读后感的基本写作方法精选15篇 作文英语(精彩19篇)
父爱其实很简单。它像白酒,辛辣而热烈,让人醉在其中;它像咖啡,苦涩而醇香,容易让人为之振奋;它像茶,平淡而亲切,让人自然清新;它像篝火,给人温暖去却令人生畏,容易让人激奋自己。开学吧小编整理了读后感的基本写作方法精选15篇 作文英语范文,欢迎欣赏与借鉴。
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1000嘉莉妹妹英语读后感_6100字
全文共 6013 字
+ 加入清单Having read the book Sister Carrie written by Theodore Dreiser,a very complicate feeling struck me,for the society,the people in America in the late 19th century.We can see clearly about the decadent and hypocritical moral principles of the bourgeois.They pursue only position,authority and money.Pleasure is their honest companion.
The society was developing rapidly and the people"s living standards were also improving.Yes,the prosperity appeared.But on the other hand,the gap between the poor and the rich was strengthened.While some people were playing and drinking,the other people were working,even begging.Behind the happiness,hiding much misery.Facing all of these,I am confused whether I should happy about the development of the society or I should sad about the cruel.
But I know I will give much sympathy to all of these people,no matter they rich or poor.I am sorry that the rich have lost their good morality,their sympathy and I think they are blank in their spiritThe poor,of course,are busy all the day for supporting themselves and their family,no time enjoying the life.All of them are the sacrifices of the society.
In this book,,only Sister Carrie can present us all of these.At first,she was poor.She had to work hard,but only made ends meet.She admired the pleasure, quick to understand the keener pleasures of life, ambitious to gain in material things.You know, Of an intermediate balance, under the circumstances, there is no possibility. The city has its cunning wiles, no less than the infinitely smaller and more human tempterTheir beauty, like music, too often relaxes, then wakens, then perverts the simpler human perceptions.Then, not only did Carrie feel the drag of desire for all which was new and pleasing in apparel for women, but she noticed too, with a touch at the heart, the fine ladies who elbowed and ignored her, brushing past in utter disregard of her presence. She realized in a dim way how meant for women, and she longed for dress and beauty with a whole heart.Her craving for pleasure was so b that it was the one stay of her nature.
She would speak for that when silent on all else.As a result,she left her sister,following Chas.H.Drouet,a salesman.So she has the beautiful room,has the satisfied dress and so on.For a pereid of time,she was happy and satisfied.But drived by the desire,Sister Carrie wants more. In Carrie-as in how many of our wordings do they not?
instinct and reason, desire and understanding, were at war for the mastery. She followed whither her craving led. She was as yet more drawn than she drew.When she went to the theatre with Drouet that spectacle pleased her immensely. The color and grace of it caught her eye. She had vain imaginings about place. and power, about faroff lands and magnificent people. When it was over, the clatter of coaches and the throng of fine ladies made her stare. CARRIE WAS AN APT STUDENT of fortune’s ways-of for Time’s superficialities. Seeing a thing, she would immediately set to inquiring how she would look, properly rated to it.
Be it known that this is not fine feeling, it is Not wisdom. The greatest minds are not so afflicted; and On the contrary, the lowest order of mind is not so disturbed. Fine clothes to her were a vast persuasion; they spoke tenderly and Jesuitical for themselves. When she came within earshot of their pleading,desire in her bent a willing ear. The voice of the socalled inanimate!If we can say,then she falls in love with Hurstwood,maybe pursuits something in spirit which cannot get from Drouet who seeks the enjoy all day and only cares about himself.With the developing of the story,we can see Carrie going through some difficulties,eloping with Hurstwood.But at last,in New York,Carrie became an actress by chance and turned out to be one of New York"s most popular actresses.Nevertheless,she was not quite happy but felt lonely and void.To the result,I am thinking,maybe this is inevitable.This is the fate in that society.
In the novel,too much gave me a deeply impression,especially the enormous change of Hurstwood.From the manager of a saloon to a beggary,Hurstwood had stolen money from the safe in order to elope with Carrie,but finally committed suicide.What is the reason,who is wrong.Perhaps nobody knows,we cannot say Carrie or his families leading to this.Maybe this is the so-called destiny.But still seems to some deceiving ourselves.
Let us have a look at the other people,the families of the Hurstwood,his wife and daughter,only love the vanity and seek the pleasure.They are cold and selfish.We cannot find the happiness that belongs to a family,Hurstwood cannot feel the warmAnother person,Drouet, He loved fine clothes, good eating, and particularly the company and acquaintanceship of successful men.He has vanity and ambition. He might suffer the least rudimentary twinge of conscience in whatever he did, and in just so far he was evil and sinning.He also loves women. Drouet had a habit, characteristic of his kind, of looking after stylishly dressed or pretty women on the street and remarking upon them. He had just enough of the feminine love of dress to be a good judge-not of intellect, but of clothes.
He saw how they set their little feet, how they carried their chins, with what grace ands sinuosity they swung their bodies. A dainty, self-conscious swaying of the hips by a woman was to him as alluring as the glint of red wine to a toper. He would turn and follow the disappearing vision with his eyes. he would thrill as a child with the unhindered passion that was in him. He loves the thing that women love in themselves, grace. At this their own shrine, he Knelt with them, an ardent devotee.He lost the higher dreame.
No matter the result of these people is good or bad,I will feel sorry for them.They are the sacrifices of the society.We cannot only regard these as the destiny.Something else has led these.Of course, we also cannot say it is the fault of the developmental society.Maybe what we can do is keep ourselves with our best.
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篇1:2024年高考语文作文写作方法总结4:一手好字
全文共 677 字
+ 加入清单见字如见人,一手好字能给人一种很直观的美感,就算文章写的不错,主题鲜明,文字优美,意境深远,但是很难让人有读下去的欲望。要记得,书写是文章的服饰,标点是文章的呼吸,丑陋是永远打不赢的“官司”。我们要尽最大的努力展示出自己的书写水平:一要端正,二要清楚。三要美观。标点也是文章准确表情达意的工具。不要只是“一点到底”。不要只会单纯地使用逗号、句号,一篇文章,应该能够准确、灵活、生动地使用六七种标点符号。书写美观了,“感情分”也就上去了!
1、书写工整,拿到卷面分,更拿到印象分;
2、标题鲜明,不仅要扣题,更要不“土气”;
3、开篇和结尾可以根据时间状况选择先打草稿,争取简练精彩,展示扣题和文采。(不仅改卷老师印象好,更能降低偏离主题的风险);
4、文章分段比例安排好。(小编有一句:每段不要超5行,开头结尾2行半,整篇文章5、6段);
5、材料鲜活,这需要平时高质量的积累和阅读;
6、锤炼语言,要有几句精炼的有内涵的语句升华主题,增加文章的思想深度。(这需要大量的积累,和一定思辨能力)
7、时间分配要合理,要有时间观念,要留出充裕作文时间进行充足的思考。(最好确保至少几分钟的审题时间),同时也要注意时间安排,把握节奏。
8、注意不要写错别字,按往年标准是1字1分(不重复),扣满5分!有时间的同学要进行检查。
9、一定要满足字数条件,不足者按往年标准,是每50字1分扣的!
实在想不出来时间又紧迫的,要智取:“无病呻吟”法、”翻来覆去“法等等(多发感慨、换个语句说法来阐述同个意思);
时间非常紧迫,无计可施也只能采取下策争取:”铺天盖地法“(多用字符,数行一段)。
篇2:考研英语书信写作方法
全文共 1198 字
+ 加入清单在考研英语的小作文部分,历年考试大纲中都会列出多种应用文类型,投诉信、建议信、申请信、求职信、辞职信、求助信、感谢信、号召信、邀请信、道歉信等等,但是考生们回到具体的实践写作中,翻阅近几年考研英语真题试卷,常常发现这些归为一大类,终究是书信形式。既然书信写作如此重要,下面就为各位考生带来书信写作的攻克大招,让写作变得无比简单。
一、书信写作总体概述
1.首段
1)问候收信人
例:Dear Sir/Madam
2)解释来信原因
例:I’m writing for ……
2.中间段落
1)阅读题干要求,从中寻找名词或动词
例:Write a letter of application according to the following situation. You saw an advertisement in this morning’s newspaper .A company need’s a secretary and you are interested. Write an application letter to that company.
