高山流水成语典故的由来汇集19篇

纸上谈兵这个成语出自《史记·廉颇蔺相如列传》。

战国时期，赵国有一个著名的大将，姓赵名奢。他的儿子赵括，年轻的时候就把兵书读得烂熟，即使他父亲和他谈论用兵的道理，也不能难倒他。但赵奢总说他不能用兵，他母亲曾经为这件事问赵奢，赵奢说：“用兵关系到国家的安全和危亡，而他把用兵看得太简单了，赵国不叫他当大将便罢，如果叫他当大将，使赵国灭亡的必然是他。”

后来秦国军队攻击赵国，廉颇奉命去抵抗，为了争取有利的战斗条件，就先筑起营垒来坚守，没有立刻出战。赵孝成王中了秦国的反间计，认为廉颇年老胆小，不能抵挡大敌，改派赵括出战秦国来代替廉颇。赵括的母亲知道了这件事，连忙上书阻止，赵孝成王不听，赵括的母亲便说：“大王一定要派遣他去，如果有不称职的话，我可以不同他一起受罪吗？”赵孝成王说：“可以。”

赵括威风凛凛地到长平(今山西省高平县北)，完全改变了廉颇原来制定的军令，把军队的大小头目都换了。秦国将领白起带兵来攻，赵括便不顾当时、当地的实际情况，决定以精兵出击。结果，没有多久，就被秦围困住，粮道也断绝了。

围困四十多天，还没解围。赵括看到粮食已经吃尽，兵士忍不住饥饿，只得亲自率领一支精兵突围。可是，秦军围困得十分严密，赵括不但没有突出重围，反而被乱箭射死。于是，赵国军队四十万人降了秦国，却全部被白起活埋了。这就是历史上所称的“长平之战”。

后来人们就用“纸上谈兵”来比喻空说理论，不能解决实际问题；或指完全不符合实际的空谈。

纸上谈兵的故事

“纸上谈兵”这个故事，是说战国时期赵国的大将赵奢的儿子赵括，脱离实际，崇尚空谈，最后被秦军乱箭射死，并葬送了40万赵军的事件。

公元前262年，秦国想继续扩大疆域，并吞小国。于是，秦昭襄王派大将王屹，去攻打韩国的上党郡(今山西省长治市一带)。上党的韩军将领都知秦国如虎似狼、施行暴政，不愿投降秦国，他们打发使者携带地图，把上党献给赵国。赵国此时的国王是赵孝成王，他派军队接收了上党。秦军得知，随即把上党团团围住。

赵孝成王听到报告，连忙派老将廉颇率领20多方大军前去营救上党。赵军刚刚赶到长平(今山西省高平县西北)，上党已被秦军攻占了。赵国损失惨重。

秦军攻下上党后，并不甘心，还想攻占长平关。赵军听到这消息，廉颇立即召集将领，研究对策。两国军队在长平对阵。开始，赵军连连失利；拟后，廉颇改变战略，任凭秦军百般挑衅，命令士兵坚守勿战。日子一天天拖延下去，秦军的粮食、武器供应开始发生困难。赵军却士气振作，士兵们积极修筑堡垒，深挖战壕，跟远来的秦军对峙，作长期抵抗的扛算。

两军对峙足足3年，秦军大将王屹想不出什么法子，只好向秦王报告说：“廉颇是个富有经验的老将，他不会轻易出来交战。我军长此拖下去，一旦粮草接济不上，如何是好呢？”

秦昭襄王找大臣商议，一个叫范唯的出了个主意。他说：“要战胜赵国，必须想法子先叫赵国把廉颇调回去。”于是，秦国派人潜入赵国国都，四处散布谣言：“秦国对赵国什么人都不怕，只怕赵括作大将。”

过了几天，赵王听到左右议论纷纷，说什么廉将军己老了，一顿饭的时间竟三次去厕所大便，不敢跟秦国交战了，要是换年轻力壮的赵括带兵，一定能打败秦国，等等。

议论中所说的赵括，就是赵国名将赵奢的儿子。赵括小时爱学兵法，聪明，记忆力很强。什么《孙子兵法》啦，《孙膑兵法》听，都背得滚瓜烂熟；说起打仗的事，滔滔不绝；连父亲也不在他眼里，甚至狂妄地认为天下无人能与他相比。然而，赵奢深知其子无真才实学。因而，从来没有夸赞过他。

