和郊游有关的成语典故【实用20篇】
导语:每个词都是一个故事,有的源自希腊神话、圣经,有的典出西方名著。下面是开学吧小编为大家整理了优秀故事,欢迎阅读与借鉴,谢谢!
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1634作文
150成语典故
全文共 546 字
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齐宣王使人吹竽,必三百人。南郭处士请为王吹竽,宣王说之,廪食以数百人。宣王死,湣王立,好一一听之,处士逃。
翻译
齐宣王派人吹竽,一定要三百人一起吹。南郭处士请求给齐宣王吹竽,齐宣王很高兴。官府给他的待遇和那几百人一样。齐宣王死后,他的儿子齐湣王(湣王)继承了王位。齐湣王喜欢听一个一个地独奏,南郭处士就逃跑了。
注释
(1)节选自《韩非子·内储说上》。这则寓言讽刺了无德无才、招摇撞骗的骗子,提醒人们只要严格把关,骗子就难行骗。告诉人们要有真才实学。滥:失实的,假的;竽:一种古代乐器,即大笙;“滥竽”即不会吹竽;充数:凑数。
(2)齐宣王:战国时期齐国的国君。姓田,名辟疆。
(3)使:让。
(4)必:一定,必须,总是。
(5)南郭:复姓。
(6)处士:没有做过官的读书人。
(7)请:请求,要求。
(8)为:给,替。
(9)说:通“悦”,对......感到高兴。
(10)廪食(lǐn sì)以数百人:给数百人口粮。廪食:官府给的粮米供奉。廪:粮食;食:供养。(有争议,因为可能是拿几百人的口粮供养他)
(11)以:用,拿。
(12)湣王:齐国国君,宣王的儿子,在宣王死后继位。姓田,名地或遂。
(13)好∶喜欢,喜悦,此处是喜欢。
(14)逃:逃跑。
(15)立:继承了王位。
(16)竽:古代的一种乐器,像如今的笙。
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Xi Shi, a famous beauty, had a pain in her bosom(胸部) , so she had a frown
on her face when she went out. An ugly girl who lived nearby saw her and thought
she looked very beautiful. therefore when she went home, she also put her hands
on her bosom and had a frown on her face.
When a rich man in the neighbourhood saw her, he shut his doors tightly and
did not go out. When a poor man saw her, he took his wife and children and gave
her a wide berth(保持安全距离) .
She only knew Xi Shis frown looked beautiful but she did not know the
reason for its beauty.
篇2:个中国成语故事的典故英文版
全文共 1296 字
+ 加入清单万事俱备 只欠东风
China has been divided into three kingdoms historically: Wei in the north,
Shu in the southwest and Wu in the southeast.
Once Cao Cao from Wei led a 200,000 strong army down to the south to wipe
out the kingdoms of Wu and Shu. Therefore, Wu and Shu united to defend his
attack. Cao ordered his men to link up the boats by iron chains to form a bridge
for the Caos passing from the north bank of Yangtze River to the south bank.
The General Commander of the allied army was Zhou Yu. He analyzed the situation
carefully. Then he got a good idea. He decided to attack the enemy with fire. So
he began to prepare for the neting battle. Suddenly he thought of the direction
of wind. He needed the east wind to blow strongly in order to acnetplish his
scheme. However, the wind did not nete for days. Thus Zhou Yu was worried about
it. At that time, he got a note from Zhuge Liang, the military adviser of the
State of Shu, which reads:
"To fight Cao Cao
Fire will help you win
Everything is ready
Except the east wind"
Quickly he turned to Zhuge Liang for help. Zhuge told him not to worry and
there would be an east wind in a couple of days. Two days later, the east wind
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篇3:个中国成语故事的典故英文版
全文共 605 字
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Yi Qiu was known as the most famous expert at chess throughout the land.
Once he gave lessons on chess to two men. One of them was netpletely absorbed in
his teaching, listening attentively to Yi Qiu while the other, who seemed to be
listening, had his mind on something else. In fact, he was having a fancy that a
swan was flying towards him and he had in his hands a bow and an arrow, ready to
shoot. As a result, though he was having the same lesson together with the first
man, yet he turned out a much inferior(差的,自卑的) pupil.
If one does not give single-hearted devotion to it, no skills will be
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篇4:个中国成语故事的典故英文版
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Gong sun Long , is a famous scholar lived in the State of Zhao during the
Warring States Period (475-221BC). He had kept a circle skilled people around
him. He often said, "A wise man should welnete anyone with a specialty."
One day, a man dressed in tattered(破烂的) and dirty clothes came to see him
and said to him:" I have a special skill. "
Gong asked: "What is it?"