2)注意题目文字暗示,把名词具体化,把动词近义词化。
例:I am pleased to discover from Beijing Youth that your company is calling for a secretary……
3.结尾段落
例:I would appreciate your assistance in this matter. If you have any question , please don’t hesitate to contact me. I can be reached at...Look forward to your reply.
4.署名
在文章右下角署名,一般格式为:Yours sincerely……
二、书信写作分类讲解(写作脉络)
1.投诉信
投诉信通常包括:说明投诉原因并表示遗憾,实事求是阐述问题发生的经过,指出问题引起的后果,提出批评及处理意见,督促对方采取措施,提出所希望的赔偿及补救方式。
2.建议信
建议信即写给某个组织或机构,就改进其服务质量提出建议忠告;或写给个人,就某一重大事件提出自己的看法、建议及观点。
3.道歉信
投诉信通常包括:表示歉意、阐明表示歉意的具体原因,提出补救办法,再次表示致歉,并希望得到谅解,提供合适的补救办法。(要注意语言的诚挚)
4.感谢信
感谢信中通常带有浓厚的感情色彩,是所有书信中最带有“人情味”的,该书信内容通常包括:表达感谢之情并说明原因--提及自己曾受到对方的帮助--再次感谢并表达回报愿望。
在2018考研的战场上,一分意味着上线与下线,一分意味着录取与非录取,所以,拼尽全力才有可能取得最终的胜利。预祝大家金榜题名,取得理想佳绩!
[考研英语书信写作方法
篇3:英语写作训练方法
全文共 2184 字
+ 加入清单谈及写作训练,学生认为就是勤练笔,其实不然。英语的听、说、读、写四种能力是密切相关、相互渗透的。听和读是领会理解别人表达的思想,说和写是用言语表达思想。写的能力要在听、说、读的基础上进行培养和提高,而写的训练又能进一步提高听、说、读的能力。因此,写作训练应该贯穿于英语教学的全过程,才能真正提高学生的写作能力。
一、多读
“读是写的前提,写是读的升华”。一般而言,听和读的量必须数十倍地多于说和写的量,才能较自如地在口头上或书面上表达自己的思想。一方面,大量阅读可以提高阅读能力,扩大词汇量,另一方面,它还可以增强英语语感,对英语写作起着潜移默化的作用。只有当阅读量达到一定程度时,才能找到写好文章的语感。我们可以选择适合学生的读物,如英文报纸(《英语周报》、《21世纪报》)、杂志(《中学生英语园地》)、科普文章、书虫等(水平较高的学生可读小说原著)。大量阅读是学生接触英语语言材料、接受信息、活跃思维、增强记忆力的一种有效途径,同时也是培养学生英语思维能力、提高理解力、增强语感、巩固和扩大词汇量的一种有效方法,非常有利于写作。实践证明,学生平时课外阅读面越广,阅读量越大,运用英语表达的能力就越强。
二、多背
英语和汉语存在很大差异,语法规则和句子结构是不同的,很多学生在写作过程中难免会受到母语的影响,出现一些Chinglish(中式英语),而且有些语法规则也把握不准,谓语动词常出现“be+do”的错误形式或缺少谓语的现象。所以,背诵模仿是行之有效的手段之一。
(一)背课文
在多年的教学实践中,我坚持让学生背诵部分课文,较长的文章选背一两段,下节课抽查背诵,或进行默写。《新概念英语2》中很多英语短文通俗有趣,我给学生挑选其中一部分让他们背诵、默写,对培养学生的语感很有效。
(二)背范文
英语写作一般包括记叙文、说明文、议论文、应用文及开放性作文写作。我经过筛选,找出每种文体各五篇文章,同时,我也注重搜集一些好的范文和习作要求学生背诵。通过熟背精彩段落,使学生逐步掌握英语基本的表达方法,有助于模仿。而且,通过这些范文,学生可熟练掌握各种体裁的写作技巧,这是学生写好作文的一条捷径。经过一段时间的训练,学生就会有内容可写、写得出来。
三、多写
除了以上对学生进行读、背训练,还要对学生进行动手训练。学生只有通过写才能知道自己的不足与缺陷,毕竟说和写是两回事。
(一)改写课文
教师可要求学生把Reading缩写成一篇一百字左右的短文,也可让学生把对话改写成记叙文(如项链),这也是进一步理解课文的手段。一般在学完一个单元,学生熟练掌握课文之后,再做这一步,让学生尽量使用本单元的短语句型,同时,也要学着套用背诵的句子。
(二)写英语周记
让学生写英语周记,这是很多老师训练学生写作的方法。有些英语写作不好的学生,往往不坚持写或应付了事。对这样的学生,教师要严格要求,督促检查。对学生的每篇周记,教师都要认真批改。周记不必拘泥于形式,学生可以自由发挥。开始可以写简单的几句话,要求学生多用学过的词组、句型,多套用和模仿。逐渐地,学生会写多些,也会越写越流利,错误也会越来越少。
(三)每周练习写一篇作文
教师挑选一至两篇习作打在投影仪上,师生共同修改,然后让学生将改写过的文章抄写在作文积累本上。这样日积月累,学生考前只要翻翻自己的“作文本”,即可胸有成竹,这个习惯一定要养成,对学生会有很大帮助。
(四)限时写作训练
近年高考试题包容量大,知识覆盖面广,这就要求学生在做题时必须注意速度和节奏,而高考书面表达从时间分配上看,最多也只能是30分钟左右的时间,学生必须在有限时间内完成作文,并且要意思连贯,无严重语法错误。为达到这一要求,每届学生从高一开始,就应定期做限时写作训练。
四、多积累
(一)积累词汇
词汇是说话写作的必需材料,掌握词汇量的多少,是衡量一个学生英语水平高低的“标尺”。《教学大纲》规定的词汇是最基本的词汇,必须熟记。我在多年的教学中,每堂课都坚持让学生默写或听写单词,要求学生根据中文意思,写出单词的拼写形式、词类和词形变化。这就使学生积累了大量的词汇,为高考书面表达打下坚实的拼写基础,避免了因单词拼写错误而丢分。
(二)积累句型
我在平时授课过程中,让学生把重点句型记录在作文积累本上,随时翻看和背诵。如写观点类文章常用的Some share the view that...,Others hold the opposite opinion that...,The advantages far outweigh the disadvantages,As far as I’m concerned,以及常用到的定语从句、倒装句、非限、非谓、同位语、强调句型等。
(三)积累文章
学生背过的篇章、写过的作文,尤其是各种体裁的范文习作,要分类整理粘贴在作文积累本上,经常拿出来朗读背诵。我教过的学生,都积累了大量的范文习作,考试时可做到有备无患。
通过长期的写作训练,我狠抓学生基本功,学生的写作水平明显提高。我所教班级在每次考试中书面表达平均分都在同类班级之上。总之,英语写作训练是综合能力训练之一,写作能力的提高需要通过循序渐进的训练才能达到。听、说、读、写几方面的训练是相辅相成的,它们互相促进、互相制约,在平时教学中教师要合理安排,有机穿插,这样才能让学生“下笔如有神”。
篇4:高考英语作文模版:解决方法题型
全文共 446 字
+ 加入清单要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径
1.问题现状
2.怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)
In recent days,we have to face I problem——A,which is becoming more and more serious. First,——(说明A的现状)。Second,——(举例进一步说明现状)
Confronted with A,we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing,——(解决方法一)。 For another ——(解决方法二)。 Finally, ——(解决方法三)。
Personally, I believe that ——(我的解决方法)。 Consequently, I‘m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because ——(带来的好处)。
篇5:高考英语写作万能模版之环境保护题材句
全文共 949 字
+ 加入清单1. To cherish the enviroment is to love ourselves.
爱护环境就是爱护我们自己。
2.Water is the source of ourlives
水是生命之源。
3.I make an urgent appeal that measures should be taken to cope with the situation
我急切呼吁应该采取措施改变现状。
4.Our government is doing its best to take measures to fight against pollution.
我们政府正努力制定措施与污染作斗争。
5.We are sure that well win the battle.
我们坚信我们能赢得战斗。
6.Its high time that we should protect our enviroment from being polluted.
是时候我们应该防止环境污染了。
7. Keep our mountains green,the wate clean,and the sky blue.
使我们山更绿,水更清,天更蓝。
8.However,natural resources are not inexhaustible.some reserves are already on the brink of exhaustion.
然而自然资源并不是无穷无尽的,一些储量已经到了穷尽的边缘。
9.If we do something with no thought for the furture . The later generation would be in danger.
