初一英语期中作文题目(实用19篇)

No sooner had the summer vacation begun than I returned to my native town.

Of course I must make good use of it; otherwise I would incur the displeasure of

my parents.

In the morning I reviewed my lessons and read newspapers or magazines. In

the afternoon I played ball games with my friends or went fishing in the river.

At night (In the night) I watched television with my family (the members of my

family). hardly had the clock on the wall struck ten when I went to bed.

Ellen看到大家都对自己的未来充满期待，感到特别高兴。为了鼓励大家学好英语，他准备出一期英语学习经验交流专刊。请根据以下问题和答案的提示并结合你的实际情况，以“My English Learning”为题写一篇80词左右的英文稿件，要求至少涉及其中的三个问题，并且不能出现你的真实姓名、校名和县名等。

范文：English is one of my best subjects and I started learning English when I was ten years old. But at the very beginning, listening seemed a little difficult for me. So I have been doing a lot of listening practice, such as listening to tapes, watching English TV programs. And I found it really helped a lot. In fact, there are some more helpful ways to learn English well. For example, I enjoy singing English songs and I want to join an English club or find a pen pal from English-speaking countries. I believe that nothing is impossible if you put your heart into it.

Tom去年来到大明所在的学校学习。在学习期间，他对学校提倡的“创建和谐校园”活动感触颇深。他发现该校的学生学习主动，兴趣广泛，友爱互助，师生之间关系融洽，人与环境和谐相处(如：保持环境卫生，爱护花草树木，不随地乱扔废弃物等)。(15 分)

①请你以Tom 的名义，给远在美国的父母写一封信，介绍学校的现状并谈谈你的感受。

②文中不得出现真实的姓名，校名或地名。词数80左右。信的开头与结尾已给出，不记入总词数。

③以下词汇仅供参考：build up建立，创建 a harmonious campus和谐校园 impress vt. 给……留下印象

Dear Mum and Dad,

Time flies! I’ve been here for nearly a year. I’m very pleased to find that our school is really a good one. The students in our school__________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

范文：Dear Mum and Dad,

Time flies! I’ve been here for nearly a year. I’m very pleased to find that our school is really a good one. The students in our school work hard at their lessons. They take an active part in activities that help to improve their qualities and health. They are friendly to each other and always ready to help each other.

The teachers here all enjoy their work and they love their students. They work hard and do what they can do to help their students. And the students respect their teachers. They get on well with each other. The students in our school try their best to kkp the school yard clean and tidy. They never throw waste about nor pick the flowers.

In a word, I am deeply impressed by the harmonious atmosphere in this school. I love my new school.

Yours,

Tom

中国加入 WTO 后，有一大批外国人来我市——河源参观。假设你是导游，请根据以下内容，向外宾简单介绍我市的情况。

要求： 1. 100 词左右; 2. 要点包括： a. 有悠久的历史，位于广东的东北部，离广州 198 公里，人口约 324 万。 b. 有许多名胜古迹，如苏家围( Sujiawei );万绿湖( WanluLake )等等;万绿湖是一个很美丽的地方，湖水清澈，无污染;湖中有各种各样的鱼;你可以到那里划船，野餐，钓鱼，是度假的好去处。你也可以去参观河源市博物馆，在那里你可以看到许多恐龙化石( fossil )。c. 祝大家在河源玩得愉快。

Ladies and gentlemen，

Welcome to Heyuan， now let me introduce our city — Heyuan to you. Heyuan is a city with a long history. It is in the northeast of Guangdong and 198 kilometres away from Guangzhou. It has a population of 3，240，000.

There are many places of interest in Heyuan， such as Sujiawei Wanlu Lake and so on. Wanlu Lake is a beautiful place. The water is clean and not polluted. There are all kinds of fish in it. You can go boating， go fishing and have a picnic there. It is really a good place to spend your holiday. Besides， you can go and visit Heyuan Museum. There you can see a lot of dinosaur egg fossils.

I hope you can enjoy yourselves in Heyuan.