赵王却听信了左右的议论，随即把赵括找来，问他能否打退秦军。赵括口出狂言：“如果秦国派白起来，我需考虑考虑如何对付。如今来的是王屹，他不过是廉颇的对手，换上我，打败他不在话下。”

赵王听了很高兴，拜赵括为大将，去接替廉颇。

这时，赵奢已亡。赵括的母亲在赵括未动身时，根据赵奢的遗嘱，向赵王上了一道奏章，请求赵王不要派他儿子去带兵。赵王问她什么理由，她说：“他父亲临终时再三嘱咐我说‘赵括这孩子谈起兵法，自空无人。况且，他把打仗看作儿戏。将来大王不用他还好，若用他为大将，我们一家遭灾祸是小事，国家断送在他手里是大事啊！’想起他父亲的话，所以我请求大王干万不要让他当大将。”

赵王没有怎么考虑，便说：“我已决定了，你就不用多操心了吧。”

公元前259年，赵括领兵20万，趾高气扬，来到长平，请廉颇验过兵符，便不间青红皂白，轻率地改变了廉颇的战略。他统帅着40万大军，声势可谓十分浩大。他自以为是，任意撤换全军上下长官，弄得全军上下人心惶惶。另外，他把廉颇规定的一整套严格的制度全部废除，下命令说：“秦军再来挑战，我们必须迎头痛击。敌人打败了，就得追下去，穷追不舍要杀他个片甲不留。”

再说秦军那边，得知这些情况后，暗暗高兴。他们立即派出一支骑兵，伪装败退，其实是要切断赵军的粮道。大将白起也赶来与王屹一起指挥作战。

赵括以为秦兵真的败退，心中高兴。他想获胜就在眼前，便下令出击。结果，他中了秦将的计，赵军一下子被秦军一分之二。

赵军被围困了40多天，内无粮草，外无救兵，上下埋怨，人心大乱。赵括眼看着再呆下去也是白白饿死。他便带领精兵突围，结果被秦军乱箭射死。

赵军听到主将被杀，纷纷扔下武器投降。赵军全军覆没，40多万兵士都做了俘虏。从此，赵国一级不振、这是多么惨痛的历史教训啊！

此后，人们就用“纸上谈兵”来讽刺脱离实际，祟尚空谈的不实作风。

【注音】jiāng láng cái jìn

【出处】淹乃探怀中得五色笔一以授之。尔后为诗绝无美句，时人谓之才尽。 《南史·江淹传》

【解释】江郎：指南朝江淹。原指江淹少有文名，晚年诗文无佳句。比喻才情减退。

【用法】作谓语、定语、宾语;用于书面语 钰玨宝宝日记，您的宝宝私家日记

【相近词】黔驴技穷、江淹才尽、江郎才掩

【相反词】出类拔萃、初露锋芒 钰玨宝宝日记

【押韵词】不为已甚、迷魂阵、兵未血刃、贪而无信、清谈高论、云程发轫、珠玉之论、矢口否认、心烦意闷、自有公论、......

【成语故事】南朝梁时文学家江淹年轻时刻苦读书，成为一个鼎鼎有名的文学家，官至光禄大夫。后来他的文章大不如以前了，诗也平淡无奇了，偶尔灵感一来，写出的东西也一无可取。据说他在梦中丢失了五色笔，从此就文思枯竭，才能丧尽 钰玨宝宝日记

【成语示列】不，他不能和菊子散伙。散了伙，他必感到空虚，寂寞，无聊，或者还落个江郎才尽，连诗也写不出了。 老舍《四世同堂》五十五

【其它使用】

◎ 而第五代导演的中坚张艺谋、陈凯歌1999年推出的影片也没有表现出太多创造性的艺术思想和艺术想象，如果说张艺谋的《一个都不能少》和《我的父亲母亲》还表现出他善于用极端的形式表现强烈情感的艺术能力的话，那么陈凯歌巨资制作的《荆柯刺秦王》所表现出来的那种既媚俗也媚雅、既媚中也媚日、既造作又滑稽的"不伦不类"则似乎是一种江郎才尽的预兆。

东施效颦

Xi Shi, a famous beauty, had a pain in her bosom(胸部) , so she had a frown

on her face when she went out. An ugly girl who lived nearby saw her and thought

she looked very beautiful. therefore when she went home, she also put her hands

on her bosom and had a frown on her face.

