英语新高考写作汇编20篇

中考英语作文中经常会出现跟天气有关的题材，下面是语文迷网为大家提供的关于天气的英语作文素材，一起来看看吧。

1. It rained cats and dogs last night. 昨晚雨下得很大。

Rain cats and dogs是一句非常受欢迎的俚语，几乎每个学英语的学生都懂得用 rain cats and dogs 来形容雨下得很大。

当然如果你不想用俚语的讲法，你可以说："Its raining really hard.(雨下得很大)"或是"Were having a heavy rain."同样也是“雨下得很大”。

那“雨下得很大，我被淋成了落汤鸡”这整句话要怎么讲?“落汤鸡”在英文里常用"I am soaked."(我湿透了)来形容。因此，我们可以说：Its raining cats and dogs out there so Im soaked.

2. We had a downpour. 我们刚遇到了一场倾盆大雨。

中文里常形容下雨像是用“倒”的一样，这在英文里也有同样对等的字眼喔!英文里用的是 downpour 这个词。所以“下雨像是用倒的”我们可以说："We had a downpour."

另外有一个十分口语的讲法就是"Its really coming down out there."，也是形容雨下得很大，像是用“倒”的一样。

3. Its just sprinkling. 只是在下毛毛雨而已。

在英文里不管下“毛毛雨”或是“毛毛雪”我们都可以用 drizzle 和 sprinkle 这两个动词来表示。

Drizzle 这个词就是气象术语“下毛毛雨”的意思，而sprinkle 则是一个动词表示“撒”，但也常被用来形容毛毛雨。

常听到的用法就是："Its drizzling." 或是 "Its sprinkling."另外还有一个词叫 scattered rain，指的则是“零零星星地降雨”。

例如：We have to cancel the track and field contest because of the scattered rain.因为零星的降雨所以我们必须取消田径赛。

天气的英语单词

downpour, shower 暴雨

storm, tempest 暴风雨

lightning 闪电

land wind 陆风

hurricane 飓风

cyclone 旋风

typhoon 台风

whirlwind 龙卷风

gale 季节风

gust of wind 阵风

breeze 微风

fog 浓雾

dew 露水

humidity 潮湿

freeze 冰冻

snowflake 雪花

snowfall 降雪

waterspout 水龙卷

dead calm 风平浪静

Indian summer 小阳春

drought 干旱

AM Clouds / PM Sun=上午有云/下午后晴

AM Showers=上午阵雨

AM Snow Showers=上午阵雪

AM T-Storms=上午雷暴雨

Clear=晴朗

Cloudy=多云

Cloudy / Wind=阴时有风

Clouds Early / Clearing Late=早多云/晚转晴

Drifting Snow=飘雪

Drizzle=毛毛雨

Dust=灰尘

Fair=晴

Few Showers=短暂阵雨

Few Snow Showers=短暂阵雪

Few Snow Showers / Wind=短暂阵雪时有风

Fog=雾

Haze=薄雾

Hail=冰雹

Heavy Rain=大雨

Heavy Rain Icy=大冰雨

Heavy Snow=大雪

Heavy T-Storm=强烈雷雨

Isolated T-Storms=局部雷雨

Light Drizzle=微雨

Light Rain=小雨

Light Rain Shower=小阵雨

Light Rain Shower and Windy=小阵雨带风

Light Rain with Thunder=小雨有雷声

Light Snow=小雪

Light Snow Fall=小降雪

Light Snow Grains=小粒雪

Light Snow Shower=小阵雪

Lightening=雷电

Mist=薄雾

Mostly Clear=大部晴朗

Mostly Cloudy=大部多云

Mostly Cloudy/ Windy=多云时阴有风

Mostly Sunny=晴时多云

Partly Cloudy=局部多云

Partly Cloudy/ Windy=多云时有风

PM Rain / Wind=下午小雨时有风

PM Light Rain=下午小雨

PM Showers=下午阵雨

PM Snow Showers=下午阵雪

PM T-Storms=下午雷雨

Rain=雨

Rain Shower=阵雨

Rain Shower/ Windy=阵雨/有风

Rain / Snow Showers=雨或阵雪

Rain / Snow Showers Early=下雨/早间阵雪

Rain / Wind=雨时有风

Rain and Snow=雨夹雪

Scattered Showers=零星阵雨

Scattered Showers / Wind=零星阵雨时有风

Scattered Snow Showers=零星阵雪

Scattered Snow Showers / Wind=零星阵雪时有风

Scattered Strong Storms=零星强烈暴风雨

Scattered T-Storms=零星雷雨

Showers=阵雨

Showers Early=早有阵雨

Showers Late=晚有阵雨

Showers / Wind=阵雨时有风

Showers in the Vicinity=周围有阵雨

Smoke=烟雾

Snow=雪

积累一定的素材能够提高自己的文章水平。以下是小编给大家整理的高考写作素材十则的内容，欢迎大家阅读。

一、《世说新语》中讲述了这样一个故事：荀巨伯远道探视重病的朋友，正碰上胡兵马上就要来攻城。朋友劝荀巨伯赶紧离开，说：“我是死定了，不想连累了你!快快离开这里!” 荀巨伯说：“我从很远的地方来看朋友，你却叫我离开躲祸。在你，固然是好心，但是于我，这种以败坏道义来求得生存的行为，岂能是我荀巨伯的做法!”很快胡兵进城，涌进荀巨伯所在的屋子，看到居然还有人在，就问他们为什么不逃跑。荀巨伯正色道：“我是来看朋友的，朋友病了，我不能丢下他独自逃命!要杀就杀我好了!我愿意以我的命代替朋友去死!” 胡兵面面相觑，然后说：“我们这样不讲道义的人，却在侵犯有如此高义之士的国家!”于是班师回返，从而一郡百姓都获保全。

二、一天，某珠宝店。一个蓝眼睛小姑娘对店主说，想买一条项链给姐姐，因为姐姐在她们的妈妈去世后，无微不至地照顾她们。今天是姐姐的生日，她要让姐姐高兴高兴。小姑娘看上了一条蓝宝石项链。店主问她带了多少钱来，她拿出一个小手绢包，打开来一看，里面只有几枚硬币。店主惊讶之余，很专业地把项链取了出来，配上漂亮的包装盒包好，微笑着收了硬币，把项链递给了小姑娘。傍晚，一个姑娘找上门来，她把已经打开的礼品盒放在柜台上，问道：这条项链是在这里买的吗?多少钱?店主说，本店商品的价格是买主和卖主之间的秘密。姑娘说，我妹妹只有几枚硬币，而这条宝石

项链货真价实，她买不起，是不是你们搞错了!店主接过盒子，精心将包装重新包好，递给了姑娘，并耐人寻味地说，她给出了比任何人都高的价格，她付出了她的一切。

三、康熙是我国清朝时期著名的皇帝。他在位时，清朝的政治逐渐稳定，国力逐渐强大。公元1661年，年仅8岁的爱新觉罗·玄烨被推上龙座，成为康熙皇帝。玄烨幼年登基，虽经祖母悉心培养少小持重，但担负国家的重任还为时过早。尤其，当时以鳌拜为首的辅政大臣，利用玄烨年幼、孝庄太后一介女流之便掌握朝政大权。在朝中，他们结党营私，玩弄权术，骄横跋扈，不把小康熙放在眼里，

连孝庄太后也只好隐忍。年轻气盛的康熙几次想将鳌拜惩治法办，但是实力相差悬殊，如果时机不成熟，只能是以卵击石。因此，康熙把怨气与怒气埋在心里，一直积蓄力量。

终于，1669年，年满16岁的康熙羽翼丰满，发动攻势，一举剿灭了鳌拜一伙。之后，他又平定“三藩”，收复台湾，击退沙皇俄国的入侵，开创了一代盛世。

而康熙如果不是用理智战胜了愤怒，把怨气压了八年，恐怕早就被鳌拜害死了，哪里还有后来的“康乾盛世”。

四、在火车上，一位孕妇临盆，列车员放手通知，紧急寻找妇产科医生。这时，一位妇女站出来 ，说她是妇产科的。女列车长赶紧将她带进用床单隔开的病房。毛巾、热水、剪刀、钳子什么都到位了，只等最关键时刻的到来。产妇由于难产而非常痛苦的尖叫着。那位自称妇产科 的女子非常着急，将列车长拉到产房外，告诉列车长她其实只是妇产科的护士，并且由于一 次医疗事故已被医院开除。今天这个产妇情况不好，人命关天，她自知没有能力处理，建议 立即送往医院抢救。

列车行驶在京广线上，距最近的一站还要行驶一个多小时。列车长郑重地对她说：“你虽然 只是护士，但在这趟列车上，你就是医生，你就是专家，我们相信你。”

列车长的话感染了护士，她准备了一下，走进产房时又问：“如果万不得已，是保小孩还是保大人?”