小明做了一个梦。他梦见自己为北京奥运会做一名志愿者：他努力帮助来自世界各国的外国朋友……在交谈中，小明让外国朋友更多地了解北京。外国朋友感谢小明，并认为小明的英语非常好。小明很高兴，他甜蜜地笑了……

请你根据设定的梦境并加以想象，写一段 80 词左右的短文。开始语和结束语均已给出(不计入总词数)。

内容要求：

( 1 )帮助外国朋友;( 2 )与外国朋友交谈;( 3 )感谢小明;( 4 )小明很高兴。

词汇参考： try ( do ) ones best ， find ( that )， heavy ( lost )， carry ( show ， take )， taxi ( car ， bike )， on the way ， talk with ( about )

Xiao Ming had a dream (梦) last night . In the dream ， he volunteered to serve (志愿列队) the Beijing Olympics .

范文：Xiao Ming had a dream last night . In the dream ， he volunteered to serve the Beijing Olym pics . He tried his best to help the foreign friends from different countries . When he found a foreign friend worried in the street ， he went up to him and asked him what was the matter . The foreigner told Xiao Ming he was Jack ， and he forgot the way to the Sun Hotel . Then Xiao Ming stopped a taxi and took him to the Sun Hotel . Xiao Ming talked with Jack on the way and made Jack know more about Beijing . Jack thanked Xiao Ming very much and thought Xiao Mings English was very good . Xiao Ming was very happy . He smiled and smiled ， then he woke up .

根据内容要求写一篇 50 - 80 词的短文。要求：书写格式正确，语句通畅、流畅，无语法错误。

内容提要：今年四月 AAPP 要在重庆召开，外国友人受到重庆人民的热烈欢迎。外国友人说：“重庆变化很大，街道清洁，灯火明亮，城市秀美，人更美，人们将记住重庆，重庆的明天会越来越好。”

范文：In April this year the AAPP was held in Chongqing . The foreign friends were warmly welcomed by Chongqing people . The foreign friends said ，“ Chongqing has changed a lot . The streets are clean ， the lights are bright ， the city is beautiful ， and the people are friendly . Chongqing will be remembered and her tomorrow will become better and better .

安徽黄山被联合国教科文组织定为世界自然文化遗产。假设外国友人到你校参观后，准备去旅游。请根据要点向外国友人简单介绍黄山( the Yellow Mountain )。

( 1 )位于安徽南部，是中国著名的旅游胜地。每年有大批中外游客前去旅游观光。( 2 )乘汽车去大约要花 3 个小时;也可以乘火车或飞机去。( 3 )登山便可领略其云海( the sea of clouds )、奇松( wondrous pines )、怪石( unique rocks )等秀丽的风景及清晨美丽的日出。

注意 1 词数： 80 词左右。 2 请不要逐字翻译。

范文：The Yellow Mountain is one of the most famous mountains in China . It lies in the south of Anhui . Every year thousands of Chinese and foreigners pay a visit there . Its not far from here . It takes you about three hours to get there by bus . You can also go there by train or by plane . While you are climbing the mountain ， you can enjoy the sea of clouds ， wondrous pines and unique rocks around you . In the early morning when the sun rises ， the sky looks very beautiful . Its really a nice place to visit .

根据中文大意，写出意思连贯、符合逻辑、不少于50词的短文。

假设你叫王明，昨天收到了笔友David的e-mail，得知他不久要到北京来学习中文。他想了解如何学好中文。请你用英文给他回复一封e-mail，介绍学习中文的体会和方法，提出你的建议，以及表达你帮助他学好中文的愿望。

范文：Dear David,

Im glad youll come to Beijing to learn Chinese. Chinese is very useful, and many foreigners are learning it now. Its difficult for you because its quite different from English. You have to remember as many Chinese words as possible. Its also important to do some reading and writing. You can watch TV and listen to the radio to practise your listening. Do your best to talk with people in Chinese. You can learn Chinese not only from books but also from people around you. If you have any questions, please ask me. Im sure youll learn Chinese well.

Hope to see you soon in Beijing.

Yours,

Wang Ming

明天(星期五)全班同学将去参观科学博物馆(the Science Museum)，由你(班长)通知全体同学。(通知的开头和结尾已给出)内容如下：

1. 早上8点钟在校门口集合，步行前往。

2. 下星期一交一份有关参观的报告。

3. 参观时要认真听，仔细看并记下有趣的东西。

4. 不可在博物馆内大声喧哗及拍照。

5. 带笔和笔记本。

要求：①不要逐句翻译。 ②字数60～80。

范文：Fellow students，

We are going to visit the Science Museum tomorrow. We will meet at the school gate at eight in the morning and we will go there on foot. Take your pens and notebooks with you. We should listen and watch carefully and write down something interesting when you visit the museum. Please dont make any noise in the museum and dont take any pictures. Youll have to hand in a report about the visit next Monday.