如果我们不为将来考虑,后代就会受到威胁。
10.Our earths days are numbered without urgent help.
没有及时的帮助我们的地球就屈指可数了。
11(Sth.)are bound to generate severe consequences if we keep turning a blink eye to them.
如果我们继续睁一只眼闭一只眼的话,……一定会有恶劣的后果。
篇6:英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分
全文共 45713 字
+ 加入清单下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言,考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章,然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。
对于素材中用黑体字的部分,特别建议你熟读,背诵,因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白,表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累,潜移默化。从某种意义上说,提高英语写作能力无捷径可走,你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关,没有任何人能代替你过。
因此,建议你下点苦功夫,把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况,并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心:你可以这个星期背,下个星期忘。这没有关系,相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后,你会惊讶的发现:I can think in English now!
1.?????? Proverbs
1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.
2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.
3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.
4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.
5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.
6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.
7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.
8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.
9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.
10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.
11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.
12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.
2. Damaging Research
A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.
3. Education and Citizenship
An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.
Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.
Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.
Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.
4. The Teacher’s Role
Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.
Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.
5. Education Philosophy
For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.
Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.
In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.
This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.
6. Student Life
To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.
Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.
Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)
What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.
Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.
7. Adult Education
After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”
So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.
8. Moral Relativism in American
Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.
Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.
In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”
Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.
In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”
The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.
The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.
At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.
The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.
But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.
There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.
9. Schools Should Teach Values
People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”
There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.
As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”
This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.
We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.
What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.
These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.
After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.
10. College Pressures
Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.
What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.
My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.
I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.
“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”
Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.
It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.
The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.
Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.
Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.
Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.
I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.
“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.
“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”
“Then why are you going?”
“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”
Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”
But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.
I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.
Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.
“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”
The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”
Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.
Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.
“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”
Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.
To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.
If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.
Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.
“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”
“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”
I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.
Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.
This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.
They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.
If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.
I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.
I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.
11. To Err Is Wrong
In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?
Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.
Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:
Right over 90% of the time = “A”
Right over 80% of the time = “B~”
Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.
From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.
Playing It Safe
With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.
I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.
Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.
Different Logic
From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.
Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.
Errors as Stepping Stones
Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.
The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.
Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.
Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.
[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分
篇7:英语读后感
全文共 1761 字
+ 加入清单Snow White
I read Snow White last week, I to this book as well as the inside master public some views and the feeling, below am my some ideas. I thought that this book is very interesting, moreover is also exciting, story plot unconstrained fluctuation, confusing. A bright side won certainly finally. inside the storys leading character is also may encircle may select. Snow White, is chaste, lovable; Seven dwarves, is friendly, good. Stepmother, is also empress, is virulent, cruel-hearted ......Inside thiss each characters have filled the unique individuality, after enabling we looked, to the character to have the nearly completely unified view. I thought I most like the character is seven dwarves, they are good, friendly, is willing to help other people, this is worth us studying, I most repugnant character is empress, she is virulent, is cruel-hearted, does not have a spot good performance, only wants to raise oneself, disparages others. the relation life, inside thiss leading character many are worth us studying actually, certainly, also has some people not to be worth us studying. Generally speaking, this written unusual good. After this is I read this book the view and the opinion.
Madam Curie
Madam Curie, a world famous woman scientist, was born into a techers family in Poland in 1867 and died in 1934. She finished her middle school at the age of 16. Eight years later, when she was 24, she went to study at Paris University. All her lige was devoted to scientific research and her efforts were rewarded. She had won the Nobel Price twice.
Today, as a famous female, Madam Curie is sill remembered by the whole world. People will remember her forever for her courage, determination and her spirit of sharing knowledge with others.
篇8:《羊脂球》英语读后感
全文共 4266 字
+ 加入清单Guy de Maupassant(18501893), one of the greatest critical realist writers in the world, is considered as one of three kings of world short story。 Maupassant created six novels and 359 medium forms during his brief lifetime, engendering a momentous effect on the later literature. And it’s his maiden work, Suet Ball that won him world-wide prestige.
In1870, with the outbreak of the Franco-Prussian War, the real-based story Suet Ball happened. The heroine of the story is a humble harlot called Suet Ball. With a group of French residents of Rouen, recently occupied by the Prussian army, the 11 travelers are on their way fleeing to Le Havre in a stagecoach. In virtue of the appalling weather, the stagecoach moves rather slowly and has just covered a few miles by midday. Initially, those occupants snub Suet Ball whereas their attitudes alters with the emergence of a basket filled with scrumptious food and she caters for those hungry travelers selflessly.
The carriage doesn’t stop until they blunders into a Prussian-held territory called T?tes. A Prussian officer detains the coach with no definite reasons. In the next two days, the occupants wait with barely concealed impatience and eventually Suet Ball tells that they will be detained perpetually unless she approves of sleeping with the officer. Out of her patriotism, Suet Ball gives him a point-blank refusal. As it should be, those travelers behave furiously to the officer"s arrogance while during the next two days, they exemplify logic and morality in diverse ways to convince Suet Ball of its validity. What a kind-hearted girl! Finally Suet Ball gives up and sacrifices her body for everyone’s freedom.
The next morning, they are permitted to leave. But those "representatives of Virtue" totally neglect Suet Ball, casting scathing sights on the poor young woman while even disdaining talking to her and rejecting sharing their food with her in the same way that she did at the beginning. From their perspectives, Suet Ball turns out to be no more utilizable and should be condemned for her ashamed conduct. As the stagecoach travels deeper into the night, she seethes with rage against those hypocrites, and ultimately weeps for her lost dignity.
In this story, Maupassant highlighted the intense comparison between Suet Ball and the so-called nobles. Rapacity, hypocrisy, sexuality and nobility intertwine in the spotlight,eulogizing the underclass’ patriotism and lampooning the sham of the aristocracy. Maupassant portrays the inhabitants of the stagecoach in varied disparaging ways. The most luminous character belongs to the two nuns. At first they are portrayed as tranquil and subservient to Lord and demonstrate their fiery patriotic desire to dedicate to their motherland rather than a sordid intention like the other passengers: the nuns profess to haste to a military hospital to heal the wounded French soldiers, hence presenting the argument towards instigating Suet Ball to abandon her resistance. How absurd it is! Nuns are supposed to take strait vows and treat others benevolently. They fill Suet Ball"s head with arguments, arguing that it is not morally wrong to sleep with the officer in order to let the travelers leave, and that the longer she waits, the more young French soldiers will die as the nuns are not there to look after them. Superficially, they claim that it is for the good of the country but indeed they’re just taking advantage of her. Suet Ball"s resistance to the officer"s sexual advances again indicate her patriotism. Cruel wars have stripped all the external stuffs. In contrast to all of these is Suet Ball, a prostitute, revealed to be the most fiercely patriotic, virtuous, and morally admirable character, which Maupassant contrasts with the hypocrisy and snobbery of the others.
It is arguably Maupassant’s most famous short story. The carriage constitutes a microcosm of French society as a whole. And the narrative techniques of this story are rather sophisticated and carefully conceived. On balance, a real noble person like Suet Ball can’t be judged by the appearance or the occupation, his/ her moral quality will glitter when confronting the real ordeal. Consequently, I deem that Suet Ball is worth reading lingeringly, savoring every word.
