初中英语寒假日记带翻译(精品20篇)

At dusk，the weather became colder while the sky was gray，and the cold wind was blowing strongly.It seemed that it was going to snow soon. A moment later，the snowflakes began to fall quietly.Soon the land before my eyes was all white，like a beautiful blanket.Then it snowed more and more heavily.The trees were all covered with white quilts.The whole city became a silver world. The next morning，it stopped snowing and cleared up.I went into the yard.Looking far away，I saw a beautiful silver white world.A group of children were playing happily.Some were throwing snowballs to each other，others were making a snowman.Snow seemed to bring us warm and wishes.Cold as it was，nobaby felt cold in the white world. I love snow，because it is pure white.It brings us hope and vigour.

雪黄昏，天气变冷，天空变成灰色，冷风强劲地吹着。似乎很快就要下雪了。

一会儿，雪花儿静静地飘落下来。很快眼前的大地变白了，像个美丽的毯子。然后，雪越下越大。树儿披上了厚厚的棉被。整个城市变成了银色的世界。

第二天早晨，雪停了，天气晴朗了。我走进院子里，远远望去，我看见了一个美丽的银白色的世界，一群孩子正在快活地做游戏。一些在互相掷雪球，其他的在堆雪人。雪似乎给我们带来了温暖和祝福。尽管天气很冷，但是没有人在这白色的世界中感觉到寒冷。

我喜爱雪，因为它的纯净。它带给我们希望和活力。

[关于寒假的八年级英语日记

The traffic problem is one of themost serious problems in my hometown. Recently, more and more people have privatecar, but the roads are so narrow that we have to fight against the heavytraffic when we go out. Especially during the rush hours, cars and buses areunable to move. To make things worse, many people are killed in the trafficaccidents. How miserable it is!

在我的家乡交通问题是最严重的问题之一。现在越来越多的人拥有私家车，但道路却是如此的狭窄，所以我们出门的时候都必须和交通拥挤对抗。尤其是在繁忙时间段，汽车和公共汽车都动不了。更糟的是，许多人在交通事故中丧生。那是多么悲惨的啊!

For the sake of our life andsecurity, some measures must be taken to change the present situation. In thefirst place, as there are a great many cars, we should control the number ofprivate cars and vehicles and use the public transportation more often.Secondly, the government should widen the roads and build more flyovers, so asto ease the traffic pressure and reduce the traffic accidents. In addition, theundergrounds and light rails should be constructed, so that we can have morechoices when going out and do not have to worry about the traffic jams in thefuture.

为了我们的生命和安全起见，我们必须采取一些措施来改变现状。首先，因为有很多车，所以我们应该控制私家车的数量，更经常使用公共交通工具。其次，政府应该拓宽道路，建造更多的立交桥，以缓解交通压力，减少交通事故的发生。此外，应构建地铁和轻轨，这样我们将来外出时可以有更多的选择也不用不必担心交通堵塞。

I believe the traffic problem couldbe solved if we devote our actions to them.

我相信如果我们采取行动的话交通问题是可以解决的。

The New Year, through the footsteps coming towards us. Happy winter holiday will begin in a minute, then how can I let this winter holiday, full and meaningful? I struggled to think one day, finally, how to spend the winter vacation. Think it over.

See some books, do some reading notes; Appropriate to do some winter vacation homework every day; Look at the news, know about the state affairs and social news. Exercise every day, exercise their bodies; Go to the library, the place such as science and technology museum, xinhua bookstore, get some learning opportunities, broaden their field of vision; Do something can help mom and dad......

Reading a book. In order to let oneself see some good books, I early came to the bookstore. The variety of books in the bookstore I chose some books I like, put the bookcase of home. So it is not afraid of no books to read. I ran to the stationery store to buy a thick, beautiful notebook, in winter vacation, I have to write it.

Movement. Sport is a source of health, can strengthen our heart and lung function; Can help us to prevent osteoporosis; Can mitigate and control of our emotions... Exercise every day for three hours, exercise your body. Jump rope, kick the shuttlecock, sprint, long distance... Do sports every day, let your body become more healthy.

Do something you can reach for mom and dad. Help mother wash the dishes, sweep the floor, in the mother, when they feel tired to give mother a cup of tea, let mom have a rest, instead of mother do for a while. My father work in the day tired, returned home, to the father fills back, fills the legs...