What a colorful world of the fall,this is a credit to the leaves,they have

red and green,the autumn dress up like a large garden.

Red maple leaves,like palms,just five piece children.Leaves a small number

of prominent teeth,the base of the heart-shaped,dark green to dark green above

to below the axillary vein has hair sense,the edge is also trimmed with lace

irregular.Bark grayish brown,with the old growth,the surface grooves and

scales.Maple leaves,autumn brings a festive and warm.

Holly tree is the symbol of vitality,crown thriving,flourish.Leaves

oval,pointed at both ends,like the two tilt of the boat.Stem and leaf surface

veins is very clear,long from bottom to top,from coarse to fine.The front of

dark green leaves,very smooth,negative light green,because there are many

prominent veins and coarse stems.Holly leaves have wavy lines on the edge of the

same jagged,but not scratchy.

The campus,red maple,holly green,a passionate,full of vitality,this is

really the mental outlook of our young pioneers it!I love autumn,I love the fall

on campus.

Its September. Autumn is coming. But where is autumn? I am told that the

sky looks higher with few clouds in autumn. I raise my head and look at the sky.

It makes no difference with the sky in summer. And trees around are still green.

Then I come to the fields. I find the corn in the ear. Apple trees nearby are

fruiting well. The harvest season is coming. I jumped with joy. This is autumn.

I found it!

Autumn is the third season in the year. It lasts from September to

November. When the autumn comes, the leaves begin to turn yellow and then fall.

The weather becomes cool. It makes people feel comfortable. So many people like

autumn and enjoy this season. Besides, autumn is a season of harvest. The crops

turn to rip. Farmers are busy with the harvest. And they begin to prepare for

the winter and the New Year.

Day, night, and finally ushered in the long-awaited summer vacation. In

these two months, can"t play games every day! Besides, even if I think so, mom

and dad are certainly can"t promise. Only done to make them more satisfied, my

freedom is a bit more, this summer vacation will have a more pleasant. Combined

with the requirements of the teacher and I wish mom and dad, have a preliminary

arrangement.

The summer vacation is here, and the students are very happy. Now I will

introduce to you how my summer vacation was spent.

When I started to do my homework during the summer vacation, I was always

afraid that I would not finish it. As a result, on July 15th, I was almost

finished. After a few days, the rest of the homework was finished, and there

were only two essays left. I didnt write until August 14th. Next week, my

parents are going to take me to play for two days. I am very happy. Summer is

almost over and I really wish it would be longer.

The summer vacation is almost over, and I have something to worry

about.

Its just that I havent written an essay yet. The school will start soon,

when will I write? In ancient times, people often said: The young and the strong

do not work hard, and the boss is sad. We want us to cherish time, but if I am

different, I will waste time. I am lazy. I hope this shortcoming can be

corrected. I hope you can support me a lot!

Today is the first day of my learning to swim. Before that, I prepared some

necessary things for swimming, such as swimming caps, swimming trunks, swimming

goggles, etc., and I was excited for several days, looking forward to todays

arrival.

When I came to the swimming pool of Baolihao Fitness Center, I saw that the

water was clear and clear, and it could be used as a mirror. I was in a group

with three other children, who, like me, came to study on the first day. Our

main task today is to practice holding and breathing. Yutian, I have never been

in contact with water, so at first I was afraid to hold my breath because of the

water, but when I saw everyone elses head sinking, I mustered up the courage to

sink my head, but it took less than six seconds to come out, and the other

students It took me about 30 seconds to hold back. It seems that I have to do my

best.

When I got home, my mother told me that I have to be determined to do

anything. Since I have gone to learn, I must learn it. If some movements are not

in place, I must find a way to practice more. I think what my mother said makes

a lot of sense, so I practiced holding my breath in the washbasin at night. It

lasted for more than 20 seconds at most. It seems that as long as I work hard, I

can do better. If there is a will, things will come true !

what! The summer vacation goes by so fast, fifty days will pass in a blink

of an eye. During this summer vacation, I spent most of the time playing

basketball. Sometimes I go swimming with my friends. Sometimes play with small

cards. If I was alone, I would ride a bicycle for a ride around, or watch TV, or

go online to find a classmate I miss, chatting, bickering, and solving the pain

of missing. There are many, many programs to play, but my favorite is still

playing basketball.