When a rich man in the neighbourhood saw her, he shut his doors tightly and

did not go out. When a poor man saw her, he took his wife and children and gave

her a wide berth(保持安全距离) .

She only knew Xi Shis frown looked beautiful but she did not know the

reason for its beauty.

万事俱备 只欠东风

China has been divided into three kingdoms historically: Wei in the north,

Shu in the southwest and Wu in the southeast.

Once Cao Cao from Wei led a 200,000 strong army down to the south to wipe

out the kingdoms of Wu and Shu. Therefore, Wu and Shu united to defend his

attack. Cao ordered his men to link up the boats by iron chains to form a bridge

for the Caos passing from the north bank of Yangtze River to the south bank.

The General Commander of the allied army was Zhou Yu. He analyzed the situation

carefully. Then he got a good idea. He decided to attack the enemy with fire. So

he began to prepare for the neting battle. Suddenly he thought of the direction

of wind. He needed the east wind to blow strongly in order to acnetplish his

scheme. However, the wind did not nete for days. Thus Zhou Yu was worried about

it. At that time, he got a note from Zhuge Liang, the military adviser of the

State of Shu, which reads:

"To fight Cao Cao

Fire will help you win

Everything is ready

Except the east wind"

Quickly he turned to Zhuge Liang for help. Zhuge told him not to worry and

there would be an east wind in a couple of days. Two days later, the east wind

helped Zhou acnetplish his scheme. At last, the allied army won the war.

Later, people use it to say "All is ready except what is crucial".

专心致志

Yi Qiu was known as the most famous expert at chess throughout the land.

Once he gave lessons on chess to two men. One of them was netpletely absorbed in

his teaching, listening attentively to Yi Qiu while the other, who seemed to be

listening, had his mind on something else. In fact, he was having a fancy that a

swan was flying towards him and he had in his hands a bow and an arrow, ready to

shoot. As a result, though he was having the same lesson together with the first

man, yet he turned out a much inferior(差的，自卑的) pupil.

If one does not give single-hearted devotion to it, no skills will be

learned.

一技之长

Gong sun Long , is a famous scholar lived in the State of Zhao during the

Warring States Period (475-221BC). He had kept a circle skilled people around

him. He often said, "A wise man should welnete anyone with a specialty."

One day, a man dressed in tattered(破烂的) and dirty clothes came to see him

and said to him:" I have a special skill. "

Gong asked: "What is it?"

"I have a loud voice and Im good at shouting."

Then Gong turned to his followers and asked," Who is good at shouting?" But

none of them answered "Yes ". So the scholar took the man in.

Some days later, Gong and his followers went on a trip. They came to a wide

river and found the ferryboat was on the other side of the river. All of them

had no idea. Suddenly, Gong thought of the shouting expert and turned to him,

"Can you have a try?" The man realized it was the chance to show his skill. He

shouted to the ferryman as loud as he could, "Hey, ferryman, nete here, we want

to cross the river." As his voice ended, the ferryman came to fetch them. Gong

was very satisfied with the new follower.

Later, people use it to describe anyone who has a special professional

skill.

相敬如宾

During the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC), there was a high official

in the State of Jin. He once saw a farmer working in the field and his wife

bringing his lunch to him in a very respectful manner. He showed great interest

in the matter. He took the farmer back to Jin with him, and said to the King of

Jin, "Respect is a demonstration of virtue. If one is respectful, he must be

virtuous. We should educate our people with virtue." But the King asked, "His

father is guilty, is it wise to do so?" He replied, "Guan Zhong had been enemy

to the Duke Huan of Qi, but the duke appointed Guan Zhong prime minister and

finally acnetplished his hegemony. Shun exiled Gun but promoted his son Yu. You

just make use of his strong points." At last, Duke Wen took his advice and put

the farmer in an important position.