......

This is my winter vacation plan, all right?

新的一年，踏着脚步朝我们走来。愉快的寒假马上就要开始了，那么，怎样才能让这个寒假过的充实而有意义呢?我苦苦的思索了一天，终于，想好了该如何来度过这个寒假。

看些书，做些读书笔记;每天适当的做一些寒假作业;看看新闻，了解一下国家大事、社会新闻;每天运动一下，锻炼自己的身体;去图书馆、科技馆、新华书店等处，获取一些学习的机会，拓宽自己的视野;帮爸爸妈妈做一些力所能及的事……

看书。为了能让自己看一些有益的书，我早早的来到书店。书店里的书各种各样，我挑选了一些我爱看的书，把家里的书柜装得满满的。这样就不怕没书看了。我又跑到文具店里买了一本厚厚的、漂亮的笔记本，在寒假里，我一定要把它写得满满的。

运动。运动是健康的来源，可以加强我们的心肺功能;可以帮助我们防止骨质疏松;可以缓和并控制我们的情绪……每天运动三小时，锻炼自己的身体。跳绳、踢毽、短跑、长跑……每天做一项运动，让自己的身体变得更健康。

帮爸爸妈妈做一些力所能及的事。帮妈妈洗洗碗、扫扫地，在妈妈感到劳累时，给妈妈泡一杯茶，让妈妈休息一会，代替妈妈做会儿。爸爸白天工作累了，回到家，给爸爸捶捶背、捶捶腿……

……

这就是我的寒假计划，不错吧?

Ching Ming festival is a traditional Chinese festival, has a history of two

thousand five hundred years; Its main traditional cultural activities are:

grave, outing, cockfighting, swing, play mat, pull hook, tug-of-war), etc. The

members (the grave), is very old. Tomb-sweeping day, as a traditional culture,

it is a full of mysterious colorific festival, on this day, the pedestrians on

the road are missing people who died, to express their respect and grief!

Ching Ming festival, in hainan many locals call it the "qingming festival".

Middle age the qingming festival is very important, if not as a legal holiday,

they will also take time to go home "qingming festival". This suggests that the

qingming festival has become a culture, become a man of the late express a way

of missing loved ones.

Qingming festival, is a kind of Chinese traditional culture recognition and

respect. Qingming festival is very important in the ancient tradition of a

festival, is also the most important festival of festivals, was the day of

ancestor worship and the grave. This grave, the shrine of the dead an activity.

The han nationality and some minority are mostly in the tombs. According to the

old tradition, the grave, people to carry goods such as especially fruit, paper

money to the grave, will be food for offering in the family tomb, then paper

incineration, new soil up to the grave, fold a few branches pale green branches

ed in the grave, and then salute kowtow worship, finally eat especially home.

The tang dynasty poet tu mus poem "qingming" : "rains fall heavily as qingming

comes, and passers-by with lowered spirits go. Restaurant where? Boy pointed

apricot blossom village." Write the tomb-sweeping day is special atmosphere.

Until today, tomb-sweeping day ancestor worship, mourning the late relatives

customs still prevail. And the more brought to the attention of the people.

Chinese is influenced by its culture, make clear the Chinese memorial

ancestors festival. Ancestor worship in qingming festival people are back, this

is a kind of culture, a kind of habit.

I went out to have dinner with father today. I should make toast during the

dinner but there was no juice availabe. So I had a bottle of beer. My face

turned red but I was not drunk. I dont think beer tastes bad but I wont like

have it too much because I am only a student.

今天和爸爸一起出去吃饭。吃饭的时候要敬酒。那里没有果汁。我就拿了一瓶啤酒开始到处敬酒。喝了一瓶酒后，我的脸红了，但没有醉。我认为啤酒并不难喝，但我还是要少喝酒。因为我还只是一个学生。

Is the beginning of the eight month, the weather suddenly cold, not for a long time, durian snow drop from the clouds. After a while, the snow is big, like someone with feather million pots from heaven.

The snowflakes are hexagonal, and the speed of falling is very fast. Soon, Linyi City snow, trees, houses, the earth seemed covered with snow, like covered with a white blanket, covered with white cotton. All of a sudden, the voice of a cloud aunt was heard from the sky, "Hey, hey! You have a little mischievous struggle, do not go down together, otherwise, it will be a disaster! Look, the cars are all skid and crawling like snail. Look at the river, the people did not go boating!"