“我们相信你。”

护士明白了。她坚定地走进产房。列

车长轻轻地安慰产妇，说现在正由一名专家在给她助产 ，请产妇安静下来好好配合。

出乎意料，那名护士几乎单独完成了她有生以来最为成功的手术，婴儿的啼声宣告了母子平安。

五、东汉年间，有一个清官，名叫杨震。他在荆州做官时，发现王密

才华出众，便向朝廷举荐让王密做了昌邑县令。数年后，他调任途中路过昌邑。王密听说了，亲赴郊外迎接恩师，并无微不至地照顾。

晚上，王密悄悄来到杨震住处，乘室中无人，从怀中掏出黄金10两，捧送给杨震，以报栽培之恩。“不可，不可!”杨震连忙摆手拒绝，并郑重地说，“以前是因我了解你有真才实学，所以推荐你;现在你这样做，是太不了解我的为人了。”王密又走近轻声说：“现在是夜里，无人知道。”杨震生气地说：“天知，地知，你知，我知，怎么说无人知道?认为无人知道就宽容自己，是要不得的。”王密听了，羞愧地带着金子退了出去。

六、刚到德国时，站在斑马线前等待疾驶的车辆通过，但汽车却主动停下来，开车人打手势示意让我先行，我便特意摆手致谢!当我到驾校学车时才知道，这是行人的权利，无需致谢。驾校学车路考时，哪怕考生在斑马线前稍微有一点和行人抢行的意识，考官便立即终止考试，绝不原谅!因为驾校的教科书上明确写着：当发现人行道上的行人有要横过马路的意识时，汽车必须减速示意，只要行人迈向斑马线，汽车就必须在斑马线以外停下，以免使行人心理上产生不安全感。

在斑马线前，德国人是否人人都能自觉遵守交通规则呢?一次，我曾专门在车水马龙的旅游景区路口观察。斑马线上人群川流不息，20多分钟过去了，没有发现一辆车在斑马线上与行人抢行。还有一次，夜里10点多，我见人行横道的信号灯是红的，马路

上一辆车也没有，而站在马路边上的德国老太太就是不过马路。我问她为什么不过马路，她说：“楼上窗里有人正看着这里呢。”德国人的自觉性，折射出这个民族的文明水平。

七、徐洪刚是济南军区某部的一名班长。在探亲归队途经四川筠连县时，有歹徒在车上抢劫和调戏妇女，他为保护人民群众的生命财产，挺身而出，同4名歹徒殊死搏斗，身上连中14刀，肠子从刀口中流出，但仍用双手死抑着一名歹徒的腿。他热爱人民，不顾个人安危，用他的青春和热血谱写了一曲人民子弟兵热爱人民的英雄颂歌。

八、威廉.萨克雷，是英国19世纪杰出作家。他同情穷人，真诚助人。每当听到或看到别人有困难时，便把钱装在用过的丸药盒里，写明：“每服一粒，以应急需”的服法，并附上一封化名、假名或没有寄信人姓名地址的信，叫人送去。这样，他就感到很高兴。

九、李嘉诚坚守原则(李嘉诚投资巴哈马——马政府以赌场牌照作为酬谢——委婉拒绝——在酒店外另建独立的房子给第三者经营，和黄只赚取租金)李嘉诚讲了一个有关坚守原则、有所为有所不为的故事。不久前，他在加勒比海巴哈马国投资，拥有货柜码头、飞机场、酒店、高尔夫球场及大片土地，成为当地最大的海外投资商。巴哈马政府拿出很多商人求之不得、一定赚大钱的赌场牌照，作为酬谢李嘉诚的礼物。面对送来的钱财，李婉转地拒绝了。他说：“我对自己有个约束，并非所有赚钱的生意都做。”巴哈马总理找到李嘉诚说：“一大堆商人追着要这个牌照，我们都没给，你这么大的投资，我一定要给你，你有三家酒店，随便放那家都可以。”盛情难却之下，李作了“妥协”，决定不接受赌场牌照，但在酒店外面另盖独立的房子给第三者经营，并由经营者直接与政府洽谈条件，和黄只赚取租金。“酒店客人要去那儿我不管，但我的酒店决不设赌场”。李说，或许，用现代的生意眼光来考量，会有各种不同的说法，但“这是我的原则，原则必须坚持”。

十、《庄子》记载了一个耐人寻味的故事。子舆天生浑身缺陷：驼背，隆肩，颈脖超天。有人不恻隐地问：“你一定为你的形象很头疼，很苦恼吧?” 子舆昂然回答说：“我为什么要苦恼呢?如果老天把我的作臂变成一只公鸡，我就让它高亢地鸣叫为人们报晓;如果老天把我的右臂变成一只弹弓，我就用这打下斑鸠烧着吃;如果老天把我的脊椎变成一辆马车，我就用精神的骏马拉起它驰骋天下。我为什么要埋怨、讨厌、苦恼呢?”

Actions speak louder than words.

事实胜於雄辩。

Adversity leads to prosperity.

逆境迎向昌盛。

A fall into the pit, a gain in your wit.

吃一堑，长一智。

A friend in need is a friend indeed.

患难朋友才是真朋友。

A friend is a second self.

朋友是另一个我。

A friend is best found in adversity.

患难见真友。

All time is no time when it is past.

光阴一去不复返。

All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy; all play and no work makes Jack a mere boy.

只工作，不玩耍，聪明孩子要变傻；尽玩耍，不学习，聪明孩子没出息。

A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.

远亲不如近邻。

An idle youth, a needy age.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

Business before pleasure.

事业在先，享乐在後。

Diligence is near success.

勤奋近乎成功。

Diligence is the mother of good luck.

刻苦是成功之母。

Diligence is the mother of success.

勤奋是成功之母。

Education has for its object the formation of character.

教育的目的在於培养品德。

Every brave man is a man of his word.

勇敢的人都是信守诺言的人。

Every man is the architect of his own fortune.

每个人都是他自己命运的建诛师。

Every man is the master of his own fortune.

每个人都是他自己的命运的主宰。

Failure is the mother of success.

失败是成功之母。

Faith will move mountains.

精诚所至，金石为开。

Friendship ---- one soul in two bodies.

友谊是两人一条心。

Grasp all, lose all.

贪多必失。

He alone is poor who does not possess knowledge.

没有知识，才是贫穷。

Health is above wealth.

健康胜於财富。

Health is better than wealth.

健康胜於财富。

He who does not advance falls backward.

不进则退。

Honesty is the best policy.

诚实是上策。

Hope is life and life is hope.

希望才有人生，人生要有希望。

Idle young, needy old.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

If you dont aim high you will never hit high.

不立大志，难攀高峰。

I might say that success is won by three things: first, effort; second, more effort; third, still more effort.

成功之道唯三点∶努力、努力、再努力。

Improve your time and your time will improve you.

珍惜时间，时间才会珍惜你。

In doing we learn.

行而知。

Industry if fortunes right hand, and frugality her left.

勤勉是幸福的右手，节俭是幸福的左手。

In lifes earnest battle they only prevail, who daily march onward and never say fail.

在人生的搏斗中，只有日日前进不甘失败的人，才能获胜。

It is dogged (that) does it.

天下无难事，只怕有心人。

Judge not according to the appearance.

不要以貌取人。

Labour is often the father of pleasure.

勤劳常为快乐之源。

Learning without thought is labour lost; thought without learning is perilous.

学而不思则罔，思而不学则殆。

Like tree, like fruit.

有其因必有其果。

Manners make the man.

礼貌造就人。

Never neglect an opportunity for improvement.

抓住大好时机，切莫等闲错过。

Never too old (or late) to learn.

学到老，学不了。

No great loss without some small gain.

塞翁失马，安知非福。

No one can call back yesterday.

往日不复返。

No sooner said than done.

言而必行。

No sweet without some sweat.

不劳则无获。

Nothing is difficult to a man who wills.

世上无难事，只怕有心人。

Nothing is impossible to willing mind (or heart).

有志者事竟成。

Nothing is impossible (or difficult) to the man who will try.

天下无难事，只怕不努力。

Nothing is really beautiful but truth.

只有真理才是真美。

No time like the present.

只争朝夕。

One cannot put back the clock.

光阴一去不复返。

Overdone is worse than undone.

过犹不及。

Paddle your own canoe.

自立更生，自食其力。

Perseverance is vital to success.

不屈不挠是成功之本。

Second thoughts are best.

三思而行，再思可也。

Selt-trust is the essence of heroism.

自信是英雄的本色。

Self-trust is the first secret of success.

自信是成功的首要秘诀。

Success belongs to the persevering.

坚持到底必获胜利。坚持就是胜利。

Success grows out of struggles to overcome difficulties.

成功来自於克服困难的斗争。

The first element of success is the determination to succeed.

成功的首要因素是要有成功的决心。

The more a man knows, the less he knows he knows.

懂得越多，就越知道自己懂得不多。

Union is strength.

团结就是力量。

Virtue is a jewel of great price.

美德是无价之宝。

Waste of time is the most extravagant and costly of all expenses.

浪费时间是一切花费中最奢侈豪华的费用。

When there is no hope there can be no endeavour.

没有希望就不会努力。

Without a friend the world is a wilderness.

没有朋友，世界就等於一片荒野。

You cannot judge a tree by its bark.

人不可貌相。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

作文结尾例说

结尾同开头一样，也是作文中一道重要工序。如果说开头有先发制人的功效，那么结尾更有后发制人的威力。结尾好，会使文章显得结构严谨，大放异彩，反之，则会使文章结构松弛，黯然失色。考场作文的结尾，不管采取哪种方式，都要能结得住，断得下，能够呼应前文，点明意旨，升华主题。切不可草草收兵，或画蛇添足。

结尾的要求有哪些?一要简洁有力;二要照应开头;三要收束全文;四要令人回味。

一、结尾方法

1.升华式结尾。就是在结尾处写出肺腑之言，或充满激情的呼吁，或富有理性的启迪，给人留下思考的余地。

如《走过一路泥泞》：

【开头】有多少人在泥泞的路上被牵绊束缚最终倒下?有多少人为了这一路的泥泞不辞辛劳艰难但顽强的跋涉

【结尾】我们的天空曾经灰暗，我们的天空终将璀璨。没有犹豫没有退缩，跨过这一路泥泞吧，你会发现：生命最终是辉煌的!

又如：人生就是一条绵延长远的道路，只有泥泞才会留下脚印，只有经历了风雨才能见到阳光，只有艰难困苦才能铸就辉煌。

2.照应(呼应)式结尾。结尾呼应开头，关合全文，给人以完整的美感。一是呼应标题。文章标题往往与主题有直接的联系，结尾照应标题不但显得首尾圆合，而且能显示出考生的话题意识，强化文章主题。二是呼应开头。呼应开头显得文章结构完整，关合严密，写得好，可给读者留下整体性的美感。此法当牢记。

如《走过泥泞》：

【开头】人们常说：人生，就像一段历程，只有走过，才会留下生命的脚印。是的，一个人的一生只有走过泥泞，才能留下真正的脚印。

【结尾】让我们一起走过泥泞，留下自己的脚印吧!