Later, this idiom means a couple treats each other with respect like

guests.

郑人买履

A man of the state of Zheng wanted to buy a pair of shoes. He measured his

foot and put the measurement on a chair. When he set out for the market he

forgot to bring it along. It was after he had found the pair he wanted that this

occurred to him.

I forgot the measurement, said he.

He went home to get it but when he returned the market had broken up and he

did not get his shoes after all.

Why didnt you try on the shoes with your feet?

He was asked.

I d rather trust the measurement than trust myself.

入木三分

Wang Xi-zhi is one of the most famous calligraphers(书法家) during the Eastern

Jin Dynasty of China. When he was very young, he practiced his art every day and

never stopped.

Later he absorbed the strong points of all the other schools of

calligraphy, and developed his own unique style of writing. Because of his

achievements, he has been honored as one of Chinas sages of calligraphy. One

time, Wang Xi-zhi sketched in wood for an engraver to cut. Then the engraver

found the ink had penetrated one centimeter into the wood.

"Ru Mu San Fen" is got from this story, which means the calligraphy is

penetrating.

Now it is often used to describe expressing sharp ideas or profound

views.

望梅止渴

Among the outstanding figures of Chinese history, famous either for their

intelligence or treachery(背叛,变节), Cao Cao is one of the foremost.

One hot day, he marched out his troops under a burning sun in a mountainous

area. Bewilderingly(令人困惑地) he lost the way. The journey was long and the sun was

scorching. After their fruitless and tiresome march, all voiced their great

dissatisfaction with the leadership of Cao Cao. They bitterly complained of

their great thirst. The antagonism(对抗) of the soldiers was growing fast and they

were on the verge of staging a mutiny(兵变). The subordinate officers were

helpless to cope with the situation.

Cao Cao, however, in the nick of time cleverly and treacherously gave

orders to his troops to march to the nearby plum trees for a rest and announced

that soldiers would be allowed to eat the juicy sour(酸的) fruit as much as they

desired.

At the thought of the sour fruit the soldiers complaint of great thirst as

well as the antagonistic feeling were quickly forgotten.

Based on the story the later generation formed the proverb "to quench ones

thirst by looking up at plums", to illustrate a case where one takes comfort in

believing that they have already attained that which was expected or

desired.

买椟还珠

A man from the state of Chu wanted to sell a precious pearl in the state of

Zheng. He made a casket(小箱，棺材) for the pearl out of the wood from a magnolia(木兰)

tree, which he fumigated(熏制) with spices. He studded the casket with pearls and

jade, ornamented it with red gems and decorated it with kingfisher(翠鸟) feathers.

A man of the state of Zheng bought the casket and gave him back the pearl.

Too luxuriant(丰富的，奢华的) decoration usually supersedes(取代) what really

counts. This man from Chu certainly knew how to sell a casket but he was no good

at selling his pearl. And the man of Zheng didnt know which is really

valuable.

叶公好龙

In the Spring and Autumn Period, there lived in Chu a person named Chu

Zhuliang, who addressed himself as "Lord Ye".

Its said that this Lord Ye was very fond of dragons. The walls had dragons

painted on them. The beams, pillars, doors and the windows were all carved with

them. As a result, his love for dragons was spread out. When the real dragon in

heaven heard of this Lord Ye, he was deeply moved. He decided to visit Lord Ye

to thank him.

You might think Lord Ye was very happy to see a real dragon. But, actually,

at very the sight of the creature, he was scared out of his wits and ran away as

fast as he could.

From then on, people knew that Lord Ye only loved pictures or carvings

which look like dragons, not the real thing.

