老师介绍了几种突出文章主题的方法：

1.让标题点明主题。如江苏去年满分作文《吃在中国?在吃中国!》，标题很有震撼力，言语中透出智慧———前后仅是调换一个字，就鲜明地亮出了自己的观点。文章正文的例子也非常典型：吃果子狸吃出“非典”———吃掉生命;某些地区吃得浪费惊人———吃掉美德;放学路上看见买青蛙的———吃掉生态平衡。小作者敏锐的眼光、深邃的思想、忧虑的情怀了然突出。

2.在开头点明主题。如山东2007年满分作文《美就在身边》，题目就是主旨;开头一段“一滴露水就可以反映出太阳的光辉;一粒细沙包含着一个多彩的世界;佛语：一花一世界，一叶一菩提。身边的美无处不在。”清新、优美的语言信手拈来，不仅营造了一种诗意，让人拍案叫绝，而且“身边的美无处不在”又一次点明主旨，加深了印象。

3.结尾点明或深化主题。如《美就在身边》这篇文章，结尾写道：“一粒沙里看到一个世界，一朵花中看到一座天堂，美就在身边，将无限放在手心，永恒在一刹那间收藏!”寥寥数语，可见小作者的概括能力和扎实的语文功底。

1. To cherish the enviroment is to love ourselves.

爱护环境就是爱护我们自己。

2.Water is the source of ourlives

水是生命之源。

3.I make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation

我急切呼吁应该采取措施改变现状。

4.Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against pollution.

我们政府正努力制定措施与污染作斗争。

5.We are sure that well win the battle.

我们坚信我们能赢得战斗。

6.Its high time that we should protect our enviroment from being polluted.

是时候我们应该防止环境污染了。

7. Keep our mountains green，the wate clean，and the sky blue.

使我们山更绿，水更清，天更蓝。

8.However，natural resources are not inexhaustible.some reserves are already on the brink of exhaustion.

然而自然资源并不是无穷无尽的，一些储量已经到了穷尽的边缘。

9.If we do something with no thought for the furture . The later generation would be in danger.

如果我们不为将来考虑，后代就会受到威胁。

10.Our earths days are numbered without urgent help.

没有及时的帮助我们的地球就屈指可数了。

11(Sth.)are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blink eye to them.

如果我们继续睁一只眼闭一只眼的话，……一定会有恶劣的后果。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

许多同学都想把作文写得好一点，但总觉得学好作文不容易，有什么办法使作文的水平提高快一些呢?许多文章写得好的人都有这样一点经验：写作文要三“多”。

首先是：多阅读。就是要大量地广泛地阅读。阅读愈多愈广、愈认真，就愈有助于写作能力的提高。阅读可以开阔眼界，扩大知识面，阅读可以增加自己的知识和丰富自己的材料仓库。多阅读可以使我们学习如何选材立意、布局谋篇、选词炼句和不同的表现方法。汉代杨雄说：“能读千赋则善赋。”唐代大诗人杜甫曾说：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神。”清代大小说家蒲松龄在《聊斋志异·阿宝》曾说：“书痴者文必工。”意思说，沉迷阅读的人他的文章必定会写得好。《唐诗三百首》的编者也曾说：“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。”我们阅读犹如蚕吃桑叶，蚕不吃桑叶，就吐不出丝，人不阅读，也写不好作文。博读广览对于丰富写作题材也是极有帮助的。俄国作家高尔基说：“我觉得，当书本给我讲到闻所未闻、见所未见的物、感情、思想和态度的时候，似乎是每一本书都在我面前打开了一扇窗户，让我到一个不可思议的新世界。”读得多了，积累必然丰富，思想也就开阔。有些学生作文语言枯燥、词汇贫乏，初看似乎是语法修辞的毛病，实际上是读得太少，腹中空空是一个重要的原因。

第二个是：多观察。多观察是很有好处的，一是可以培养自己认识外界事物的能力;二是可以积累许许多多真实的写作素材。有经验的猎手，看一看地上的脚印，他就能推测出是什么野兽;老中医看一看病人的脸与舌，他就能大体知道你的病情。这是什么原因?因为他们在长期观察中积累了许多经验，已经找出了规律。我们与作文也一样，要细致观察，才能看到看清看懂外界的事物，这样写起作文既有具体又能真实生动。比如唐代诗人王维写过一首《出至塞上》的诗，诗中有“大漠孤烟直，长河落日圆”两句。后来有些读者认为用“直”字描写“孤烟”似不真实。如《红楼梦》中香菱说：“想烟如何直，日自然是圆的。这‘直’字似无理，‘圆’字似太欲。”宋陆佃《埤雅》中说：“古之烽火用狼粪，取其烟直而聚，虽风吹之不斜。”赵殿臣注解说：“边外多回风，其风迅急，袅烟沙而直上，亲见其景者，始知直字之佳。”可见这诗句中用“直”字是王维细致观察边塞生活得来的真实的奇观异景。我们平时要留心观察，如观察人时，应观察人物的行为、对话、外貌等方面的特点;观察物时，要观察它的形状、颜、质地、构造和用途等方面的特点。大作家巴金说：“不管熟悉或者不熟悉的，我开始写小说以来就不曾停止观察人……我养成了观察人的习惯。”我们若也能养成观察人的习惯就好了。

第三个是：多动笔。我刚才说了多观察。我们会发现每个人的外表、性格、思想等都是不相同的。我们要把观察到的及时记到笔记本里，也可以说写点观察日记吧。勤练多写，刻苦实践，这可以说是学好作文的诀窍之一。犹如学游泳，不多下水游泳是学不起来的，学作文也要多动笔，才能笔下生辉。如蒲松龄，就是多动笔的典型。他“每峨冠博带，日游于田野间，遇乡人则扯之谈鬼为乐。乡人谈甫终，而先生已下笔如风，记载一悉矣。”乡人刚刚讲好，他已很快地把故事全记在本子上了。俄国作家果戈理也是多动笔的人，他会把所见所闻一一记入随身带的笔记本里。甚至到菜馆里吃饭，他也会急忙把菜单抄到笔记本里。后来那张菜单就被用到他写的小说里了。所以你能不怕苦不怕烦，能多动笔，经常写点，日积月累，你的笔头就“灵活”起来。同学们，你们若能保持一股热情，努力做到多阅读、多观察、多动笔，你们的作文水平就会在不知不觉中提高起来。

导语：任何时候都不要看轻了自己。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

战后受经济危机的影响，日本失业人数陡增，工厂效益也很不景气。一家濒临倒闭的食品公司为了起死回生，决定裁员1/3。有三种人名列其中：一种是清洁工，一种是司机，一种是无任何技术的仓管人员。这三种人加起来有三十多名。经理找他们谈话，说明了裁员意图。清洁工说：“我们很重要，如果没有我们打扫卫生，没有清洁优美、健康有序的工作环境，你们怎么能全身心投入工作?”司机说：“我们很重要，这么多产品没有司机怎么能迅速销往市场?”仓管人员说：“我们很重要，战争刚刚过去，许多人挣扎在饥饿线上，如果没有我们，这些食品岂不要被流浪街头的乞丐偷光?”经理觉得他们说的话都很有道理，权衡再三决定不裁员，重新制定了管理策略。最后经理在厂门口悬挂了一块大匾，上面写着：“我很重要!”从此，每天当职工们来上班，第一眼看到的便是“我很重要”这四个字。不管一线职工还是白领阶层，都认为领导很重视他们，因此工作都很卖命。这句话调动了全体职工的积极性，几年后公司迅速崛起，成为日本有名的公司之一。