"I have a loud voice and Im good at shouting."
Then Gong turned to his followers and asked," Who is good at shouting?" But
none of them answered "Yes ". So the scholar took the man in.
Some days later, Gong and his followers went on a trip. They came to a wide
river and found the ferryboat was on the other side of the river. All of them
had no idea. Suddenly, Gong thought of the shouting expert and turned to him,
"Can you have a try?" The man realized it was the chance to show his skill. He
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to cross the river." As his voice ended, the ferryman came to fetch them. Gong
was very satisfied with the new follower.
Later, people use it to describe anyone who has a special professional
skill.
篇5:个中国成语故事的典故英文版
全文共 887 字
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During the Spring and Autumn Period (770-476 BC), there was a high official
in the State of Jin. He once saw a farmer working in the field and his wife
bringing his lunch to him in a very respectful manner. He showed great interest
in the matter. He took the farmer back to Jin with him, and said to the King of
Jin, "Respect is a demonstration of virtue. If one is respectful, he must be
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father is guilty, is it wise to do so?" He replied, "Guan Zhong had been enemy
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just make use of his strong points." At last, Duke Wen took his advice and put
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Later, this idiom means a couple treats each other with respect like
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篇6:个中国成语故事的典故英文版
全文共 499 字
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A man of the state of Zheng wanted to buy a pair of shoes. He measured his
foot and put the measurement on a chair. When he set out for the market he
forgot to bring it along. It was after he had found the pair he wanted that this
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篇7:个中国成语故事的典故英文版
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Wang Xi-zhi is one of the most famous calligraphers(书法家) during the Eastern
Jin Dynasty of China. When he was very young, he practiced his art every day and
never stopped.
Later he absorbed the strong points of all the other schools of
calligraphy, and developed his own unique style of writing. Because of his
achievements, he has been honored as one of Chinas sages of calligraphy. One
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篇8:个中国成语故事的典故英文版
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Among the outstanding figures of Chinese history, famous either for their
intelligence or treachery(背叛,变节), Cao Cao is one of the foremost.
One hot day, he marched out his troops under a burning sun in a mountainous
area. Bewilderingly(令人困惑地) he lost the way. The journey was long and the sun was
scorching. After their fruitless and tiresome march, all voiced their great
dissatisfaction with the leadership of Cao Cao. They bitterly complained of
their great thirst. The antagonism(对抗) of the soldiers was growing fast and they
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helpless to cope with the situation.
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At the thought of the sour fruit the soldiers complaint of great thirst as
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which look like dragons, not the real thing.
篇11:成语鸣鼓而攻之的故事典故
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+ 加入清单【注音】míng gǔ ér gōng zhī
【典故】非吾徒也,小子鸣鼓而攻之可也。 《论语·先进》
【释义】比喻宣布罪状,遣责或声讨。
【用法】作谓语;指公开声讨
【近义词】鸣鼓而攻
【押韵词】穷通得失、倒行逆施、称物平施、费尽心思、抓拿骗吃、剿抚兼施、如醉如痴、力竭声嘶、命若悬丝、玩法徇私、......
【英语】convictanddenounceinpublic
【成语故事】春秋时期,鲁国的季康子主张改革农田制度,承认私人可以拥有土地,想试行按亩征税,他的属下冉求是孔子的学生,就让冉求去征询孔子的意见。孔子反对改变王法,冉求支持季康子的改革,孔子就号召他的其他学生敲着鼓去进攻冉求
【示例】此秀才中之异端,尔其鸣鼓而攻之!但念在天色已晚,可与同居中国,速领他到西小房去! 清·李百川《绿野仙踪》第七回
篇12:冰山难靠的成语历史典故
全文共 358 字
+ 加入清单这个成语来源于《资治通鉴》,君辈倚杨右相如泰山,吾以为冰山耳!若皎日既出,君辈得无失所恃乎!
