小升初英语写作简单技巧20篇

中考命题作文包罗万象。如：童年回忆童年琐事、青春剪影我在花季、心香一瓣忘不了他(她)、难忘时刻：记一次升旗活动、走向未来自强的我、生活感悟我生活在集体的怀抱里、山光水色家乡变了、世相写生记一位平凡的人、温馨情怀母亲的爱等等。以下是为大家分享的中考作文写作技巧方法，供大家参考借鉴，欢迎浏览!

从总体来看，中考命题作文有其设计、表达方面的规律：

第一，绝大多数文题涉及的内容充分贴近学生生活；第二，大题、宽题大大多于小题、窄题，便于考生自由选材；第三，记叙文题大大多于说明文、议论文题；第四，命题作文在使用数量上仍占主流地位。

了解这些规律，那么，在实际应试实践中又有哪些规律需要遵循呢?下面介绍四个要点。

1.要审题上，要做到瞻前顾后、一字不漏

对于题目，应从头至尾反复领会、研读，不得忽略一处。要审读的内容包括：

①文题的大、小、宽、窄、虚、实、显、隐。②文题中有没有点示主题的字词。③文题中有没有点示重点的语言标志。④文题中的的标点或其它符号及其含义。⑤有没有副标题，其作用是什么?⑥各种写作要求、限制。⑦能否从题目以外的语言材料中品味出一点隐含信息。

在写作中，要紧紧抓住审题得到的信息，步步都要紧扣文题，紧扣要求。

另外，在具体的审题过程中，对这样几种内容的题目不可掉以轻心。

第一种，看似很浅显的题目。

如“我长大了”这个文题，是一个宽泛的中考作文题，谁也不会在取材上发生困难，看样子真是浅得不能再浅了，但实际上，这个题的关键在于对长大的理解。如果在审题之中认为长大的含义只是生理、身体的变化或是学会了某种生活技能、能够料理自己、胆子变大了，或者能对付别人的欺负等等，那这种理解就很肤浅，写出来的文章在选材立意上也就上不了档次。如果说能够寓理于事，从不同的角度写出正处于花季年龄的初中生成长中的追求、向往、烦恼和困惑，以及对人生的初步认识，写出人生中的各种各样的责任感已经在心中出现，那么，这样的思考就是准确地把握了文题的含义。

第二种，看似很熟悉的题目。

如“美在课余”这个文题，是一个宽题。可供取材的内容也是不少的。其实这个题目有一个迷惑点，这个迷惑点在那个美字上。稍不注意，就会由于觉得这个文题似曾相识而忽视对美字的品读。由于没有抓住这个美字，就会写出丰富多彩的课余、好玩的课余、有趣的课余、热闹的课余等等内容，这就没有突出这个美字。

第三种，看似很形象的题目。

如“风景这边独好”这个文题，也是一个宽题，题目似乎很形象，但远不是从字面上理解的那么简单。它既可以写实，如写一个地方的风景，写一个地方的景物特点，写一个地方的景物的变化，但更重要的是应该写这个地方的发展，写这个地方的特色，写这个地方表现出的时代的进步。再换一个角度思考，它不仅可以写地方，还可以写人，还可以写事，等等。

第四种，看似很直观的题目。

如“礼物”这个题目，好像一看就知道是什么。但在具体的写作中，它可能是实指某种物，更多的也许是喻指像礼物一样的美好事物。用喻指来写文章，其思路更广，其情感更丰富。要记住，不管命题作文的形式多么复杂，你的眼睛要永远盯着它的题目。在熟悉的题目面前不要激动，不要以为它就是你做过的原题；在生疏的题目面前不要紧张，不要以为你的心目中就没有它的影子。

2.在取材立意上，要做到大中取小，以小见大

我们先来看下面一些信手拈来的中考作文题：学语文的故事、母亲的爱、我生活在集体的怀抱里、他做得对、同学，你不能这样、在错误和挫折面前、谈谈我们的课堂教学、雨中、五星红旗升起的时候等等。它们的共同特征是好像只是画出了一个取材立意的框框，需要我们选用自己最熟悉的内容将其具体化。

对这样一些文题，要做到大中取小，将其具体化：第一，将宽题变窄。所谓宽题，就是从内容上看，可以包含许多题材、许多素材的题目。由于它的宽，似乎许多材料都可以用来写作文，我们就必须选准材料，把作文的内容浓缩到一个点之上，使之变窄，以便顺利成文。如火柴的联想是一个宽题，它可以让你联想到非常多的事，非常多的人，非常多的现象。但这种丰富的联想只能是在构思过程中，必须从这丰富的联想中决定一个供展开的联想点，才能开始考场作文的写作。

第二，将大题变小。

所谓大题，其实也是一种宽题。从意义上看，有些题目的主题比较直露，比较追求一定的意义。如文题“变了”，从这个变字上看就是要求你在文中一定要点示出某种意义。

对于这样的题，我们可以用加限制的方法将其变小。如“变了”这个题，我们可以在题目前加上限制性的语言，如：兰兰变了、我们家变了；也可以在题目后面加上副标题，如“变了——从一件小事看我们的班风、变了——他又回到了我们班。经过这样的处理，就可以开始构思了。

再来看下面一些常见中考作文题：

我的一天、记我受到的一次小挫折、家中小事、记一堂我喜欢的语文课、我的老师、常人小传、令我深思的一件事。这些题目对内容的要求都很具体，选材也比较容易。

对这样的文题，我们要做到的以小见大。小中见大最为关键的就是要选点生发，也就是说，要选好一个能够让你很好地展开记叙、很好地展开议论的点，再从这个点上写开去。

3.在构思上，要做到或一点式伸展，或多点式铺陈

或一点式伸展，或多点式铺陈这句话，可以说是中考作文构思的总策略。一点式伸展就是一篇文章内只将一个内容写好、写细、写完整，多点式铺陈就是在文章中多写几个内容，将它们有机地组合在一起。

看下面中考作文题的构思方向：

家乡变了：用多个画面、事例的组合来表现变，这是多点式铺陈。

我在家中的故事：可写一个故事的始末，这是一点式伸展。

给班主任老师的一封信：或谈一个观点，或回忆几件小事。

天下无难事：可通过记一件事来突现主题，也可用几个例证证明观点。

读书乐：可乐在一处，乐在一点；也可乐在几处，乐在几点。

我眼中的同龄人：必须进行多点式铺陈，写几个同龄人的生活。

一件小事给我的教益：必须进行一点式伸展，先写事，再写理。

以这两种模式为基础进行变化，设计好开头、结尾，安排好不同表达方式的穿插，考场命题作文的框架便能够设置得完整、规范。

4.在表达上，要做到：注重文体特征

表现个性特点，注重文体特征，就是要充分准确地表现文体特点，而不要出现将读后感写成读后叙、在家乡变了中穿插一半篇幅的议论、将自强的我写成自我介绍等模糊文体色彩的错误。

表现个性特点，就是要表现考生运用语言文字的技能技巧。就是要认真遣词造句，稳妥布局谋篇，从语气、结构、主题方面尽量表现出自己的实际水平，甚至期望有超过水平发挥，力争做到常中出新、平中有奇。

导语：小编给大家准备了论文的结构与议论文写作技巧。根据笔者近两年参加高考作文阅卷的体会,发现这样两个有意思的现象:

(一)、是绝大多数考生写的是议论文,

(二)、是绝大多数的议论文不像议论文。

主要表现是:

1、议论文结构不合体。如开头不提出论点,中间只写几个论据,而不分析,更没有分论点;甚至在列举论据时,还出现了大量的语言描写和心理描写。

2、思路不合逻辑。如开头提出的议论文论点是“干什么事都要三思而行”,按逻辑思路,接下来的论证应主要围绕“为什么要三思而行”来展开,即三思而行的重要性,或者三思而行能够带来的好结果;但是有的学生却重点在写“三思而行是什么”或者“怎样三思而行”,让人感到别扭。

3、议论文论点和议论文论据之间缺乏必要的粘连,即通常所说的有述无论,有据无析。为此,笔者认为高中议论文,必须走好以下三步,即结构合体,思路入格,粘连有术。

一、议论文的结构合体

议论文,分析事实,论证道理,当然要遵循一定的思维规律;这种思维规律反映在文章的外部形态上,就是具有一定体式的文章的结构。怎样写议论文才算“合体”呢?