【温馨提示】这个故事冲击我们眼球、触动我们心灵的就是“我很重要”这四个字。是啊，任何时候都不要看轻了自己。在关键时刻，你敢说“我很重要”吗?试着说出来，你的人生也许会由此揭开新的一页。简单的四个字，却蕴含着丰富的内涵，有自信、有勇气、有意志，这些都可以成为你作文的话题或主题。

第一招：审题细心。审题好比驾驶员打方向，方向对了，哪怕开得慢点，也会顺利到目的地。如果审题不清，书面表达的成绩不知道会有多惨。学生真正开始写作 前，必须花相当一部分时间做写前阅读、思考等准备，包含以下四方面：1)审体裁。根据情景提示首先要弄清写何种体裁文章。2)审结构。明确开始部分、正文 部分和结尾部分，定好段落。3)审格式。如日记、便条、书信、通知的格式等。4)审内容。弄清什么必需写，哪些略写，尤其是图画式书面表达，要学会连贯 性，读懂图的意思。5)审人称和时态。弄清书面表达要求用何种人称，根据材料确定短文的基本时态。

第二招：衔接流畅。恰当使用逻辑词语，使各要点间连贯，行文通顺。比如表并列或递进： and, both…and, neither…nor, not only…but also;表选择：or, either…or; 表转折或让步：but, although, though, however, even though, in spite of, on the contrary; 表对比：like, unlike, while; 表举例：for example, such as, that’s to say; 表强调：in fact, of course, besides; 表时间顺序：when, after, before, as soon as, soon after; 表因果关系：because, since, as, for, for this reason，as a result; 表结论：in a word, to sum up. In summary, in conclusion, on the whole;

第三招：短语地道。如果能多用短语，则可回避书面表达中的中式英语，同时也能减少错误几率。尤其在考试时，如果使用短语，会使文章增加亮点。

第四招：句式丰富。一篇可读性强的文章，通常能较好体现学生对英语语言结构、词块、句式的运用。因此各类句式的多元呈现往往可以提升书面表达的成绩。初中 阶段英语写作常用的句式如下：There be…；the more…the more…；It’s adj for sb to do something；I think/believe/suppose…(宾从)； It can’t be put into real experiment。(被动)等。尤其是复合句的适恰运用对提升文章的层次很有帮助。对大多数同学来说，仿写很重要，在教材和很多的阅读书籍中都蕴含着 丰富的好词佳句。

第五招：情感真实。同样的话题，有些文章没什么情感，冷冰冰；有些 文章很有温度，有真情实感。情感真实主要可通过如下方法实现：1)内容的呈现。比如：2012年的中考英语书面表达My dream，大部分的作文都还是停留在表面上。但这个例子：I want to be a good father because my daddy was always so busy when I was a little boy.He had no time with me and my mum…虽然文章的文采并不是很好，但很有真情实感，令读者有心动的感觉，也是好文章。2)副词的运用。在句子的某些位置，添加副词，可以使句子和文段更 有人性味，更有情感性。如：I really enjoy the beauty of the sea in the sun。加了一个really，就有味道了。

第六招：思维多元。从杭州近五年中考书 面表达命题情况看，书面表达话题虽多元，但在设题上基本为半开放形式，因此半控制部分学生需要涵盖题目所给信息并进行适当发挥，而半开放部分，则要求学生 根据话题内容、自己的生活阅历、个人思维层次结合自己的英语表述自己的个人看法。有些学生的英语水平比较好，但因为在思维上比较局限想不出比较有深度、宽 度和广度的观点，这也会在一定程度上约束书面表达的质量。

第七招：整理独到。进入八 年级以来，在平时写作、单元练习、期中期末考试中，考生已积累了一定量与教材同话题的自己写的英语小短文，建议在临考前的最后阶段把自己八年级以来写的不 同话题的文章进行修改，润色、整理、汇编成册，制作一本个性化私人定制的“书面表达秘籍”，以备中考前高效复习用，以不变应万变。

第八招：卷面美观。1)不做涂改。需要在平时的书面表达中养成简列提纲、打草稿，再誊抄到答题卡的习惯。2)及时补救。如果对答题卡上的书面表达有修改， 建议用斜线划掉相应部分。3)勤练规范。临考前一个月，以中考答题卡的行距和长度为参照，设计自己字的大小，字的间距，每行的字数，以看起来舒服为准。

良好的开端等于成功的一半，下面是小编整理的高考英语写作基础知识，欢迎阅读。

一. 开头用语：

良好的开端等于成功的一半.在写作文时，通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求，点出文章的中心思想。

1.议论文：

A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.

B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.

C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...

D. Opinions are divided on(关于) the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside.

E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.

F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.

2. 书信：

A. I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar.

B. I read an advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the job...

C. Thank you for your letter of May 5.

D. How happy I am to receive your letter of January 9.

E. How nice to hear from you again!

3. 口头通知或介绍情况：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.

(词典例子：Can I have your attention please?请注意听我讲话好吗?)

B. Attention, please. I have something important to tell you.

C. Mr. Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introduce Mr. Wang to you.

4. 演讲稿：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balanced Diet and Health.

(词典解释：be/feel honoured to do sth=feel proud and happy做某事感到荣幸

例子：I was honoured to have been mentioned in his speech. 他在讲话中提到了我，真是荣幸。)

B. Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest.

(词典解释：extend=to offer or give sth to sb 提供;给予

例子：I’m sure you will join me in extending a very warm welcome to our visitors. 我肯定你们会同我一起向来访者表示热烈的欢迎。)

(词典解释：allow me=used to offer help politely (礼貌地表示主动帮忙)让我来

二.并列用语：

as well as, not only…but (also), including,

A. Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily life.

B. All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture.

C. He speaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French as well.=He speaks not only English but also French.

D. E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.

三.对比用语：

on the one hand---, on the other hand---, on the contrary/contrary to ..., though, for one thing, for another; nevertheless

A. I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand, it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear and vivid pictures.

B. It is hard work; I enjoy it, though.

C. Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be fun.

(词典：contray to sth 与之相异的，相对的，相反的

Contrary to popular belief, many cats dislike milk. 与普通的想法相反，许多猫并不喜欢牛奶。)

四. 递进用语：

even, besides, what’s more, as for, so…that…, worse still, moreover, furthermore; but for, in addition, to make matters worse

A. The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what’s more/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad location.