During this summer vacation, my mother signed me up for a basketball class,

so that I could keep fit and keep my body in good shape. At the same time, I

also want to find my own fun and hobbies. Make this summer a little more

fulfilling.

When I first started learning, I could not learn the basic skills given by

the coach. Even sometimes the coach has already taught me hands-on, and I still

dont understand. Just when I lost my confidence and was about to give up, the

coach came to me and said, "It doesnt matter, whoever learns skills will not go

through a little setback and will be smooth sailing? Who has an amazing talent,

one step to the sky? Dont you rely on the accumulation of bit by bit to make

the same movement well? As long as there is perseverance, the iron pillar will

be ground into a needle!"

After listening to what the coach said, I was at a loss. Begin to practice

hard: I practice pitching on the court while the coach calls everyone to rest.

The coach said that when school was over, I practiced three-step layups on the

court and didnt leave until my family came to tell me. I also often share my

experience with my classmates...

As the saying goes, hard work pays off, and my hard work is not in vain -

now, my basketball skills have improved by leaps and bounds, and I dont only

know a little bit like before. And my physique has also improved, I wont run

out of breath after running 400 meters like before - playing basketball is happy

and healthy!

This summer vacation is happy and fulfilling, and I look forward to the

next summer vacation coming soon!

Summer arrived the childrens mood is very happy.

Game is childrens favorite checkers gobang weiqi educational toys such as

the aircraft a place on the desk of the children. The children really enjoyed

ourselves playing a day also not tired. Some boys just run to the outside to

play also dont go home to eat point make body sweating if took a bath. Also

learning school supplies such as book card this this is on the desk of the

children the children finish the homework carefully things to do in the day that

day and never drag. The children struggle to read a book their eyes to beat the

small flame so strong so bright!

I hope everyone had a full happy in the long holiday with learn more

knowledge.

At the beginning of the summer vacation, our family of three returned to my

hometown, Shehong.

Back in Shehong, we stayed at my grandmothers house. One Friday morning,

my brother and I made an appointment to catch cicadas in the bushes downstairs

at their house because they have a lot of cicadas there. Before night, I rushed

over and saw that my brother was already there waiting for me, with a prepared

pocket in his hand.

We walked cautiously into the bushes, for fear that our every move would

disturb the cicadas on the trees. At this time, the cicada was screaming

"knowing" and "knowing", as if they were holding a wonderful concert. I walked

very carefully under a big tree and found a cicada lying in the middle of the

tree pole, screaming happily! I grabbed it after thinking about it, and covered

it with my hands. I wasnt nervous before, but at this time I was extremely

nervous, and my heart was jumping like a little rabbit, for fear that the cicada

would fly away all of a sudden. As a result, as soon as my hand touched the

branch, the cicada flapped its wings and flew away nimbly. The elder brother

said: "Look at me! I can definitely catch the cicada." While talking, the elder

brother found another cicada on the tree. He raised his hand high, moved his arm

gently, and when he was about a decimeter from the cicada, his brother suddenly

covered it, and suddenly he covered the cicada in the palm of his hand and put

it in a bag. Next, my brother caught five cicadas in the same way. I really envy

my brothers ability to catch cicadas.

Watching my brother catch so many cicadas, can I not feel itchy? So I said

to my brother: "Brother, you can rest for a while, Ill catch it." I handed the

bag to my brother and learned his method. After a while, I caught one. Before

long, we had more than twenty cicadas in our bags.

Watching these cicadas stay in the bag obediently, my brother and I both

laughed happily, and the cheerful laughter echoed in the trees for a long

time.

The summer vacation this year, our family person went a lot of a lot of

amused interesting place plays, we went 101 buildings, lunar eyebrow explores

Eden, gao Tie explores a house... etc amused interesting place plays, what I

feel happy days always passes is very fast, I spend the summer vacation this

year very happily, so I just can feel happy to light always passes very quickly.