篇9:让学生快乐地写作的方法
全文共 2329 字
+ 加入清单1、紧贴学生生活生活中处处有作文。引导学生在参与生活中学作文,在审视自已的生活中写作文,在品味自己的生活感悟中写作文,符合现代教育观,符合学生习作的心理,有利于学生创新能力的培养。我注重丰富学生的校园生活,开放图书室,让学生自由地大量读写。在班里办手抄小报,语文课向课外延伸。多彩的校园生活,提供了丰富的写作养料。我还注意营造学生参与社会活动的良好环境,引导学生参加各种社会实践活动,在各种活动中自主地搜集素材,记录体验,写感想、心得。学生作文一律从学生经历的活动中感受最深的事件中选题,这样,儿童由“无话”到“有话”,由“怕写到“乐写”,由“瞎编乱造”到“真情涌现”。
2、引导儿童交际小学作文教学是言语交际中最基本的表达训练,从社会言语交际的实际需要出发,为社会言语交际的实际需要服务是作文教学的指导思想。要让学生明白:写文章就是向人家介绍一件事情或一位人物,表达自己一定的情感。要强化学生的“作者”意识,在写前要站在作者的立场上思考:我的文章写给谁看?怎样写才能把事物说明白,进而能打动人,使读者身临其境。站在这样的预防交际的角度上构思写作,文章便容易倾注作者的情感。写完后我让儿童把习作读给别人听,或征求别人意见,或与听者一道分享美词佳句的快乐。让同学们修改自己的习作,也倾听别人的习作,对同学的习作进行评价,提出修改意见。每一次写作的过程都是一次语言交际的过程,使学生感到写作文不仅是提高自己运用语言能力的需要,也是社会生活、人际交往的需要,从而乐写不疲。
3、开放写作时空这样的作文教学大纲司空见惯:老师命题《我的++》,学生“遵命服从”,全班学生搜肠刮肚,胡编乱写,凭空塑造一位“伟大的母亲”、“可敬的老师”。学生心里明白老师要求的是文章技巧如何,并不管你是否真有其人,确有其事;老师要求的是你快速作文、当堂完成,以训练写作上的应试能力。这种指导思想,这种写作的时空条件,不管学生有无经历、体验、积累,只要编得圆满即可。如何让学生写出真情实感呢?据报载:一位美国教师让学生写《我的爸爸》,给学生两周的时间,让学生去采访父母、亲戚、邻居,观察爸爸上班的情形,以深刻地了解自己的爸爸。这样,为自己的写作积累了大量的素材,自然有话可说,自然情深意切。我们不妨开放学生的写作时空,让学生在自由的时空里捕捉作文的生命活力。
4、鼓励文体各异当今,普高语文教材及成人复习教材的目录中,都悄悄地将“记叙文”、“议论文”、“说明文”等所谓的文体取消了。“淡化文体”正成为语文界的热门话题。成人如此,何况初学习作的小学生?文章本无体,古人作文是不讲文体的:如王安石的《游褒禅山记》、苏东坡的《石钟山记》都属“文体难辨”的文章。文是用来抒发心曲的,本应是满腔热情、满腔思想的自然流淌和外泄。作文指导,无疑要指导学生说真话、说实话,说自己想说的话。记叙文在小学生习作中占重要地位,如教师一味地指导学生围绕这个圈子转,势必会阻碍他们思维的发展,思路的拓宽。以至于一抬笔,文体的约束就占据了大脑,唯恐不合规范。这样写哪有激情和灵感。小学生要表达的东西也有深沉的、羞涩的、神秘的,他们有自己的听众,自己的读者,要用适合自己的方式表达心声。如写一个人物,书信体、日记体、议论说明体皆可用之,甚至比起记叙文抒发起感情来有过之而无不及。每个学生都有自己的个性,自己的思想,教学作文,文体无需千篇一律,而要因人而异,因文而异。
5、放手自拟文题统一规定文题同样不利于学生思维的开拓,更使部分学生易犯“无病呻吟”的坏毛病。在此方面也应为学生营造相应宽松的空间。“开放式”文题。即在主题确定以后,完全放手让学生自拟题目,减少文题对学生思想的束缚。如写一位老师,以《我的老师》为题,可能多数学生会写现在的尤其是语文老师,无疑内容的来源的文章的思路都是很窄的;若放手让学生自拟,那么诸如《我最喜欢的一位老师》、《我最难忘的一位老师》、《我的启蒙老师》,《我心目中的好老师》……将如雨后春笋般涌现。文题丰富了,内容自然不会枯燥管,形式自然不会单一,感情也自然真挚感人。“补充式”文题。即提供文题的形式,让生自补文题内容。如《我最难忘的……》,同学们有了自己的生活阅历,总有自己最难忘的东西。这此东西可能是人、事或物。于是,诸如《我最难忘的一个人》、《我最难忘的一件事》、《我最难忘的一次旅行》等都可能出现。让他们自己填补文题空白,选择自己想写的内容,从而有效地避免了学生说空话、说假话,语言雷同,形式单一的弊端。
6、改革评价机制传统的作文评价总是教师一人专制,一语定千金定优劣,极少给予学生参与评价的机会。这样,学生总处于被动接受的地位,无法主动客观地发现自己的优点和不足。作文评价,除教师评价外,应留给学生一定的自我评价的空间。学生参评。可将某个学生的习作作为范文请小读者在课堂上朗读,指导全班学生各抒已见,直抒胸臆,谈谈自己的观点和看法。意见虽多,甚至有时会针锋相对,这对于小作者、小读者双方都是受益无穷的。指导自评。教师可适当地写些启发性、思考性的评语,做些批注,然后指导小学生多读、多看、多思,根据教师的评价总结一下写得精彩的地方好在哪里,不足之处原因何在。将师评与自评有机地结合起来,使学生更加客观地认识自己作文的价值和水平。少批评多激励。对于小学生作文无需过多地指出缺点和不足,甚至针对细微之处吹毛求疵,从而打击学生自信心。教师应更多地针对其优点,给予表扬的鼓励,使其相信自己的能力和水平,相信自己倍受老师欣赏,在心里得到满足的同时也大大提高习作的水平的质量。总之,作文教学应为学生提供宽松的环境,留给学生充分施展自己的空间,使其能够真正地展现和发展自己,这便达到了作文教学的真正目的。
篇10:职称论文写作方法
全文共 1706 字
+ 加入清单职称论文一般是发表小论文,2000-3000字即可,有些内容特别饱满完整的写7-8000字符也可以的,只是字数越多,安排的版面越多,费用也就会增加的。很多普刊是比较容易发的,论文有这几部分即可,标题,摘要,关键词,正文,参考文献。然后文章抄袭率控制在20%以下即可,内容结构完整,基本上可以发表出来了。下面是小编整理的职称论文写作方法,以供大家学习参考
一、好论文的感觉
1、 您的论文可以用一句话来表达,这一句话可以长一点,但是表达很清楚;我们可以把这话叫做中心句。
2、 论文的框架(纲要)可以很快地表达出来,框架就是中心句的展开;
3、 论文的框架可以简明扼要地画出框图,看起来逻辑清楚,在一个表达的系统中;
4、 根据论文的框架(纲要);可以展开成整篇文章;
5、 好象你在画画,一开始就考虑好整篇文章的意旨、布局、重点、点睛处,这样争取一次性就把文章写好;
6、 写的文章是有价值的,能给读者带来受用;文章写起来感觉是在介绍经验;一边写文章一边有自豪感;
7、 科技技术类的选题有特别的角度,一般能套在“新、难、重、特”里面;
8、 写之前用至少看过3篇相近选题的文献;最好是5至10篇;
9、 行文格式标准,(只要去看文献就知道自己有哪些差距)。
二、怎么写好论文
1、写论文的准备工作
考虑自己评职称时的方向;
自己的工作领域;
可以取材的工程项目、论文相关的案例、工作经验、经历;
初步选几个题目;
根据初选的题目查询文献;
对比看哪个论文方向写起来在价值、表达方便、与自己结合上更合适。
2、确定题目
前面所说的在于选择大的选题方向,到这里的时候,要具体考虑细的题目、重点、聚焦点,题目能不能用一句话表达出来,这时候就要考虑清楚,这一句话可以很长,但是一句话出来的东西一定是逻辑很清晰的。往往的结构是“XX的XX的XX”这样表达的时候,文章的领域、着眼点、新颖点往往就被表达出来了。
3、快速撰写论文
因为能够用一句话一表达题目或者中心,所以写论文的时候就会比较快。
快速的写法是:
先根据那一句话,展开纲要,大概是二级目录就差不多了,就是1.1这样的级别;
之后,根据二级目录,可以很快地组织内容。
4、要点突出
这个时候再来比较内容与题目是对应性怎么样?是一致吗?要对题目做出轻微的调整,还是对内容做出轻微的调整?
哪一个部分是重点,哪个部分是重点的重点?文章的篇幅够了没有,是太多了,还是太少了?要不要修,修哪里?