高考语文作文名师点津系列――记叙文运思

从小学二、三年级开始学写作文就写记叙文，写到高中了，还是解决不了记叙文的"疑难杂症"：

1.行文拖沓，故事感不强；

2."流水帐"结构，缺乏思想性；

3.平淡无味，缺乏鲜明、生动的意象。

【实用兵法】

写"标准的记叙文"，把握三个词：故事、思想、描写

1."故事"就是"出事了"。

◇"出事了"，出什么事了？谁家出事了？在哪儿出事了？因为什么出事了？什么时候出事了？……记叙要素全了。

◇"出事了"，是因为有矛盾冲突，利益的、情感的、性格的……越错综复杂越有看头。

◇"出事了"，就得解决，解决就有个过程--精彩的情节渲染点儿，扣人心弦的"疙瘩"吊着胃口慢慢解。

作文作为语文最重要的部分，必须掌握一定的写作技巧。小编收集了中考作文应具备四有，欢迎阅读。

一、有真情

首先，每一个考生都要要明白写作的真正目的——与他人交流。

因此，考生必须持真诚与他人交流的态度，从自己的真实经历、体会、感受中去筛选题材。考生一定要在考题中所包容的为“我”所熟悉的那部分生活中，“迅速的搜寻出心灵上实际体会到的一个或几个强烈印象”，“清楚的区分被体会到的东西和肤浅经历过的东西”，然后抓住其中最使自己震动的一点，深挖细掘，展开身临其境的想象。

当然，也不是所有真实的感受都可以引入文，因为表现人性之美、人性共性之美，引领人们认识、欣赏生活的真善美，应该是写作的目的之一。这就要求考生把生活经历过滤后，再用个性的文章去展示所认识的人类共性之美。人的经历认识、感受、性情、环境是有差异的，只有以真实的富有个性的感受力表现出共性之美，才会让文章的阅读者感受到你在与他真诚交流。所以写作要尽可能的阅读者走进的你的生活、你的思想，在与你的交流中产生愉悦、共鸣，达到一种共享人性之美的境界。有些考生一拿到题目，就开始挖空心思的从曾看到过的所谓优秀作文、满分作文中搜寻“法宝”，或者胡编乱造，甚至是提前背好各类文章，到考场上去拼凑文章，这样的为文态度是要不得的，就算偶尔拼凑出一篇“高分”作文，也只是凭一时之运气。因此，我们要“用自己的手写自己真实的内心”。

二、有文脉

当我们把生活中的感受美上升到思想美的高度之后，需要用相对形象的语言在规定的篇幅内表达出来，这就要在布局谋篇上有所讲究了。我个人认为，最基本的讲究就是作文起码要有比较清晰的文脉。阅卷者是要在最短的时间内对你的文章作出评价的，如果一眼扫下来，看不明白你在写什么，你想要表现的表现的主题也不突出，对作文的第一印象就要打折扣了。因此，中考作文要力求文脉清晰。那么如何做到文脉清晰呢?很简单，标题入题，开头破题，中间应题，结尾回题。所谓标题入题，即无论是话题作文，还是半命题作文，文章标题必须紧扣并表现所要表达的主题;所谓开头破题，即文章一开始就要用合适的方式，语言让所要表达的主题主动亮相，给阅卷者以鲜明的印象，行文起始即无闲言，紧扣主题;所谓中间应题，指在行文过程中，一定不能忘记要有一两处点睛之笔，即行文处处扣题;所谓结尾回题，意思是文章到收束时，要再次回到文章所表达的主题上来。这样全文从整体上既有了较完整地结构，让阅卷者感受到主题凸显，文脉清晰，在短时间内较容易理解。

当然，这几处的“题“，要用不同形式、方式来表现，万万不可将同一主题句或关键词重复使用。若没有变化，只机械重复，难免让人生厌。

三、有亮点

一篇作文，即使结构严谨，文脉清晰，如果没有亮点，没有超出其它众多作文之处，还是难以脱颖而出的，充其量只是二类作文。要想让阅卷者面对你的作文突然有一种不一样的感受，那么你的作文必须有亮点。我个人认为最基本的亮点要要体现在标题、开头、结尾，因为这几处都是阅卷者必须看而且是对作文进行评判的根本依据之一。文章标题的拟定方法很多，但有两点必须遵循，一是扣题，二是新颖，要力求达到吸引阅卷者眼球的效果。接下来，文章开头也是直接影响评分的关键处。开头必须要先声夺人，要做到“三要”：一要破题，要把文章所表达的主题亮出来;二要短小，一般不要超过作文纸的三行字;三要新，不能用老生常谈的语言。阅卷者通常比较喜欢开头简洁入题，考生可以尝试用一些通俗而富有道理的个性语言开头。切记不可故弄玄虚耍花招，否则可能会弄巧成拙，惹人生厌。最后是文章的结尾，同样要做到“三要”：一要回题，或点、或应、或升华文章主题，使全文结构严谨;二要短，若太长，让阅卷者在其中找寻“题”，阅卷者会感到“累”;最关键的还是第三点，要有余味，要使阅卷者有或享受、或回味、或深思、或由衷赞赏的空间，让阅卷者感受到你的文章画上了一个圆满的句号。

当然，有余力的学生，还可以根据缩写文体在文中设置亮点，不能让阅卷者产生金玉其外败絮其中之感。

四、有文采

如果考生能较好地做好以上三点，相信会得到一个相对理想的作文分数。但作文毕竟是用书面语言来交流、表达思想感情的文学创造，因此，对语言是有要求的。在保证通畅的基础上，要力求语言优美，有文采。可以说，真情实感是文章的生命，语言优美是文章的翅膀。虽然可以通过一些技巧，比如引用诗文，或集中在某段多用些成语、修辞，或穿插些富有哲理的名言警句等，让阅卷者感觉到一些文采，但要从根本上解决问题，还需考生在平时养成阅读的习惯，多读好书，多动笔写自己的体会、感受、顿悟。若平时不读书、不积累、不思考、不动笔，思维就像不常用的钢笔，一旦用起来总是出水不畅。因此，要想文章有文采，使阅卷者刮目相看，考生就要在平时多下功夫。

综上所述，一篇理想的中考作文之根本是要有真情，在此基础上做到文脉清晰，之后要根据个人喜好、才情进行亮点创设和文采展示。

考生应在平时多下功夫。平时要加强阅读、感受、体会，要有目的、有计划的多写、多练、多推敲。写作水平居中的学生，更需要在平时有意识的训练自己。

最后，补充一点，考场作文的字体书写是否整洁、规范、具有美感也直接影响着阅卷者对作文的评判，在此不再赘言。

导语：书是钥匙，是良药，是乳汁，排比句的运用能够加强语势、语言气氛，使文章的节奏感加强，条理性更好，更利于表达强烈的感情表达效果。以下是小编为大家精心整理的排比句摘抄集锦，欢迎大家阅读参考!