I came to the Riverside Avenue station, enjoy the beauty of the Yihe River Trail in the woods. Snow sprint like Olympic athletes like Liu Xiang, rushed into the river, along the Yi River south to travel. Looking at it, the beauty of nature in the snow has come into my eyes, and it is in my heart. The original paved with red brick trail, has now been completely covered with thick snow, like a white carpet, step up soft, also creaked! Look at the Yellow alfalfa, has been formed by the snow "quilt" pressure to breathe out of breath. The bare trunk of the tree also fell on the snow, the wind blew and the little trees shook their bodies, and the snow babies were able to join the brothers on the ground. I raised my head and saw a lot of lovely little snowflakes in the sky rushing to meet my brother. Yes, how happy it is to have a family reunion. At this time, I thought of Taiwan. The dear motherland is a chicken mother lying in the nest. She has two babies, one is Hainan, and the other is Taiwan. Now, Taiwan slips out of the nest, and the mother and Hainan are anxious to come back to Taiwan...

I crouched down, with the hand group made a big snowball, at high altitude, it descends at full speed, open floor million lotus.

The snow has brought a lot of fun to the children.

The snow was neither fast nor slow underground, I left the snow Riverside Avenue, leaving a trail of footprints on the snow.

It is 4,000 years since the Chinese began to grow and drink tea.

There’re many kinds of tea in China, of which Longjing Tea is famous all

over the world.

Tea is usually drunk in tea sets. A tea set is made up of a tea pot and

some teacups, which are both made of china.

Most Chinese are fond of drinking tea. Tea is served not only at tea house

and restaurants but also at home. People also drink tea during breaks at offices

or factories.

A busy day

Today is saturday,and it is also a busy day.In the morning,I got up at

eight oclock,then I ate breakfast.After breakfast,I cleaned my room,it was

dirty but it is clean now.In the afternoon,I played badminton with my

neighbours.In the evening,I helped my mother cooked dinner.After I ate dinner,I

washed dishes.After finishing my homework,I watched TV.

Today is a busy day,but Im very happy.

参考翻译

忙碌的一天

今天是星期六，也是忙碌的一天。今天早上，我8点钟起床，然后吃了早餐。早餐之后，我打扫了我的房间，我的房间非常脏，但是现在已经干净了。下午，我和邻居打羽毛球。晚上，我帮我妈妈做晚餐，晚餐之后我洗了碗。完成家庭作业后，我又看了电视。

今天是忙碌的一天，但是我很开心

Computer is a very useful machine. Some of them are big, but some of them

are very small .Many people like playing computer. Computer has many functions,

so that people can do a lot of things by computer, like watching movies,

listening to the music or playing games. It can make our lives very colorful and

convenient. Various people can make good use of computer. Children can use

computer to learn and play games. Parents can use computers to work. I think

computer is a kind of wonderful and interesting machine, so I like computer very

much.

今天我到下面院子里玩的时候，看见天上的云很像棉花糖，我就想飞上天吃云，可我没有飞行器，飞不了啊，飞机也不行，主要是我不知道云会不会一站在上面就掉到地上?我要登天是不太可能的。长大以后我要当科学家，做一艘火箭飞上天，去试一下云朵是什么味道。

Today, when I went to play in the yard below, I saw that the clouds in the

sky were like marshmallows. I wanted to fly to the sky and eat the clouds. But I

didnt have an aircraft. I couldnt fly. I couldnt fly either. I didnt know if

the cloud would fall to the ground as soon as I stood on it. Its impossible for

me to go to the sky. When I grow up, I want to be a scientist. I want to be a

rocket and fly to the sky. I want to try the taste of

clouds.

My family includes three people and a pet. These three people are my father, my mother , and I. I also have a cat named cookie.

My father is hardworking and playful. He rus a small business at home. He is very busy, but he always s firnds the time to cook dinner and help me with homework. Although he is strict at times, he can also be playful and funny.

My mother is caring and hardworking, too. She’s a chemist and often works very late. Nevertheless, she is always there to take care of me. Though her expectations for me are very high. I know she only wants what’s best for me.