这里的原则就是突出要点,如同画家画树,冬天时,有枝干而无叶,仍然是树,反过来就不行的。
5、整理
根据突出重点的原则,在保证主干清楚的情况下,进行增减。
根据国际单位制,对单位进行修改;
根据行文格式,对字体、大小、图片、参考文献等进行修改;
对摘要和关键词进行设定。
6、润色
对文章的创新点、系统性表述、逻辑清晰、文章的实用价值、可信度再行润色;
对语句的流利进行润色,最简单的办法,就是从头到尾出声地读一遍下来,边读边改,一定会好很多。
三、重点强调
1、选题
至关重要。
职称论文是要评职称用的,要和自己的所学专业、所从事工作有相关性,特别是与你所将要评的职称专业有较大的相关性。这点对于学历专业、工作经历多、跨专业评职称的人要特别注意。
2、表达系统性和逻辑性
系统性的表达。就是说一个东西的时候,你要把它说清楚,说全面。比如,你跟人家介绍自家的房子,你就要把厅、主卧、客户、书房、饭厅、、卫生间、阳台都说到,这样就叫系统。如果觉得内容太大,就光说客厅,那就要把客厅的四面、上下、中间都有什么说清楚;如果还嫌太大,光说吊顶,就把凡是光于吊项的风格、材料、做工、等等全部说清楚。这就叫做系统性。系统性的反面就是缺漏。
逻辑性的表达。就是说一个东西的时候,要先主后次,先上后下,等等,有一个符合那个东西的规律的表达。比如说家庭的成员,从老的到少的,从男的到女的,从直系的说到旁系的,一代说完再说一代,必要时配要图表来辅助,这就是逻辑性的表达。逻辑性的反面就是乱。
3、规范性
论文只是一种体裁,一种风格,一种方式,有着它区别于其它体裁的规定套路,这就是规范性。比如:摘要要怎么写、关键词要怎么设,参考文献是怎么来表达,标点、格式、单位等要怎么做,这是规范性。
篇11:汤姆索亚历险记的英语读后感
全文共 4817 字
+ 加入清单Recently, I have read a very interesting book, the Adventures of Tom Sawyer。 And the companion volume is the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn。 This book described an American boy, Tom Sawyer’s fantastic adventure。 The author of this novel is one of my favorite writers, Mark Twain, who was honored as the literary giant and was good at writing satirical novels。 The reason that I enjoy Mark Twain’s composition is that he always brought me into a funny world by using very simple description but perfect writing skills and attractive story structures。 Nevertheless, when I finished reading his words, I would think some deeper and serious things that he wanted to convey to us。 The style of Mark Twain’s composition is humorous but actually very sharp, which exposed the weakness and the hypocrite of human nature and expressed his desiring for a perfect and ideal world。
You don"t know about me if you haven"t read a book called the Adventures of Tom Sawyer。 Mr。 Mark Twain wrote the book and most of it is true。 The heroin of this novel, Tom Sawyer, was a brave and active boy。 But he got tired of his family, his school as well as the church。 He was not satisfied with a hidebound life but dreamed of a free and venturesome life。 This naughty but clever boy lost his parents since child。 Thus he lived with his aunt who loved him very much。 He always escaped from school, and played various games with his friends。 He even fell in love with a girl and tried again and again to win her favor。 One day, Tom and his friend Huck came across a murdering。 An Indian Joe killed a doctor because of disagreement and imputed it to another partner Porter。 The two young boys were extremely frightened and decided to keep the secret。 But actually Tom was anxious all the time。 After that, Tom had conflict with the girl, he leaved at home with Huck angrily and started their adventure。 People in the town thought that they had died。 When they held funeral for these boys, Tom and his friends appeared。 Since then, Tom became hero in school, and reconciled with that girl。 Soon, the court was about to judge that murder case。 When everyone considered Porter as the murderer, Tom bravely exposed the true murderer Joe。 But unfortunately, Joe ran away, so Tom was trapped into enormous anxiety。 Once time, Tom met a partner of Joe in a haunted house。 He heard that they would go to find treasure。 Several days later, Tom went to a picnic with his friends。 But he and the girl Becky got lost in a cave。 They had suffered from hunger, thirsty, darkness and coldness for days in that cave。 Worse still, they found that Indian Joe also in that cave。 This time, all the town folk believed that they must have die。 Especially Tom’ aunt and Thatcher were in deep sorrow。 Beyond people’ expectation, Tom and Becky found the way, and was sent to their home by others。 And because of this accident, the cave was sealed。 When Tom heard that, he told the judge that Joe was still stay at that cave。 When the judge fetched someone to check it, Joe had died in the cave。 Then, Tom and Huck got into that cave again, and found the treasure that Joe and his partner were finding。 Tom got a happy ending, he became a rich man and was popular in his town。
The Adventures of Tom Sawyer is a clear reflection of the child"s life is full of Children"s novels。 I have to say that clever Tom reminded me of my childhood。 We always lost something as we grow up and gradually got lost in our life。 A child would not tell lies to other, a child would speak out their feelings without hesitation, a child would care too much about other’s opinions, and a child would bravely do what they wanted。 Likewise, in that time, people were pretty reserve, and they did not dare to tell their own ideas, neither fight against the tradition。 But Tom was brave。 He challenged the tradition。 He never restricted himself into school or homework like other child, he loved adventure and different challenges instead。 He exposed the true murderer even though he might be dangerous。 So the author Mark Twain designed a good ending for Tom。
It was Mark Twain’s humor that attracted me most。 But there was not only humor, people who read his books would learn something serious。 He told us: tell the truth forever, such of words you need not record you to once say somewhat。 Someone said that Mark Twain gave pleasurereal intellectual enjoyment to millions, and his work will continue to give such pleasure to millions yet to come。 His humor was American, but he was nearly as much appreciated by Englishmen and people of other countries as by his own countrymen。 He has made an enduring part of American literature。
In a word, I gained much from this fantastic novel, and learned a lot from Tom Sawyer。 And I believe that these harvests will have great effects on my whole life。
篇12:雅思大作文写作方法
全文共 551 字
+ 加入清单雅思大作文的写作都是议论文题材的,对写作方法和技巧方面还是有很多要求的。下面雅思就为大家整理了一个雅思大作文的写作方法,是关于根据原因和结果进行推理来写作的。大家可以在备考的时候,进行适当的参考。
雅思大作文的写作,最关键之处在于论述得当。支持句应使主题句更加令人信服,令考生的想法更加鲜明的呈现在考官面前。然而,中国考生在论述时往往存在一些误区:
一味重复主题,空洞解释。
此类段落不论字数多少,都给人空虚的感觉。考生往往为了凑足篇幅而不择手段。表面看来扩展了许多,但仔细体会永远只有一个意思。不得不让考官觉得即单调又啰嗦。
论述浮于表面,不达根源。
这类考生往往缺乏刨根究底的精神,总是在主旨周围绕圈子,不达中心。这也是中国考生的通病,看似八九不离十,却总也不愿把话点破,让考官怎能不又急又气。
在所有的扩展方式之中,因果推理法是最受用也是最透彻的方法。凡事先追溯到其原由,再扩展其结果,这是将主题阐述清晰、论述有力并且具有逻辑感的最佳手段。
例如在出国留学利弊这一题目之前,若考生单纯说有可能会使青少年学坏,难免缺乏说服力,但若紧接着扩展因为孩子高中毕业后思想上还不成熟,若认识不好的朋友会难以抵抗社会上不好的诱惑,那么此论点一定会让考官眉头舒展,点头认同。由此可见,善用此推理法会让议论文如虎添翼,事半功倍。
篇13:英语学习方法
全文共 995 字
+ 加入清单there are lots of different methods to help us study English well. i will tell some of them. and im willing to accept the words from you. first, one should have enough word vocabulary. how to reach this goal? to listen to it much more, to write them down time by time, to read them as frequently as possible? no! there are something even more wonderful! to sing the words with the music you are familiar with. the result is out of your imagination. second, one should watch videos as many as he can. on the videos, people can get a lot. how to speak the words, how to pronounce them, how to handle it with the grammar and so on. thats just two of my ways. do you agree with me? would you like to share yours with me?
有很多种不同的方式方法可以帮助我们把英语学好.我将说它们中的几种.当然,我也会很荣幸的接受来自您的品评.首先,一个人(要学习好英语)应该有足够的词汇量.如何达成这个目标呢?尽可能的多听,尽可能的一次又一次的抄写,尽可能的频繁的重复的朗读(同一篇文章)?不!有更棒的学习方式.跟着您熟悉的音乐旋律,去唱那些您要背诵的单词.效果,不可思议.其次,一个人应尽可能多的观看视频.视频里,人们能学会很多.看(外国人)如何去使用单词,如何在日常生活中发音,如何展现语法的结构和等等.这是我的所有学习法则里面的2个.你,同意我的做法吗?你,愿意与我分享一些你的学习法则吗?