小雪节气到“小雪”是反映天气现象的节令。雪小，地面上又无积雪，这正是“小雪”这个节气的原本之意。古籍《群芳谱》中说：“小雪气寒而将雪矣，地寒未甚而雪未大也。”这就是说，到“小雪”节由于天气寒冷，降水形式由雨变为雪，但此时由于“地寒未甚”故雪下得次数少，雪量还不大，所以称为小雪。因此，小雪表示降雪的起始时间和程度，小雪和雨水、谷雨等节气一样，都是直接反映降水的节气。

北方地区小雪节以后，果农开始为果树修枝，以草秸编箔包扎株杆，以防果树受冻。且冬日蔬菜多采用土法贮存，或用地窖，或用土埋，以利食用。俗话说“小雪铲白菜，大雪铲菠菜”。白菜深沟土埋储藏时，收获前十天左右即停止浇水，做好防冻工作，以利贮藏，尽量择晴天收获。收获后将白菜根部向阳晾晒3～4天，待白菜外叶发软后再进行储藏。沟深以白菜高度为准，储藏时白菜根部全部向下，依次并排沟中，天冷时多覆盖白菜叶和玉米杆防冻。而半成熟的白菜储藏时沟内放部分水，边放水边放土，放水土之深度以埋住根部为宜，待到食用时即生长成熟了。

小雪节气，南方地区北部开始进入冬季。“荷尽已无擎雨盖，菊残犹有霜枝”，已呈初冬景象。因为北面有秦岭、大巴山屏障，阻挡冷空气入侵，刹减了寒潮的严威，致使华南“冬暖”显著。全年降雪日数多在5天以下，比同纬度的长江中、下游地区少得多。大雪以前降雪的机会极少，即使隆冬时节，也难得观赏到“千树万树梨花开”的迷人景色。由于华南冬季近地面层气温常保持在0℃以上，所以积雪比降雪更不容易。偶尔虽见天空“纷纷扬扬”，却不见地上“碎琼乱玉”。然而，在寒冷的西北高原，常年10月一般就开始降雪了。高原西北部全年降雪日数可达60天以上，一些高寒地区全年都有降雪的可能。

汉武帝时汉廷与匈奴之间常有战事。有一次，匈奴派使者前来求和，并把扣留的汉朝使者放了回来。汉武帝为了回应匈奴的善举，派中郎将苏武拿着旌节，带一干人等出使匈奴，没想到却出了意外。

单（chán）于想逼迫苏武投降，苏武说：“要我投降，除非海枯石烂，日从西升。”他宁死不屈，举刀自刎，经过抢救才幸免于难。苏武随后被单于流放到北海无人区牧羊。苏武一个人在冰天雪地里放羊，万般艰辛。没有粮食，他就挖田鼠藏在洞里的食物充饥；口渴了就抓把雪吞下解渴。唯一和他做伴的就是那根代表朝廷的旌节，日子一久，旌节上的穗子全掉了。

转眼间十几年过去了，这时汉昭帝已继位，匈奴老国王也已驾崩，换了新单于，汉匈议和，汉人和匈奴人通婚。汉昭帝遂派使者前往匈奴，要求放苏武回去，单于谎称苏武已经死去，使者信以为真，就没有再提。当汉昭帝第二次派使者到匈奴时，和苏武一起出使匈奴并被扣留的副使常惠设法买通了禁卒，秘密会见了汉使，把苏武还活着、正在北海牧羊的消息告诉了汉使，并想出一计，让汉使对单于讲：“匈奴既然存心同汉朝和好，就不应该欺骗汉朝。汉朝天子在上林苑打猎时，射到一只大雁，雁足上系着一封写在帛上的信，上面写苏武没死，而是在一个大泽中牧羊，你怎么说他死了呢？”单于听后大为震惊，以为苏武的忠义感动了飞鸟，连鸿雁也替他传送消息了。他无法再抵赖，只能向汉使道歉，把苏武放了回来。

这就是苏武牧羊的故事，随着故事的流传，鸿雁传书也广为人知，并逐渐演化为传信的象征了。

【注音】míng gǔ ér gōng zhī

【典故】非吾徒也，小子鸣鼓而攻之可也。 《论语·先进》

【释义】比喻宣布罪状，遣责或声讨。

【用法】作谓语；指公开声讨

【近义词】鸣鼓而攻

【押韵词】穷通得失、倒行逆施、称物平施、费尽心思、抓拿骗吃、剿抚兼施、如醉如痴、力竭声嘶、命若悬丝、玩法徇私、......