1、是根据议论问题的一般思维模式,应当是按“提出问题、分析问题、解决问题”( 或曰“引论”、“本论”、“结论”) 三大块构成。“提出问题 ”即在议论文开头一般要鲜明地提出中心论点,“分析问题”即在文章的中间要围绕中心论点展开分析论证,“解决问题”即在文章的结尾部分或者得出综合性结论, 或者提出前瞻性希望等。这一点,众所周知,兹不赘述。

2、是分析问题即本论部分,要按一定的向度分层展开论述。所谓“向度”即论述展开的方向。这个“向度”有四个: 是什么,为什么,怎么样,何果。一般情况下, 一篇中学生议论文作文,其本论部分只要从这四个向度中选择一个或者两个展开即可。但无论是从哪个向度展开, 其分论点之间都要形成一定的联系。一般来说,有并列式、递进式和对照式三种。

所谓并列式,就是围绕中心从同一个向度列出几个分论点,逐一论证。如果仅仅围绕一个向度写,那么几个分论点之间的关系大多是并列关系 。

递进式同并列式结构相比,除了论点之间的意义联系不同以外,其段落的结构模式与并列式相同,就不再说了。

所谓对照式,就是从论题的正反两个方面入手,进行正反对比论证得出结论。其优点是结构简洁,论证充分,容易上手。最简单的对照式是在提出观点后，一段从正面论证观点,一段从反面论证观点,最后得出结论。还有一种对照式结构是在正面进行论述或者摆出论据后,紧接着用转折或者假设的方式从反面展开论述。

二、思路入格

议论文是论述问题的,当然要有一定的思路,即议论文各部分之间要有必然的内在联系。我们知道,议论文是论证问题的,你在提出议论文论点后,就要摆事实,讲道理,让你提出的论点令人信服地确立起来。因此,中心论点和各分论点之间就应当是因果联系,即中心论点是“果”,分论点是“因”。这个因果联系就是议论文的思路之“格”。

作为一个高中生的议论文作文,最起码要做到在中心论点和各分论点之间 ,论点和论据之间要有一定的因果联系。

学生提出中心论点后,只要围绕中心论点问一个“为什么”,就能找到提出分论点的方向。如中心论点是“只有坚守,才能使人的思想品德升华,才能成就一番事业”。稍加分析,就可发现这个观点是在说“坚守”的重要性,于是,分论点就要回答“为什么坚守很重要”这个问题。那么就可从“为什么”和“何果”这两个向度来立分论点。如“坚守是一种执着,使绝望变成希望”,“坚守是一种信念,使普通变得高尚”,“坚守是一种职责,使平凡变得伟大”。如果我们要检验这三个分论点和中心论点之间有没有必然的内在联系的话,只需在这三个分论点之前加上“因为”,在“坚守很重要”之前加上“所以”,再连起来念一下即可。

同样,分论点和议论文的论据之间,也应当是因果联系。如在“坚守是一种职责,使平凡变得伟大”这个分论点后面,就可这样展开论述:“边防战士的坚守,使国家安定祥和;人民教师的坚守,使桃李满天下;白衣天使的坚守,使病魔为之屈服。”又如在“自由是思想的漫飞”这个分论点下可以这样展开论述:“行动可以受制于客观现实,思想却永远享受绝对的自由。有了这份思想的自由,才有了集豪放与浪漫于一身的诗仙李白;才有了身陷囹圄还在感叹‘故国不堪回首月明中’的落魄后主李煜;才有了向往‘面朝大海,春暖花开’的天才诗人海子。总之,因为这份思想的自由,社会才会在其牵引之下不断地进步,才会创造出一个个永载史册的人类奇迹。”

三、粘连有术

一篇像样的议论文,除了议论文的结构合体、思路入格外,还有更重要的一个方面,就是对论点的恰当阐述和对论据的中肯分析;没有这样的阐述和分析,议论文论点论据就不能粘连起来,而这个粘连是有“术”的。

(1) 观点+过渡+事例+分析

这个步骤中最重要的是“过渡”和“分析”。所谓“过渡”就是要在观点和事例之间,用适当的词句来勾连,以接通文气,使观点和议论文材料在语言形式上畅通无阻。所谓“分析”,就是事例叙述完之后,还必须对事例进行适当的分析评论,指出其本质特点,使事例和论点在内容上联结在一起。

(2) 观点+过渡+论据+分析+归纳

这种议论文论证方式就是在第一种的基础上加了一个“归纳”。所谓归纳,就是从多个事例中提炼出必然性的东西。既然要从多个事例中提炼,那么,“论据”部分,就应是两个或三个以上。

(3) 一般道理+个别道理

即“演绎推理法”。前面的分析归纳是从个别到一般,而演绎推理法是从一般到个别,用普遍性的真理(论据)来证明特殊的论点的方法。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导语：考试写作中九个得分技巧，分享给大家，希望大家在以后的生活中也要多多积累!

一、作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

这一点，所有的同学们一定要掌握明白了。任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师打分时，第一眼，看的是字迹。因此，写作文必须要把字写好。记住，考作文考的是内容，而不是书法，切忌字迹潦草。

二、考试作文五六段，干净整洁看卷面

考试作文中，要注意及时分段，三四个段落显得少了，八九个段落，显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况，段落以五六个段落为好。此外，卷面一定要整洁，不要涂改得乱七八糟。我的看法是，考试作文每段最好别超过5行，顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行，写成“大肚子作文”。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳，影响他的心理，分数就受影响。如果有必要，死拉硬拽也要注意分段。

三、开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

除了切忌大肚子作文外，“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半的卷面。顶多也不能超过三行半。想想看，一个开头就占太多的空间，阅卷老师的视觉又会有瞬间的疲劳，也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

四、动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。怎么拟题呢?对于成绩一般的考生，应该采取特别措施了。拟题的办法有2个，一是你去百度上搜索一下作文拟题目，可以找到作文老师讲述的类似技巧。二是考生家长或考生，赶紧去翻阅最近一年的读者和青年文摘的合订本，根据题材，选择几十个比较精彩的标题，背下来，考试的时候可能比葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。

五、作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、博喻加对仗开头法，合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法，解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。

希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言，到时候就用得上。至少，你看到作文的时候，脑子里会闪现出上述前七八个开头方法。

结尾也很重要。一般来说，结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文，要注意抒情。如果是议论文，则要注意归纳。无论如何，最好要扣准标题。怎么扣呢?如果你实在拿不准，就在结尾段的第一句，把题目说一下，然后归纳全文观点就是了。

六、动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

上面说了好几种技巧，其实在具体操作的时候，列提纲很关键。譬如，写记叙文要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，一个层次是一段，中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候，一定要把开头结尾写详细写，中间各段，穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故，要写准。一个合格的学生，列提纲，大约5分钟到8分钟。时间要掌握好，如果时间紧张，提纲就要简练些。

七、想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理，议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构，中间的3或4，是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意，千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题，千万记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此，写考试作文，事先要想好了，我写的是什么文体，就按相应文体的写法来写。

八、适当克隆和“抄袭”，考前备料攒信息

考试前，建议考生翻阅大量的范文，积累一些考试作文的结构。如果写记叙文，可以翻阅《读者》和《青年文摘》或者一些作品集，其中的一些散文，结构是很好的，可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来。到考试的时候，你采用别人的“筐”，把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。关于感情、爱国、人生之类的优美语言，可以分别背个三五句，到时候直接抄上去就行了，这不算抄袭。关于国家大事，时事政治和要闻什么的，也要注意搜集一下。

此外也有一些不太规范的方法，譬如别家的感人事迹，可以搬到自己家。这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

九、篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，小学高年级作文要求在400-600字。如果要求是600字左右，那就顶多写到700字。如果是不低于多少字，建议考生，争取合理安排卷面，把给的卷面写满到95%左右，留下最后一两行。作文老师一看你写得那么多，肯定觉得你的作文相对熟练，作文打分就趋高不趋低。

下面是小编整理的2017年小升初语文作文得分技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、字迹

不要求练过书法，但必须工整。

二、段落

五六个段落最好，每段别超过5行。

三、首尾

开头结尾两行半，写多了也没人看。

四、文题

《读者》和《青年文摘》的目录对你一定有帮助。

五、提纲

磨刀不误砍柴工，三分钟决定你能多得几分

六、主题

别跑题，立意记住“真善美”

七、引用

古诗、名言、歌词统统可用，锦上添花，不可没有。

八、字数

卷面写满到95%左右，留下最后一两行。

游记就是我们一起组织去玩了以后回来老师布置写一篇游记的作文，大部分是这样的，那么我们写游记作文主要抓住那些关键呢。那我们同学在游览之后，怎样把它写下来，而且有充实的、活泼的内容呢?下文是小编整理的相关内容，欢迎阅读参考!