3.总结式结尾。在前文叙述、描写或议论的基础上，对全文进行概括性总结。此方法较常见。

如穷且益坚，不坠青云之志。我们就应该坚守信念，在泥泞遍布的生命里，留下坚实而年轻的脚步，在自己的生命里划下最动人的惊叹号!

4.情景式结尾。就是在结尾处用精彩的语言描绘出富有诗情画意的艺术画面，达到情中有景，景中含情，包含意蕴，令人回味的效果。多配合使用比喻、排比等修辞手法

5.谈心式结尾。就是在结尾处用真切朴实的语言，用谈心的方式，告诉别人应该怎样，不应该怎样，这种方式容易引起别人感情上的共鸣，使人易于接受。

二、结尾常见的毛病

1.虎头蛇尾，收束无力。有的同学开头洋洋洒洒，但到结尾处却无话可说，草草几句煞尾，或添上一些无关紧要的东西。

2.有头无尾，结构欠缺。有的同学写作速度太慢，在规定时间内不能完篇，以致有头无尾，结构不完整。

3.过分张扬，与文不符。有的同学知道结尾的重要，不管什么文章，都借用一些优美的结尾句，结果造成结尾与正文内容和风格的不符。

4.公式化，空喊口号。

Love,It would have to be to you

[爱，它只属于你]

Softhearted is sick, but you are life.

心软是病，可你是命.

island is the scar of the sea

[岛是海的疤痕]

You ever far is my fixed lattice

(你永远是我的定格.)

The time that you are my most fatal.

时光深知你是我最致命的爱

Learn to sorrow blind eye.

[学会熟视无睹对于悲伤]

You dont laugh tears away.

[你别笑了眼泪都掉了]

I want to be your bride .

【 我想成为你的新娘 】

Lets make thing better.

(让我们做得更好)

Does not belong to me,I will let go

不属于我的 我会离开.

I am not greed but I envy.

我没有贪婪 我羡慕海枯石烂.

Let the time tell the truth.

任由时间说真话

Promises are often like the dust

承诺像尘埃

Everybody wants to be loved

谁都想被疼爱

I will always be, even if love pale.

我会一直在,纵使爱变苍白

The time that you are my most fatal

时光深知你是我最致命的爱人

Let me make you whole life youth

[愿我许你一生青涩年华]

You are my most adventure youth dream

[你是我年少时最冒险的梦]

If through time, through love

[倘若看透时光看透爱]

Who gives us meet but not concurrently give us forever.

是谁赐我们遇见 却不一并赠我们永远。

I think I will love you for a long time

我想我会爱你很久

Laugh Until You Cry; Cry Until You Laugh

笑到终于哭出来;哭到终于笑出来。

You were never mine to lose.

你从来就不属于我，谈不上什么失去

所谓材料作文，是要求写作者根据所给的一段文字或图画等具体材料，按照作文命题要求，进行写作的一种作文形式。它的特点是读写结合。写作者要经过阅读材料、理解分析、提炼主旨、联想想象、筛选甄别、文字表达等步骤，才能完成一篇文章的写作。材料作文的类型有：根据文字材料作文、看图作文、扩写、缩写、改写、续写等。例如2005年中考作文题。

高考历年满分作文选

材料作文写作中需要注意的是：

1.要读懂材料。认真阅读材料，理清材料思路，明确材料指向，归纳材料要点，把握材料寓意，最终提炼写作中心。这是材料作文写作的关键，也是考场作文能否及格的第一步。

提炼中心练习。阅读所给文字，归纳写作要点：

小时候妈妈经常教育我们说：“滴水之恩，当涌泉相报。无论何时何地，都不要忘记别人对你的恩情，这才是做人的根本。”现在我也用妈妈这句话教育我的孩子，希望他做一个知恩图报、懂得感激的人。2002年6月的某一天，儿子放学回来，一进门就说：“妈妈，我们学校要给受灾地区捐款，这一次我捐100元。”“为什么？”“因为这次受灾地区有陕西省，我很担心周至县枣春小学的孩子们，还有我住过的老乡家是否被水淹了。妈妈，他们会被水淹死吗？还有那些可爱的小狗。”说着说着儿子的眼圈红了起来，我也被他感动了，于是从包里拿出100元递给他。他所说的地方是他2001年随星星河记者团采访过的地方。

这则材料只要找到点题句——希望儿子做一个知恩图报、懂得感激的人，即“感恩”，中心内容就迎刃而解了。

2.要联系实际。确定写作中心后，内容构思是要选择切入点，从身边小事、眼前情境、街头见闻等入笔，徐徐展开生活画卷，联系作者的学习、生活实际，写实事、抒真情、谈看法、说体会。

3.要力求出新。在文章观点无误的前提下，展开多角度的思考，突破思维定势，克服从众心理，独辟蹊径，力求写出人无我有、人有我新、摄人心魄的好文章。还是“感恩”的材料，一位同学的作文是这样开头的：

family，家庭。F代表爸爸，father；a代表和，and；m代表妈妈，mother；i代表我，I；l代表爱，love；y代表你们，you。把汉语的意思连在一起，就是“爸爸和妈妈，我爱你们”。

那晚，我和一个语文课代表，为了帮老师查点什么，晚上八点左右，才在同学们的关心声与道别声中，走出了校门。也就在此时此刻，我才想起我忘记把晚归的事情告诉给这个世界上最爱我，最疼我，最关心我的人——我那恩重如山的家人。

4.要锤炼语言，巧用修辞，力求使文章达到内容与形式的和谐统一。

5.避免材料作文跑题的方法是要注意开头、结尾的写法，做到首尾呼应，反复点题。

Wele to Baishan Mountain Hotel

Baishan Mountain Hotel is now open for business。

Our hotel stands 500 meters away from the entrance to Baishan Mountain。 It

has 20 single rooms and 15 double rooms，all with hot showers。 A single room is

100 yuan and double room 150 yuan for one night。 You are advised to book in

advance。 The hotel serves three meals a day and there are Chinese food and

western food for you to choose from。 You can also enjoy yourself at the café

drinking tea or coffee in the evening。 We also have a swimming pool，which is

open all day and free of charge。

All are wele!

在发展快速的今天，英语的地位也越来越重要，那么你认为中国人到底该不该热学英语呢?

Owing to the current exam-oriented education environment, students attach much importance to learning English. This is having a negative impact on traditional Chinese cultural values. It’s high time that we cooled down our English fever and protected our mother tongue. Instead of making English a compulsory course, schools should make it optional and offer other courses on Chinese culture and other foreign languages.

It is learning English that can help us to understand the rest of the world. Because of English, we can travel abroad without tour guides, understand the instructions of imported goods and study abroad. It is too extreme to cancel English classes in schools. It is our education system instead of English learning that makes students as busy as bees.

well-known 众所周知 important 重要的 pollution 污染

focus 面对 benefit 益处 development 发展

society 社会 knowledge 知识 necessary 必要的

opinion 观点 harm 危害 exception 例外

advantage 优点 disadvantage 缺点 serious严峻的

measures 措施 solve 解决 overcome 克服

increase 增加 decrease减少 deny 否认

prefer 喜欢 example 例子 addicted 沉迷

useful 有用的

play an important role in our life在生活中扮演重要角色

with the development of our society 随着社会的发展

bring a lot of benefits 带来很多益处

everything has two sides 任何事物都具有两面性

Become more and more serious 变得越来越严峻

on the contrary 相反 take measures 采取措施

solve this problem 解决这个问题

the best way to 最好的方法

overcome the difficulties 克服困难

be faced with 面对

No one can deny the fact that 没有人能够否认这个事实。。。

in favour of 赞同 支持 For example 例如

become addicted to the Internet 沉迷于网络 All in all 总之

come to the conclusion 得出结论

As far as I am concerned that 就我而言

There is no doubt that 毫无疑问

in a right way 正确的方法

waste a lot of time 浪费时间

语言通顺的基本要求：主要是指写作语言的规范、准确、连贯和得体。

1、言规范。在写作中，要符合语言规范的要求要注意三个方面：一是用词要体会词义的轻重、词语适用范围的大小、词语的感情色彩，不能随自己心意生造词语;二是句子不能有成分残缺、搭配不当和误用关联词语等毛病;三是除了在记叙性文章中为了描写风土人情的需要可以适当使用方言、俚语外，一般不使用方言俚语。

2、语言准确

要符合语言准确的要求就要注意有些问题有些看法要表达得十分准确才行。“我认为”“大家都这样看”“一部分或者说是一小部分人的不良行为”“从全局看是好的”“这只是一个人或少部分人的看法”“不是有不少人这样去干吗?”“我愿意这样”等等，是全称还是特称，一定要搞清楚，千万不要以偏概全，以个别人的不良行为加到全体人员身上。有些说法还需要婉转。如：“发牢骚，是人们将内心积压的意见、见解、看法说出来，虽然有时态度或形式有些不太合适，但终究是一些真实的意见，当然里面不免有些偏激的成分，但是我们干部一定要认真地对待啊!”这段文字，考生掌握的分寸就比较好，“有些不太合适”，“里面不免有些偏激的成分”，两个“有些”马上界定了牢骚的特点，使人们更清楚地认识到了“牢骚”的弊端。这正是语言“准确”的集中体现。

导语：共享单车已经“占领”了中国一线城市市中心街头，迅速增长的单车数量正在考验城市的运营能力。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关优秀作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

About three decades ago, China was known as the “Bicycle Kingdom”. But the two-wheeled mode (方式) of transport’s popularity began to fade, with many bikes soon replaced by their fuel-powered competitors.

But recent months have seen a revival (复兴) of the humble (普通的) bike across China, with an increasing number of people choosing cycling instead of driving to schools, to workplaces or to do

sightseeing. The introduction of bike-sharing schemes, pioneered by start-ups (新兴公司) like Ofo and Mobike, has brought the trend to a new level.