关于排比句摘抄集锦【1】

1.选择博爱，就是选择对情感的珍视。选择博爱，就是选择对万物的眷恋。选择博爱，就是选择高远的人生志向。

2.如果说友谊是一颗常青树，那么，浇灌它的必定是出自心田的清泉;如果说友谊是一朵开不败的鲜花，那么，照耀它的必定是从心中升起的太阳。多少笑声都是友谊唤起的，多少眼泪都是友谊揩干的。友谊的港湾温情脉脉，友谊的清风灌满征帆。友谊不是感情的投资，它不需要股息和分红。

3.自私是一面镜子，镜子里永远只看得到自己;自私是一块布匹，蒙住了自己的眼睛，看不见别人的痛楚;自私是一层玻璃，看上去透明，却始终隔开了彼此的距离。

4.爱心是一片照射在冬日的阳光，使贫病交迫的人感到人间的温暖;爱心是一泓出现在沙漠里的泉水，使濒临绝境的人重新看到生活的希望;爱心是一首飘荡在夜空的歌谣，使孤苦无依的人获得心灵的慰藉。

5.幸福是“临行密密缝，意恐迟迟归”的牵挂;幸福是“春种一粒粟，秋收千颗子”的收获。幸福是“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”的闲适;幸福是“奇闻共欣赏，疑义相与析”的愉悦。

6.静物是凝固的美，动景是流动的美;直线是流畅的美，曲线是婉转的美;喧闹的城市是繁华的美，宁静的村庄是淡雅的美。生活中处处都有美，只要你有一双发现美的眼睛，有一颗感悟美的心灵。

7.聪明人学习，像搏击长空的雄鹰，仰视一望无际的大地;愚笨的人学习，漫无目的，犹如乱飞乱撞的无头飞蛾;刻苦的人学习，像弯弯的河流，虽有曲折，但终会流入大海;懒惰的人学习，像水中的木头，阻力越大倒退得越快。

8.梅花：迎接它出生的不是和煦的春风，而是凛冽的北风;伴随它成长的不是温暖的春天，而是寒冷的冬天。滋润它成长的不是晶莹的甘露，而是肃杀的严霜。衬托它美姿的不是浓浓的绿意，而是寒彻的白雪。花坛暖房里，它不开;冰天雪地里，它怒放;寒风霜气中，它绽开。阳春三月，不见它的踪影;寒冬腊月，它迸发出震撼人心的力量。

9.只有启程，才会到达理想和目的地;只有拼搏，才会获得辉煌的成功;只有播种，才会有收获;只有追求，才会品味堂堂正正的人。

10.母爱就是一幅山水画，洗去铅华雕饰，留下清新自然;母爱就象一首深情的歌，婉转悠扬，轻吟浅唱;母爱就是一阵和煦的风，吹去朔雪纷飞，带来春光无限。

11.在经受了失败和挫折后，我学会了坚韧;在遭受到误解和委屈时，我学会了宽容;在经历了失落和离别后，我懂得了珍惜。

12.平凡是荒原，孕育着崛起，只要你肯开拓;平凡是泥土，孕育着收获，只要你肯耕耘;平凡是细流，孕育着深邃，只要你肯积累。

13.黄土高原，是我挺起的胸膛;黄河流水，是我沸腾的血液;黄帝陵丘，是我远古的怀想;黄海大潮，是我激荡的心声;黄山劲松，是我不屈的脊梁;黄埔大桥，是我展开的臂膀;大兴安岭，是我坚硬的肋骨;洞庭鄱阳，是我明亮的眼睛;喜马拉雅，是我高昂的头颅;巍巍长城，是我不屈的脊梁。

14.人生如一首诗，应该多一些悠扬的抒情，少一些愁苦的叹息。人生如一幅画，应该多一些亮丽的着色，少一些灰色的基调。人生如一支歌，应该多一些昂扬的吟唱，少一些哀婉的咏叹。人生如一局棋，应该多一些主动的出击，少一些消极的龟缩。

15.小溪是勇敢的，它不畏高山峻岭的阻隔，不畏脚下道路的崎岖，勇往直前;大树是坚强的，它不畏狂风暴雨的打击，不畏严寒酷暑的煎熬，昂首屹立;灯塔是无畏的，它不怕无边黑暗的包围，不怕常年累月的孤独，永放光芒。

16.美丽是平凡的，平凡得让你感觉不到她的存在;美丽是平淡的，平淡得只剩下温馨的回忆;美丽又是平静的，平静得只有你费尽心思才能激起她的涟漪。

17.选择博爱，就是选择对情感的珍视。选择博爱，就是选择对万物的眷恋。选择博爱，就是选择高远的人生志向。

18.江水奔流不息，倾诉的是自己澎湃的波涛;树木傲雪参天，挺拔的是自己无边的苍翠;山岭巍倦起伏，显示的是自己坚强的体魄。草原纵横千里，袒露的是自己宽广的胸怀。人类拦江筑坝，展现的是自己豪迈的气魄。

19.信念是巍巍大厦的栋梁，没有它，就只是一堆散乱的砖瓦;信念是滔滔大江的河床，没有它，就只有一片泛滥的波浪;信念是熊熊烈火的引星，没有它，就只有一把冰冷的柴把;信念是远洋巨轮的主机，没有它，就只剩下瘫痪的巨架。

20.思念是一首诗，让你在普通的日子里读出韵律来;思念是一阵雨，让你在枯燥的日子里湿润起来;思念是一片阳光，让你的阴郁的日子里明朗起来。

关于排比句摘抄集锦【2】

1.青春是一种令人羡慕的资本。凭着健壮的体魄，你可以支撑起一方蔚蓝的天空;凭着顽强的毅力，你可以攀登上一座魏峨的高山。凭着旺盛的精力，你可以开垦出一片肥沃的地;凭着超人的智慧，你可以描绘出一幅精美的画卷。凭着洋溢的热情，你可以遨游一片汪洋大海;凭着乐观的精神，你可以走过一丛繁茂的荆棘。凭着无尽的好奇，你可以游览一方神奇的土地。

2.拥有青春，就拥有了一份潇洒和风流;拥有青春，就拥有了一份灿烂和辉煌。拥有拥有知识，就拥有了无限的光明和希望;拥有知识，就拥有了无限的力量和财富。拥有拥有友情，就拥有了一份理解和支持;拥有友情，就拥有了一份快乐和温馨。拥有网络，就拥有了世界和梦想!