My cat, cookie, is a member of my family, too. She is a cute black and white cat. At times I find her eager to play. But usually she’s sleeping on the sofa. I never know what surprises she’ll bring next.

I consider myself very lucky to come from such a loving family. A family like mine should never be taken for granted. I love my family.

Early in the morning, I looked out the window, a piece of white, it was snowing.

Walked on my way to school, white snowflakes swirl, for an instant, the earth and the blanket of snow. Snowflakes like stars shine, dancing in the air, how beautiful it is. Floating ah float, fall in the withered flowers, grass and crops, trees, like a layer of the quilt. The people in the streets wearing a collar, masks, dressed in a thick down jacket and cotton shoes, fat at a draught. Snow on the road to harden, the thick layer of ice, ice hard as stone. Look, the children make a snowman, snowball fights in the snow, have a good time.

I like snow, it has brought the infinite vitality.

清晨，我望着窗外，白茫茫的一片，原来是下雪了。

漫步走在上学的路上，洁白的雪花纷纷扬扬，一瞬间，大地上铺盖着雪毯。雪花像星星一样闪闪发光，在空中跳着舞，是多么美丽动人。飘呀飘，落在了枯萎的小花、小草、庄稼、树木身上，像是盖了一层棉被。大街上的人们戴着围脖、口罩，穿着厚厚的羽绒服和棉鞋，一下子胖了一圈。马路上的雪变硬了，结了厚厚的一层冰，冰坚如石。看，小朋友们在雪地里堆雪人、打雪仗，玩得高兴极了。

我喜欢下雪，它给大地带来了无限生机。

The summer vacation is coming. I will do my homework first so I am going to

do my homework every morning. In the afternoon， I will play basketball and table

tennis with my friends. In the evening I will read English and listen to English

program. Sometimes I will go and visit my grandparents and help them do some

housework. I am going to take a piano class. My parents and I will go to Hainan

for about a week. I believe I will have a busy and interesting summer

vacation.

暑假即将到来.首先我要做好我的功课，所以我要每一天早上做功课.下午，我将我的朋友们一齐玩篮球和乒乓球.在晚上，我会读英语，听英语课程.有时我会去访问我的祖父母和帮忙他们做一些家务.我要带一个钢琴班.我的父母和我将前往海南为一个星期左右.我相信我将有一个忙碌而搞笑的暑假.

Summer holiday is coming. How excited! I havemade a plan for my summer holiday. First of all, I will go to Hong Kong tovisit my aunt. And then I will stay with her for a while. As Hong Kong is the shoppingparadise, of course, I will ask my aunt to go shopping with me . I will also eatthe delicious food there. And then I will go home. I know that study comesfirst. So I will finish my homework first. After that I will go out play withmy friends. And then I will take a good rest to prepare for my coming back toschool.

暑假即将来临。多么的兴奋啊！我已经为我的暑假制定了计划。首先，我会去香港拜访我的婶婶。之后我会和她呆一段时间。因为香港是购物天堂，当然我会叫我婶婶陪我一起去购物。我还要吃那里美味的食物。然后我就会回家。我知道学习是最重要的。所以回去之后我会先完成我的暑假作业。之后我就会和我的朋友出去玩。再之后我就会好好的休息来为回校做好准备。

Everyone has his or her experience that is unforgettable.

Mine happened when I was five, when my parents took me to the city zoo.

It was a hot summer so most animals were laying down to stay cool.

As we walked around, I saw a panther crouching by a hill in its enclosure.

All of a sudden, the panther leaped over the wall and jumped on the back of an old lady who was eating a hamburger.

The old lady let out a high pitched scream and fell down from her seat, sprawling on the cement pavement and passed out.

The panther did not attack the old lady, but picked the hamburger dropped by the lady.

After swallowing the hamburger, the panther started walking around the cafeteria with many visitors looking at it.

One kid saw the animal outside, and called excitedly, “Mommy! Look! I want to pat the Panther!” The kid ran to the animal.

By the time the panther was laying on the ground.

The little boy went to the panther and sat on its back.

The panther stood, with the boy on its back, started running towards the gate of the zoo and disappeared into the city in the dusk twilight.

I took a few pictures of the boy riding the panther, and this, was an experience I will never forget.