According to data compiled (编制) by iResearch Consulting Group, the first week of this year saw 5.85 million active users of Mobike while Ofo had 1.4 million active users.

People can unlock the shared bikes by simply using their smartphone. The bikes are equipped with GPS and can be left anywhere in public for the next user. They’re popular among many Chinese people as they provide an effective solution to the “last mile” problem, which refers to the final leg of a person’s journey.

“In places where the subway doesn’t extend (延伸到), where it’s difficult to change from one kind of transport to another, it’s so easy to get where you want to go with Mobike,” Hu Hong, 29, told AFP. She pedals (骑自行车) to her Shanghai real-estate (房地产) job.

However, the schemes have also led to problems such as illegal parking, vandalism (故意破坏) and theft.

Last month, two nurses in Beijing were placed under administrative detention (行政拘留) for five days for putting locks on two shared bikes.

And in December, a man who stole a shared bike was sentenced to a 3-month detention with a 3-month probation (缓刑期), and fined 1,000 yuan by the Shanghai Minhang People’s Court.

“Bike-sharing is a greener method of transportation and provides a user-friendly experience,” said Liu Xiaoming, vice-minister of transport. “But it’s a combination of online and offline business. Operators are usually strong in online services, but lack offline business experience, which causes problems.”

In fact, these problems are also shared by bike-sharing schemes abroad. Launched in 2007, Vélib is a large-scale public bike sharing system in Paris. At its early stage of operation, it also suffered from problems of vandalism or theft.

By Oct 2009, a large number of Vélib’s initial bikes had to be replaced due to vandalism or theft, according to The New York Times. Bikes were found hanging from lampposts (街灯柱) or thrown into the Seine River.

To deal with these problems, the company came up with the idea of encouraging people to return the bikes to stations by rewarding free time for their next rides.

Now, Chinese service operators are also trying to address these problems. For example, Mobike sets a 100-point credit score for each user, with points taken in the case of bad behavior. Once a score drops below 80, bike rental is increased to 100 yuan per 30 minutes, up from 0.5-1 yuan.

【参考翻译】

大约在30年前，中国被称为“自行车王国”。但随着自行车不久被燃油驱动的汽车所取代，这种双轮交通方式的热度开始衰退。

但在近几个月中，中国大地上见证了一场普通自行车的复兴，越来越多的人选择骑车上班上学、游览观光，而非驾车出行。而由Ofo、摩拜单车等新兴公司发起的共享单车计划，则将这一趋势带向了一个新高度。

根据艾瑞咨询集团整理的数据显示，在本年度的第一周中，摩拜单车共有585万活跃用户，而Ofo则有140万。

仅凭自己的智能手机，人们就能解锁这种共享单车。这些单车都装有全球定位系统，可以被放在公共场合的任何地方，等待下一位用户使用。它们受到了许多中国人的欢迎，因为它们有效地解决了“最后一公里”难题，即个人行程中的最后一段。

“在地铁线路覆盖不到的地方，很难换乘其他交通，用摩拜单车去你想去的地方就简单多了，”29岁的胡红(音译)在接受法新社采访时表示。在上海从事房地产行业的她都是骑自行车去上班的。

然而，这一计划也出现了一些问题，如非法停车，故意破坏和偷窃等。

上个月，北京的两名护士因在共享单车上上锁(占为己有)，被处以行政拘留5天。

而在去年12月，一名男子因偷窃一辆共享单车，被上海闵行人民法院判处拘役3个月，缓刑3个月，并处罚金人民币一千元。

“共享单车是种更加绿色的出行方式，并且为用户提供了一种友好的体验，”交通部副部长刘小明表示。“但是这是一种线上和线下商业的结合。经营者的线上业务能力很强，但缺乏线下业务经验，导致了问题产生。”

事实上，这些问题在国外的共享单车体系中也同样存在。创建于2007年的Vélib是一个位于巴黎的大型公共单车共享系统。在其初期的运营中，它也曾遭遇故意损毁及偷窃等问题。

据《纽约时报》报道，截至2009年10月，由于故意损毁和偷窃问题，大量初期的Vélib自行车不得不被置换。这些自行车曾被发现挂在街灯柱上，或是被扔进了塞纳河中。

为了处理这些问题，该公司想到一个办法：鼓励人们将自行车归还至站点，并在他们下次使用时奖励免费用车时间。

现在，中国的服务经营者们也开始尝试去解决这些问题。举个例子，摩拜单车为每个用户设定了100分的信用值，行为不当将会被扣分。当信用值降到80分以下时，自行车租赁费用将会从每30分钟0.5-1元上涨到100元。

(1)要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。

1.有一些人认为...

2.另一些人认为...

3.我的看法...

The topic of ①-(主题)is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions about it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of ②-(支持A的理由一)What is more, ③-----理由二). Moreover, ④-------(理由三).

While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly,-(支持B的理由一). Secondly (besides),⑥--(理由二). Thirdly (finally),⑦--(理由三).

From my point of view, I think ⑧(我的观点). The reason is that ⑨----(原因). As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice .

(2)给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点

Some people believe that ①(观点一). For example, they think ②-(举例说明).And it will bring them ③-(为他们带来的好处).

In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing,④-----(我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, ⑤-(反对的理由之二).

Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that ⑥--(我对文章所讨论主题的看法).

导语：举手投足之间，往往能够体现出人们的修养。 下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关高考素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

他被评上服务标兵，完全是因为一个动作：温柔地一伸手。

雨天泥泞，雪天路滑，他都会习惯性地去牵引那些莽撞调皮的孩子、搀扶行动不便的盲人，当然更多的是一些上了年纪的老人。

十几年如一日。

他是市中心繁华路段的交警，也成了这座城市的一个标志。记者采访他时，他在电视上拘谨地笑着：是因为那床厚厚的报纸被子吧。

高三那年，他迷上了打游戏。恨铁不成钢的母亲一怒之下拿鸡毛掸子打了他，他负气离家。火车颠簸着过了几站，他随熙攘的人流下车后，却发现兜里的钱不翼而飞。天色已晚，寒气渐重，他颓丧地坐在候车室里，看人流如烟雾般渐渐散尽。他恐怕是要在这冰冷的候车室里蜷缩一夜了。

他先是来回地走着，后来揣着手蜷在冰凉的椅子上，无可抵挡的寒冷从脚底向上升腾，然后席卷他的全身。他怀念一床温暖的被子，一件厚实的大衣，哪怕就是一块破旧的毯子也好。

就在他浑身酸麻手脚冰凉，睡得迷迷糊糊之际，他感觉到一阵轻柔的覆盖。他一激灵爬起来，是一张陌生的女人干皱的脸。他身上盖着她的一件灰旧的外套，还有一层厚厚的报纸，从胸口一直到脚。她是白天在车站边上卖报纸的老妈妈。

她和善地笑着：睡吧，孩子。我的儿子如果活着，也像你这么大了。

他了解到，为了寻找走散的儿子，她辞掉了工作，在火车站汽车站卖报纸，已经十多年了。

后半夜，他睡得很香。清晨，老妈妈为他泡了一碗热面，给他买了车票，送他上车。

一路上，他脑子里全是老妈妈那沧桑和善的脸：如果我儿子活着，也像你这么大了。如果他在外面睡着了，希望也有人为他盖件衣裳，哪怕是几张报纸。

回到家，妈妈正联系电视台发寻人启事，一见他，就哭了。嘴硬的他没说半句软话，却从此努力起来，再也没有碰过游戏机，后来，他考取了交通学校。

那次采访，他在电视上说：我妈妈老了，反应也慢了，我希望她上街的时候有人也能搀扶她一下。我做的只不过是用父母的心去顾念每一个孩子，用孩子的心去感念全天下的父母……

电视机前，无数母亲的眼睛湿润了。

爱很简单，就在带给别人温暖的举手投足之间。

作文考察的是学生综合语文运用能力，有些考生会比较害怕作文，今天就和那些作文比较差的、害怕写作文的同学们分享一个高考作文的小技巧，欢迎阅读。

第1段150字左右：写出中心论点，首选单句形式，且是判断句或肯定句。绝对不用复句(复句容易走题，影响得分)，点出写作的由头，作文题中含有的提示性文字材料，一定要有所涉及。

第2段200字左右：段首讲述分论点一，如第一节的内容是几个分论点的简单组合，则“分论点一”适宜放在段尾。这样和分论点二、分论点三的位置区别开来，使行文有变化。“分论点一”论证不许举例，采用纯分析的说理论据展开。

第3段200字左右：段首讲述分论点二，采用举例论证，首选作文题提示中的例子来分析论证，同时也可辅助一个自己举的例子，自己举的例子要比前例文字少。如没有作文题提示中的例子，则自己举个典型的例子来分析论证，同样要求叙写例子的文字一定要比分析论证的文字少。否则对文体特征会产生重创，影响得分。

第4段200字左右：段首讲述分论点三。采用联系实际举例。这是写作本文的时代意义所在。联系的实际可以是学习、生活、社会任何一个方面，目的是或提高思想认识，或明确是非正邪，或提出解决的方法途径，或揭示某种疑难迷惑，总之要给人以启发。

第5段150字左右：要再现中心论点，扣住中心论点写出作用、意义、号召、展望等。

记叙文在高考作文中越来越受到青睐是大家有目共睹的，相对于议论文来说，记叙文有其自身的优势，因为考生受思维能力和阅历的限制，很难在有限的时间内写出有真知灼见的文章的；而记叙文则不同，只要把事情说清楚或者把人写活就可以了。

虽然任何一种文体本身没有优劣之分，只是相对于特定年龄阶段的高中生来说，散文是最好写的，因为现在高考的文体不限，导致很多学生不分文体，而散文形式 自由，是融记叙、议论、抒情、说明和描写等于一体的。并且散文题材广泛，凡是日常生活中的所见所闻所感所思均可入题。因此，我们认为，记叙文写作可以散文 化，由于它取材广泛，摇曳多姿，艺术表现形式丰富多样，如同五彩斑斓的风景画，让人陶醉，让人喜爱。