3.“采菊东篱下”是一种清静的潇洒，“胜似闲庭信步”是一种喜悦的潇洒，“明月松间照”是一种怡然的潇洒。“举酒邀明月”是一种孤寂的潇洒。“仰天大笑出门去”是一种自信的潇洒。“我自横刀冲天笑”是一种无畏的潇洒。“留得残荷听雨声”是一种宽容的潇洒。“一日看尽长安花”是一种得意的潇洒。“醉卧沙场君莫笑”是一种豪迈的潇洒。

4.春天的雨，细腻而轻柔，给山野披上美丽的衣裳;夏天的雷，迅疾而猛烈，为生命敲响热烈的战鼓;秋天的风，凉爽而惬意，为落叶送去温馨的问候;冬天的雪，慈祥而温厚，为庄稼带来多情的呵护。

5.世间的事情往往是一分为二的。失败虽然是人人不愿得到的结果，但有时却能激发上们坚忍的毅力;贫困虽然是人人不愿过的生活，但有时却能成为人们奋斗的动力;痛苦虽然是人人不愿经受的情感，但有时却能造就人们刚强的性格;因此，我们看问题需要用辩证的观点。

6.请保留一份单纯，使你多一份与人的友善，少一些心灵的冷漠麻木;请保留一份单纯，使你多一份人生的快乐，少一些精神的衰老疲惫;请保留一份单纯，使你多一份奋进的力量，少一些故作高深的看破红尘。

7.只有我们愿意打开心内的窗，才会看见心灵的宝藏;只有我们愿意打开心内的窗，才会看见门外清明的风景;只有我们愿意打开心内的窗，人间的繁花满树与灯火辉煌才会一片一片飘进窗来;只有我们愿意打开心内的窗，我们才能坦然勇敢走出门去，一步一步走向光明的所在。

8.朋友是快乐日子里的一把吉它，尽情地为你弹奏生活的愉悦;朋友是忧伤日子里的一股春风，轻轻地为你拂去心中的愁云。朋友是成功道路上的一位良师，热情的将你引向阳光的地带;朋友是失败苦闷中的一盏明灯，默默地为你驱赶心灵的阴霾。

9.书是钥匙，能开启智慧之门;书是阶梯，帮助人们登上理想的高峰;书是良药，能医治愚昧之症;书是乳汁，哺育人们成长;书是你的最好伴侣，与你共度美好时光。

10.钱能买到佳肴，不能买到胃口;钱能买到书籍，不能买到知识;钱能买到药品，不能买到健康;钱能买到时装，不能买到美丽;钱能买到朋友，不能买到友谊。

11.选择博爱，就是选择对情感的珍视;选择博爱，就是选择对万物的眷恋;选择博爱，就是选择高远的人生志向。

12.理想是一把尺，量出一个人的眼光的长短;追求是一杆秤，称出一个人灵魂的轻重。生活是一杯酒，品出人生滋味的酸甜苦辣;事业是一面镜，照出生命价值的大小高低;友谊是一瀑布，飞溅着真诚的火花;信任是一缕阳光，驱散了怀疑的迷雾。

13.您的笑容是世界上最和煦的春风，您的眼泪是世界上最名贵的珍珠，您的皱纹是辛苦岁月霜雪雨的刻痕;您的画像是勇敢和坚韧的象征;您的关怀，让我们感受到长辈的慈爱;您的鼓励，让我们扬起了奋斗的风帆;您的渊博，让我们沐浴了知识的阳光;您的奉献，让我领略了师德的风范。

14.人们爱秋天，爱她的秋高气爽，爱她的硕果累累;人们爱春天，爱她的山青水绿，爱她的万紫千红;人们都爱夏天，爱她的夏雨绵绵，爱她的艳阳高照;人们都爱冬天，爱她的白雪皑皑，爱她的洁白无瑕。

15.谎言是一只心灵的蛀虫，将人的心蛀得面目全非;谎言是一个深深的泥潭，让人深陷其中无法自拔;谎言是一个无尽的黑洞，让人坠入罪恶的深渊万劫不复。

16.因为自信，在呀呀学语时，我靠着纤嫩的双腿，迈出人生的第一步;因为自信，我一次次将第一名的奖状高高举起;因为自信，我毫不吝惜地剪掉飘逸的长发，在运动场上展现风采……感谢自信，它给了我一双翅膀，让我在电闪雷鸣中去飞翔，在风雨中去搏击人生!

17.爱读书，是一种美德。读书，使人思维活跃，聪颖智慧;读书，使人胸襟开阔，豁达晓畅;读书，使人目光远大，志存高远;读书，使入思想插上翅膀，感情绽开花蕾。

18.让我们来做花的事业吧，把花香传给别人;让我们来做叶的事业吧，把花顶过自己的身躯;让我们来做根的事业吧，把养分输送给叶和花;让我们来做太阳的事业吧，把温暖奉献给每一个人让我们来做土的事业吧，把千万棵花孕育得根深叶茂。

19.大厦巍然屹立，是因为有坚强的支柱，理想和信仰就是人生大厦的支柱;航船破浪前行，是因为有指示方向的罗盘，理想和信仰就是人生航船的罗盘;列车奔驰千里，是因为有引导它的铁轨，理想和信仰就是人生列车上的铁轨。

20.痛苦是黑暗中的摸索，前进的路途中满是坎坷;痛苦是无人理解的悲哀，无助的面对一切挫折;痛苦是心灵最深的折磨，无泪且无法直言;痛苦是天生没有的表情，是烦恼中的恶魔。

关于排比句摘抄集锦【3】

1.一粒种子，可以无声无息地在泥土里腐烂掉，也可以长成参天的大树。一块铀块，可以平庸无奇地在石头里沉睡下去，也可以产生惊天动地的力量。一个人，可以碌碌无为地在世上厮混日子，也可以让生命发出耀眼的光芒。

2.春蚕死去了，但留下了华贵丝绸;蝴蝶死去了，但留下了漂亮的衣裳;画眉飞去了，但留下了美妙的歌声;花朵凋谢了，但留下了缕缕幽香;蜡烛燃尽了，但留下一片光明;雷雨过去了，但留下了七彩霓虹。

3.一条幽径，曲折迂回中总会激起心旷神怡的向往;一波巨澜，潮起潮落时更能叠出惊心动魄的鸣响;一个故事，遗憾悲婉里才有肝肠寸段的凄凉;一种人生，跌宕困顿中方显惊世骇俗的豪壮。

4.远去的飞鸟，永恒的牵挂是故林;漂泊的船儿，始终的惦记是港湾;奔波的旅人，无论是匆匆夜归还是离家远去，心中千丝万缕、时时惦念的地方，还是家。

5.人生如一首诗，应该多一些悠扬的抒情，少一些愁苦的叹息。人生如一幅画，应该多一些亮丽的着色，少一些灰色的基调。人生如一支歌，应该多一些昂扬的吟唱，少一些哀婉的咏叹。人生如一局棋，应该多一些主动的出击，少一些消极的龟缩。

6.生活如酒，或芳香，或浓烈，因为诚实，它变得醇厚;生活如歌，或高昂，或低沉，因为守信，它变得悦耳;生活如画，或明丽，或素雅，因为诚信，它变得美丽。

7.有了执著，生命旅程上的寂寞可以铺成一片蓝天;有了执著，孤单可以演绎成一排鸿雁;有了执著，欢乐可以绽放成满圆的鲜花。

8.阴险，是一条披着羊皮的狼，干着不见天日的勾当;阴险是善良的公敌，嫉妒的朋友;阴险是一座心灵的冰山，让人透过清澈感到的是阵阵的寒意。

9.给我一次困难，让我懂得克服;给我一次挫败，让我经受磨练;给我一次失败，让我学会反省;给我一次耻辱，让我学会振作;我感谢每一次带我走向成功的经历。

10.母亲是烦恼中的一曲古筝，当你意气消沉时，幽雅的旋律飘拂处，眼前立即遗篇青翠;母亲是挫折中的一阵清风，当你瑟瑟发抖时，贴心的呵护与温暖，伴你安然入梦;母亲是疲惫中的芳酩，当你软弱无力时，只消几口，就使你婶清气爽。