唐玄宗李隆基特别宠爱杨玉环,封她为贵妃。这下杨家便鸡犬升天了,她的堂兄杨国忠也官运亨通做了宰相,还兼领四十余个使官,大权在握,朝廷选任官吏都在他家里私下决定。
当时,陕西有一个进士,名叫张彖(tuan)没有机会作官。他的朋友们都劝他去拜见杨国忠,那样立刻就能升官发财。可是他始终不去,反倒对劝他的朋友说:你们都把杨国忠看得像泰山一样稳固,可是我以为他不过是一座冰山罢了。将来天下有了动乱,他就会垮掉,好比冰山遇到太阳化掉一样,到那时候你们就失掉靠山了。不久,安禄山起兵叛乱,攻下京城长安,杨国忠随同唐玄宗逃往四川,在马嵬驿,被士兵杀死。杨贵妃也被缢死,杨家这座靠山果然塌倒了。
篇13:成语韦编三绝的历史典故
全文共 505 字
+ 加入清单出处:《史记.孔子世家》孔子晚而喜《易》,……读《易》韦编三绝。曰:“假我数年,若是,我于《易》则彬彬矣。”
释义:“韦”是熟牛皮;“韦编”指用牛皮绳编连起来的竹简书。“三”是概数,表示多次;“绝”是断的意思。孔子为读《易》而翻断了多次牛皮带子的简。后人用“韦编三绝”这个成语加以概括。用来形容读书刻苦勤奋。
故事:春秋时的书,主要是以竹子为材料制造的,把竹子破成一根根竹签,称为竹“简”,用火烘干后在上面写字。竹简有一定的长度和宽度,一根竹简只能写一行字,多则几十个,少则八九个。一部书要用许多竹简,这些竹简必须用牢固的绳子之类的东西编连起来才能阅读。像《易》这样的书,当然是由许许多多竹简编连起来的,因此有相当的重量。
孔丘花了很大的精力,把《易》全部读了一遍,基本上了解了它的内容。不久又读第二遍,掌握了它的基本要点。接着,他又读第三遍,对其中的精神、实质有了透彻的理解。在这以后,为了深入研究这部书,又为了给弟子讲解,他不知翻阅了多少遍。这样读夹读去,把串连竹简的牛皮带子也给磨断了几次,不得不多次换上新的再使用。即使读到了这样的地步,孔子还谦虚他说:“假如让我多活几年,我就可以完全掌握《易》的文与质了。”
篇14:成语典故
全文共 802 字
+ 加入清单春秋时期,齐国的大夫崔杼和庆封合谋杀了齐庄公,改立杵臼为君,史称齐景公。齐景公封崔杼为右相,庆封为左相。
庄公有两个忠诚的卫士,一个叫卢蒲癸,一个叫王何,在庄公遇害后都逃往国外。卢蒲癸在出逃前嘱咐弟弟卢蒲嫳说:“我出逃后,你要设法取得崔杼和庆封的信任,在适当的时机叫我回国,到时为庄公报仇。”
卢蒲癸走后,卢蒲嫳不负所嘱,当上了庆封的家臣。他很快发现,庆封名为左相却毫无实权,便利用崔杼几个儿子争夺继承权的矛盾,杀了崔杼一家,崔杼也自缢身亡。从此,大权便全落到庆封手里。
庆封感激卢蒲嫳,对他十分宠信。不久,庆封迷恋上了一个女子,把国政全部交给儿子庆舍。
卢蒲嫳极力劝说庆封,要他召回卢蒲癸,庆封答应了他。卢蒲癸终于回国,做了庆舍的侍卫。卢蒲癸勇猛过人,又故意奉承庆舍,很得庆舍的赏识,庆舍把自己的女儿庆姜嫁给了他。不久,卢蒲癸又说服庆舍召回王何,和他一起当侍卫。从此,卢蒲癸和王何加紧秘密活动,联络对庆氏不满的人,准备诛灭庆氏,为庄公报仇。
卢蒲癸的妻子庆姜见丈夫行动诡秘,问他在干些什么。卢蒲癸便把准备杀灭庆氏,为庄公报仇的事说了。庆姜很识大义,表示愿意帮助丈夫完成这一义举。
庆姜说到做到。卢蒲癸选在庆封出猎的那一天行动,庆姜说服父亲随同齐景公一起到太庙行祭礼,以便卢蒲癸等下手。举行祭礼时,卢蒲癸和王何突然执戈猛刺庆舍,庆舍垂死挣扎,用酒壶砸死了王何,卢蒲癸又领兵杀尽庆氏余党。庆封在出猎途中得到这个消息,带着出猎的士兵回来攻城,但城中防守严密,无法攻克,他只得逃到鲁国去了。
事后,有人问卢蒲癸说:“庆氏和卢氏都是姜氏的后裔,你怎么会娶同宗的庆姜为妻呢?”
卢蒲癸回答说:“庆舍不避同宗,要把女儿嫁给我,我为什么要避开呢?就像有人对《诗经》断章取义,来表达自己的意思,我也只取我所想要的,管什么同宗不同宗呢?”