篇14:介绍说明文的写作方法
全文共 2459 字
+ 加入清单说明文用途很广,实用价值很大,写好说明文是很重要的,是现代化生活对每个人提出的要求。掌握说明文自身的规律,才能写好说明文。 下面介绍说明文的写作方法,欢迎阅读了解。
随着科学技术的高速发展,许多新产品也应运而生,相伴随的说明书也与日俱增,所以,好说明文已成为当前急需解决的课题。
任何事情都有其自身的规律,说明文的写作过程也是有规律可循的,因此,作为一个写说明文的作者,只有掌握这一规律,才能写好说明文。
1 明白说明文的六大要素
大家都知道,写记叙文,必须具备记叙文的六个要素,才能写成一篇记叙文,而且说明文和记叙文一样,也必须掌握说明文的要素才能写好,其要素归纳起来也不外乎如下六个方面:
(1)说明对象。
(2)被说明对象的特征。
(3)说明方式。
(4)说明顺序。
(5)说明方法。
(6)被说明对象的性质,性能功用,成因市里及内部关系等。
2 清楚写好一篇说明文需要具备的六个条件
这就是说,要想写好一篇说明文,至少得具备六个条件,那么又如何使用这六个条件呢?
第一,明确说明对象是什么?这要求你清楚地告诉读者,你要说明一个什么事物。
第二,被说明对象有何特征,什么是特征呢?所谓特征就是这一事物区别于其他事物的标志,因为,任何一个事物,都有其自身的特征,只有抓住它的特征,才能从本质上把说明的事物与其他事物区别开来,这样你才能把被说明的对象说清楚,从而达到说明的目的,例如,食物从何处来一文,作者就抓住被说明对象,食物来源的根本特征,植物靠自养,动物和大部分微生物靠益阳,极少部分的细菌靠化学能来合成,从而在本质上说明了食物来源这一深奥的事理。如果作者没有抓住这一特征,恐怕浪费了很多的笔墨也难以说清楚,因此要想写好一篇说明文,掌握被说明对象的特征是极其重要的,但是要准确的有条理地说明事物的特征,首先必须对事物有个清楚的认识,在生活中观察体验,参加实践,深入研究,坚持不懈地记取,是我们认识事物的根本途径,在这方面的例子是不乏其人的,伟大的物候学家,竺可桢,坚持不懈的观察记录,写出了大自然的诺言,周树人认真观察,写出了生动有趣的蜘蛛。因此,观察观察再观察,认识认识再认识,才能认清事物的特征。
第三,根据被说明事物的自身特征确定署名方式,既平实说明,生动说明两种方式,平实说明语言简练准确,通俗易懂,不带有描写的成分,例如,统筹方法,生动说明带有描写的成分,用词准确传神,把抽象的事物形象化,具体化,给人的感觉既生动活泼又形象,有趣味,例如,看云识天气,有时还可以把平实说明,和生动说明二者结合起来,这样会收到相得益彰的效果,例如,周建人写蜘蛛一文,在介绍蜘蛛吐丝的生理,机制时,运用了生物学上的术语,并作了科学的说明,这是平实说明。在介绍蜘蛛在网上,一幕幕紧张激烈捕捉蚊蝇的战斗场景时,作者运用了生动说明,这样语言准确,生动又形象,增强了文章的说明效果,使读者不仅有所知而且有所感,更觉有趣,总之,说明方式,根据说明对象的特征可灵活运用。
第四,确定说明顺序,因为说明对象不同,所以说明顺序也会相应的不同,可归纳为三大类,一是,按时间顺序写,包括程序说明,例如,从甲骨文到口袋图书馆。二是,按空间顺序写,空间顺序又分为从上到下,由内到外,从左到右或从右到左,从中间到两边,从前到后货,按从东西南北方位写。例如故宫博物院,人民大会堂。三是按逻辑顺序写,所谓逻辑顺序,就是按照事物的关系安排先后次序,例如海光。
总之,说明顺序只有安排合理,才能使文章条理分明,能给人一个说清楚完整的印象。
第五,恰当地运用说明方法,常用的说明方法有,下定义,分类别,举例子,作比较,打比喻列数字,配备图表等。至于用什么方法来说明事物,这是动笔之前必须考虑的。没有恰到好处的说明方法,也达不到说明的目的,究竟用哪种或哪几种说明方法?要由被说明对象的特征来决定,例如,食物从何处来一文,作者将生物获得食物的途径,作为分类的标准,分为自养和异养两大类,接着,又以获得食物的方法为标准来进一步,说明,自养型,认为靠光合作用的,和不靠光合作用的两类,易养型的分为不能加工改造植物的,动物和能加工改造的人类两类,这样层层分类说明不仅符合科学原理,而且条理分明,作者在分类说明的同时,行,文中还运用了打比喻,举例子下定义列数字的说明方法,这种恰当的综合运用,大大的增强了说明的效果,总而言之,说明方法,不能一概而论,而要根据被说明事物的特征,从实际的需要出发,去恰当地运用。
第六,根据说明的对象不同,可分为十五说明,事理说明,程序说明三大类,实物说明要根据说明的对象的特征,侧重说明事物的性质,类别,状态性能,功用、成因等。事理说明要说明有关事物的内部关系,程序说明要写清楚操作步骤的先后顺序。
3 合理安排命题和安排说明文的结构
命题方式,题目一般是直接揭示要说明的对象,这是说明文最常用的命题方法,例如,机器人,统筹方法等。有了题目,又具备了材料,还要有完整的结构形式。
说明文常用的结构形式有四种:
(1)并列式,各层次间的关系是平等并列的,例如,《南州6月荔枝丹》。
(2)递进式,后面的说明是在前边说明的基础上做进一步的说明,各层次之间的关系由浅入深,例如《向沙漠进军》,作者竺可桢先说明沙漠对人类的危害,接着说明人类征服沙漠的方法,最后指出在社会主义制度下,人类征服沙漠的美好前景。
(3)总分式,先总体来说,后面几层再分开说,或者前几层先分开说,然后再总起来说,例如,巍巍中山陵,作者对陵园建筑,按空间顺序,由总到分来说明。
(4)连贯式,各层次之间按照事物的发展过程或按因果条件等关系,安排层次,前后互相承接,例如,景泰蓝制作,当然这几种结构形式有时单独运用,有时综合运用,大城市之间按照一种结构形式安排每层,中小城市可采取另一种结构形式,总之要灵活运用,达到结构严谨完整的目的。
说明文用途十分广泛,对工业农业科技,商业和人们的日常生活都有很大的实用价值,人们利用他来为自己服务,指导着日常的工作学习和生活,因此,写好说明文是很重要的,是现代化生活对每个人提出的要求。
篇15:关于阅读方法的英语范文
全文共 610 字
+ 加入清单Very good question, the answer to which needs to be in English as reading English has nothing to do with Chinese.
When reading English,that brain should think English and only English,not Chinese.
There are two pathways to lead information to the brain:by sound or by sight.
Sound becomes meaning,all in English,and goes to an area in the brain named letterbox to be understood.
Sight becomes sound (for a lot of people) then becomes meaning,(all in English,and goes to an area in the brain named letterbox to be understood.)
All of the above.That is the only single complete way to understand English when reading.