一、按游览的顺序描写景物。

写作时，要在认真观察和记忆游览的景物的基础上，按照见到景物的次序，来所写看到的景物。这样才能做到条理清楚、自然、明白，不致于杂乱。观察景物，通常有两种方法。一种就是定点观察。如站在公园某一角，对公园进行由远及近的观察。又如我们登上塔顶，从东南西北四个东南西北四个方向对塔下景物进行观察。二就是移动观察，它又叫移步换位法。就是随着脚步的移动变换位置，一处一处地进行观察。选好了观察点，就是确定好了写的顺序。如课文《参观人民大会堂》，按参观的顺序，依次写了五处的景物。先写大会堂正门的国徽和柱子，其次写中央大厅的天花板和地面，接着写大礼堂，然后写宴会厅和会议厅。这样，就有条理有重点地写下了在大会堂所看到的景物。

二、抓住游览重点，详写过程。

一次参观游览活动，看到的景物很多，我们不能记“流水帐”。要把看到的景物中印象较深的写下来，其余地可以写得简略些。我们在一边参观游览，一边要抓住景物的特点，进行仔细观察。比方说，我们要写游览看到的景物为主的记叙文，写作的重点就是把看到的景物重点写下来。对于我们看到的特别好的景物，我们要进行具体地描写，突出重点。对于重点的景物，要注意详细描写出它们的位置、大小、动态、静态、颜色等。如我们写“菊花”，颜色就有“红的如枫叶、白的如冰霜、黄的如麦穗”等等，菊花的形状就有像 “小姑娘的卷发，毛茸茸的小鸡，绣球”等等。我们要把过程写详细、具体，做到主次分明，详略得当，写出来的文章才能突出重点，清楚明白，才能写出游览的意义，才有教育意义。

三、略写前后，情、理、景相结合。

我们在写游览记时，应把开头和结尾写得简略些。开头要交待清楚时间、地点和人物。如《游善卷洞》的开头“我的故乡江苏宜兴有一处著名的游览胜地——善卷洞”。结尾应用议论或抒情的方式写下自己的感受。如《天然动物园漫游记》的结尾写道 “‘哈哈……’我们在欢笑声中结束了这次愉快的野游。朱库米天然动物园行的乐趣是无穷的，无怪乎世界各地前去游览的人络绎不绝”。这样，写的文章有头有尾，读起来给人一个完整的印象。我们要把感情融化于景物中，写出真意。写作时，我们要倾注自己的思想感情。

还有，我们在写景的同时，或探索人生真谛，或谈论思想问题，治学精神，使读者在领略自然风景的同时，受到启迪和教育。

[游记的写作有什么技巧

英语四级考试目的是推动大学英语教学大纲的贯彻执行，对大学生的英语能力进行客观、准确的测量，为提高我国大学英语课程的教学质量服务。下面是小编为大家带来的基础薄弱如何进行英语四级写作训练的知识，欢迎阅读。

英语四级写作备考可分为四大步骤：

一、 背诵：

首先认真研究历年四级写作真题，重点研究2001年6月—2005年12月的11次真题，分析近年来四级写作的出题规律和考试重点，从语言、结构、 内容三大层面，认真研读经典写作真题范文：语言方面学习范文中的精彩词汇、词组、句型；结构方面学习范文的框架结构、内在逻辑、关联词、同义替换和代词替换；内容方面学习范文的论点、论据和论证。同时背诵精彩写作范文，要求滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善，扎扎实实提高自己的写作实力。历年英语四级六级真题 >>

二、默写：

背诵熟练之后默写下来，仔细对照原文，会发现你默写的文章与原文有一些语法、拼写、标点的区别，这些区别就是你的写作弱点，学习关键在于针锋突破，不要全面出击。这些弱点正是你在考试中扣分的原因所在，把这些弱点意义克服，分数自然就会提高。

三、 中译英：

首先将写作真题范文译为中文，或参考范文的正确译文，然后进行中译英的工作，根据自己的理解把中文译为英文，最后对照英文原文，你会发现你的译文与原文存在较大的差别，这些差别正是你写作低分的症结所在。同样的一个中文句子，仔细对比一下你使用了哪些词汇、词组和句型，原文使用了哪些，这样你的写作水平才会逐渐提高。

四、 写作：

进行完上述工作之后，在考前必须进行写作的工作，只有动笔写作，才会发现自己的问题。可以写5—10篇真题或模拟题，模仿自己曾经背诵过的精彩词汇、词组、句型、框架和范文，写出一篇新的文章。最初不要求速度，但考前一定要进行模考，半小时写出一篇120－150词的文章。写完之后仔细修改其中的语言错误，将其改的更加精彩。

英语写作基础不太好的四级考生，必须按照上述步骤严格进行；基础较好的考生学习顺序正好相反，首先写作，直接写作英语四级真题；其次中译英，在研读原文之前，进行中译英的工作，译完对比，找出差距；然后背诵；最后默写。同时可以准备自己的写作框架，应用文和论说文分别形成固定的写法，积累精彩句型。

英语写作中如果运用了相关的名言句子可以为作文带来亮点。下面是语文迷为大家整理的励志唯美句子，希望对你有帮助。

一)Life is not measured by the number of breaths we take, but by the moments that take our breath away.千万记住：度量生命的不是呼吸的次数，而是那些最最难忘的时刻。

二)Children in backseats cause accidents. Accidents in backseats cause children. 后排座位上的小孩会生出意外，后排座位上的意外会生出小孩。

三)Don’t take guilt trips. Take a trip to the mall, to the next country, to a foreign country, but NOT to where the guilt is.别踏上犯罪的道路。你可以去逛街，可以到邻县去，可以出国旅行，但就是别踏上犯罪的道路。

四)Nothing is impossible!没有什么不可能!

五)Success is a relative term. It brings so many relatives. 成功是一个相关名词，他会给你带来很多不相关的亲戚(联系)。

六)The tears happen. Endure, grieve, and move on. The only person who is with us our entire life, is ourselves. Be ALIVE while you are alive.有泪就流。在忍耐和伤心过后，要继续前行。陪伴我们度过此生的只有一人--那就是我们自己。让生命鲜活起来。

七)The wise never marry, And when they marry they become otherwise. 聪明人都是未婚的，结婚的人很难再聪明起来。

八)While there is life there is hope.一息若存，希望不灭。

九)Love is photogenic. It needs darkness to develop. 爱情就象照片，需要大量的暗房时间来培养。

十)Never put off the work till tomorrow what you can put off today. 不要等明天交不上差再找借口，今天就要找好。

十一)Never underestimate your power to change yourself!永远不要低估你改变自我的能力!

十二)Nothing for nothing.不费力气，一无所得。

十三)Tell the people you love that you love them, at every opportunity.把你的爱告诉你所爱着的人们，把握住每一个表达机会。

十四)Never put off the work till tomorrow what you can put off today. 不要等明天交不上差再找借口，今天就要找好。

十五)Never underestimate your power to change yourself!永远不要低估你改变自我的能力!

十六)The man who has made up his mind to win will never say "impossible ". 凡是决心取得胜利的人是从来不说“不可能的”。

十七)Enjoy the simple things.享受简单事物的乐趣。

十八)I am a slow walker,but I never walk backwards. 我走得很慢，但是我从来不会后退。

十九)很多我们想要的东西都是价格不菲的。但是，真正能让我们感到满足的东西，比如爱、欢笑还有工作中的激情，却都是不需要花钱的。 Many of the things we desire are expensive. But the truth is, the things that really satisfy us are totally free –love, laughter and working on our passions.

二十)我们无法在这个世界上做什么伟大的事情，可我们可以带着伟大的爱做一些小事。 We cannot do great things on this Earth, only small things with great love.

二十一)你无法真正忘掉那个打动你内心的人，无论他是那个伤害你的人，还是治愈你的人。 You never really forget the ones who touched your heart; regardless whether its the ones who broke it or the ones who healed it.

二十二)不要祈祷生活的舒适，祈祷自己变得更加坚强。 Do not pray for easy lives. Pray to be stronger men.

二十三)所有人都想得到幸福，不愿承担痛苦，但是不下点小雨，哪来的彩虹? Everybody wants happiness, nobody wants pain, but you cant have a rainbow without a little rain.

下面是由语文迷网小编精心为大家整理的英语写作高分技巧，供大家阅读参考。

一、要善于模仿

一些同学的办法往往是背一堆范文，然后再到考场上进行一个“剪切”、“粘贴”的工作，真正的模仿重点永远要放在一定的句式结构上，而非个别的词汇。有一个句式说：“…for the simple reason that…”表示某种现象的原因是什么，用在高考(课程)写作中，我们就可以拿来解释为什么自行车在中国如此的流行：“The bicycle is very popular in China for the simple reason that…”。然而，很多同学一谈到原因仍然是“…because…”。如果要表示“总是能够”的概念，很多同学提笔就会写can always，但理想的句子应该是用双重否定表示强烈的肯定，用never fail to。

二、要灵活变通

在批改过上万份同学们英语(课程)作文中，经常能发现一些将中文生硬地翻译成英文的表达法。有一句话叫做“立志如山，行道如水”，写英文作文，一定要有决心把它写好，有信心把意思表达清楚，这是“立志如山”;但关键是遇到问题时要有个灵活的态度，能像流水一样变通解决问题。有个翻译界的故事说：在某大型国际会议的招待会上，一道菜是用鸡蛋做的。与会的客人问翻译：“What is it made of”本来是非常简单的一个问题，结果翻译太紧张，忘了“egg”这个词，但是他急中生智，回答：“It is made of Miss Hen’s son.”这里，就是一个灵活变通的范例。绕道表达，是写作中应该常常运用的一种方法。

三、要细心观察

注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。比如在正式文体的写作中，很少用 “it isn’t”这样的略缩形式，而往往是一板一眼地写作 “it is not”。同理，在正式文体中的日期一般不缩写，阿拉伯数字一般会用英文表达(特别长的数字除外)。

许多同学在写作文时，习惯于把 “since” “because” “for”这样的词放在句首引导原因状语从句。事实上，在我们见到的英语报刊杂志文章中，这样的从句一般都是放在主句之后的。另外, “and”也常常被误放在一句话的开头，表示两个句子之间的并列或递进关系。其实，经常留心地道的英语文章能发现，如果是并列关系，完全可以不用连词;如果是递进关系，用 “furthermore” “what is more”更为普遍。