“断章取义”这一成语是指不顾全篇文章或谈话的内容,孤立地取其中的一段或一句的意思,指引用与原意不符。
篇15:成语典故
全文共 206 字
+ 加入清单【出处】: 《诗·魏风·汾沮洳》:“彼其之子,美如英……彼其之子,美如玉。”
【举例造句】: 假如不幸我庄周死后,你这般如花似玉的年纪,难道捱得过三年五载? ★明·冯梦龙《警世通言·庄子休鼓盆成大道》
【故事】: 我国最早的诗歌总集《诗经》中描写一个美丽多情的少女去野外采桑,看到一个长得像鲜花一样美丽、像碧玉一样清秀的青年男子,他虽然衣着朴素大方,举止言行处处很高雅,少女顿时对这个如花似玉的男子从心底产生爱慕之情
篇16:成语典故
全文共 332 字
+ 加入清单战国时期哲学家庄子的思想集道家思想之大成.庄子对名利非常淡泊,却喜好沉思,对各种事物都有自已独到的见解。一天,庄子和好友惠子同去濠水边游玩,只见不流缓缓,清澈见底,石缝之上,鱼儿悠闲地摆动着美丽的尾鳍。庄子不由地赞叹说:你看这些鱼儿出游从容,在水里多么快乐啊!惠子说:你不是鱼,怎么知道鱼的快乐呢?庄子反问道:你不是我,怎么知道我不晓得鱼的快乐呢?
惠子说:我不是你,不知道你的内心可你也不是鱼,怎能知道鱼的快乐呢?庄子回答说:因为我到了濠水桥上,看见鱼儿在从容不迫、自由自在地游,所以觉得鱼很快乐。这时风在吹,鸟在飞,水在流,庄子和惠子在辩论着,小鱼儿依然在从容不迫地悠游。人如果想和鱼儿一样自由快乐,从容不迫,就需要身体和心理都健康,这就需要我们培养健康的身心。
篇17:成语典故
全文共 423 字
+ 加入清单《周易·泰》:“拔茅茹以其汇。”
王弼注:“茅之为物,拔其根而相牵引者也。茹,相牵引之貌也。”
朱熹本义:“三阳在下,拔茅连茹之象。”
明李贽《续藏书·逊国名臣·文学博士方公》:“拔茅连茹,随汇并进。”
清钱谦益《寿房海客十四韵》:“排格引绳良已甚,拔茅连茹亦奚惭。”
康有为《大同书》戊部第四章:“若使女子平等就学,岂遂无人?安得以数人稍能深思创作之故,遂拔茅连茹,贵其不辨菽麦之同类而贱其聪慧明敏之女子哉!”茅盾《幻灭》:“铲除封建思想的呼声喊得震天价响,然而亲戚故旧还不是拔茅连茹地登庸了么?”亦省作“拔茅”、“拔茹”。
晋葛洪《抱朴子·名实》:“拔茅之义圮,而负乘之群兴。”
宋王禹偁《留别仲咸》诗之一:“头白忽抛攀桂伴,道消休话拔茅心。”
明李东阳《次韵答方石先生》之二:“拔茅已慰朝端望,附骥方惭榜下名。”
明唐顺之《谢欧阳石江巡抚书》:“惟当宁信明公之激扬,而知其顾盼必能得士,偶因拔茹及此汇征,虽荐人常恐其知。在明公绝不以言于口,而受知思所以报。”
篇18:巧取豪夺成语故事典故
全文共 703 字
+ 加入清单宋朝大书法家,大画家米芾的儿子米友仁(字元晖),家学渊源,也和他父亲一样,既写得一手好字,又长于作画,尤其非常喜爱古人的作品。有一次,他在别人的船上,看见王羲之真笔字帖,欢喜的什么似的,立即要拿一幅好画交换,主人不同意,他急得大叫,攀着船舷竟就往水里跳,幸亏别人很快把他抱住,才不致落水。他有一样很大的本颁,便是学会模仿古人的画品。他在涟水的时候,曾经向人借回一幅“松牛图”描摹。后来他把真本留下,拿摹本还给人,这人当时没有觉察出来。拿着走了。直至过了好多日才来讨还原本。米友仁问他怎么看得出来,那人回答说:“真本中的眼睛里面,有牧童的影子;而你还我的这一幅却没有。”可是米友仁模仿古人的画品,很少被人发觉他的模本是假的。他经常千方百计向人借古画描摹;而摹完以后,总是拿样本和真本一齐送给主人,请主人自己选择。由与他摹仿古画的技艺很精,把模本和真本模得一模一样,主人往往把模本当成真本收回去,米友仁便因此获得了许多名贵的真本古画。
米友仁是一个有才能的艺术家,值得人们敬仰,又是一个古画的爱好者和欣赏者,让人们更加知道古画的妙处和价值,可是他用那种摹仿的假本巧妙地换取别人真本的行为,却是叫人鄙弃和不耻的。所以有人把他这种用巧妙方法骗取别人真本古画的行为,叫做“巧偷豪夺”。后来的人又从此引伸成“巧取豪夺”这句成语,用来形容人以不正当的巧妙方法,攫取自己不应得的财物。“巧取”,骗取也;“豪夺”,抢占也。而用此种方法攫取财物,也往往利便又所得很多,故有“巧偷豪夺,故所得多多”见(“清波杂志”)之语,例如,以神物做幌子的神棍,常常巧立名目,假借做什么佛事,骗取无知的人的财物。攫取私有,这便是“巧取豪夺”了。
篇19:成语典故
全文共 311 字
+ 加入清单【出处】: 《后汉书·刘玄传》:“帝方对我饮,正用此时持事来乎!”