I am written down so that our family has the summer vacation this year the 101

buildings that go to Taipei city, when elevator still does not have attic, can

see Taipei city, I feel I am like is big giant, the house resembles is toy

house, the car resembles is toy house, the person resembles is small ant euqally

small, I feel absorbing.

Besides, our family still has go lunar eyebrow explores Eden, over there

very big! We play skyscraping annulus first, skyscraping annulus can reach very

tall place, we play corsair later, corsair left and right sides shakes special

stimulation, we still have go playing very resemble rotating the You Le

establishment of coffee cup, establishment of this You Le is very amused, if did

not help good armrest up to be able to slip all the time,will slip, this I feel

very interesting, we still have go playing imperial crown swing, establishment

of this one You Le wont be very exciting, when rotating, have slightly wind is

blown, this feeling seems to blowing fanner, nevertheless, the fanner of its

nature, besides this a few swim interestingly again amusedly outside happy

establishment, still have a lot of amused You Le establishment! The summer

vacation this year, our family besides go 101 buildings and Eden of lunar

eyebrow exploration play, still have go Gao Tie explores a canal to look around,

gao Tie has the thing of a lot of a lot of Guan Wugao iron inside exploration

house, have: Film appreciation, the game that fish, drive Gao Ties game, for

very the appearance of Gao Tie is 3 pediform principle... wait a few amused

interesting establishment, I acquired a lot of knowledge inside house of tall

iron exploration.

I feel although this one summer vacation passes exceedingly quickly,

nevertheless, I went to the place of a lot of playing in this one summer

vacation, also increased the knowledge of a lot of in a lot of place, I saw

Taipei city in the 101 buildings of Taipei city, also explored a house to

understand Gao Tie in Gao Tie, had termed begins now, my hope is fine

nevertheless summer vacation comes quickly, can look around to each district and

amuse oneself.

With the rapid development of the society, people can live a better life in

general. So because of the improvement of people’ s living standard, more and

more people own cars. Traffic jam comes to life. While people in order to be

punctual, they often ignore the cars crossing on the road. This behavior will

easily bring traffic accidens. On the other hand, the car owner also want to be

on time and then regardlss the traffic rules, which is also easy to have traffic

accidents. Both the driver and people themseves’ behaviour leads to accidents.

Those accidents may take people’s lives away. It’s so terrible. Therefore, for

the sake of life, the driver and the pedestrian should obey the traffic

regulation as we have only one life.

The traffic problem is one of the most serious problems in my hometown.

Recently, more and more people have private car, but the roads are so narrow

that we have to fight against the heavy traffic when we go out. Especially

during the rush hours, cars and buses are unable to move. To make things worse,

many people are killed in the traffic accidents. How miserable it is!

For the sake of our life and security, some measures must be taken to

change the present situation. In the first place, as there are a great many

cars, we should control the number of private cars and vehicles and use the

public transportation more often. Secondly, the government should widen the

roads and build more flyovers, so as to ease the traffic pressure and reduce the

traffic accidents. In addition, the undergrounds and light rails should be

constructed, so that we can have more choices when going out and do not have to

worry about the traffic jams in the future.

I believe the traffic problem could be solved if we devote our actions to

them.

As it’s known to all, China is popular for its emperor of bicycles. This is

because our country is still a developing country and few people can afford

private cars. The demand for a means of transport is met by making millions of

bicycles available.

Riding a bicycle has a lot of advantages over driving a car. First, it is a

physical exercise to ride a bicycle. In contrast, sitting in the car, one tends

to gain weight. Besides, it is much more economical to ride a bike than drive a

car. On the one hand, the only fee a bike-rider has to pay is the annual tax.

However, the annual fees for a car are costly. On the other hand, a bike neednt

be equipped with a parking lot, but a car must. Most important of all, it is

beneficial to the environment to ride a bicycle because the bike doesnt consume

petrol; it is a pollution-free transport. In contrast, the exhaust released by

the car is harmful to the environment.

Since China is a developing country with a large population, bicycles will

still be the most popular means of transport in China for quite a long time.

Most people will still ride bicycles to go to work or to school. The emperor

country of bicycles will remain for at least dozens of years.

There is no doubt that traffic congestion becomes a growing worry for the

residents of most urban areas. Some major roads are regularly choked with

traffic in rush hours. The limited transport capacity contributes largely to the

vexing problem. How to solve the headache?