四、要心有全局

英文写作如果结构意识良好，应试写作就简化成为一个填空的过程了，适当地填入观点、素材，文章就自然而然立起来了。

我们在高中时期就已经接触论文写作了，上了大学更是离不开论文，因此，下面是小编为大家整理的论文的写作技巧，希望能帮到您！

一、论文写作的要求

下面按论文的结构顺序依次叙述。

(一)论文——题目科学论文都有题目，不能“无题”。论文题目一般20字左右。题目大小应与内容符合，尽量不设副题，不用第1报、第2报之类。论文题目都用直叙口气，不用惊叹号或问号，也不能将科学论文题目写成广告语或新闻报道用语。

(二)论文——署名科学论文应该署真名和真实的工作单位。主要体现责任、成果归属并便于后人追踪研究。严格意义上的论文作者是指对选题、论证、查阅文献、方案设计、建立方法、实验操作、整理资料、归纳总结、撰写成文等全过程负责的人，应该是能解答论文的有关问题者。现在往往把参加工作的人全部列上，那就应该以贡献大小依次排列。论文署名应征得本人同意。学术指导人根据实际情况既可以列为论文作者，也可以一般致谢。行政领导人一般不署名。

(三)论文——引言是论文引人入胜之言，很重要，要写好。一段好的论文引言常能使读者明白你这份工作的发展历程和在这一研究方向中的位置。要写出论文立题依据、基础、背景、研究目的。要复习必要的文献、写明问题的发展。文字要简练。

(四)论文——材料和方法 按规定如实写出实验对象、器材、动物和试剂及其规格，写出实验方法、指标、判断标准等，写出实验设计、分组、统计方法等。这些按杂志 对论文投稿规定办即可。

(五)论文——实验结果 应高度归纳，精心分析，合乎逻辑地铺述。应该去粗取精，去伪存真，但不能因不符合自己的意图而主观取舍，更不能弄虚作假。只有在技术不熟练或仪器不稳定时期所得的数据、在技术故障或操作错误时所得的数据和不符合实验条件时所得的数据才能废弃不用。而且必须在发现问题当时就在原始记录上注明原因，不能在总结处理时因不合常态而任意剔除。废弃这类数据时应将在同样条件下、同一时期的实验数据一并废弃，不能只废弃不合己意者。

实验结果的整理应紧扣主题，删繁就简，有些数据不一定适合于这一篇论文，可留作它用，不要硬行拼凑到一篇论文中。论文行文应尽量采用专业术语。能用表的不要用图，可以不用图表的最好不要用图表，以免多占篇幅，增加排版困难。文、表、图互不重复。实验中的偶然现象和意外变故等特殊情况应作必要的交代，不要随意丢弃。

(六)论文——讨论 是论文中比较重要，也是比较难写的一部分。应统观全局，抓住主要的有争议问题，从感性认识提高到理性认识进行论说。要对实验结果作出分析、推理，而不要重复叙述实验结果。应着重对国内外相关文献中的结果与观点作出讨论，表明自己的观点，尤其不应回避相对立的观点。 论文的讨论中可以提出假设，提出本题的发展设想，但分寸应该恰当，不能写成“科幻”或“畅想”。

(七)论文——结语或结论 论文的结语应写出明确可靠的结果，写出确凿的结论。论文的文字应简洁，可逐条写出。不要用“小结”之类含糊其辞的词。

(八)论文——参考义献 这是论文中很重要、也是存在问题较多的一部分。列出论文参考文献的目的是让读者了解论文研究命题的来龙去脉，便于查找，同时也是尊重前人劳动，对自己的工作有准确的定位。因此这里既有技术问题，也有科学道德问题。

一篇论文中几乎自始至终都有需要引用参考文献之处。如论文引言中应引上对本题最重要、最直接有关的文献;在方法中应引上所采用或借鉴的方法；在结果中有时要引上与文献对比的资料；在讨论中更应引上与 论文有关的各种支持的或有矛盾的结果或观点等。

一切粗心大意，不查文献；故意不引，自鸣创新；贬低别人，抬高自己；避重就轻，故作姿态的做法都是错误的。而这种现象现在在很多论文中还是时有所见的，这应该看成是利研工作者的大忌。其中，不查文献、漏掉重要文献、故意不引别人文献或有意贬损别人工作等错误是比较明显、容易发现的。有些做法则比较隐蔽，如将该引在引言中的，把它引到讨论中。这就将原本是你论文的基础或先导，放到和你论文平起平坐的位置。又如 科研工作总是逐渐深人发展的，你的工作总是在前人工作基石出上发展起来做成的。正确的写法应是，某年某人对本题做出了什么结果，某年某人在这基础上又做出了什么结果，现在我在他们基础上完成了这一研究。这是实事求是的态度，这样表述丝毫无损于你的贡献。有些论文作者却不这样表述，而是说，某年某人做过本题没有做成，某年某人又做过本题仍没有做成，现在我做成了。这就不是实事求是的态度。这样有时可以糊弄一些不明真相的外行人，但只需内行人一戳，纸老虎就破，结果弄巧成拙，丧失信誉。这种现象在现实生活中还是不少见的。

(九)论文——致谢 论文的指导者、技术协助者、提供特殊试剂或器材者、经费资助者和提出过重要建议者都属于致谢对象。论文致谢应该是真诚的、实在的，不要庸俗化。不要泛泛地致谢、不要只谢教授不谢旁人。写论文致谢前应征得被致谢者的同意，不能拉大旗作虎皮。

(十)论文——摘要或提要：以200字左右简要地概括论文全文。常放篇首。论文摘要需精心撰写，有吸引力。要让读者看了论文摘要就像看到了论文的缩影，或者看了论文摘要就想继续看论文的有关部分。此外，还应给出几个关键词，关键词应写出真正关键的学术词汇，不要硬凑一般性用词。

二、写好论文的关键

(一)论文写作——材料、观点和文字

材料是写好论文的基础，观点是论文的灵魂，文字是论文的外在表现。材料和观点是论文的内容，文字是论文的形式。形式是表现内容的，内容要通过形式来表现。三者的完美结合是内容和形式的统一。

材料来源于实验。设计的好坏直接影响材料获得的效率与质量。整篇论文是由若干工作单元组成的，每一工作单元又是由每次实验材料积累起来的。因此要善待每天的实验。每天工作时都要考虑到这一数据在将来论文中的可能位置，对每一张影像记录都要认真收集保存。材料要真实可靠，数据要充足。有了异常，要及时分析处理，要保证所得结果可信，排除假象。一篇论文总要有新现象、新处理、新效果、新观点。

观点应明确，客观辩证。不要、也不能回避不同观点。从论文定题到结论，处处有观点，所以观点是论文的灵魂，是贯穿始终的。讨论观点时不要强词夺理，不要自圆其说，力戒片面性、主观性、随意性。要和国内外文献上的观点相比较，也要和自己实验室过去的观点相比较。在比较中分析异同，提高认识。也不要怕观点错误，不要怕改正错误。要百家争鸣，通过争鸣，认识真理。

论文的文字要自然流畅，“言而无文，行之不远”。但也不要华丽雕琢，目的是“文以载道”。论文叙述要合乎逻辑，层次分明，朴素真实，分寸恰当。

(二)论文写作——准备和动笔

论文写得好坏，关键在于准备。会写论文的人，一般总是三步过程。论文写前深思熟虑，全局在胸;充分打好论文腹稿，提起笔来，一气呵成;写出论文初稿后，放一段时间，反复吟读，千锤百炼。

不会写论文的人相反。肚子里空洞洞，脑子里乱烘烘，笔头上千斤重。他们拿起笔来就写，写几下就停。写写停停，停停写写。忽儿找材料，忽儿查数据，忽儿补实验。忽儿撕掉一页，忽儿抄上几句。忽儿哀声叹气，搔头摸耳，咬笔杆，踱方步。这两种人的差别在于准备状况的不同，这是很多初写论文的人意识不到的。写论文的良好准备应该有三个阶段。

1.论文写作——近期(写时)准备

是指实验结束后到着手写作论文前一段时间的准备。应该收齐材料，处理好数据，制备好图表，完成统计处理。然后打好论文腹稿，列出 论文提纲，明确基本观点和主要结论。与指导者和合作者讨论，取得共识。深思熟虑后，一气呵成。其中“打腹稿”是写论文的关键阶段。这时应将所有工作和数据通盘考虑，全局在胸。这就像战斗打响前的运筹帷帽一样，是作者脑力劳动最紧张的时刻。

2.论文写作——中期(做时)准备

会写论文的人不是做完实验后才开始考虑写论文的，而是在研究工作的全过程中都考虑着写论文。论文“题目”和“引言”是论证时各种思考的凝炼。“材料和方法”是在找方法、建方法时形成的，写论文时只要如实叙述就可以了。“实验结果”是在实验设计、实验操作、阶段归纳、资料整理等过程中不断积累、整理而来的。“讨论”是综合平时的思考，同周围人员经常讨论商量，查阅和分析文献等过程后最后归纳而成的，是将平时思考过的众多问题集中几个主要观点以讨论的形式表达出来。“结论”则只须将最终结果归纳一下就可以了。所以会写论文的人，是在做研究的整个过程中不断地自然形成着最后的论文。这整个过程就是论文的中期准备。可见，中期准备以论文题目之始为始，以题目之终为终。题目结束之日，也就是论文中期准备完成之时。