词语辨析
【举例造句】: 不想他那里来请,正中下怀。 ★明·兰陵笑笑生《金瓶梅词话》第五十回
【拼音代码】: zzxh
【近义词】:如愿以偿、心满意足、称心如意
【反义词】:大失所望、出乎意料
【歇后语】: 聋子看哑剧;打准腹部
【灯谜】:忠
【英文】: play into somebodys hands
【用法】: 作谓语、宾语;形容符合心意
【故事】: 卢俊义从梁山泊回来后被妻子与李固诬陷入狱,燕青搭救没成功。梁山泊拼命三郎石秀在刀下救得卢俊义,也因寡不敌众而入狱。北京官府梁中书担心宋江出兵围城,只好将他们两人打入死牢暂不处死,老头蔡福正中下怀,设法保护两位好汉。
篇20:历史典故成语故事大全
全文共 5468 字
+ 加入清单历史典故不仅告诉我们很多道理,还可以拓展我们的历史知识,很多成语就是从历史典故延伸出来的,下面为大家分享了历史典故成语故事,一起来看看吧!
声名狼藉
秦始皇在世时,十分信任大将蒙恬、蒙毅兄弟。朝中有一个大臣,名叫赵高,此人身体强壮,并对法律很有研究。秦始皇提拔他为中车府令,并命他当自己的小儿子胡亥的老师。
有一次,赵高因为受贿舞弊,犯了大罪,刚好蒙毅受理这个案件,蒙毅对赵高一向有不好的看法,就按照法律判处赵高死刑。可是,秦始皇却念赵高是个人才,并且教子有功,就赦免了他的罪,还为他恢复了官职。
赵高因此对蒙毅及其兄蒙恬大将军恨之入骨。后来秦始皇出宫巡游,在途中染疾病死。此时本应由公子扶苏即位,可赵高却乘机串通丞相李斯,立胡亥为秦二世,并用阴谋手段将公子扶苏和大将蒙恬害死。
赵高掌握了朝廷大权后,对胡亥说:“先帝在世时本打算立你为太子,蒙毅不赞成。于是立了扶苏,我看定得除掉此人,否则会有后患。”胡亥听了,就把蒙毅抓起来,逼蒙毅自杀。
蒙毅知道自己逃不过劫难,便大骂了赵高一通,说道:“从前秦穆公杀了三位良臣殉葬,秦昭襄王杀白起,楚平王杀伍奢,吴王夫差杀伍子胥,这四个国君都因杀了良臣,他们的名声在诸侯各国间非常坏。希望皇上要引以为戒,不要受奸臣的蒙蔽。”
说完,蒙毅自杀而亡。
画地为牢
相传在很久之前的社会里,人们都很自律,道德高尚,如果有人犯了错误,就在地上画个圈把他限制住以示惩罚,即使这样,哪怕他身边空无一人,他也决不会提前走出圈子半步.相传上古时刑律宽缓,在地上画圈,令罪人立圈中以示惩罚, 如后代的牢狱。
汉司马迁《报任少卿书》:“故士有画地为牢,势不可入,削木为吏,议不可对,定计於鲜也。”
《武王伐纣平话》卷中:“扞姬昌呴画地为牢,刻木为吏;洽政恤民,囹圄皆空。”
《封神演义》第二三回:“文王曰:‘武吉既打死王相,理当抵命。’随即就在南门画地为牢,竖木为吏,将武吉禁于此间。”后比喻将行动限定在某种范围内,不得逾越。
拨云见日
由于杀了无赖牛二,杨志被发配北京大名府留守司充军。
大名府留守梁中书很欣赏杨志,有心要抬举他,恐众人不服,下令在教场中演武,给杨志机会。杨志高兴的说:“小人武举出身,曾做过殿司制使。这十八般武艺,自小习学。今日蒙恩相抬举,如拨云见日一般。杨志若得寸进,当效衔环背鞍之报。”
杨志果然武艺高强,在教场打败了副牌军周谨,又和正牌军索超打得难解难分,看得众人喝彩,梁中书就将他们两个都提拔做了管军提辖使。
“拨云见日”比喻冲破黑暗见到光明。也比喻疑团消除,心里顿时明白。
(出自《水浒传》第十一、十二回)
厉兵秣马的故事
僖公三十二年冬天,杞子从郑国派人来告诉秦穆公说:“郑国让我掌管他们北门的钥匙,如果偷偷派军队来,保管成功。”大臣蹇叔对秦穆公说:“调动大军偷袭这么远的国家,我们赶得精疲力乏,对方早就有了准备,不会有什么作为的。而且行军路线上千里,谁会不知道呢?”穆公不听,派大军东行。