【英语】convictanddenounceinpublic

【成语故事】春秋时期，鲁国的季康子主张改革农田制度，承认私人可以拥有土地，想试行按亩征税，他的属下冉求是孔子的学生，就让冉求去征询孔子的意见。孔子反对改变王法，冉求支持季康子的改革，孔子就号召他的其他学生敲着鼓去进攻冉求

【示例】此秀才中之异端，尔其鸣鼓而攻之！但念在天色已晚，可与同居中国，速领他到西小房去！ 清·李百川《绿野仙踪》第七回

侧目而视这个成语出自《战国策·秦策一》。

战国时期，游说家苏秦到秦国去游说秦惠王实施连横的计谋，没有被采纳，只得从秦国离开。当他狼狈地回到家乡的时候，他家里的人都看不起他:妻子坐在织布机上对他不予理睬，嫂子不给他做饭吃，连他的父母也不跟他说话。

一年后，他又到赵国去拜见赵王，献合纵之计。所谓合纵，就是联合齐、楚、燕、韩、赵、魏等国，一起对付日渐强大的秦国。赵王认为这个策略很好，便封他为武安君，拜做相国。当苏秦做了大官之后，经过洛阳，他的父亲知道了这个消息，赶到城外三十里的地方去迎他。他的妻子见了他，“侧目而视，倾耳而听”，吓得毕恭毕敬地立在一旁。他的嫂子伏在地上，朝他拜了四拜，请求他饶恕自己的过错。这儿的“侧目而视”是说眼光斜对旁边，不敢正视，含有敬畏之意。

《史记·汲黯列传》中记载汉武帝的臣子张汤和汲黯的事，说汲黯曾经咒骂廷尉张汤：如果按照张汤的苛法实行，那将会使天下的人“重足而立，侧目而视”。这儿的“侧日而视”，包含有敢怒却不敢言之意。

后来人们就用“侧目而视’来比喻敬畏的神情或愤怒的神色。

拔苗助长把禾苗拔起一点，来帮助它生长。比喻不顾事物的发展规律，强求速成，反而坏事。若孟子·公孙丑上》：“宋人有阂其苗之不长而据之者，茫茫然归，谓其人曰：‘今日病矣！予助苗长矣！’其子趋而往视之，苗则稿矣”。又作“框苗助长。”

宋国有一个性情急躁的人，这天他坐在自己的田边，望着刚刚栽下的矮小的幼苗发愁；不知要等到猴年马月才长得高？忽然，他灵机一动；我何不帮它们生长？于是，他便下田忙活起来，至到天近黄昏他才拖着疲惫的身躯回到家里，他掩饰不住心中的高兴得意地对家人说：“唉呀！今天可把我累惨了，不过呢，那些苗儿倒真的长高了不少！”他儿子一听：哟，居

然有这等好事。忙跑到田边一看，鼻子都快气歪了：那些刚栽下又被他父亲扯上来的苗儿们正歪歪倒倒地勉强立在土里，仿佛在对他控诉他老头子对它们的“热切关怀”。

拔苗助长这个成语出自于《孟子·公孙丑上》。

战国时期，宋国有一人嫌他地里的庄稼生长得太慢，就跑到地里把每棵禾苗都往上拔高了一些。他回到家以后，向家里的人说：“呵！今天我干得真是累啊！我己经帮助地里的禾苗长高起来了。”

他的儿子听到了这番话后，赶紧跑到地里一看，所有的禾苗都开始枯萎了。

这以后，“拔苗助长”或就被人们用来讽刺不考虑客观事物的发展规律，急于求成，本来想把事情做好，却造成了不好的后果。

孔夫子到六十岁之后，不再环游列国。就在曲阜家乡办了一座学馆，靠授徒为生。老先生喜欢吃鲜肉馄饨，天全国午都叫子路到馄饨店买馄饨当点心。

这全国午，子路又去馄饨店买了一碗馄饨，双手端着朝学馆走来。哪晓得刚走到学馆门口的老柳树下啊，一片树叶子被风吹下来，恰巧落在棍饨碗里头。子路一看，怎么办呢

到店里换一碗吧，先生等着要吃；用手去拿掉叶子吧，又没洗手，对老先生不尊敬。突然，他灵机一动，低下头来，用嘴去衔叶子。

合法这时候，孔夫子等馄饨吃等得心焦了，抬头朝窗外看，正悦目到子路用嘴伸到馄饨碗里，他心里一动，也不吱声，等馄饨来了，端碗就吃，一面吃，一面心里就当心数了，果真只有十九只。“凭我的名望，店家从来不敢少我半只，老是一碗二十只。目前为啥独独少了一只？子路啊子路，你是我的自得弟子，竟会做出这等事来！”想来想去，着实惆怅了三天。