寒假生活的英语日记篇三

It was a very busy evening, I was doing my homework at my home. My father was writing a composition in the study room. My mother was interested in Shanghai opera. She was watching a Shanghai opera contest. The apartment was very quiet. Suddenly the light went out. It was a blackout, but I liked it very much. It came and I didn’t have to do my homework. We went to the living room very slowly. After 5 minutes, we all sat in the sofa. It was a lucky, fortunate day. I said that let’s held a concert. My parents agreed with me. I took out some candles and lighted up. We were singing, laughing and talking. We had a really good time. But while I was singing, the light suddenly turned on. Oh, my God. My father went back to his room went on writing. My mother turned on the TV and said to me “Dear, do your homework!”

I felt very frustrated. I sat at the desk and thought I hated light. I hoped there would be a blackout the next day. I thought I would enjoy myself more and more. I went into a dream……

Many children are always looking forward to the winter vacation; this is because during the vacation, children needn’t go to school; They can do everything they like, such as playing, watching TV, traveling, or even sleeping all the day and so on. and when winter vacation come on ,it means that spring festival will come on soon.I spent the whole day at home nearly every day, I played with my computer .I played computer games and surfed the internet. during the vacation ,I still stayed in touch with my classmates and my friends.

I think I have been a potatoes mouse .During the spring festival, I visited my relatives ,and I got a lot of red bags. Even though my vacation was crazy and exciting, but I really learnt a lot. It was good for relaxing, and I am getting ready for the coming new term now. Good-bye, my winter vacation.

Today I was sad because I was blamed. The day before yesterday, my father gave me a tast. He told me to finish math exercises and he would check today. I have to days to finish them. But I did not, because there was a football game yesterday. I was so tired, so I forgot them. Today, my father wanted to check my exercises. He found I did not finish, so he scolded me. He was angry and he do not let me play football anymore. I am afraid I cant play football anymore.

Spring Festival ,known as the Chinese New Year,is the most important

holiday in China.From late January to early February,Chinese people are busy

preparing for the New Year.They clean their houses ,have their hair cut,and buy

new clothes .Jiaozi or dumpling is most popular.To those who live far away from

their home,this festival is also a framily reunion occasion.

And they often go back home to celebrate the festival with their family.The

first day of the new year is the time when people visit their friends adn wish

each other good luck in the new year.

The news that Mr Cai had passed away was known, and I fell into great

sorrow. The sound of the rain knocking on the window was so mournful that it

deepened my distress.

My memory brought me back to the class when I saw him for the last

time.

That evening it was raining, too. We started our lesson as usual at a

quarter past six. I sat in the first row, and I saw Mr Cai press his stomach

with a hand from time to time, but I didn’t know the reason then. The two hours

passed quickly. When the lesson came to an end,Mr Cai told us that he had

possibly developed a stomach cancer, and would go to Beijing to see a doctor. If

there was nothing serious, he would continue to teach us after he came back. He

was very calm and his voice was steady. He still gave us some homework. He said

that he would mark the papers as soon as he came back.

Then I started to wait for his return. I had not thought that I would not

see him any more. The cancer had taken his life, even though he was still

young.

Mr Cai’s words are still ringing in my ears,“I hope you will be one of the

best students.” I think I should work hard at English and live up to his

expectation .

I have lost a good teacher. Tears will dry up in time, but the memory will

stay for ever.

People often praise mothers great, but, who can think of at a side left out of the father? No, there is little.

When people praise the mother gives us life, who is on the side with the anticipation of eyes, hope to be able to get from us a little, even if it is only insufficient in the mothers care about one over ten thousand of all right! Who is it? Is he, hold up the backbone of the family, he is, without a word hard for us, is he, is one of the same mother and a great man. He is his father. Father, may not express it like a mothers love for us, in our eyes, father is probably a strict with us, not let little things we do wrong, may be you will feel that his father does not love us, actually, is not the case, although he surface and strict to us, but his heart is not lack of love for us.

Thank for a mother for almost everybody, but I do want to thank my father, if there is no his harsh glare, without his seemingly indifferent expression, without his strict requirements, if not his heart to love me, I will not be so happy now.

Father, I thank you from the bottom of my heart deeply, thank you for my special love for many years.