11.书籍好比一架梯子，它能引领人们登上文化的殿堂;书籍如同一把钥匙，它将帮助我们开启心灵的智慧之窗;书籍犹如一条小船，它会载着我们驶向知识的海洋。

12.人生是洁白的画纸，我们每个人就是手握各色笔的画师;人生也是一条看不到尽头的长路，我们每个人则是人生道路的远足者;人生还像是一块神奇的土地，我们每个人则是手握农具的耕耘者;但人生更像一本难懂的书，我们每个人则是孜孜不倦的读书郎。

13.愚蠢是一种天生的无奈，是一种后天的懒惰，是一颗自己种下的恶果，是一条好果实中的蛀虫。

14.从秋叶的飘零中，我们读出了季节的变换;从归雁的行列中，我读出了集体的力量;从冰雪的消融中，我们读出了春天的脚步;从穿石的滴水中，我们读出了坚持的可贵;从蜂蜜的浓香中，我们读出了勤劳的甜美。

15.大海如果失去巨浪的翻滚，也就失去了雄浑;沙漠如果失去了飞沙的狂舞，也就失去了壮美;人生如果失去了真实的历程，也就失去了意义。

16.美是游荡在蓝天上的几缕白云，美是偎依在山冈上的几点残雪，美是回荡在密林中的几声鸟鸣，美是跳跃在海面上的一抹斜阳。

17.我也憧憬另一种生活状态，叫做——拼搏，拼搏就像暴风雨中的海燕，任雷鸣电闪。我也憧憬另一种生活状态，叫做——紧张，紧张就像夜色里赶路的人，任月出月落。我也憧憬另一种生活状态，叫做——奋进，奋进就像海上行驶的帆船，任浪打风吹。

18.钱能买到佳肴，不能买到胃口;钱能买到书籍，不能买到知识;钱能买到药品，不能买到健康;钱能买到时装，不能买到美丽;钱能买到朋友，不能买到友谊。钱能买漂亮的眼镜，但买不来明亮的眼睛。钱能买高档的钢笔，但买不来敏捷的文思。钱能买来芬芳的玫瑰，但买不来真正的爱情。钱能买来名贵的篮球，但买不来精湛的球技。钱能买来精确的钟表，但买不来流逝的光阴。

19.高中三年，光阴荏苒。忆同学少年，良多趣味。我们曾谈曹操青梅煮酒，纵论天下英雄;我们曾诵李白举头望明月，细诉思乡情怀;我们曾学毛泽东指点江山，歌颂风流人物;我们曾吟周敦颐爱莲篇章，立下君子之志。……如今，这些都如片片枫叶，珍藏在你我青春的诗集。

20.也许你无法拥有深邃的蓝天，但是你可以做飘逸的白云;也许你无法拥有浩瀚的大海，但是你可以做清幽的小溪，也许你无法拥有辽阔的草原，但是你可以做执着的绿洲。只要你满怀信心，你就会感受到生命的意义。

21.青春是美妙的音乐，用它跳跃的音符谱写生活的旋律;青春是翱翔的雄鹰，用它矫健的翅膀搏击广阔的天宇;青春是奔腾的河流，用它倒海的气势冲垮陈旧的桎梏。

22.自私是一面镜子，镜子里永远只看得到自己;自私是一块布匹，蒙住了自己的眼睛，看不见别人的痛楚;自私是一层玻璃，看上去透明，却始终隔开了彼此的距离。

散文主要分为记叙散文和抒情散文，下面是小编整理的散文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

散文是一种作者写自己经历见闻中的真情实感的灵活、精干的文学体裁。作者在散文中的形象比较明显，常用第一人称叙述，个性鲜明。正像巴金所说“我的任何散文里都有我自己”，总之可以说是表现自我。

同时，这也就需要大胆无忌。正如鲁迅所说“任意而谈，无所顾忌”，他还推崇曹操及魏晋散文的“力主通脱”。也如刘半农所说，散文要“赤裸裸地表达”，写真实的“我”是散文的核心特征和生命所在，这是定义的最大要素。

散文语言十分重要。首要的一条是以口语为基础，而文语(包括古语和欧化语)为点缀。其次是要清新自然，优美洗练。此外，还可以讲究一些语言技法，如句式长短相间，随物赋形，如多用修辞特别是比喻，如讲音调、节奏、旋律的音乐美等。

首先，必须明确一个散文写作观念，即散文的唯一内容和对象是作者的感情体验。所有的教材都提出了散文要写感情，但却是作为一种必备因素和一种内在线索。应当强调指出，感情不是片面的因素，也不仅仅是线索，而是散文的对象。散文写人、写事都只是表面现象，从根本上说写的是感情体验。感情体验就是“不散的神”，而人与事则是“散”的可有可无、可多可少的“形”。朱自清的《背影》不是要记录回家和父子离别的琐事，而是要吐露一种对父亲及失败了的父辈的怜惜和敬爱。刘真的《望截流》，重点不是顺理成章的工程本身或建设者的业绩，而是一种回归历史进步主流的内心感受。感情体验，是散文的内在结构，有了它，就可以天马行空地起草。这一点，不能不明朗和确定。

有了散文的内在结构——感情体验，只要再明确外在结构的核心就可以写好散文。外在结构的核心是细节。散文和小说一样，建立在细节的描写和叙述的基础上，但细节的排列组合方式不同。可以说，小说组合细节是“以盘盛珠”，而散文则是“以线穿珠”。小说的“盘”是一个社会的横切面，具备冲突，各种阶层、力量的人物或隐或显，而细节只能在这样的“盘”中有机地展开。散文的“线”，就是感情体验，或多或少，随手拈来，任情挥洒——以感情体验的表现为准。由此，我们说散文(应称艺术散文)，是最自由的文体，散漫如水，手法灵活。

只要弄清这些，写真实自我及由此生发的个性口语、感情体验和细节描写，就掌握了散文写作的要领，什么章法(如文眼)、意境等等一般化认识都不必过于拘谨地学习，其他文体理论知识和写作基础理论都会讲到。

散文主要分为记叙散文和抒情散文(仍按传统的不明确的说法)两种。下面将两种散文的模式列出，供初学者和高等教育应试者选择使用。

记叙散文模式

【开头】①感情化语言概括叙述“我”和该人，重点在后，介绍该人，如肖像描写。②两者关系及该人精神特质的议论。

【中间】一种情况:一件事。从开头、发展到结尾，细致叙述和描写。另一种情况:几件事。每件事即每层次前，可以用对该人精神特质的一个因素领起，以对该人的感情体验及整体议论来贯穿几件事。