篇16:小学生写作的创新思维培养方法
全文共 2577 字
+ 加入清单创新思维,是创造活动的核心。 新课程改革着眼于促进学生的发展,尤其是创新能力的发展,而创新能力的核心和基础是创新思维。指导写作是培养学生创新思维的有效途径之一,那么在语文教学中如何培养小学生写作的创新思维,提高学生的创新能力,结合我的语文课堂教学,谈以下几点做法:
一、 拓展描述,创造出新形象,培养创新思维的形象性
我们的大脑对已有表象进行加工而产生前所未有的新形象的思维特性,称为创新思维的形象性。通过想象、联想进行扩展性描述,使文中单调干瘪的形象变得鲜活有生气。
1、改编诗词,创造新形象
小学语文教材中诗词体裁的课文为培养学生创新思维形象性,开辟了广阔的空间。诗词体裁的课文有其特殊的特点:语言的高度凝练性,结构上的跳跃性,艺术形象的富于想象性。教学此类体裁的课文时,让学生将其改写成记叙文的形式,在了解诗词大意的基础上,结合课文插图和生活经验,展开充分合理的想象和联想,加工、改造、创造艺术新形象,使形象丰富、生动、鲜活;补充、完善诗词中空缺的结构,使情节连贯、有序、具体。而这一系列的思维训练无不浸透着学生的创作个性。
如改写《冬夜读书示子聿》,学生补叙了父子间亲切的对话,展现了父亲的谆谆教诲和儿子的悉心聆听,充满父子情深;改写《西江月 夜行黄沙道中》,学生细致描述了黄沙岭夏夜天气的微妙变化。其中有的联想到月亮姐姐吵醒了沉睡的鹊儿的美梦,要和它说悄悄话;青蛙在举行盛大的联欢会,庆祝丰收的好年景;星星也为这迷人的夜景而感动的落泪……一个个新鲜奇妙的形象孕育而生,学生微妙神奇的想象力在这里得到了尽情的展现 。
2、补充情节内容,创造新形象
将课文中简略或一笔带过的情节描写,发挥想象联想,增加内容,扩充成形象逼真、内容具体的新形象。如教学《游天然动物园》,我安排了情节扩充训练,将阿里三言两语介绍的动物趣闻,描写成详细具体有趣的动物活动,在描述动物活动的情节中,学生把狮子攻击犀牛
的凶残以及被野狗追赶的狼狈栩栩如生地展现出来。又如教学《友谊的航程》,我让学生结合插图,通过想象描写人们奔走相告,争睹中***舰风采时的场面,学生们用生动的语言展现出了不同人物的动作、神情、心境,感受了人们喜悦的激情。通过扩充情节,一个个生动鲜明的崭新形象跃然纸上。
二、 学习写法,灵活迁移运用,培养学生创新思维的灵活性
能迅速而轻易地从一类对象转向另一类对象的思维特性,称为创造思维的灵活性。语文课本的每一篇文章都是经过精心挑选的名篇佳作,都蕴含着可供借鉴学习的写作技法,教师要善于挖掘课文中典型的写作技法,指导学生学习,积极灵活的运用于写作,训练学生思维的灵活性。
1、学习写作的语言艺术
语言是文学的第一要素,正确精当地运用语言,准确具体地传达出事物的个性特征,创造出典型的艺术境界,作品才能给人以美的享受。学文中通过替换、比较、选择,让学生揣摩用词的准确美;抓住优美语句品读,让学生感受语言的声响美,描绘的意境美,抒发的情感美,在熏陶感染中鼓励学生积累(赏读、背诵、摘抄)、恰当地运用于写作。如教学《望月》开头一段的月色描写时,,让学生在反复吟诵中体会用词的优美,感受月色的朦胧美。在训练环节上我安排了仿写训练,让学生仿写一段景色,恰当地选用优美词句,用上比喻或拟人的修辞语句,这样写出的文章才生动有灵气。
2、学习不同文学样式的写作手法
语文课文中安排了各种类型的文学样式。在教学中我们应当指导学生学习此类作品的写法,巧妙灵活地运用于写作,切实做到学以致用。如教学《学会合作》这篇演讲稿时,我指导学生学习演讲稿的写法:以强有力的证据,分条屡析地阐明自己鲜明的观点。为了激发学生的写作热情,我精心组织了一场别开生面的演讲比赛。在撰写演讲稿时,学生们写出了诸如《学会运动》、《树立自信》、《做时间的主人》等演讲稿。教学《埃及的金字塔》、《夹竹桃》等说明性的课文时,指导学生学习通过
细致观察,写出事物鲜明特点来的写作手法;教学《鼎湖山听泉》,指导学生学习按顺序写游记的方法……为此我组织学生进行了游览、观赏等活动并指导学生写作训练。
当然还可以指导学生从课文中学到其他的写作手法:内容的详略得当、结构的总分式、典型环境中的心理刻画等,教师要细心挖掘,携取一点,以点带面,迁移运用,训练学生思维的灵活性。
三、 寻找思维的发散点,变通思考,培养学生创新思维的发散性
依据一定的知识和事实求得某一问题的多种可能答案的思维特性,称为创新思维的发散性。这是一种沿着不同方向、向着不同范围、不因循传统和常规的自由发散的思维方式,是从已知信息中衍生出大量变化的、独特而新颖的新信息的思维。语文教学中隐藏着许多可供发散思维的信息源,教师要善于捕捉,鼓励学生打破思维定势,从新角度、新观念出发认识事物,变通思考,敢于发表与众不同的见解,提出解决问题的新方法,并赋诸笔端。
1、 文尾续写法
依据课文故事结尾的发展情况,猜测、想象故事可能继续发展的趋势,进行续写。一些课文结尾给人以模糊的答案或造成悬念。如《狼和小羊》,狼向小羊扑去后结果怎样?可让学生猜测小羊的不同命运。即使没有明显的悬念结尾,教师也可故意设置续写的提示。如教学《最大的麦穗》这篇课文时,我安排了续写弟子们第二次摘麦穗时的情景的训练,进行思维的扩散训练;教学《聂荣臻和日本小姑娘》这篇课文时,让学生续写四十年后美穗子带着子女前来看望聂将军时的感人情景。总之,续写可突破思维的唯一性、集中性,让学生的思维生发开去,以提高学生的创新思维。
2、 写读后感法
一千个读者就有一千个哈姆雷特。写读后感应鼓励学生力求从问题的不同思考点出发,选取一点,抒发感慨,写出自己独特的感受,让立意出新。如写《负荆请罪》的读后感,有学生从蔺相如出发写为人应宽容大度;有学生从廉颇出发写处事应知错就改;有学生从赵国的形势出发阐述了生活在集体中应顾
全大局等,形成观点各异,百花齐放的局面。
3、 角色转换法
角色转换法是指依据课文情境,让学生设身处地感受文中人物的处境,根据个人的理解感受和知识经验,各抒己见,设想你如果是文中的角色将如何更好的处理问题。我教学《螳螂捕蝉》设置如下写作训练:你如果是文中的少年将用怎样的办法劝说吴王?同学们有引用“鹬蚌相争,渔翁得利”的典故劝说的,有引用“两败俱伤” 的典故劝说的,有引用“喜鹊搬家”的故事劝说的等,表现出各人的勇气和智慧。
篇17:超实用高三英语话题写作素材---旅游
全文共 4722 字
+ 加入清单铭仁园高三话题类作文常用短语与句型荟萃(一)----旅游&交通
本话题主要包括:1.旅游;2.描述一次旅程;
针对本话题,高考命题人员可能会从以下角度来命题。
1.描述个人旅游经历 2. 谈旅行中的不文明现象 3 .太空旅游、生态旅游 4.度假方式的变化及其原因5.旅游计划的拟订、准备及注意事项 一、话题常用单词
1. travel/journey/trip/tour n.旅游,旅行 16. a group/organized tour n. 团体游
2. travel agency n. 旅行社 17. a self-driving tripn. 自驾游
3. guiden. 向导,导游 18. destinationn. 目的地
4. flight ticketn. 机票 19. sceneryn. 风景,景色
5. passport n. 护照 20. disadvantage n. 不利条件
6. visan.签证 21. insurancen. 保险
7. identity card(ID) 身份证 22. interesting/ funny/ exciting adj 有趣的
8. tent n. 帐篷 23. enjoyable令人愉快的
9. camp n&vi. 露营 24. memorable 令人难忘的
10. hoteln. 旅馆 25. attractive/fascinatingadj 迷人的
11. necessity n. 必需品 26. boring/dull/tiringadj.无聊的
12. schedule n. 计划表,日程表 27. well-organized adj 组织有序的
13. tourist attractions/places of interest 28. convenient adj 方便的,便利的 /scenic spots/sights旅游景点 29. crowded adj 拥挤的