秦军到了郑国的边境滑地,遇到郑国人弦高赶着十二头牛要到周朝集市去卖。弦高赶快让人回国报信,自己将牛献给秦军作犒劳,说:“我们大王听说你们要从这里路过,派我来犒劳你们,请不要嫌弃礼物轻薄。”
郑穆公得到弦高的消息,派人去查看,见杞子一伙正在整顿盔甲、磨兵器、喂马,便对他们说:“你们留在我们郑国时间也长了,我们国小物乏,听说你们就要离开,就请便吧!”杞子就逃了。秦军只好退了。
“厉兵秣马”形容准备战斗。
出自《左传 僖公三十三年》
望洋兴叹的成语故事
在古代,黄河之水滔滔不绝,灌溉着两岸的土地,孕育了中华文明,因此黄河被称为神河。
有一年,秋雨使所有的河流暴涨,百川都汇进了黄河,黄河变得更加汹涌而宽阔,两岸与河中沙洲之间连牛马都分辨不清。于是黄河河神洋洋自得,认为自己就是天下最大的了。他顺流而下,一直来到北海。他向东望去,却看不到北海的边际。于是河神收起了得意洋洋的表情,望着汪洋大海对北海海神感叹道:“原先我自高自大,以为谁都比不上自己,今天我看到你这样广大,无边无际,今天我要不来这里,我永远都不会知道自己的无知。”
北海海神说:“我在天地间也只是大山里的一个小石头,四海在天地间也就是粮仓中的一粒米,我又有什么广大的呢?”
“望洋兴叹”比喻因为自己力量太小而感到无可奈何。
(出自《庄子秋水》)
出人头地
苏轼,字子瞻,号东坡居士。眉州眉山(今四川眉山县)人。他的父亲苏洵和弟弟苏辙都是北宋有名的文学家,被人们合称为“三苏”,而且都一起列入“唐宋八大家”之中。
苏轼小时候,天资聪颖,由于书读得多,字也认得多,再加上文章写得好,因而受到人们的称赞。在一片赞扬声中,苏轼不免有些飘飘然。
有一天,便在自己书房门上手书一联,以显示自己的才华,联文是:读尽人间书,识遍天下字。对联贴出之后,有一位老者专程来到苏家,向苏轼“求教”,请苏轼认一认他带来的书,书上全是写着周朝时史籀创制的字。苏轼开始满不在乎,非常得意,可是接过书一看,书上的字一个也不认识,这对骄傲自满的苏轼是当头一棒,他顿时面红耳赤,只好向老者道歉。老者也没说什么,便含笑而去。苏轼这时才感到自己太骄傲了,于是将书房门前对联的上下联前各添了两个字,使思想境界为之升华,一幅具有远大抱负的对联展现在人们的眼前:“立志读尽天下书,发愤识遍天下字。”
此后,苏轼发奋读书。二十岁的时候,已学得博古通今,便和弟弟苏辙一起参加了京城的考试。当年的主考官是翰林学士欧阳修。欧阳修对当时文坛崇尚诡怪奇涩的文风很是反感,一律不加录取。当他看到一篇《刑赏忠厚论》时,十分高兴,便准备取为第一。由于试卷是密封的,欧阳修并不知道那文章是谁写的。他想了想,觉得能写出这样的文章的人,除了他的弟子曾巩之外,可能不会有别人了。为了避嫌,欧阳修就把苏轼的卷子判为第二。等到发榜公布的时候,欧阳修才知道写那篇好文章的人不是曾巩,而是个叫苏轼的年轻人,心里便有些过意不去。
欧阳修得知《刑赏忠厚论》不是他的弟子曾巩写的,而是初出茅庐的苏轼所写,心里觉得有点对不住苏轼,竟让他屈居第二。再看到苏轼以后送来的文章,篇篇才学横溢,更是赞叹不已。于是写信给当时声望颇高的梅尧臣说:“苏轼的文章实在是好,我应当让路,使他高出我一头。”成语“出人头地”就是由此而来的。当时听说此事的人都不以为然,认为欧阳修夸大了苏轼的才学,等以后他们看到了苏轼的文章以后才信服。
后来,苏轼得到欧阳修等文坛名流的指点,文章越来越好,后来果然出人头地,和欧阳修等人被后人并称为“唐宋八大家”。
——《宋史·苏轼传》
四面楚歌
公元前203年12月,韩信把兵马屯在垓(gāi,今安徽灵璧东南)下,布置了十面埋伏,要把霸王引到一个适当的地方,把他围困起来。韩信故意拿话去激霸王,让他气得鼻孔喷火,头顶冒烟才好。他编了四句话,叫士兵冲着楚营叫喊:“人心都背楚,天下已属刘;韩信屯垓下,要斩霸王头!”