【结尾】①重申特质，照应开头。②深化感情关系，发出感慨。抒情散文模式

【开头】①叙述自己与景物的关系。②议论景物和自己。

【中间】①描写景物，分出层次，细致动人。②发挥联想。

【结尾】感慨

导语：软文与硬广告相比，软文之所以叫做软文，精妙之处就在它将宣传内容和文章有料内容完美结合在一起，好的软文是双向的，即让用户得到了他想需要的内 容，也让用户在阅读文章时候能够了解我们所要宣传的产品/品牌卖点。比如360手机卫士在做7周年品牌宣传时，为了体现“陪用户默默走了七年”、“7.0 版本上线”的产品和品牌特色，用葫芦娃为何是7只的有料解读进行了包装。

做为什么都得会的运营来说，难免会接到用软文做推广的任务(当然有的是自己想用的获取用户方式)，这个时候你可以有两种策略。一种是自己写软文然后 在渠道进行投放，在这种策略下则需要运营自己能够去挖掘产品卖点与撰写用户感兴趣的内容;另外一种是预算充足时的策略，直接找跟目标用户调性一致的营销 号，把挖掘的产品卖点告知他们，然后把软文撰写和投放都全部交由营销号负责。考虑到普适性，本文聊的是前一种选择，当运营打算自己做软文营销时该怎样写好 一篇软文。

软文的三要素：

一、在高中那会写论文，要想拿到作文高分，你得有出色的论点，然后足够新颖丰富的论据，其次是配上华丽的辞藻，可以说论点、论据、辞藻是组成一篇完整论 文的核心要素。软文跟论文一样，也可以简单的看成为证型的文章，它需要用足够多的论据(用户感兴趣的内容)说服用户使用产品，所以用论文对软文的话，它也 有着自己的核心要素：

1、产品卖点，你想通过软文重点包装的产品核心卖点。

2、软文主题，根据目标人群，找到戳人心的“痛点”、“high点”、“娱乐点”的同时能够完成对产品核心卖点的包装的主题。

3、内容素材，根据主题多维度的进行素材收集，让软文主题得到论证和具象化。

文字功底好的运营，把软文的三要素都码出来之后加以润色一篇软文基本成形了。如果你和我同是语文学渣，估计也得跟我一样多花些时间去雕琢软文里的措辞了。文字素养靠的是日常大量的积累，能够帮运营马上get到的是核心三要素的挖掘和撰写的技巧。

二、挖掘可植入软文的核心卖点

通常情况下软文的是用户感兴趣的“有料”内容作为主体部分，产品宣传内容只能是其中的一小部分，篇幅过多会影响软文的传播效果。建议可以采取鱼骨图 的方法，从产品的功能、内容、活动、用户四个方向层层剖析，寻找产品关键核心卖点。这里以小贤自己创建的运营知识型社群「运营研究社」为例做一个“为何加 入运营研究社”的卖点鱼骨图。

因为在产品卖点介绍上可以发挥的文字空间有限，所以运营只能抓产品的其中1-2个卖点进行软文包装，这个卖点越具体越独特越具体就越有可包装性。就像我们看到手机厂商在写软文时，基本就围绕像素高、性能号、高续航、机身薄..的其中一到两个卖点进行软文包装。

三、用于包装核心卖点的软文主题

写软文最难的地方在于怎样在文章里写完有料的内容后，非常自然的转到产品推介内容，为了不出现辛辛苦苦码了很久的文字到最后衔接不上产品想要传递的 卖点这种尴尬局面，运营在写软文前可以把这衔接部分也就是软文里的产品卖点包装部分先根据软文主题写出来，再去做软文主体(有料)内容的素材收集与编写。

就目前自己见过的软文来说，可以把常用的产品卖点包装的主题(方式)分为以下几类：鸡汤类、情感类、娱乐八卦类、干货类、热点类、癔症类、搞笑类、 表态类、生活场景类，其中传播度比较好的情感、鸡汤、娱乐八卦类主题软文，干货传播不会太广但比较适合写专业文章的自媒体去做给企业做产品软文植入。

另外，我在16年6月份观察了小红书周年庆时在“休闲璐、HUGO、深夜发嗤”等微信大号上做的软文投放，它们对周年大促这一“活动类型”的产品卖点上均采用的是表态类包装。

比如深夜发嗤的表态是「勇敢做自己」，然后文章主体采用徐老师特有的幽默和排版风格讲述了，一个不自信的人在学校(不敢向喜欢的妹子表白而)在工作 中的各种不勇敢的产生的遗憾，进而引出“人生苦短、路途复杂，想要啥就该伸手去拿。想要全世界的好东西?还是想要(睡)全世界最美的人?”嗯，就是这句话的过度，顺利的把广告的引了出来，后面就是周年庆的福利说明和参与方式。

一个是软文所宣传的产品卖点一定要介绍的简单清晰有质感。比如上面周年庆例子，详细地解释周年庆的福利和领取方式，再比如之前有一做文案的朋友给HeyJuice排毒果蔬汁写的软文，清晰地记录了该产品的外型和使用方法，很有说服力。

四、根据软文主题收集素材

这里的素材收集指的是收集好的内容来支撑你的观点，也就是有料的论据。软文主题可以天马心空的多样化，但落地到具体的写作就要能够自圆其说，为什么你要提议大家“勇敢做自己”、“做人对就要对自己好”、“不要恋后邋遢”、“坚决要做运营”…

有特长或者说有独特兴趣爱好的人，在素材收集方面就会比较有优势了，喜欢研究历史的运营在做素材收集时就可以找到各种历史事件来为论据，喜欢研究电影的则可以用电影大片里的剧情来做论据，喜欢研究情感问题的可以拿各种日常情感纠葛作为论据…

如果你跟小贤一样是什么兴趣特长都没有的话，其实还可以靠搜商来弥补，围绕产品卖点包装的主题通过搜索引擎收集一些素材，看看哪些能够用做主题的论据，虽然效率会慢点但是还是能够0基础的驾驭它。

下面是自己在15年底给FiLL耳机写的一篇软文，当时想给包装这款耳机的核心卖点是“史上最高颜值”，为了体现这个主题我想把各个发展阶段的耳机 样子扒出来做对比，这对于一个非耳机发烧友来说很难，但是通过在百度贴吧、知乎、百度图片、耳机论坛等地方进行关键词搜索还是可以做到的。我从这篇软文摘 取了一部分内容，大家可以感受下这些素材。

19世纪80年代，诞生了与音乐没有半毛钱关系的第一副耳机，当时重达几十磅，别说美观度了，它能够顺利发声就不错了。

五、软文的展示形式

谈完软文的三要素，现在再说一下软文的展示形式。现在见的比较多的有三种：纯文字类、图文并茂类、纯图片类。

个人感觉纯文字类适合一些比较深沉的主题，如情感、梦想、抉择的文章，这种类似的文字排版可以多学习下「咪蒙」用数字区隔来提升文章的逻辑性和可阅读性。图文并茂类是一种比较普遍的软文形式，可以通过PS、影视剪辑、搞笑图片的穿插，实现娱乐的效果。