在记叙文写作时，应防止犯以下的错误：

一、记叙文容易写成流水账。

很多学生在写记叙文时不能把握好哪里该详写哪里该略写，哪里需要浓墨重泼哪里需要惜金如墨，因此没有轻重主次之分，把事情原原本本的写下来。又因为受字数的限制（800多字），本身有没有细节描写的意识，所以写出的记叙文往往只有结果而无过程。

二、记叙文容易犯叙事低幼化的毛病。

由于受生活阅历的限制，学生一写作文就无话可说，在抓耳挠腮之余，不得不求助于珍藏在记忆深处的童年时代或小学生活。当然不是不可以写童年或小 学，而是需要注意叙述角度和口吻的把握，很多同学在叙述的时候完全变成了一个七八岁或十几岁的孩子了，所思所感幼稚的很。要记住，有些事情以儿童 的眼光来看可能很有趣，可能是刻骨铭心的，但现在所写的文章是给成年人来看的（阅卷老师），因此此类文章得分很低。

三、记叙文一旦追求写出波澜容易走上不合理虚构的歧途。

现实生活很平淡，少有惊天动地的事情可写。而作为考场作文，平铺直叙的文章是不可能得到阅卷老师的青睐的；而学生为了叙述的引人入胜，为了结果的 出人意料，往往会无中生有，编造故事。由于生活阅历的缺乏，生活常识的匮乏，所编的故事常常破绽百出、捉襟见肘。因此记叙文写作就陷入两难的地步：不 虚构吧，情节平淡，不能引人入胜；虚构吧，生活经验不足，细节不真实，也难以引人入胜。

记叙文散文化的优点：

一、散文表达方式的多样化，不至于写出被人贬为文体不分的四不像的文章。

由于话题作文的不限制文体，导致了很多学生文体不分。在写作时没有问题意识，写出的文章就四不像。而散文则不同，她可以记叙，可以抒情，可以议论， 可以描写，可以说明。如果以叙事为主，就是叙事散文；如果以抒情为主，就是抒情散文；如果以说理为主，就是说理散文。不至于被阅卷人评为记叙文不像记叙 文，议论文不像议论文而得分不高。

二、散文的特点是形散而神不散，因此记叙文可以围绕一个话题，方便考场构思。

考场时间有限，环境特殊，一般很难进行缜密的思维，更不用说写出令人拍案叫绝的文章了。但是散文可以凭借文体自身的优势，进行发散思维，只要事物有那么 一点联系都可以被写进文章，只要适当的点一下题，就不会被人贬为跑题。并且，如果思维能够全方位发散，说不定还被认为是有创造、有新意的一类文呢。

三、在记事、抒情和议论中，可以阐发一点小感悟和小哲理，容易写出自我独特感受。

文章关键是写出个性。如果写记叙文，学生年龄相仿、阅历相当，所经历的事情相似，很难写出新意来；如果写议论文，高中生分析能力受认识水平、生活阅历限 制，往往是观点加材料，罗列事例，缺少分析，尤其缺少辩证分析，这样的议论文平淡无奇，很容易让阅卷老师产生厌烦感。因此，散文则可以根据自己的所思所 感，写出一点小感想，抒发一点小哲理，个性的表达自己的看法，写出个性，写出新意。

例如下面一段文字，就是记叙文散文化的佳作：

我曾站在故乡坍圮了半壁的城墙上，望着披着袅袅晨雾的日出，听着黛绿色树影中呼啸而过的火车声响，独自彷徨，忽然看见稻田里那绰绰弯曲的背影，想起不远 处耕种的爹娘，手心的汗浸透了这薄薄却很沉重的几张素宣，心中悄悄旋起一股小小的龙卷风。无论我所向往的地方，是绝域萧条的山川大江，还是细雨潺潺梦境跌 落的山冈，是铁血班驳的断章还是沉默的寂亡，是逶迤的一马平川还是弯曲踞蹐的千沟万壑，是波涛汹涌惊涛骇浪，还是像我以前那样徒增马齿一如既往的凭依栏 杆，一任阶前点滴到天亮。

无论怎样，我都不想再对未来的天堂多做幻想，我也想许下亘古不变的诺言，我也想抛开一切荒芜与苍凉，我也想 象惊寒的大雁一样摆个大大的人字，兀傲的让眼皮下庸碌的万物抬头仰望。可是谁来告诉我，谁能？谁允许？连时间都会不屑的讥讽我，休想。嘴角蜷缩着一丝苍凉 的苦笑，我何尝不是那些昂着头仰望的庸碌中的一颗沙砾。突然想起张爱玲《倾城之恋》中白流苏对范柳原说的一段话，你们外归的人好，初次瞧见这里的人事， 再坏些，再脏些，是你外面的人，外面的东西。你若是混在那里头长大了，你怎么分的清，哪一部分是他们，哪一部分是你。

导语：语文是一门集人文性和工具性相统一的基础性学科,高考,作为选拔人才的高规格的考试,自然对语文这门基础学科要进行考察,而且要求也更高。为了让大家充分地做好高考备考，以更好的状态迎接高考，以下是小编为大家精心整理的高考语文记叙文写作手法，欢迎大家参考！

第一人称叙事法

由于文章的内容是通过“我”传达给读者，表示文章中所写的都是叙述人的亲眼所见，亲耳所闻，或者就是叙述者本人的亲身经历，使读者得到一种亲切真实的感觉。

采用第一人称，由于叙述人是当事人，所以叙述的人与事，只能是“我”活动范围内的人物和事件。活动范围以外的人物和事情就不能写进去。

第三人称叙事法

用第三人称叙事，叙述人既不受空间、时间的限制，也不受生理、心理的限制。可以直接把文章中的人和事展现在读者面前，能自由灵活地反映社会生活。但第三人称叙事又往往不如第一人称叙事那么亲切自然。

顺叙法

顺叙是按时间的先后顺序来叙述事情，这就跟事情发生发展的实际情况相一致，所以易于把文章写得条理清楚，脉络分明。运用顺叙，要注意剪裁得当，重点突出。否则，容易出现罗列现象，犯平铺直叙的毛病，像一本流水帐，使人读了索然无味。

倒叙法

倒叙并不是把整个事件都倒过来叙述，而是除了把某个部分提前外，其他仍是顺叙的方法。

采用倒叙的情况一般有三种：一是为了表现文章中心思想的需要，把最能表现中心思想的部分提到前面，加以突出;

二是为了使文章结构富于变化，避免平铺直叙;三是为了表现效果的需要，使文章曲折有致，造成悬念，引人入胜。

倒叙时要交代清楚起点。倒叙与顺叙的转换处，要有明显的界限，还要有必要的文字过渡，做到自然衔接。

特别要注意，不要无目的地颠来倒去，反反复复，使文章的眉目不清。

插叙法

插叙是为了表达文章中心的需要。

有时是为了帮助读者了解故事情节的追叙;有时是对出场人物的情节作注释、说明。

使用插叙一定要服从表达中心思想的需要，做到不节外生枝，不喧宾夺主。

在插入叙述的时候，还要注意文章的过渡、照应和衔接，不能有断裂的痕迹。

补叙法

补叙主要用于对上文的叙述补充说明，一般是片断性的、简要的，不具备完整的事件，也可以把解释或说明的文字放在前面，以引起下文。补叙的作用，一般不发展情节、事件，只对原来的叙述起丰富、补充作用。

分叙法

分叙的作用是把头绪纷繁、错综复杂的事情，写得眉目清楚，有条不紊。

分叙可以先叙一件，再叙另一件，也可以几件事情进行交叉地叙述。采用分叙时要根据文章内容和表达中心思想的需要确立叙述的线索，还要交代清楚每一事件发生和发展的时间。

详叙法

详叙一般用在对每件事发展变化过程的具体叙写。

详叙时要抓住人物的特征或事情的细节进行详尽、细致的描叙。作文

导语：生命的棱角就是必须寻回的一部分。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

青葱少年时，我们斗过、闹过、哭过、笑过。如今偶尔回想起这些场景，心中装的是满满的欣慰与满足。看似冲动、蛮横，但又何尝不是认准了对的美的好的，就决不妥协与屈服?

但是，随着时光的流逝，这股不妥协不屈服的劲头哪儿去了?阅读，是寻回生命之棱角的一条光明大道。在功利主义大行其道的社会里，它让我们懂得为自己卸掉多余的包袱，让我们逐渐懂得放弃什么。

放弃也是寻回，放弃就是为了寻回。生命的棱角就是必须寻回的一部分。陶渊明在《归去来兮辞》中写过的“富贵非吾愿，帝乡不可期”，似乎就是给现代人的一个意味深长的提醒。倘若非要“富贵”与“帝乡”，那么在人际复杂的社会里，圆滑、世故、投机、钻营自是不可免的。陶渊明毅然决然地抛弃了官场的昏暗，回归田园的清明，就是由外而内，寻回生命棱角的探求。

导语：要学好写英语短文，就必须经常练习写作。记日记是提高书面表达能力的有效方法之一。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文指导，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

一、日记的格式

英文日记通常由书端和正文两个部分组成。日记常以第一人称记下当天生活中的所见、所闻、所做或所想的事情。中、英文的日记三格式大致一样。英语日记的书端是专门写日记的日期、星期和天气的。左上角是日期(年、月、日)、星期。右上角写上当天的天气情况，如：Sunny，Fine，Rainy，Windy，Snowy，Cloudy等。

1、日期表达有多种形式。年、月、日都写时，通常以月、日、年为顺序，月份可以缩写，日和年用逗号隔开。例如：

A)September 1，2004或September 1st，2004也可省略写成Sept. 1，2004或Sept. 1st，2004;the 1st of September in 2004(月份不可以缩写)

B)只有月、日：September 1或September 1st(月份可以缩写)

C)只有年、月：September 2004或the September of 2004(月份不可以缩写)

以上的1或1st都应读作the first.