到了第四天，孔夫子独自上街散散心，勿知勿觉来到馄饨店门口。只见东家人满面堆笑迎了出来，招呼老先生进去坐坐。孔夫子情面难却，只好到店里去坐坐。端过主人泡的茶慢慢喝着。正喝着，又见东家人用碗盛着一只方才出锅的馄饨，必恭必敬放到老汉子眼前。

老汉子一愣，“哎，老板，这算啥？”东家人讲：“嗬，三四天前头，由于小店客人多，就拿馄饨同面一锅下的，手忙脚乱，捞到后来，才发现还剩一只馄饨在锅里头，目前特意给先生补上。”老汉子说：“一把只馄饨算得什么。”东家人道：“子路先生已付足一碗馄饨铜钱，我却少给他一只，这非礼之财，我是千万不能取的。再说，假如老先生是有心之人，发现少一只馄饨，勿是要猜疑子路偷吃了吗？子路先生勿是要被冤枉煞吗？”

听到这头，孔夫子自言自语道：“子路啊子路，老汉以小人之心，度君子之腹，实在不该！这真是日久见人心啊！”东家人听了，把“日久见人心”几个字牢紧记在心里头，还常在主顾眼前提起。从此今后，“日久见人心”这句话一直传播到目前。

冰山难靠这则成语的意思是比喻依靠别人权势不能长久。

这个成语来源于《资治通鉴》，君辈倚杨右相如泰山，吾以为冰山耳！若皎日既出，君辈得无失所恃乎！

唐玄宗李隆基特别宠爱杨玉环，封她为贵妃。这下杨家便鸡犬升天了，她的堂兄杨国忠也官运亨通做了宰相，还兼领四十余个使官，大权在握，朝廷选任官吏都在他家里私下决定。

当时，陕西有一个进士，名叫张彖（tuan）没有机会作官。他的朋友们都劝他去拜见杨国忠，那样立刻就能升官发财。可是他始终不去，反倒对劝他的朋友说：你们都把杨国忠看得像泰山一样稳固，可是我以为他不过是一座冰山罢了。将来天下有了动乱，他就会垮掉，好比冰山遇到太阳化掉一样，到那时候你们就失掉靠山了。不久，安禄山起兵叛乱，攻下京城长安，杨国忠随同唐玄宗逃往四川，在马嵬驿，被士兵杀死。杨贵妃也被缢死，杨家这座靠山果然塌倒了。

出处：《史记.孔子世家》孔子晚而喜《易》，……读《易》韦编三绝。曰：“假我数年，若是，我于《易》则彬彬矣。”

释义：“韦”是熟牛皮；“韦编”指用牛皮绳编连起来的竹简书。“三”是概数，表示多次；“绝”是断的意思。孔子为读《易》而翻断了多次牛皮带子的简。后人用“韦编三绝”这个成语加以概括。用来形容读书刻苦勤奋。

故事：春秋时的书，主要是以竹子为材料制造的，把竹子破成一根根竹签，称为竹“简”，用火烘干后在上面写字。竹简有一定的长度和宽度，一根竹简只能写一行字，多则几十个，少则八九个。一部书要用许多竹简，这些竹简必须用牢固的绳子之类的东西编连起来才能阅读。像《易》这样的书，当然是由许许多多竹简编连起来的，因此有相当的重量。

孔丘花了很大的精力，把《易》全部读了一遍，基本上了解了它的内容。不久又读第二遍，掌握了它的基本要点。接着，他又读第三遍，对其中的精神、实质有了透彻的理解。在这以后，为了深入研究这部书，又为了给弟子讲解，他不知翻阅了多少遍。这样读夹读去，把串连竹简的牛皮带子也给磨断了几次，不得不多次换上新的再使用。即使读到了这样的地步，孔子还谦虚他说：“假如让我多活几年，我就可以完全掌握《易》的文与质了。”