3.论文写作——远期(学时)准备

如果只是着力于做好论文近期准备和中期准备，往往还不能写出上乘的论文，这就要看论文作者的远期准备，也就是学习阶段的基础准备了。这种准备是指对研究动态的掌握，专业基础的积累和逻辑思维、文字表达、分析综合等各方面能力的总体水平。这决不是一朝一夕所能企及，而是终生积累训练而就的。这就是为什么要强调“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”，“尔果欲学诗，功夫在诗外”了。这些平时积累的功夫，决定着作者 论文的写作水平，而论文写作水平又影响着论文的传播。这种能力不是临用时提得高的，而是要作者从年轻时就下苦功的。

(三)论文写作——审稿与修改

一气呵成写好论文稿件后，是要反复修改、千锤百炼的。不仅自己应该反复锤炼，还应请有关人员提意见，最后还要通过编辑部请相关专家审阅。 论文修改时凡是属于写作规格和篇幅方面的问题应按刊物规定的要求修改。作为论文作者，自己辛勤努力取得的实验数据当然十分珍惜，总希望在论文中尽量表达。但 论文审稿者旁观者清，往往提出一些合并或删除的意见。这时作者应该冷静考虑，该列入论文的列入，不必列入的不要列入。写论文只有“删繁就简三秋树”，才能“领导标新”地开出“二月花”。

论文审稿者也常会对所论观点提出意见。这是需要认真推敲决定是否采纳修改的。论文作者毕竟对自己的工作己有过长期实践和思考，逐渐形成了观点。应该说这些观点是有相当根据的。只要言之有理，述之有据，可以对审稿人的意见进行解释，保留自己的观点。但有时 论文作者自己局处一隅，想法越来越钻牛角尖。论文审稿人从更高的角度宏观审视，一针见血地指出论文立论和观点中的问题，这种情况也是有的。这时论文作者就应该认真思考意见的实质，调整思路，反复推敲，决定取舍。既不固执己见，也不曲意迎合。抱着探讨真理的态度，相互交流，共同提高。

论文通过审稿，有些意见不大，稍事修改即可发表。有些要有较大的改动才能发表。有的论文甚至认为基本事实不可靠或基本观点有误而无法发表。论文作者应冷静分析这些意见，妥善处理。一切都应坚持科学的、实事求是的态度。如果自己确认结果和观点无误，那么可以在 论文退稿后改投他刊。同一时候是不能一稿二投的。

纵观历年的高考书面表达，其文体题材各异，有书信、口头通知、简介、日记、自我介绍、记叙文、描写文、说明文、看图作文等，不同的体裁需要考生应用适当的篇章结构，将题目所提供的信息清晰、明了、准确，逻辑合理地表达出来。

篇章结构在语言表达中起着非常重要的作用，同样的信息点会因为不同的表达顺序传达出不同的信息。层次分明，逻辑合理的篇章结构会让读者在很短的时间内获得并准确理解题目所规定的信息;而叙述顺序混乱，前言不搭后语的篇章则让人一头雾水，不知所云何物。当然，后者是失败的表达，即使作者在写作的过程中使用了再漂亮的词汇和句型，混乱的文章结构也不会让读者准确领悟作者的意图。

记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。

记叙文的写作要素：

1 要交待清楚五要素的内容，即where, when, what, who ,how，给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。

2. 事情的叙述可以按时间或空间的顺序叙述，让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联，从而理解文章主题。

3. 时态通常使用与过去有关的时态，如一般过去时。

记叙文的篇章结构：

开头 the beginning——交待必要的背景。如：时间、地点、人物等。

中间 the middle——交待故事情节(事情的主体)。如：事件的发生、发展和前因后果。(可以使用表示时间或空间的连接词，使文章连贯。 如：at first…then…few minutes later…)

结尾 the ending——事情的结果或感想、愿望等。(所表达的感想或愿望应与所记叙的内容有关系，起到扣题或点题的作用，使文章结构紧凑)。

例如NEMT2000

假设你是李华，正在美国探亲。2000年2月8日清晨，你目击了一起交通事故。警察局让你写一份材料，报告当时的所见情况。请根据下列图画写出报告。

注意：1. 目击者应该准确报告事实

2. 词数100左右

3. 结尾已为你写好

如何写好小升初语文考试中的应试作文，关系到整个小升初的结果，下面是小编整理的写事作文的注意事项，欢迎阅读。

1、如果根据题目的要求选定了某件事，你就要对这件事进行认真的回忆，并仔细琢磨，反复思考，挖掘出这件事中含有的生活道理，或找出它闪光的地方。

2、要交代清楚时间、地点、人物、事件，让读者明白文章写的是什么人，在什么时候，什么地方发生了怎样的事。

3、必须把事情发生的环境写清楚。因为任何事情总是在一定的环境中发生、发展的。环境写好了，写出特点来，还能渲染气氛，表达感情，使文章更生动。

4、一般要按事情发展顺序，把一件事的起因、经过、结果写清楚，不能颠三倒四，还应把事情的前因后果，来龙去脉写清楚。

5、记事中要围绕中心，抓住重点，不要面面俱到。重点部分(一般指事情发展高潮处)要详写，写具体，写详尽，给读者以深刻的印象。

6、写事离不开写人，在记事过程中，一定要把人物的语言、神态、动作、心理活动等写细致，写逼真，这样才能表达出人物的思想品质，才能更好地表达这件事所包含的意义，即文章的中心思想。

所谓漫画作文，就是根据漫画的内容和命题的要求写成一篇作文。小编收集了写漫画作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、认识漫画

写好一篇漫画作文的第一步就是认识漫画。漫画不同于其他图画，它是一种寓言式绘画，从生活中取材，通过夸张、比喻、象征等手法，寓道理于图画之中，批评、讽刺或揭露生活中的一些不良现象，以小见大地来揭示深刻的哲理，使人在轻松、幽默的笑声中领悟道理，获得人生真谛。

二、观察漫画

首先观察漫画中主要有哪些人和物，他们之间有什么关系;其次，要观察漫画里的每个细节。要从画面中人物的形体、相貌、服饰等，弄清人物的性别、年龄、身份;从人物的表情、动作，推测人物的思想面貌，以及他在干什么：还要观察周围环境，弄清事件发生的时间、地点以及和事件有关的物品，画面上的每一个细节都对表达漫画的寓意有提示作用。另外，还要分清主次，弄清画中谁是背景，谁是主要人物;图中国共产党有多个人物，哪个是主要人物，哪个是次要人物。一般来讲，多数漫画会有多种情节，动笔之前，大家应分清哪个情景更有意义、更典型。我们特别要揣摩漫画的夸张之处，漫画为了说明某种观点，常常对人物行为或场景描绘变形夸张，以引起读者共鸣。夸张之处往往是漫画的弦外之音，是漫画所要表达的寓意所在。

例如，漫画《假文盲》的内容是：在寒风凛冽的冬季，一批人在公共汽车站等候着下一班车。在这之前，汽车公司为了更好地为老弱病残幼者提供方便，在每一个车站都设立了“母子上车处”。一位抱着还在吃奶的婴儿的农村母亲来到了这个地方，却只能呆在外面。这是为什么呢?原来早已有四个大男人塞满了通道。一个人两眼盯着马路，似乎在研究什么重要的事，眼睛从没看过那个牌子;第二个、第三人则闭目冥思：第四个更是用疑惑的眼神看着那五个字，仿佛不认识这些字。可怜那牌子旁边的妇女一边要哄小孩子睡觉，一边却无奈地望着他们。

三、领悟寓意

漫画是一种具有强烈的讽刺性或幽默性的图画，所谓“领悟寓意”就是深刻领悟漫画的深刻寓意，也就是要体会作者的用意;看懂图意、把握寓意是写好漫画作文最关键的一环。

透过漫画画面内容，对“假文盲”们进行了尖刻的讽刺和有力的鞭挞，犹如一把锋利的匕首切中了社会中的丑恶现象，强调了讲文明、讲道德是构建和谐社会的当务之急，呼吁人们以实际行动弘扬人类美德，崇尚社会公德，提醒人们要做一个文明人。

四、联系实际

这一步是全文的写作重点，在这一环节上应多花点笔墨去写。

当理解了画面寓意之后，就要联系生活中的人和事，运用联想和想象加深对画意的理解，并获得大量写作材料。在写作的时候，要发挥自己的想象力和联想，把自己的想法写具体，要联系生活实际思考，弄清楚画面隐含着的意义。

联系实际时，我们可以列举出平时在生活中看到的一些不文明的现象，如在公园草坪旁边醒目地竖起“请不要踏踩花草”的牌子，但有些人偏偏就在草坪上拍照或追逐：又如，在图书馆的墙上写上“请保持安静”、“请勿大声喧哗”等条幅，但仍有一些人在图书室里大声说笑，不顾其他人的感受……根据上述社会上的一些不文明的现象提出自己的一些看法、体会，写出自己的真实感受。

五、发出呼吁

最后，在文章的结尾，就社会上的一些不文明的现象向读者发出呼吁，提出一些切实可行的建议。

以说明为主是说明文与其他文体从表达方式上区别的标志。下面是小编整理的说明文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、抓住事物的主要特征，把握说明中心。