2、星期也可以省略不写，可将其放在日期前或后，星期和日期之间不用标点，但要空一格，星期也可缩写。如：

Saturday，October 22nd，2004;October 22nd，2004 Saturday

3.天气情况必不可少。天气一般用一个形容词如：Sunny，Fine，Rainy，Snowy 等表示。写在日期之后，用逗号隔开，位于日记的右上角。如：

Saturday，March 4，2004，Windy;1st January，2004，Fine

二、日记的要求

日记的正文是日记的主要部分，写在星期和日期的正下方，可以顶格写，也可以内缩3至5个字母的空间。由于记载的内容通常已经发生，谓语动词多用一般过去时。但也可根据具体情况，用其它时态。如：记叙天气、描写景色，为了描写生动，可以使用现在时，以表现当时的情景。再如文后发表感想或评论可用现在时态或将来时态。记日记力求简单明了，有连贯性。若有文字提示，则应重视提示，把握要点。在句式上尽量使用简单句，以防繁杂，造成语法、句型错误。

三、日记的类型和训练

日记分为记事型、议论型、描写型和抒情型。建议大家在学习写日记的过程中，可按以下步骤进行：

①将一天所经历的主要事情和过程依次简要地记下来，不附加任何感情色彩，这是最简单的记日记的方法;

②阅读别人的日记，并利用所学过的句型来表达个人在一天中观察到的或感受到的事情。

「范文与点评」

March 12th，2003，Tuesday Sunny (Fine)

Today is Tree Planting Day. At 7∶30 in the morning，all the students in our class met at the school gate. We walked to the park. Miss Gao and other teachers went and worked with us. All the students worked very hard，and we planted about 200 trees. Though we were dirty and tired，we still felt very happy.

这是一篇记叙型的日记。结构严谨，中心突出，有选择地记录当天的见闻(人或事)，并加以分析和评论。

这类作文不需要考生自己拟题，文题已经直接印在试卷上。比如高考作文考查过的面对大海转折包容说安今年花胜去年红自嘲，等等。命题作文往往文体不限。

认清高考作文命题模式，才能真正有效地提高备考的科学性并大大增强训练的力度。回顾最近若干年高考作文命题的轨迹，我们也可以看出其发展趋势，进而预测2006年高考作文命题的主要特点。

1999年高考作文以假如记忆可以移植为话题，让考生根据自己的生活体会、感受和理解充分发挥想象，写一篇不少于800字的文章。不过，这个话题容易引导考生往现实中不存在的方面去构思，导致不少作文显得空泛。2000年的话题是答案是丰富多彩的，这道题目充满了哲学的睿智和丰厚的生活底蕴，作文时只要求立意与看问题、理解问题、解答问题的多元性有关即可，内容不受限制，表达方式不拘一格。命题自由度之大，开放意识之强，是前所未有的。然而试题的过于宽泛，给考生宿构、仿作、套作带来了便利。2001年的诚信和2002年的心灵的选择，更加贴近时代的脉搏，同时在开放的前提下加大了对作文内容的限制。对于心灵的选择这道题目，有人把它归为道德层面的话题，这个认识是片面的。事实上，这个话题针对的是人的思想和内心活动，考生可以从道德、伦理、思想、感情、人格、操守、文学、美学等各种各样的角度展开对选择的思考、探索、描述、阐释、议论、抒情。2003年的感情亲疏和对事物的认知，则辩证地设置了话题，突出了对学生理性思维和认识水平的检测，切实体现了立意自定的写作要求，允许考生独抒己见。

2004年高考分省自主命题，一下子涌现出十四道话题作文(另一题为北京卷的命题作文包容)。从话题思想内容的指向看，更加注意对人的关注：或指向人的内省，或指向人的处世，或指向人的生活状态，或指向人的精神发展，或指向人与环境，或指向人的思维方法、思想方法、价值判断和哲理思辨等。尤其是全国卷的四道试题(相信自己与听取别人意见遭遇挫折和放大痛苦快乐幸福与我们的思维方式看到自己与看到别人)以及重庆卷的自我认识与他人期望、辽宁卷的平凡与自豪、天津卷的材与非材、湖北卷的买镜等，话题贴近人生、时代，关注人的主体感悟，既注重人格修养，也注重世界观、方法论;既注重人文关怀，又有理性思辨，也不失对美的追求，充分体现了话题作文的成熟美。

题意作文分析

2005年高考分省自主命题的范围进一步加大，话题作文一统天下的局面被打破，材料作文、命题作文开始占有了一定比例。但除了这三种类型，尤其值得我们关注的是，2005年高考上海卷、福建卷和湖北卷的作文题出现了另一种倾向，试题中虽然没有直接出现明确的话题，但是上海卷提示需要对当今的文化生活作一番审视和辨析，并谈谈它们对你的成长正在形成怎样的影响这就意味着本题可以转化为文化生活与我的成长的话题作文;福建卷的作文题，从外观上看是图画材料作文，但材料中一组组相对应的提示文字(我规范与我新颖、我稳定与我多变、我周长短，面积大与我周长长，面积小，等等)，却可以看成是一个个子话题;湖北卷提供了王国维《人间词话》中的一段话(诗人对宇宙人生，须入乎其内，又须出乎其外)，要求考生根据对这则文字的感悟，自定立意、自选文体、自拟标题，写一篇不少于800字的文章，同样不在审题上设置过多的障碍，这在某种程度上可视为比较特殊的话题作文——出与入。这三道试题，我们可以称之为题意作文(也可以称为后话题作文，因为从本质上看，其命题特点、写作要求与原来的话题作文还是相通的)。

那么，该如何应对这种新出现的题意作文呢?很简单——将它转换为话题作文。下面，我们通过一则例子来加深认识。

阅读下面的材料，根据要求作文。

有个教授做过一项实验：12年前，他要求他的学生进入一个宽敞的大礼堂，并自由找座位坐下。反复几次后，教授发现有的学生总爱坐前排，有的则盲目随意，四处都坐，还有一些人似乎特别钟情后面的座位。教授分别记下了他们的名字。10年后，教授的追踪调查结果显示：爱坐前排的学生中，成功的比例高出其他两类学生很多。

后来，教授语重心长地对新生们说道：不是说凡事一定要站在最前面，永远第一，而是说这种积极向上的心态十分重要。在漫长的一生中，你们一定要勇争第一，积极坐在前排呀!

请根据你对上述故事的感悟，自定立意、自选文体、自拟标题，写一篇不少于800字的文章。

我们可把这则题意作文转换为话题作文。转换后的话题可以为——坐在生活的前排。

审读题意：坐在生活的前排，这是一种积极进取的生活态度，一种积极向上、不甘落后的心态。它是敢为天下先，它要求自己尽己所能，去争取尽可能好的成绩，去争取成功，但并不奢望自己一定成功;尽了力就没有遗憾，更不会后悔。因此，写本题时，首先要准确地理解题意，把握它的内涵，选取符合话题要求的材料，安排好文章的结构，表现自己确定的主题。这样一种趋势和方法，相信2006年高考作文会出现更多。

高考作文展望

高考作文命题的原则是稳中有变。展望2006年，笔者觉得有必要理清四个关系，把握五个层面。

理清四个关系，即理清人与人、人与社会、人与自我、人与自然之间的关系。(1)人与人的关系：包括倡导公平竞争，颂扬人与人之间的爱，学会沟通，学会尊重与宽容，学会赞美与鼓励，倾听他人，欣赏他人，善待他人，团结协作，感悟亲情、友情，构建和谐的人际关系等。(2)人与社会的关系：包括遵循社会公德，遵守社会法则，承担社会责任，具有强烈的社会责任感，呼唤法律意识，促进人与社会的和谐，走可持续发展的道路等。(3)人与自我的关系：包括确立一种积极的价值观和处世态度，推崇砺志自强的品质，呼唤对卓越成功的不懈追求和对有品位的文化艺术和精神生活的追求，关注健康问题(包括身体的、心理的、人格的、个性的)，注重内心的探索，促进自我发展等。(4)人与自然的关系：包括热爱自然，关注自然，正确处理好现代化建设与环境的关系，正确处理好人与动物之间的关系，遵循自然界的法则，树立环保意识，真正达到人与自然的和谐等。

把握五个层面，即把握时代、社会、生活、人文、哲理五个层面。高考作文命题，始终体现着时代性、社会性、生活性、人文性和哲理性。虽然命题本身不一定体现高考当年的热点，但作文肯定要体现出生活年代的特征，所以高考作文即使不考热点问题，仍然要考查学生对生活中常发生的一些事件的看法，考查学生对社会上一些现象的看法，这些都是和学生的所学、所思、所想分不开的。高考既然提倡学生说真话、抒真情，那就离不开学生的实际，同时也离不开时代生活和时代精神。另外，人文关怀和哲理思辨是文章走向深刻的标志，也是高分佳作的亮点所在，考生在备考时应予以高度重视。

高考作文备考方法指津

(一)丰富生活积累和阅读积累

首先，要丰富生活积累。平时关注现实生活，多方面、多角度地感知社会人生，把握当今时代的脉搏，写作时就能左右逢源。比如满分作文《包容》，以发生在美国发动的越战期间和2004年伊拉克某城市的两个相互关联的小故事构成文章主体，描写当年越南孩子的包容，使杰克成了坚定的反战派;受爸爸杰克的影响，杰瑞面对伊拉克少女扣不下扳机，却因此付出了生命的代价，两相对比，发人深思。结尾紧扣题目，发出拨开战争的乌云，让包容还生命一份安宁的呼吁，鲜明地表达了反战的主题。由于作者从社会热点中找到了作文的自由，将重大时事信手拈来，又能紧扣题目巧妙为文，所以写来得心应手。