人们常常歌颂母亲的伟大，可是，又有谁能够想起在一旁被冷落的父亲呢?不，几乎没有。

在人们赞颂母亲给予我们生命的时候，是谁在一旁带着期盼的目光，希望能从我们这里能得到一丝，哪怕只是不足于对母亲的关心的万分之一也好啊!是谁呢?是他，是撑起这个家的顶梁柱，是他，没有一丝怨言地为我们而努力，是他，是一位同样和母亲伟大的人。他，是父亲。父亲，可能不像母亲一样表达出来对我们的爱，在我们的眼里，父亲可能是个对我们要求严格，不容我们做错一丁点事情的人，可能你们会觉得父亲不爱我们，其实，并不是这样，他虽然表面上对我们和严格，可其实他的内心并不缺乏对我们的爱。

几乎所有人都感谢母亲，而我却要感谢我的父亲，如果没有他那严厉的目光，如果没有他看似冷漠的表情，如果没有他那严格的要求，如果没有他那一颗爱我的心，我将不会像现在这么的幸福。

我从心底里深深地感谢您，父亲，感谢您多年来对我那特殊的爱。

Though my daily life is extremely monotonous, I try hard to adapt myself to

it.

Why? Because I intend to be a good student. I wish to render service to my

country.

I get up at six o’clock every day.

After I wash my face and brush my teeth, I begin to review my lessons. I go

to school at seven o’clock.

After school is over, I return home. We usually have supper at seven

o’clock.Then I begin to do my homework. I want to finish it before I go to

bed.

虽然我的日常生活十分单调，但我却竭力设法去适应它。为什么?因为我打算做一个好学生，希望将来为国家服务。

我每天六点起床、洗脸刷牙后，就开始复习功课，七点钟我就去上学。

放学后，我就回家了。我们通常在七点钟吃晚餐，之后我就开始做家庭作业，希望在睡觉前把它做完。

x月2日，我和爸爸，妈妈，爷爷，奶奶去泰国普吉岛。

第一天，我们乘船去攀牙湾划小船看风景，攀牙湾又叫做小桂林，因为它有山有水，和我们中国广西桂林风景很像。我们还去007岛看风景划船，这个岛上有一块奇特的大石头，它的形状像一颗大白菜。中午我们回到船上吃了一顿海鲜大餐。晚上回到普吉岛我们又去吃了当地非常有名的日本料理，食物很新鲜，味道真不错。

第二天，我们乘坐有四层楼的大游艇去PP岛。船开到一半，我们停在一个小岛边上，我们穿上了游泳衣，戴上游泳眼镜，穿上救生衣，从船上跳下海浮潜，爸爸妈妈说他们看到很多五颜六色的鱼，我很害怕，不敢把头潜到水下，而且我的脚上有个伤口碰到海水就痛了

，所以我一会儿就上船了。之后我们登上了PP岛，吃好中饭我们去海滩上玩的时候看到了和我们家养的一样的热带小鱼，还捡到了两个闭得牢牢的贝壳。晚上我们在海边吃了海鲜大餐。

第三天，我们坐快艇去了珊瑚岛，快艇开的虽然很快，但是我觉得很颠簸，晃的很厉害。到了珊瑚岛，我们在海滩浅水处看到了黄色和黑色条纹混合的鱼，爸爸妈妈又戴上游泳眼镜潜到水里看到很多大大小小颜色不同的鱼。后来我和爸爸在沙滩上玩沙子，爸爸用沙子把我整个人都埋起来了，就露出一个头，我觉得沙子很暖和。旁边还有许多游客玩拖伞，香蕉船，和小快艇。大家玩的都很开心。我们回到普吉岛又看了毒蛇表演，参观了蛇药工厂。

第四天，我们去了一个叫沙法里的地方骑大象，为了谢谢大象驼我们，我们买了香蕉喂大象。我们看大象表演的时候，还让大象帮我做了按摩，我觉得大象踩的有点重，但是舒服还是很舒服的。然后我们去看猴子表演，我把最后两根香蕉喂了猴子，我和小猴子牵着手拍照，它还拉我的耳朵，摸我的头发呢!最后我们乘了牛车，牛车很不稳，而且闻起来臭臭的。

在我们旅行团里有一位大姐姐，叫徐悦，我们空余时间在一起玩IPAD，玩一个叫保卫萝卜的游戏，她给我看游戏里她孵出来的蛋。在车上的时候，我还喜欢和我们的导游聊天，聊以前去别的地方旅游的事情。我觉得这次旅行很快乐。