The existing solutions to traffic jam mainly aim at creating metro bus

systems and broadening major roads. Widening the existing roads can solve

traffic snarls on some level. Soaring car ownership compounds the chronic

annoying problem, so we must sharply reduce the heavy reliance on cars and drive

a shift to the mass transportation. It is a cheap and good way. We can create a

system of customized bus routes and highlight the development of subways,

trolleys and light rail. The effective combination of these solutions will

enable the urban areas to possess a smooth traffic.

Bus: This is the most common transporting means, because its so cheap and

efficient. You can go to other cities by bus, but its very slow in rush hours.

And sometimes its dangerous to take the bus, because the traffic accidents may

happen at any time on high ways.

Train: Its suitable for the long trip. Not only it is fast and convenient,

but also its so economical. Most people can afford it. Whats more, its more

pleasant than taking any other means of transportation. You can walk around and

open the windows on the train. Besides, you can have a rest when you feel tired.

And then youll get to your destination the next day.

Plane: Air travel is very fast and enjoyable. It seems that our world is a

small place to live in, but its too expensive for many people.

Ship: Even though ship voyage is slow, its still exciting, for one can

enjoy the beautiful scenery on the sea and feel the soft sea wind.

Subway: It can be easily seen in big cities like Beijing and Shanghai. Its

so comfortable, convenient and always on time. You can take it to every part of

the city. As its built underground, you neednt care about the traffic jams.

Now it becomes more and more popular.

Last night, I watched a tennis game, it was the US open, because there was

a Chinese female player came to the semi-final, so I stayed up to watched the

game. Unluckily, she was injured twice, though she still wanted to finish the

game, her body situation did not allow her to do so. Her insistence moved so

many audience, they gave her the biggest applause.

The power of insistence is great, it will help you set free your potential

and keep move on. Just for the players, they will face all kinds of incidences

now and then, but the will to insist will make them finish the game. Sometimes,

people win the game not because of their excellent skills, but their strong

will. Those who can stick on to the final line will win people’s applause.

What’s more, when people insist to finish the game, it is the respect that

they show to their opponents. Their spirit deserves people’s applause.

Insistence is a merit, we should keep it, no matter what we do, we must remember

to insist.

Behind every great achievement in anyones life lies perseverance. We see

this in every human endeavor. Outstanding sportsmen spend all their time

practising. Their endurance is beyond imagination.

The same is true of businessmen who build up fortunes. What we usually see

are their achievements, but once we go behind the scenes we will find that they

have put in a lot of continual steady efforts. We all have read of great

musicians, writers and inventors who have created or discovered breakthroughs in

human achievement. Invariably they have said that they owe all their success to

perseverance. As to college students, quite a big number of then, have become

successful language learners through perseverance, however, a certain group of

them, just stop half way and their previous efforts turn out to be

fruitless.

Of all the countless examples the saga of Colonel Saunders is perhaps one

of the most outstanding. The 65-year-old man from Kentucky had a dream to start

a chain of fried chicken restaurants all over the world. To realize his dream,

he knew that he needed a restaurant owner to go into partnership with him to

open the first restaurant and to fry chicken according to the secret recipe he

had. Colonel Saunders had knocked on 1008 doors before he finally found his

partner. It is doubtful whether many of us would have had the perseverance to

knock even a hundred doors.

From the above discussion we can draw a conclusion that success comes to

anyone who keeps working perseveringly and lack of perseverance can only result

in frustration and failure.

At the coming of the new year, it is also the time for one of the biggest

tennis matches, the Australian Open. Since Li Na won her second grand slam here,

more Chinese people fall in love with tennis. One of the popular male players,

Roger Federer, who is more than 30, but he is still in the top level. The fans

hope their hero can enjoy the match and they didn’t expect the next grand slam.

But Roger made it happen again. He defeated his great rival, Nadal and won

Australian Open. The world was cheering for him, and they witnessed this great

man to make his career successful at the old age. If we have dreams, it is never

too late to pursue. People always take the age as the excuse, actually, they

lack of persistence, which differs them from successful men.

Almost all people work hard for success, but not all people can success.

Many people ask how to make success. I think the answer is persistence. The way

to success is full of failure and difficulty. People should never give up when

meet them. If you give up, you can’t be successful. No matter how hard it is,

persistence must be there.