所谓特征，就是这一事物区别于其它事物的标志。只有抓住了事物的特征来说事状物，明理显性，才能说得准确，说得深透。

如《苏州园林》一文中，作者紧抓住苏州园林之中有个共同点，就是“务必使浏览者无论站在哪个点上，眼前总是一幅完美的图画”。换句话说，“一切都要为构成完美图画而存在，决不容许有欠美伤美的败笔”。文章先从亭台轩榭的布局，假山池沼的配合，花草树木的映衬，近景远景的层次四个主要方面进行说明，同时又从角落的布置，门窗的雕琢，油漆的调配三个细微的方面进一步表现它的总的特征。可是要想扣住事物的特征，在介绍说明中，必须有选择，有重点。如果面面俱到，结果就会什么事情也说不清楚。

抓住了事物的本质特征，也就抓住了说明的中心。记叙文，议论文，往往带有作者强烈的思想倾向和明显的主观色彩，如茅盾的《白杨礼赞》以白杨枝干的挺拔，力争向上，象征中华民族奋发向上的精神，赞扬敌后军民不屈不挠的气慨。而作为说明文的《杨树》，它的中心是介绍其不同品种的形态、生态、用途和不同特点。由此看来，扣紧说明对象的特征以确保文章中心不偏移，这是说明的要领。写作时，不能凭主观感情作为褒贬事物的标准，而应客观地科学地去说明。

二、根据不同的说明对象，合理安排说明顺序。

说明文的结构方式，应视文明对象的具体情况而定。如《人民英雄纪念碑》就是以纪念碑的方位顺序来组织文章。作者从东西南北四个方位着手，逐面写来，不仅层次清楚，而且使读者获得了有关中国革命的历史知识。《故宫博物院》是以其组成部分的一定顺序安排结构的，作者从天安门写到太和门、神武门，依其建筑的顺序从前至后逐一写来，并重点介绍太和殿、养心殿，使读者对故宫的整体和各个重点建筑都有较明晰的了解。

对于比较深奥的科学原理或比较复杂的事物、现象，在安排说明结构时，可按照人们认识问题逐步深入的思路安排结构。如《向沙漠进军》这篇，就是采用人们认识它们的规律，由浅入深，由具体到抽象的办法，先从读者熟悉的具体事例说起，再追根溯源，讲清成因原理。

实用性说明文大都有固定的结构方式，一般不宜随便变动。而文艺性说明文的结构则灵活多变。如《蜘蛛》先从谜语说起，再从中引出解释的问题。《死海不死》则是先叙述生动的传说故事，然后再介绍死海的形成。无论采用哪一种结构方式，都必须条理清楚，层次分明，重点突出。

三、文字要准确简明，语言要通俗生动。

准确，就是选用恰当的词句，恰如其分地反映出事理的含义和客观事物的本来面目，使人看了明白。如解释“名词”：“表示人或事物的名称的词，叫做名词”。解释“固体”：“有一定体积、而且有一定形状的物体叫做固体”。读者在这里对“名词”、“固体”的概念就可以得到确切的了解。如《蜘蛛》一文中，在介绍蜘蛛腹内的五种腺体的名称(壶状腺、葡萄状腺、腹合腺、管状腺、梨状腺)及功能时，作者采用当时的研究成果，运用了生物学中有关术语，在介绍蜘蛛捕捉蛟、蚋等小虫时，指出它把小虫“咬在‘嘴’里”，这里的“嘴”，实际上是指蜘蛛的第一对附肢——螯肢，它的前端变钩状，很锐利，尖端有小孔，跟这对附肢基部的毒腺相通，毒腺能分泌毒液。许多蜘蛛就是用交叉的螯肢(毒牙)来咬 昆虫的;它并非通常意义上的嘴，所以用引号标明;而在介绍落网中甲虫的拼搏时，这样写道：“它的六条腿东一推，西一撑;蜘蛛好容易把这条腿缚住，那条腿又伸了出来”。准确、生动、传神地写出了甲虫与蜘蛛激烈抗争的场面。

对于作文来说，写好作文开头尤为重要。因为老师阅读时首先看的便是第一段，小编收集了记叙文开头写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

俗话说：“万事开头难。”对于作文来说，写好作文开头尤为重要。因为老师阅读时首先看的便是第一段，所以写作文时一定要写好第一段，紧紧抓住老师的目光，让老师不由自主地随着你的思路走。有人用“凤头猪肚豹尾”一句来形容一篇好文章，那如何才能绘好这个“凤头”呢?

一、教你几招，学一学：

1、开门见山，直接入题。

叙事为主的记叙文，一开始就可以点明事情发生的时间、地点和有关背景;写人为主的记叙文可直接交代人物或通过对人物肖像、对话、行动等方面的描写，直接入题。例如：

(1)唐老师病了。快放晚学时，同学们都难过地坐在自己的座位上。教室里如同死水一般寂静。(《真情》)

(2)她叫王芳，我读五年级时的班长。尽管我俩分别一年多了，但班长的轶事依然历历在目，难以忘怀。(《有这样一位好班长》)

(3)父亲抡起锄头，画了个满圈，“嘭“，一个土块碎了。“爸，我回来帮你吧!”憋在心里的话终于吐了出来。漂亮的弧只画了一半，锄头遵循着牛顿第二运动定律，飞向前了。(《父亲的爱》)

(4)那天，鲜花店门口贴了一张大红告示：母亲节预定鲜花。哦!母亲节快到了，我该为母亲准备节日礼物了。(《母亲节的礼物》)

2、写景状物，渲染气氛。

文章的开头从写景状物入手，展示人物活动的环境或交代故事发生的背景，渲染气氛，以此烘托人物，展开故事。如：

(1)花开的季节，到处芬芳飘香，而我却无心观赏，因为此时我失去了同窗好友——强。(《同窗好友》)

(2)太阳落山了，昏黄的光晕渲染了半边天，我寂寞地趴在阳台上。窗外那棵老杨树上，不知名的大鸟仍在不知疲倦地喂食它的小宝贝。它那绿豆般的眼睛温柔而慈爱地注视着意欲飞出温巢的小鸟。这画面，这眼神，让我想起了母亲……(《面对母亲的目光》)

(3)教室外，呼啸着的北风挟着密集的雨点扑打在墙上，“嚓、嚓”地响。教室里，一场全能竞赛考试进行到了白热化的阶段。(《心中筑起一堵墙》)

3、抒情议论，确定基调。

用几句恰当的议论抒情做文章的开头，或感染读者，或点明主旨，领起下文。如：

(1)伴着年关噼里啪啦的鞭炮声，踩着原野初融的残雪，你姗姗走来，明眸含情。你用爱的温馨，使我腊黄的脸庞泛起红晕;你用爱的吟唱，唤醒我迷茫的信念。我，不再忧郁、沉闷、彷徨，也不再坐等、观望、祈祷，我要振作，寻觅、追回你以及你给我曾经编制过的那个七彩的梦幻!(《情寄春风》)

(2)生日是一根线，一头是我，一头是外婆;生日是一个圈，圈住外婆的笑，圈住我的记忆;生日是一条河，那匆匆的流水，把我的思念带到外婆身边。(《生日寄语》)

(3)爷爷是我最爱的亲人。我的童年是在爷爷那边度过的。是爷爷拉着我的手，教会我走路;是爷爷使我从小就懂得不少道理。我把爷爷看成自己幼年成长的拐杖。(《我爱爷爷》)

4、设置悬念，引出下文。

用悬念开头，能一下子抓住读者的心，激发人们的兴趣和思考，起到引人入胜的效果。如：

(1)是为了摆脱那饥寒交迫的日子，你才无可奈何地跳下悬崖?是为了免遭那被俘的耻辱，你才义无返顾地投落这峭壁?(《峭壁上的树》)

(2)朋友，你听说过鳄鱼是怎样哭泣的吗?你听说过猩猩吃人的故事吗?你知道外星人是怎么来到地球的吗?……哦，你摇头了。可别急，全是它——《世界奇闻怪事》告诉我的，它使我体会到了课外阅读的乐趣。(《课外阅读的乐趣》)

(3)我快要死了——

我躺在病床上，四周黑漆漆的一片，十分寂静，偌大的房间里，只能听得见我微弱的呼吸声。护士只有到吃药、打针的时候才会进来，而且很少和我说话。我已经习惯了，我不会有太多的抱怨，因为我知道我快要死了。我凝视着窗外，告诉自己要坦然面对死亡。(《感受生活之美》)

5、引用诗文或歌词，突现中心。

以诗文妙语、名言警句或歌词开头，既能激发读者兴趣，也能提高文章的品位。同时，也能揭示文章主要内容，突现人物、事件。如：

(1)“慈母手中线，游子身上衣。临行密密缝，意恐迟迟归……”读着这首脍炙人口的小诗，我的思绪不禁飘散开来，飘向那远在大山脚下守着几亩地辛勤劳作的母亲。(《母亲，你是我一生的感动》)

(2)“请把我的歌，带回你的家，请把你的微笑留下……”每当耳边响起熟悉的旋律，自己就好像遇见了多年不见的老朋友一样，感觉格外亲切。(《歌声与微笑》)