其次，多读多思也是作文的源头活水。因此要博览课外读物，常咀时文英华，并注意消化吸收，为我所用，使考场作文既有深度又新颖别致。笔者建议，考生在多阅读的同时，应建立属于自己的作文复习手册。这个复习本要分门别类，有作文题、构思路数、精彩作文概要、写作资料等。还可编个索引，以后要看哪一方面的内容知道到哪里找，以减少翻检时间。

(二)加强思维训练

写作是一种复杂的思维活动，在作文备考的过程中，文字功夫固然要讲究，但形成文字前的思维训练更为重要。要学会换一个角度看问题，追求新的发现;积极突破思维定势，学会将直觉思维、反向思维、发散思维、聚敛思维、联想想象思维等灵活地运用于作文中，使思路活跃，文如泉涌。比如围绕话题快乐幸福与我们的思维方式作文，立意上除了谈快乐幸福说到底不过是人的一种感受，它和人的思维方式有着直接的关系，因此我们要多往好处想，积极乐观地看问题;也可以谈思维方式对快乐幸福感受的影响较小，幸福主要不是想出来的，而主要来自实实在在的生活条件的改善，提倡从自立自强的发展中获取幸福感(反向思考);此外，还可以谈幸福感既来自实际利益，又来自思维调节(辩证思考)。

(三)练成正确的作文程序和较快的行文速度

进入高三后，阶段考、模拟考明显增多，语文试卷一般都有作文，这是我们很好的实践演习，理应引起重视，认真对待。作文时正确的操作程序如下：(一)审题。要能准确、全面地读懂题目，吃透命题意图，明确写作范围(大约用时5分钟)。(二)立意选材。要根据试题的精神和范围，确定自己作文的主旨和主要材料，并列出写作提纲(大约用时10分钟)。这里强调要列好提纲。因为考场作文时间紧迫，打草稿是来不及的，必须理出详细的提纲，才能保证行文思路的合理、流畅。(三)挥笔成文(大约在40分钟左右)。(四)检查。通读作文试题和自己的文章，如有必要，可在结尾部分再一次扣题、点题;看作文字数是否达到要求;发现明显的错别字、标点错误，立即改正。

1.假如你是李华，你的英国笔友Bill来信询问language teacher. 你家乡是否有雾霾天气，情况如何.请按下面写 What frequently brings back memories of 一封电子邮件1.感谢他得关心2.介绍情况:(1)my school teacher is his special qualities. First of 去年以来以发生数次雾霾天气(2)人们已认识all, I was attracted by his lively wit. I remember 到雾霾天气的危害，正采取各种举措减少其发we always long for his class with great eagerness 生(3)你自己为此做了什么或打算做什么Dear because his lecture were humorously delivered, Bill,I’m glad to receive your letter, thank you for never failing to provoke loud laughs. Second, he your caring for the weather and my health. Now gave us the greatest gift a teacher can offer-- an I’d like to tell you something about the smog. awakening of a passion for learning. He not only Since the winter last year, the smog has occurred led us to an appreciation of the beauty and a lot of times. it has done great harm to our daily perfection of Chinese and literature, but also life. many traffic accidents happened just because aroused our great interest in exploring something of the heavy smog weather, more and more deeper in this field. Finally, I was deeply people have to go to see the doctor because the impressed by the respect he showed for us, for he serious disease caused by the smog, quite a lot of treated us like friends rather than students. flights have to be put off, a great number ofAlthough it is nearly 10 years since I people have to stay at home for fear of the attended his last class, he is the talk of our old poisonous air caused by the smog. classmates, and I know part of him has alreadyPeople have realized the great harm caused stayed in my heart. by the smog and the importance of protecting the 5.Is English Not Important Any More（英语不再environment. people all over the country are 重要） taking measures to reduce the smog weather. the Recently, the Ministry of Education has drafted a government suggests people go to work or school

Firstly, self-confidence enables us to have the

ambition of being successful. Only when you have the ambition to be successful, can you be successful eventually. Secondly, once we gain self-confidence, we will possess the courage and strength to overcome the setbacks and difficulties. With self-confidence, no one and nothing can stop you to success.Thirdly, with self-confidence we may accomplish something which seems to be impossible previously. No great thing is easy for us, therefore we should hold the idea that

anything is possible. We should, or have to trust in ourselves.

In short, self-confidence is the spiritual pillar of a person as well as the inherent power, which is of great importance and value to a person.

9. 节约是中华人民的传统美德，然而，当前国人的浪费现象却十分严重，尤其是餐桌上的浪费。请用英语写一篇100-120词的短文，描述你的一次“餐桌浪费”经历，并结合当前的“光盘行动”(Clear Your Plate Campaign) With large amounts of food thrown away with the public traffic, such as the bus and the

underground. Also we should plant more trees.

or on foot, and I won’t throw the waste According to me, I will go to school by bike

in addition, I will tell the people I meet to protect anywhere. the environment as possible as they can. would you like to tell me some good forward to your reply.

ideasI’m looking 2.作文要求：例：1、生活中确实存在不讲诚信

的现象2、举一例说明(如，有毒奶粉、考试

作弊等)3、讲求诚信的意义Honesty is a

virtue Comes the Wolf Almost all of us heard the story （诚信是一种美德）

What we can learn from the story is that we must

“ when we were little kids.

“ Here

be honest. However, thereof dishonesty nowadays. ’re lots of phenomena other people but also to yourself. Take the case of Being dishonest does great harm not only to fake milk powder for example. After drinking this

kind of milk, the babies had big heads while their

legs and arms were still thin, which badly affected

their health. To our great relief, the producers got

accused and punishedconsequences in the end. for all the serious reliable will make other people trust you, which Having the reputation of being honest and will provide you many benefits and give you

opportunities that others may not get. Being

honest, you will find it easier to cooperate with

others and people will be friendly to you and

support you. In a sense, if life is a long journey, honesty will be the backpack that should be taken along all the way. and start the wonderful journey! Let’s pick up our “ backpack “ —honesty, 3.build an energy-saving society(

型社会)

建立一个节约

近日你所在的学校开展了“为建设节约型社会

献一计”主题活动，同学们提出了许多建议。

请你根据以下要点：1.不浪费粮食和纸张 2.

尽量不使用方便筷、塑料袋 3.毕业生将书赠

给低年级同学循环使用？参考词汇：方便筷

disposable chopsticks

Recently，there has been an activity of

“doing your bit for an energy-saving society” in

our school. Our schoolmates are highly concerned

about the increasing lack of energy and provide

their own suggestions.

Some students suggest that we shouldn’t

waste any food or paper, though they appear very

easy to get. Meanwhile, some other students think

it advisable to refuse to use disposable chopsticks

and plastic bags. Besides, it is also strongly

recommended that those used textbooks as well

as reference books of graduates, which are still in

good condition, not be thrown but recycled.

Actually, there are still quite a lot that we

can easily do: say, try to take buses or ride

bicycles instead of driving cars, etc. All of these

will definitely help to build an energy-saving

society.

4.有关“人与事件”话题The Most Unforgettable

Person in my memory

(1)我生活中最难以忘怀的人是(2)为什

么他 (或她)一直在我心中 (3)结论

In my life I have met many people who are

really worth my recalling. But perhaps the most

unforgettable person I ever knew is my Chinese

reform about English, it is said that English will be not the subject that take into account of the College Entrance Exam, a lot of students feel excited, because they think English will not be their burden. The reform may relieve some students who are week in English, they think they donEnglish, because English is not important any ’t need to spend so much time in learning more. The fact is that they get the wrong idea,

English still important even though it will be no more considered to be the College Entrance Exam. The trend is people learning English since they are young, parents pay special attention to the children’s second language, so most students now are good at English. What’s more, English is the most widely used language, it can enhance a student’s competition. So English is still important to learn. 6.Work and SuccessSince we go to school, we are taught that no pain, （付出与成功） no gain, it means that if people want to be successful, they must work hard. But the truth is that not everyone can get what they want, even they work hard so much, but if working hard does not bring success, why should they still need to work hard. In my opinion, working hard doesn’t mean the person can success certainly, success needs more factors, like the time, the luck and other things.There is no doubt that if the person does not work hard and fight for his goal, there is no way for him to get what he wants. Some actors start their career at the very young age, when they are also 40, they become famous suddenly, if they give up, they can’t be waiting for their reputation. So working hard, there is much chance to get succeed. 7.No Pains, No Gains（一分耕耘，一分收获） It is obvious to everybody that the only way to achieve ones goal is to work hard. Just as the old saying goes;no mill, no meal; Have you ever seen a man who succeeds just by idling aboutOf course, the answer is; No; so we know if you want to gain something, you will have pains.The farmers harvest by a year of arduous work; the scientists gain achievements by years of devoted researches; students get good marks by working hard; even the little ants have their food by working hard day and night. 1 know there are always some people who wait for the opportunities falling on them. They may attribute their failures to lack of good chances. Therefore, there are so many people gaining nothing at last. Clever men know that the more effort they make, the bigger chance they will have to be successful.So, when others achieve their aspirations and you still gain nothing, dont complain about the unfair fate and dont give up, either. Remember: no pains, no gains. 8.The Importance of Self-Confidence（自信的重要 ） People say that self-confidence is half of the success that can bring you courage to stick to what you do. Without self-confidence, one can not do well in anything. Self-confidence is of great importance and value to a person. each year, the problem of food waste is

widespread in China. Last Spring Festival, my father invited several friends to dinner in a restaurant. My father ordered a lot to show respect and display generosity.

What surprised me was he ordered an extra dish before we could finish all! When we stood up to leave, there were many dishes unfinished. Out of embarrassment, my father was reluctant to take the leftovers home. Later, we all shared the opinion that it was a great waste.

Recently, the Clear Your Plate Campaign started nationwide. I firmly believe that if everyone does his bit, the food waste will be significantly reduced.