14. DIY tour n. 自助游 30. severe/seriousadj 严重的 15. space tourism n. 太空旅游
二、话题常用短语
1. go on a wildlife tour/a hiking trip
参加野生动物之旅/去远足
2. be on holiday/a trip to sp 去某地度假/旅行
3. see sb off 送行
4. pay a visit to sp/sb 参观某地/拜访某人
5. show sb around 带领某人参观
6. set out/off 出发,启程
7. check in 登记住宿
8. check out 结账退房
9. have a good time/enjoy oneself/have fun 玩的开心
10. broaden one’s horizon/mind 开拓视野
11. eich one’s knowledge丰富知识
11. experience foreign culture 体验国外的文化
12. join a tour group参加旅游团 三、话题常用句型
1. He who travels far knows much. 远行者见闻多。
2. Travelling can eich our knowledge.旅游可以丰富我们的知识。
3. Travelling enables us to learn a lot that we cannot get from books 旅游可以使我们学到很多在书本上学不到的东西。
4. It’s my pleasure to tell you how to get to the Great Wall. 我很乐意告诉你如何到达长城。
5. Welcome to Sichuan. I feel it an honor to be your guide. 欢迎来到四川。我很荣幸能够担任你的导游。
6. I will keep you company to visit numerous places of interest.我将陪你去参加许多的名胜古迹
7. A visit to Sichuan will be an unforgettable experience. 到四川旅行将会令人难忘。
8. There are many places of interest in Sichuan, such as…四川有很多名胜古迹,比如…
9. Sichuan is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest.
四川有很多景点,并且享有很有世界著名的名胜古迹。
10. However, travelling may cause some problems. 然而,旅行可能会造成一些问题。
11. Great changes have taken place in the ways that people spend their holidays in the past decades. 在近几十年内,人们的度假方式已经发生了巨大的变化。
四、佳作欣赏
nick,将于八月来四川旅游,特来询问,有关旅游景点的情况,请根据,提供的要求写封回信,表示盼望他的到来
要点:1.旅游资源:许多世界著名的风景名胜,如九寨沟(海子:清澈见底,色彩斑斓);都
江堰水利工程(2000年的历史,仍发挥作用) 2.相关信息: 气侯适宜,交通方便。
Dear Nick,
Im glad to hear that youre coming to Sichuan in August. Youve made the wise choice to travel here. Sichuan Province is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest, such as Jiuzhaigou and Dujiangyan Irrigation Projcet.
Jiuzhaigou is well known for its beautiful lakes, of which the water is clear and looks colorful. It can excite visitors imagination. Another attraction is Dujiangyan Irrigation Project. It was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today. Besides, the nice weather and convenient transportation here can make your trip more enjoyable. Im sure youll have a good time. Im looking forward to your coming.
假设你是李华,父母答应你今年高三毕业后去美国进行为期10天的观光旅游。请你给美国网友Lucy 写一封电子邮件,咨询以下事情:1. 不随团旅游的食宿、交通等问题。2. 必看景点与时间安排 3. 邀请她到中国观光。
Dear Lucy
How are you doingMy parents have just promised me to make a 10-day tour of America after my graduation from senior high school this summer, which will be a good chance for me to experience American culture and practice my oral English.
As I don’t like to join a tour group, could you please offer me some advice on where to stay, what to eat and how to travel in such a short timeI would appreciate it if you could tell the must-see attractions and the time arrangement. Your advice will surely make my visit enjoyable and worthwhile.
Welcome to China at your convenience. Looking forward to your early reply.
范文二:文明旅游
有些旅游景点的文物景观遭到了严重的破坏,致使最近文明旅游的倡议越来越受重视,因此就“游客可付费在仿造长城上涂写留言”发表看法。
内容包括:(1)谈谈对某些人喜欢在旅游景点随便涂鸦留言的看法;
(2)对专门修一段仿造城墙让游客付高价留言的做法你是赞成还是反对,并简要陈述你的理由。
It is reported that tourists to China’s Great Wall can now leave their mark on a fake(伪造的) wall recently built near the real wall in Badaling if they pay 999 yuan.
In China, many visitors have the hobby of carving graffiti on places of interest, especially on some famous cultural relics. Last year I went to the Great Wall and found many people had left names and ugly words on the Wall, which destroys many historic bricks. In my opinion, such people should feel ashamed of leaving their marks on the great relics which were created by our ancestors.
So personally, I quite agree with this brilliant project though it has caused criticism from some people. The Great Wall would be ruined one day if we didn’t take any steps to protect it. The fake wall is a really good idea because it will protect our relics as well as making profits from the project
篇18:麦田里的守望者的英语读后感
全文共 2243 字
+ 加入清单The hero of the story called Holden,he was a middle school student,but he didn’t like studying at all.He was tired of everything in the school. So he was expelled from school for the fourth time.
In the removed that night,Holden left school,but he was afraid to go home.In desperation,Holden lived in a small hotel.However,it was a chaos of hotel,some shady people lived there,here Holden made a lot of stupid things.Later,he and his girlfriend split up.
Then Holden to the bar to drink with an old school friend,he got very drunk,he put his head in cold water for a while,just wake up. When he walked out of the pub, be cold wind blows, the hair of his head was frozen.He thought he might die from pneumonia, always can"t see his sister, decided to take the plunge and home her farewell.
Holden secretly returned home, he said to sister his ideal, he will want to be a catcher in the rye. Later, his parents came back, Holden frighten hide in closet.When his parents went to the bedroom, he quickly slipped out of the house, to a his respected teacher spend the night in the home. Holden didn"t want to go home, decided to go to the west to make a living, but he wanted to in the face before walked bye sister, so he dated sister to the museum.But his sister, dragging a big suitcase full of her clothes, she must go with Holden to the western.Finally, for sister persuade invalid, Holden had to give up his plan to the west, then he took her to the zoo.And Holden decided not to run away.He went home shortly he had illness and was sent to a nursing home.
Part two Book Report
This is a novel about adolescent psychological problems. From the point of subject, like all young men, the hero is a liberal person, but he doesn"t handle their own problems, at the same time, he was also confused, he don"t know their future.
Perhaps everyone in a teenager have encountered similar problems, when we are at that time we offen not to talk about own confusion,so we may enter a wrong way,bringing harm to myself. So after finished reading this book, I realize the importance of mental health, when we meet with difficulties, we should actively to face, and efforts to solve every problem,can"t give up myself,we must have the courage to face the reality.
篇19:《失乐园》英语读后感
全文共 3723 字
+ 加入清单The success of Milton’s Paradise Lost owes much to the depiction of the main epicimage of Satan whose attributes enable him to achieve tragic status. Although Satan may be an epic machine, he is best portrayed as the tragic anti-hero of paradise Lost. The critics in the world have been concerning the image of Satan in Paradise Lost, whose complexity makes the poem more controversial.The reason why the image under Milton’s pen is so complex is that the Satan attracts the poet’s inner force, which drives him to change the people’s traditional ideas and cause resonance of all the revolutionaries.
Satan in the Bible is an image of devil. But in Paradise Lost, Satan challenges the authority of God and want to be free, he is a fighter for freedom. The poet portrayed Satan as a brave hero that went to get rid of god’s domination. In Paradise Lost, the Satan was the most successful image the author shaped.The allure of free will is where the attractiveness and power of Satan"s character lies. Stanley Fish in his essay, ‘The Harassed Reader in Paradise Lost, argues that Satan possesses a form of heroism which is easy to admire because it is visible and flamboyant and that, on that basis, Satan’s attractiveness is only initial. Milton was, undoubtedly, conscious that he was in danger of portraying Satan as too much of a heroic figure and made efforts to be little him through the use of unflattering imagery, and by highlighting his less complimentary characteristics.
Nonetheless, our emotions are still fired. Our first encounter with Satan and his rebel hosts occurs in Book I, when they are recovering from the shock of having been expelled from heaven by the Son after three days of fighting the angels of God. Despite the defeat he has suffered, Satan gains our admiration by displaying resilience in quickly coming to terms with the change in his circumstances, in remustering his forces and organizing the building of his palace, Pandemonium. At the same time he demonstrates his determination not to be defeated and shows true qualities of leadership, persuasively arguing that there is still hope for battle and victory. Satan is convincing in his first speech to Beelzebub, his chief partner in crime, as he declares: What though the field be lost? All is not lost; the unconquerable will, And study of revenge, immortal hate, And courage never to submit or yield: And what is else not to be overcome? That glory never shall his wrath or might Extort from me. Although Satan may be an epic machine, he is best portrayed as the tragic anti-hero of Paradise Lost or, at the very least, a main character who possesses the stature and attributes which enable him to achieve tragic status. In the Greek tradition, the essential components of tragedy are admiration, fear and pity for the ‘hero’, who has to display a tragic weakness or flaw in his character, which will lead to his downfall. It might be argued that the flaws in Satan’s character are such that we should feel no admiration, fear or pity for him, yet he can be seen to inspire these emotions. Satan’s tragic flaws are pointed out in Book I. They are envy, pride, and ambition towards self-glorification. Satan’s pride, in particular, is stressed throughout Paradise Lost.
The poet condemned God through Satan’s words. On the surface, God had given human free will; in fact, he had suppressed the true freedom.Obviously, the poet"s criticism and condemnation of God were out from the social reality of United Kingdom. The tyrant was the embodiment of Stuart. Milton laid his own political tendencies in the great Satan. He portrayed Satan"s resistance as the justice resistance to authoritarian rule and a bold challenge to the violent regime.