霸王率领十万大军一直冲到垓下,没碰着韩信,一看四面全是汉兵,楚军进入了重围。霸王带领人马只管向前冲,谁也抵挡不住。他见了韩信,更不肯放过。韩信一边作战,一边后退。霸王追赶了好几里地,杀散一批,又来了一批,杀出一层,还有一层。四面八方全是韩信“十面埋伏”的人。霸王转过身来,跑回垓下大营去了。
夜里,项羽听到周围汉营里的士兵唱的净是楚人的歌。“四面楚歌”的成语就是从这儿来的。
霸王吃惊不小,他说:“难道楚军都投降刘邦了,为什么汉营中的楚人这么多呢?”说着他就在营帐里喝起闷酒来。他留恋他宠爱的美人虞姬,她常常侍候在身边;还有那匹骑了五年的乌骓马。想到这儿,霸王再也忍不住了,他悲壮愤慨地唱起自己作的诗歌来:力拔山兮气盖世,时不利兮骓不逝。骓不逝兮可奈何,虞兮虞兮奈若何。这首歌的意思是:力气拔得起一座山,气魄压倒天下好汉,时运不利,乌骓马不肯走。马儿不跑怎么办,虞姬呀虞姬,你可怎么办。
项羽一连唱了几遍,虞姬跟着一块儿唱。他唱得流下几行眼泪,伺候他的人全都哭了,不忍心抬头看他。
霸王跨上乌骓,带着八百子弟兵,猛虎似的冲出去,突出重围,往南跑。他打算渡过淮河再往东去。霸王和八百子弟兵沿路杀散了汉兵。韩信、英布、周勃、樊哙他们分头追赶。霸王拍着乌骓,飞一样地直跑。等霸王渡过淮河,到了南岸,又跑了一程,就迷了道儿,不知道哪一条道儿可以通到彭城(今江苏徐州)。
项羽就向一个庄稼人问路。那个庄稼人不愿帮他,就说:“往左边儿走。”霸王跟一百多个子弟兵就往左跑下去,跑了一阵,连道儿也没了,前边只是一片水洼地。他们的马陷在泥泞里,连蹄子都不好拔出来。霸王这才知道受了骗,走错了道,赶紧拉转缰绳,再回到三岔路口,汉兵可已经追到了。
霸王往东南跑,到了东城(今安徽定远东南),点了点人数,一共才二十八个骑兵,追上来的人马有好几千。霸王觉得没法脱身了,就带着二十八人上了山岗,对他们说:“我从起兵到现在八年了,亲身作战七十多次,战无不胜,成了天下霸王。今天在这儿被围,这是天数,不是我不会打仗。”
他把二十八个士兵分成四队,说:“我先杀他们一个大将。你们跑下去到东山下会齐。”他大喊一声,向一个汉将直冲过去,杀了一个汉将。
霸王到了东山下,那四队二十八个子弟兵全都到了。汉兵赶来,又展开血战。霸王专挑汉兵多的地方冲杀。他左刺右劈,又杀了汉军的一个都尉和不少士兵。汉军将士不敢逼近楚兵,远远地嚷着躲着。霸王点了点自己的人数,仅仅少了两个。
霸王杀退了汉兵,带着二十六个子弟兵一直往南,跑到了乌江(今安徽和县东北),乌江亭长荡着一只小船等在那儿。他知道来的是霸王,就催他马上渡河。他说:“江东虽小,可也有一千多里土地,几十万人口,大王还可以在那边做王。这儿只有我这只船,请大王赶快渡过河去。”
霸王笑着对亭长说:“当初我跟江东子弟八千人渡过江来打天下,到今天他们全完了,我哪儿能一个人回去呢?就说江东父兄同情我,立我为王,我哪儿有脸见他们呐?”他接着又说:“这匹乌骓马,我最喜爱,曾经一天跑过一千里地。我舍不得把它杀了。我知道您是个忠厚长者,我很感激您一片好意,这匹马送给您。”
他和二十六个子弟都拿着短刀步行,跟汉兵交战。他们杀了许多汉兵,自己也一个一个地倒下。末了只剩下霸王一个人。他身上受了十几处伤,最后在乌江边拔剑自杀了。