(3)“母亲啊，你是荷叶，我是红莲。心中的雨点来了，除了你，谁是我无遮无拦天空的荫蔽?”每当读到冰心女士讴歌母亲的这段话，我便不由自主地想起我那矮小瘦弱却独自一人挑负全家生活重担的慈母。(《母爱无边》)

6、对比映衬，烘云托月

这种开头通过对比或铺陈，能使要表现的内容在其他事物的烘托下显得更加突出、醒目，从而给人十分鲜明和深刻的印象。如：

(1)窗外阳光明媚，几只小鸟在树上欢快地叫着，但我却无论如何也打不起精神来，因为爸爸妈妈分居了，而且正在闹离婚，这对我是个莫大的打击。我要尽最大的努力使爸妈和好，因为我想有个完美的家。(《我想有个完美的家》)

(2)当你看到平坦的大地上傲然挺立的一排排生机勃勃的绿树，你也许回情不自禁地赞叹大自然那非凡的创造力。绿树是美好的，枯树也有其可爱之处，虽然它青春已逝，生命衰朽。(《枯树》)

(3)李商隐有诗曰：“夕阳无限好，只是近黄昏”，我惊讶于他的洞察力，然而，夕阳下互相搀扶的老夫老妻却是天底下最美的风景。(《最美丽的风景》)

总结：好的作文开头应做到：一简、二新，三美。“简”就是开头力求简洁、明了，不啰嗦重复。“新”就是开头不落俗套，新颖别致。“美”就是开头能给人以美感，如用生动形象的描写，或借助修辞，或引用诗文。

The winter solstice, the winter solstice as the "holiday" in han dynasty, the rulers to congratulate ceremony known as "He Dong", official holidays, routine officialdom popular each "winter" worship custom. "Were" has such records: "before and after the winter solstice, the gentleman place static body, baiguan, scenes, and then pick an auspicious day Chen save trouble." So on the court and off to rest, to the army on standby, frontier retreat, business travel out of business, family and all distinctions to food, visit each other, a joyous festival "place static body". When in the six dynasties, the winter solstice is called "the age", people to elders to extend holiday greetings to your parents; After the song dynasty, the winter solstice festival gradually become the sacrifice to ancestors and gods.

Tang and song period, the winter solstice is to worship the day of worship ancestors, the emperor held outside the day to worship, the people in this day to the parents or elders worship. Ming and qing dynasties, the emperor have to worship, of "winter solstice jiao days". There has to be given to a emperor, table officials ritual, but also to each other for congratulations, like New Years day.

Winter festival also called yesterday, hand in winter. It is one of the 24 solar terms, is a traditional festival of China, have "the winter solstice as big as a year". Winter solstice supplements, is Chinas traditional customs, folksay: fill a lump-sum winter, in the coming year without pain. Summer volts, winter lump-sum. The winter solstice mend, nutrients.

冬至到了，汉代以冬至为“冬节”，官府要举行祝贺仪式称为“贺冬”，官方例行放假，官场流行互贺的“拜冬”礼俗。《后汉书》中有这样的记载：“冬至前后，君子安身静体，百官绝事，不听政，择吉辰而后省事。”所以这天朝廷上下要放假休息，军队待命，边塞闭关，商旅停业，亲朋各以美食相赠，相互拜访，欢乐地过一个“安身静体”的节日。魏晋六朝时，冬至称为“亚岁”，民众要向父母长辈拜节;宋朝以后，冬至逐渐成为祭祀祖先和神灵的节庆活动。

唐、宋时期，冬至是祭天祀祖的日子，皇帝在这天要到郊外举行祭天大典，百姓在这一天要向父母尊长祭拜。明、清两代，皇帝均有祭天大典，谓之“冬至郊天”。宫内有百官向皇帝呈递贺表的仪式，而且还要互相投刺祝贺，就像元旦一样。

冬至节亦称冬节、交冬。它既是二十四节气之一，是中国的一个传统节日，曾有“冬至大如年”的说法。冬至进补，是我国传统风俗，俗语云：三九补一冬，来年无病痛。夏养三伏，冬补三九。冬至补一补,一年精气足。

对联，俗称对子，雅称楹联。它言简意深，对仗工整，平仄协调，是一字一音的汉语语言独特的艺术形式。对联形式多样，有正对、反对、流水对、联球对、集句对等。但不管何类对联，使用何种形式，都必须具备以下特点：

一、要字数相等，断句一致。

二、要平仄相合，音调和谐。

最基本的要求是“仄(即声调三、四声)起平(即声调一、二声)落”，即上联末句尾字用仄声，下联末句尾字用平声。

三、要词性相对，位置相同。

一般称为“虚对虚，实对实”，就是名词对名词，动词对动词，形容词对形容词，数量词对数量词，副词对副词，而且相对的词必须在相同的位置上。

四、要内容相关，上下衔接。

上下联的含义必须相互衔接，但又不能重复。

著名的对联:

1、

风声、雨声、读书声,声声入耳;

家事、国事、天下事,事事关心。

2、

能攻心则反侧自消,从古知兵非好战;

不审势即宽严皆误,后来治蜀要深思。

3、

横眉冷对千夫指,

俯首甘为孺子牛。

4、

有志者事竟成破釜沉舟百二秦关终属楚，

苦心人天不负卧薪尝胆三千越甲可吞吴。

5、

假作真时真亦假,

无为有处有还无。

6、

海水朝朝朝朝朝朝朝落;

浮云长长长长长长长消。

敢于突破创新，是作文的一种创造性思维，这涉及到学生平时对生活的观察、思索和体验。只要有一颗真诚的心与经历过的人与事发生了共鸣与碰撞，才能爆发出智慧的火花。文章的“变脸”就在于能用“求异”思维方法，挖掘题目的材料和内涵，展开丰富的联想，寻找到最佳的切入点，提炼出更新更亮并最有价值的感悟、情感点和趣味点，那么佳作就会闪亮登场了。

如《狼之美》一文就打破了常规的思维方式，对狼的另一面作了深刻的剖析，你看，狼并非是人们常说的凶残动物，而有其“团结、诚实，我行我素”之美，进而再与人类作对比，更具有思考的深刻性，给人以启迪。作者不仅关注动物世界与人类社会的关系，而且从求异思维的角度运用一分为二的辩证观点对事物作出严谨的分析，这是值得大家仿效的。

例文：狼之美

狼，向来被人们看作是凶残的动物。在人们眼中，贪婪、嗜血、狡猾向来是它们的代号。古有蒲松龄的《狼》，描写的便是如此，然而，狼的美，它那颗孤独而又不羁的心，却从未被人熟悉。

团结。狼，如若要猎食大型动物的话，通常为“群起而攻之”。没有一匹狼会为了独食而另寻它道。只有在它们身边无所依傍的情况下，才会单独行动。在整个猎食的过程中，它们相互团结，一致抗敌。或许在人类的眼中，这正是它们凶残、贪婪的验证。但是，这也只不过是为了生存而迫不得已做的。而人类，身为高智商的动物，却不如狼。在外敌入侵时，总有一批人“纷纷作鸟兽散了”，有的甚至会卖国求荣，当起了汉奸。在这点上，狼也许是要比我们略胜一筹。

诚实。在现实社会里，人与人之间的尔虞我诈、勾心斗角是免不了的。人们如若阴险地战胜了对方，往往会加一些冠冕堂皇的理由。狼，即使猎食了其它动物，也不会为自己找借口。它们很清楚自己在干什么———为了生存。自然界的法律更是如此，它们做得光明磊落，无可厚非。相反，人类自己本是奸诈狡猾，却还把罪名加在狼头上，这是不是有点“血口喷狼”?

我行我素。狼，天生就是放荡不羁的性格，它们不会为了迎合他人而改变自己。即使人类把它们的“档案”存放在“凶残”这个文件夹里，它们依然始终如一。人类恐怕便不是如此了吧。许多人为了迎合上级或领导的口味，不惜阿谀奉承、溜须拍马，还美其名曰“巧舌如簧”。这些人真可谓是“恬不知耻”。

狼，它们也拥有美，它们有着自己独特的美。它不在外表，而在内涵。人类如果认为自己是万物之首的话，那么请学习一下狼的美吧。

历年来，在高考中都会出现一些满分作文，如何写出满分作文是同学们关注的焦点，小编收集了满分作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

1、充分发挥自己的优势。认识水平高、擅长理性思维的同学可选择议论文，擅长形象思维、会刻画人物的同学可选择微型小说，擅长抒情的同学可选择散文。

2、精写前几段，给评卷老师留下一个好印象。要精雕细刻，要出彩。比如，可开门见山，直奔主题;可制造悬念，引人入胜;可提出问题，引人注意;或巧用排比、比喻、拟人等修辞手法，或巧述故事，引人入胜，或巧用题记，揭示主旨，或巧用诗文显诗意。写好结尾和过渡段。阅卷老师一般是S型的扫描全文。结尾可画龙点睛，发人深思;或总结全文，照应开头;或虚笔拓展，扩大容量;或精辟议论，深化主旨。

3、要给自己充足的构思时间，不要急于动笔。“宁停三分，不争一秒”，因为写作是“开弓没有回头箭”的，写到一半，突然发现，呀，把题目理解错了，或没领会好命题的要求。最可怕的是文章写到一半，又想另起炉灶。时间没了，心情也坏了，干着急。建议打草稿，防止“三边工程”(边立项，边设计，边施工)。考场作文不宜见异思迁，边写边改。要贯彻一种构思。一旦构思已定，就不要轻易改变。

4、要力避前松后紧、虎头蛇尾。有些同学构思、提纲拟好后，开头反复推敲，精雕细琢，后来发现时间不够，于是草草收兵。此外，要谨慎对待修改。今年实行网上评卷，更应慎重。修改一般只着眼于字词方面的，可用米尺比好之后划两横。结构方面不能修改。要保持卷面的整洁美观，要努力做到改动少而效果好。

5、如果偏题或者离题，作文的主要分数就失去了。为防止跑题，可从如下几点做出努力：一是将材料、引语和话题联系起来思考，不可单看话题;二是看自己确立的观点能否用话题所给材料来证明;三是想一想这则材料当初发在媒体上登载是要达到一个什么效果的。万一跑题了，要考虑逆挽，使文章形成一种欲扬先抑的结构形态。

6、一定要完篇。熟话说，好文章是风头、猪肚、豹尾。没有豹尾，老鼠尾巴也要有一个，绝不能写半头文。用半篇文章给你评分，怎么会得高分?