10.【校园生活】假如你是诸暨二中高三(1)的李华，今年即将高中毕业。请根据以下要点给某英文报写一篇英语短文，谈谈你对高三生活的看法。 (1)对获得的帮助表示感谢;(2)消除与 同学之间的误会;(3)努力学习，实现人生梦想;(4)对学弟、学妹的建议。

High school is regarded as the best time in a persons life. As a senior three student, it wont take long before I graduate. Now, I have much to share with my fellow students.

Firstly, I would like to show my appreciation to those standing by me all the way, teachers, parents and friends included. Without their help and advice, my life would be different. Secondly, its high time to say sorry to classmates whom I hurt or misunderstood. Communication and

smiles act as bridges to friendship. Above all, Ive made up my mind to make every effort to study, for I believe hard work is the key to success. Just as the old saying goes, "no pains, no gains."Finally I hope that all the younger fellows can make full use of time, because time and tide wait for no men.

11.根据下面提示，有关“财富、健康、幸福”话题

(1)写一篇《财富与快乐》的短文。一些人认为财富能带来快乐。

(2)另一些人认为钱多了不是一件好事。(3)注意：单词数提出自己的看法。120个左右。

Wealth and Happiness

happiness to them. It is true that most of them try Some people think wealth can bring

to acquire wealth by means of honest labor. They work hard and overcome many difficulties. After doing this, they feel very happy and pleased. Even their spending money is a kind of happiness them happiness. For example, when one gets a But some people believe wealth can。

’t bring fortune, the family members will come from different parts of the country and try to share the wealth with him. And afterwards, they will quarrel with one another, trying to share more. And sometimes even appear bloody fight and killing. What a terrible result!

wealth brings happiness, especially in the modern In my opinion, I think there is no doubt that society. If you have money you can lead a

comfortable and colorful life. But we should take a proper attitude towards wealth. Remembermoney is not everything12。

： 生态游，你觉得名不副实。请你根据下表内容假如你上周末参加了某旅行社组织的所谓把自己经历的这次生态游和对真正生态游的看

空气;有人摘花、捉鸟、乱扔垃圾;真正的生态游 享受自然，同时也是一种责任’要保护自然，保护野生动物’带走美好回忆，留下青山绿水Last weekend I went on an eco-travel with a travel agency. All the way we enjoyed the beautiful scenery and fresh air. But a few of us picked flowers as while going sightseeing.. Some 2

I don’t think this is a true eco-travel. A true eco-travel is a tour that not only allows us to express our love for nature, but needs our

responsibility as well. As we enjoy the beauty of nature, we should try our best to protect it. And we should also try to protect wildlife. A true eco-travel should be like this: take nothing away but your good memory; leave nothing behind but all the green trees and the clean water.

第三部分 英语写作经典句型

By +doing, … can … 通过/借着...，..能够.. Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.虽然我们的国家富有我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意

By taking exercise, we can always keep fit.通过做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

Listening to music enable us to feel relaxed.听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

… enable + Object(受词)+ to + V ...使..能够.. What an important thing it is to keep our promise! 遵守诺言是多么重要的事!

How important a thing it is to keep our promise! 遵守诺言是多么重要的事!

On no account can we ignore the value of

knowledge. 我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。 On no account can we + V =by no means, … 我们绝对不能...

Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports. 既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。

6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the

conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是， 7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好 四.举例句型

1.Lets take...to illustrate this.2.lets take the above chart as an example to illustrate this.3.

Here is one more example. 4.Take … for example. 5.The same is true of….6.This offers a typical instance of….7.We may quote a common example of….8.Just think of…. 五.常用于引言段的句型

1. Some people think that …. 有些人认为…To be frank, I can not agree with their opinion for the reasons below. 坦率地说，我不能同意他们的意见，理由如下。

2. For years, … has been seen as …, but things are quite different now.多年来，……一直被视the most + 形容词 + 名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever + seen (known/ heard/ had/ read, ) the + ~ est + + seen (known/ heard/ had/ read, etc)

名词 + (that) + 主词 + have ever A + be + 形容词最高级 + B + have/ has ever + (known/ heard/ had/ read, etc)

Bai jing is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.白晶是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

The + 较级 + S + V … 形容词比较级愈… + S + V愈…

, the + 形容词比The harder you work, the more progress you make. The more books we read, the more learned we 你愈努力，你愈进步。

become. 我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。 Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V;;;Nothing is + more +形容词+ than to +V

Nothing is +形容词比较级+ than to + do sth. Nothing is easier than to give up.容易的事了。

没有比放弃更Nothing is more important than to receive education.It is time + S + 没有比接受教育更重要的事。过去式 该是...的时候了 It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

It is conceivable that knowledge plays an

important role in our life. 可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

It is conceivable + that It is obvious + that 从句从句 (明显的 (可想而知的)

) It is apparent + that 从句 (显然的) It pays to help others.It pays to do sth. ...是值得的。帮助别人是值得的 There is no doubt

+ that 从句 毫无疑问的...

There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

There is no one but … 没有人不...

There is no one but longs to go to college. 没有人不渴望上大学。

… cannot emphasize the importance of … too much.再怎么强调...的重要性也不为过。 We cannot emphasize the importance of

protecting our eyes too much. 保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。我们再怎么强调

The reason why + 从句 is + that 从句 ...的原因是..The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us. 我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。 That is the reSummer is sultry. That is the reason why I don’t ason why … 那就是...的原因 like it. 夏天很炙热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。 An advantage of An advantage of using the solar energy is that it is + that 从句.的优点是... won’t create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

Due to / Owing to / Thanks to sth./ doing因为. Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.So + adj. + be + 因为他的鼓励,我终于实现我的梦想。 So precious is time that we can‘t afford to waste 主语 + that 从句：如此.以致于 it.

by no means = in no way 一点也不

be+forced/ compelled/ obliged + to do不得不 Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.Those who … ...违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。的人...

Smoking has a great influence on our health.对我们的健康有很大的影响。

抽烟have a great influence on 对...有很大的影响 Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.染对我们的生存造成一大威胁

污Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益 Overwork does harm to health.有害do good to对...有益do harm to工作过度对健康对..有害高考英语作文万能句子：8种实用句型 一.开头句型

1.As far as ...is concerned就……而言

2.It goes without saying that... 不言而喻，... 3.It can be said with certainty that... 地说......

可以肯定4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的， 5.It has to be noticed that... 6.Its generally recognized that... 它必须注意到，它普遍认为... ...7.Its likely that ... 这可能是因为... 8.Its hardly that... 9.Its hardly too much to say that... 这是很难的......

它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that...别注意的是

需要特11.Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问， 12.Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that..更重要的是 二.衔接句型

1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...2.As is often the case...由于通常情况下...

3.As stated in the previous paragraph4.But the problem is not so simple. Therefore 如前段所述然 而问题并非如此简单，所以…… 5.But its a pity that... 6.For all that...对于这一切但遗憾的是...... In spite of the fact …

that...尽管事实......

7.Further, we hold opinion that..为

此外我们坚持认8.However , the difficulty lies in..然而困难在于 9.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 我们要注意...

同样，10.not(that)...but(that)...不是，而是

11.In view of the present station.12.As has been mentioned above...鉴于目前形势正如上面所提到的…

13.In this respect, we may as well (say) 角度上我们可以说

从这个14.However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is... 一方面，即 … 然而我们还得看到事物的另三.结尾句型

1.I will conclude by saying... 2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...最后我要说… 因此，我们有理由相信…

3.All things considered,safely said that...它可以有把握地说总而言之 It may be ......

4.Therefore, in my opinion, its more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…

5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨

为……，但今天的情况有很大的不同。

3. I believe the title statement is valid because…. 我认为这个论点是正确的，因为…

4. I cannot entirely agree with the idea that ….我无法完全同意这一观点的… I believe….5. My argument for this view goes as follows.我对这个问题的看法如下。

6. Along with the development of…, more and more….随着……的发展，越来越多…

7. There is a long-running debate as to whether….有一个长期运行的辩论，是否…

8. It is commonly/generally/widely/ believed /held/accepted/recognized that….它通常是认为…

9. As far as I am concerned, I completely agree with the former/ the latter.就我而言，我完全同意前者/后者。

10. Before giving my opinion, I think it is

essential to look at the argument of both sides.在给出我的观点之前，我想有必要看看双方的论据。

六 表示比较和对比的常用句型和表达法 1. A is completely / totally / entirely different from B.2. A and B are different in some/every way / respect / aspect.3. A and B differ in…. 4. A differs from B in….5. The difference between A and B is/lies in/exists in….6. Compared with/In contrast to/Unlike A, B….7. A…, on the other hand,/in is generally believed that A …, I believe B….9. contrast,/while/whereas B….8. While it Despite their similarities, A and B are also

different.10. Both A and B …. However, A…; on the other hand, B….11. The most striking difference is that A…, while B…. 七 演绎法常用的句型

1. There are several reasons for…, but in general, they come down to three major ones.有几个原因……，但一般，他们可以归结为三个主要的。 2. There are many factors that may account for…, but the following are the most typical ones.有许多因素可能占...，但以下是最典型的。 3. Many ways can contribute to solving this problem, but the following ones may be most effective.面的可能是最有效的。有很多方法可以解决这个问题，但下

4. Generally, the advantages can be listed as follows.5. The reasons are as follows. 一般来说，这些优势可以列举如下。 八 因果推理法常用句型

1.Because/Since we read the book, we have learned a lot.

2. If we read the book, we would learn a lot. 3. We read the book; as a result / therefore / thus / hence / consequently / for this reason / because of this, weve learned a lot.

4. As a result of /Because of/Due to/Owing to reading the book, weve learned a lot. 由于阅读这本书，我们已经学到了很多。

5. The cause of/reason for/overweight is eating too much.6.Overweight is caused by/due to/because of eating too much.7. The

effect/consequence/result of eating too much is overweight.8. Eating too much causes/results in/leads to overweight. 吃太多导致超重。

2