纯图片类的软文代表「深夜发嗤」，图片类有利于做出有特色的排版，目前做图软文的应用也比较多。一种是微信、QQ对话框的截图，三言两语讲一个故 事，不用PS，准备小号就好了。多用于感情类、撕逼类软文。然后可以多关注一些微博上的“小野妹子学吐槽、娱乐圈扒姐、同道大叔、大尸兄漫画、找节操”等 营销账户。

最后还要再啰嗦一句，写软文是需要自己多阅读几遍软文并不断修改的，运营零基础写软文灵感来了同样也一天可以搞定，要是没感觉估计憋一周也是白倒 腾。另外如果自己所运营的产品不是消费级应用，还是不要期待软文这种形式能够有多好的提升销售/下载量的效果，因为本来就不是一个普适性的产品感兴趣的人 不会多。

铭仁园高三话题类作文常用短语与句型荟萃(一)----旅游&交通

本话题主要包括：1.旅游；2.描述一次旅程；

针对本话题，高考命题人员可能会从以下角度来命题。

1.描述个人旅游经历 2. 谈旅行中的不文明现象 3 .太空旅游、生态旅游 4.度假方式的变化及其原因5.旅游计划的拟订、准备及注意事项 一、话题常用单词

1. travel/journey/trip/tour n.旅游，旅行 16. a group/organized tour n. 团体游

2. travel agency n. 旅行社 17. a self-driving tripn. 自驾游

3. guiden. 向导，导游 18. destinationn. 目的地

4. flight ticketn. 机票 19. sceneryn. 风景，景色

5. passport n. 护照 20. disadvantage n. 不利条件

6. visan.签证 21. insurancen. 保险

7. identity card(ID) 身份证 22. interesting/ funny/ exciting adj 有趣的

8. tent n. 帐篷 23. enjoyable令人愉快的

9. camp n&vi. 露营 24. memorable 令人难忘的

10. hoteln. 旅馆 25. attractive/fascinatingadj 迷人的

11. necessity n. 必需品 26. boring/dull/tiringadj.无聊的

12. schedule n. 计划表，日程表 27. well-organized adj 组织有序的

13. tourist attractions/places of interest 28. convenient adj 方便的，便利的 /scenic spots/sights旅游景点 29. crowded adj 拥挤的

14. DIY tour n. 自助游 30. severe/seriousadj 严重的 15. space tourism n. 太空旅游

二、话题常用短语

1. go on a wildlife tour/a hiking trip

参加野生动物之旅/去远足

2. be on holiday/a trip to sp 去某地度假/旅行

3. see sb off 送行

4. pay a visit to sp/sb 参观某地/拜访某人

5. show sb around 带领某人参观

6. set out/off 出发，启程

7. check in 登记住宿

8. check out 结账退房

9. have a good time/enjoy oneself/have fun 玩的开心

10. broaden one’s horizon/mind 开拓视野

11. eich one’s knowledge丰富知识

11. experience foreign culture 体验国外的文化

12. join a tour group参加旅游团 三、话题常用句型

1. He who travels far knows much. 远行者见闻多。

2. Travelling can eich our knowledge.旅游可以丰富我们的知识。

3. Travelling enables us to learn a lot that we cannot get from books 旅游可以使我们学到很多在书本上学不到的东西。

4. It’s my pleasure to tell you how to get to the Great Wall. 我很乐意告诉你如何到达长城。

5. Welcome to Sichuan. I feel it an honor to be your guide. 欢迎来到四川。我很荣幸能够担任你的导游。

6. I will keep you company to visit numerous places of interest.我将陪你去参加许多的名胜古迹

7. A visit to Sichuan will be an unforgettable experience. 到四川旅行将会令人难忘。

8. There are many places of interest in Sichuan, such as…四川有很多名胜古迹，比如…

9. Sichuan is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest.

四川有很多景点，并且享有很有世界著名的名胜古迹。

10. However, travelling may cause some problems. 然而，旅行可能会造成一些问题。

11. Great changes have taken place in the ways that people spend their holidays in the past decades. 在近几十年内，人们的度假方式已经发生了巨大的变化。

四、佳作欣赏

nick,将于八月来四川旅游，特来询问，有关旅游景点的情况，请根据，提供的要求写封回信，表示盼望他的到来

要点：1.旅游资源：许多世界著名的风景名胜，如九寨沟（海子：清澈见底，色彩斑斓）；都

江堰水利工程（2000年的历史，仍发挥作用） 2.相关信息： 气侯适宜，交通方便。

Dear Nick,

Im glad to hear that youre coming to Sichuan in August. Youve made the wise choice to travel here. Sichuan Province is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest, such as Jiuzhaigou and Dujiangyan Irrigation Projcet.

Jiuzhaigou is well known for its beautiful lakes, of which the water is clear and looks colorful. It can excite visitors imagination. Another attraction is Dujiangyan Irrigation Project. It was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today. Besides, the nice weather and convenient transportation here can make your trip more enjoyable. Im sure youll have a good time. Im looking forward to your coming.

假设你是李华，父母答应你今年高三毕业后去美国进行为期10天的观光旅游。请你给美国网友Lucy 写一封电子邮件，咨询以下事情：1. 不随团旅游的食宿、交通等问题。2. 必看景点与时间安排 3. 邀请她到中国观光。

Dear Lucy

How are you doingMy parents have just promised me to make a 10-day tour of America after my graduation from senior high school this summer, which will be a good chance for me to experience American culture and practice my oral English.

As I don’t like to join a tour group, could you please offer me some advice on where to stay, what to eat and how to travel in such a short timeI would appreciate it if you could tell the must-see attractions and the time arrangement. Your advice will surely make my visit enjoyable and worthwhile.

Welcome to China at your convenience. Looking forward to your early reply.

范文二：文明旅游

有些旅游景点的文物景观遭到了严重的破坏，致使最近文明旅游的倡议越来越受重视，因此就“游客可付费在仿造长城上涂写留言”发表看法。

内容包括：(1)谈谈对某些人喜欢在旅游景点随便涂鸦留言的看法;

(2)对专门修一段仿造城墙让游客付高价留言的做法你是赞成还是反对，并简要陈述你的理由。

It is reported that tourists to China’s Great Wall can now leave their mark on a fake(伪造的) wall recently built near the real wall in Badaling if they pay 999 yuan.

In China, many visitors have the hobby of carving graffiti on places of interest, especially on some famous cultural relics. Last year I went to the Great Wall and found many people had left names and ugly words on the Wall, which destroys many historic bricks. In my opinion, such people should feel ashamed of leaving their marks on the great relics which were created by our ancestors.

So personally, I quite agree with this brilliant project though it has caused criticism from some people. The Great Wall would be ruined one day if we didn’t take any steps to protect it. The fake wall is a really good idea because it will protect our relics as well as making profits from the project