折冲樽俎
春秋中期,诸侯纷立,战乱不息,中原的强国晋国谋划攻打齐国。为了探清齐国的形势,便派大夫范昭出使齐国。齐景公以盛宴款待范昭。席间,正值酒酣耳热,均有几分醉意之时,范昭借酒劲向齐景公说:“请您给我一杯酒喝吧!”景公回头告诉左右待臣道:“把酒倒在我的杯中给客人。”范昭接过侍臣递给的酒,一饮而尽。晏婴在一旁把这一切看在眼中,厉声命令侍臣道;“快扔掉这个酒杯,为主公再换一个。”依照当时的礼节,在酒席之上,君臣应是各自用个人的酒杯。范昭用景公的酒杯喝酒违反了这个礼节,是对齐国国君的不敬,范昭是故意这样做的,目的在于试探对方的反应如何,但还是为晏婴识破了。
范昭回国后,向晋平公报告说:“现在还不是攻打齐国的时候,我试探了一下齐国君臣的反应,结果让晏婴识破了。”范昭认为齐国有这样的贤臣,现在去攻打齐国,绝对没有胜利的把握,晋平公因而放弃了攻打齐国的打算。靠外交的交涉使敌人放弃进攻的打算,即现在“折冲樽俎”这个典故,就是来自晏婴的事迹。孔子称赞晏婴的外交表现说:“不出樽俎之间,而折冲千里之外”,正是晏子机谋的真实写照。
成也萧何 败也萧何
韩信经萧何举荐被刘邦任为大将军,为汉朝的建立立下很大功劳,汉朝建立后被封为楚王。晚年的刘邦最怕在自己百年之后,政权旁落他人,为了刘姓政权的长治久安,必须铲除隐患。他认为在诸位将领中,功劳最大、才能最强、威望最高的功臣,就是最危险的敌人。因此,韩信首当其冲。可是,除掉韩信谈何容易!刘邦明白就是自己出马也未必能取胜,其他诸将更不是韩信的对手。
刘邦先是用计生擒了韩信。此时的韩信才明白过来,感叹地说:“狡兔死,走狗烹,飞鸟尽,良弓藏;敌国破,谋臣亡。天下已定,我固当烹。”刘邦将韩信押回京城后,念其功高且又无罪证,又赦免了韩信,改封淮阴侯。
削去了王位的韩信,心想自己为兴建汉室出生入死,最后落得个如此下场,既然你刘邦无情,休怪我韩信无义。韩信私下与被任命为赵国相的陈稀相约,陈稀在北方举事,韩信在长安响应。
公元前215年(汉高祖十年),陈稀果然举兵反叛。刘邦亲自带兵平叛,长安空虚。韩信准备在长安举事,不幸走漏了消息,有人向吕后告发韩信准备谋反。吕后想把韩信召进宫来,又怕他不肯就范,就同萧何商议。最后,由萧何出面,假称北方传回捷报:叛军已败,陈稀已死,邀请韩信进宫向吕后贺喜。韩信哪里想到极力举荐自己而且一向过从甚密的萧何会是杀害自己的主谋。结果韩信刚入宫门,就被事先埋伏好的武士一拥而上,捆绑起来。吕后将这一代名将带至长乐宫钟室,残忍地杀害了。
民间因此有“成也萧何(韩信成为大将军是萧何推荐的),败也萧何(韩信被杀是萧何出的计谋)”的说法。后来用“成也萧何,败也萧何”来比喻事情的成败、好坏都由一个人造成。不过韩信等一类将领,自以为立有战功,应当割地称王,但从人民要求统一的观点看来,不消灭这些割据者,即使希望战祸暂停也是不可能的。萧何协助刘邦臣,削除异己,客观上符合人民的利益,因为人民迫切需要休养生息。这是汉高祖刘邦政治上的大成功,也是萧何辅佐刘邦做出的杰出贡献。
韩信的成功是由于萧何的大力推荐,韩信的败亡,也是萧何出的计谋。所以民间就由这个故事概括出“成也萧何,败也萧何”一句俚语。宋人洪迈的《容斋续笔》记录下这句话,并简单探讨了它的成因。