7、要重视拟题，特别要注意不能缺题。不是万不得已，不要以话题做标题。张伟民讲那是一种浪费。拟题是显示你才气的一个好的平台，不能轻易放弃。缺题影响远不止2分。正好给了评卷老师扣分的理由。

8、文章要有一至两个亮点。如果是记叙文，应该用抓人的情节和生动的描写表现你的真情，记叙文不能没有描写。如果是议论文，就一定要有1--2个典型的论据，就应该有纵横捭阖，很深刻的见解。如果是微型小说一定要有巧妙的构思。这个亮点还可以是一句富有哲理的警句，也可以是一个精彩的比喻，也可以是一个超常的搭配(酽酽的歌喉)。总之，要能使评卷老师精神为之一震。

9、行文中要多次扣题，要一路扣题一路歌。材料、引语和话题中的相关文字至少在文中出现三次以上。开头三句话内应点题一次，结尾应回扣标题，“回眸一笑百媚生”。中间至少扣题一次。几次扣题事实上也是在不断地提醒自己不要跑题。有球场上叫暂停的效果，可以调整思路和写法。

10、思想要健康。“思想健康”不是说要你只说冠冕堂皇的话，不是要你刻意拔高，“健康”是针对“病态”、“庸俗”而言的，它的底线是不能欣赏违背法律法规和偏离社会道德的事。恋爱题材是考场作文的禁区，无论考生写得如何缠绵悱恻，真挚动人，因其行为是中学生日常行为规范所不允许的，这类作文自然得不了高分。

11、观点不可太绝对，要留有余地。“义正”未必要“辞严”，“理直”未必就要“气壮”。联系现实生活时，涉及社会黑暗面时，要有分寸，不要一味指责。“质问京山大冤案”。批评家长、老师和社会要与人为善，抱着协商与治病救人的态度，要提建设性意见。不可尖刻、讽刺、挖苦，甚至恶意地进行人身攻击。

12、临场写作时可以根据题意和你的表达需要想像一个或一类读者就在你的面前。如以“沟通”为话题作文，写与家长的沟通，可想像父母就在身边;写“沟通”之艰难和必要，就好像误解过你的人正在听你倾诉;写国际间通过沟通走向合作，就设想自己参与了国与国的谈判。即使所写文章没有明确的阅读对象，你也可以想像此文是写给你的语文老师的。你要知道，你的文章的惟一读者是那位跟你的语文老师非常相似的人。写记叙文，且最好将主人公设定为自己。想想阅卷老师的喜好，说他们想听的话。尽可能赢得评卷老师的同情。

13、写法上可以求新。要考虑，怎样表现更智慧，更艺术，更有可读性;但更要求稳。我的意见是大家一定要在一种比较稳的情况下，确有把握时才可写小小说或者是写戏剧，或者是写别的，确有把握之后才写这种文体，如果没有把握的话，就选择比较稳妥的老的文体，老的写法。

14、不可按上年或前几年的高考作文思路行文。求新、求变是人们所追求的，高考作文也不例外。但若按上年或前几年的高考作文思路行文，甚至拿来套用，机械模仿，不懂灵活应变，就会吃力不讨好，这也是失分的点。因为阅卷者大都是相对固定的，对以前的高考作文非常熟悉。不主张写诗歌、文言文。

15、苦于材料缺乏则可以突出自己的爱好。你如果喜欢体育，那你就像体育记者一样，叙体育、议体育，只要切合题意就好。你如果喜欢听××的歌、看××的书、爱好上网……你就可以将自己这一方面的经历和感受与命题联系起来。那样就不愁内容贫乏、文思枯竭。不要瞎编乱造。靠编故事骗取老师的眼泪从而获得高分的时代已经一去不复返了。

16、要美化自己，而不是丑化自己。要显现自己的高境界、大抱负、多知识、同情心，要显现自己以天下为己任的豪情。不要出于反衬别人等考虑而故意丑化自己，如果让评卷老师以为你真就是那样，那就麻烦了，因为高考是选拔性考试。从某个角度讲，评卷老师评卷的过程就是一个选择淘汰对象的过程。

17、字数以900字左右为宜。不能给人凑字数的感觉，但也不能拖得太长，不允许加纸条。许欢写长文的同学，开篇要注意不要放得太开，开口不要太大，能跳过去的就跳过去，要相信读者的理解能力。要注意节省篇幅，要防止高潮来了没地方写了。切忌三段文。要突出的句子(扣题的、表现主旨的、文眼、点睛之笔、抒情议论、议论文的分论点等)最好单独成段。

18、看到题目后，可先搜索一下自己以往所写的优秀作文，看有没有可以再利用的。需要注意的是一定要不牵强。

下面是小编收集的论文写作技巧：如何把论文变成高水平论文，欢迎阅读。

几年前，在中国能发表一些英文的SCI论文就算很厉害了，现在水涨船高，科研人能看上眼的是高影响因子的论文，尤其崇拜那些能发CNS(Cell, Nature, Science)系列杂志的学人。只要论文不造假，崇尚发表好论文是个好现象，对推动科技进步将很有帮助。

但事实上，除少数科研明星外，对国内大多数科研人员来说，在CNS上发表论文依然是一个梦想。能在专业领域内国际上最好的杂志上发表一篇高水平的论文也不是件容易的事。

我们在科研中会发现这样的现象：做相似或相关的研究，付出了同样艰辛的劳动，有些实验室能经常发表许多很好的论文，而有些实验室发表的论文却在低档次水平徘徊。

为什么会发生这种现象呢?低水平论文变成高水平论文的到底难度在哪呢?

在回答这个问题前，首先归纳一下高水平论文的特点：

(1)论文的假说要新，有创造性，而且有较大的理论或实际应用价值;

(2)支持假说的证据要充分，严谨;

(3)数据解释合理，结论清楚;

(4)写作要让复杂的东西易懂，反之，则是低水平论文。

根据我写论文、审稿和阅读论文的经验体会，其实很多论文的假说创新性不错，可支持假说的证据往往不足，有些很有价值的假说提出了几十年，甚至几千年，也没有得到有力的证据支持。

也就是说：想到容易，可做到就难了。比如：“地球以外有外星人存在”这一假说已经有很久了，可至今没找到有力的证据。

再比如：“诱导型多能干细胞(iPS)可治疗截瘫”。这一假说虽然取得了一些证据，但离找到充分的证据证明iPS能安全有效的治疗截瘫尚有很长的路要走。

据Baniel W.Byrne的研究(见我的博文《论文投稿被拒的常见原因排行榜》)，71%的论文投稿因为课题设计问题被拒。课题设计的问题多是在设计时没有考虑如何获取充分而严谨的证据来支持假说，从而导致论文档次上不去。

如何获得充分而又严谨的证据?

(1)尽可能多的证据来论证同一个假说。比如：要证实A基因的过度表达可诱导癌症，可用：

(a)体外证据(体外转染A基因到正常细胞，可转化成恶性肿瘤细胞);

(b)动物体内证据(如:A基因的转基因老鼠可诱导癌症);

(c)人体证据(如:A基因在人体癌组织中表达升高)。生物医学科研最终是为解决人类疾病服务的，因此人体的证据有利于提升论文的档次和价值。

(2)尽可能提供不同的实验方法来论证：比如要证实A基因在癌细胞表达升高可用免疫组化的方法在蛋白质水平显示细胞内表达的分布情况，也可用定量逆转录PCR的方法在mRNA水平检测A基因的表达，两种或更多的不同方法同时应用来证实同一问题，这样的结果就显得更可靠。

(3)尽可能找到直接的证据：比如，要证实转录因子对下游基因的调节，单知道该转录因子可增加下游基因的mRNA或蛋白质表达是不够的，因为你不知道该转录因子是直接作用还是通过另外的基因间接起作用，要取得直接证据可用ChIP实验来证实转录因子蛋白可直接与下游基因的启动子结合，从而上调下游基因的表达。

(4)尽可能将实验数据联起来获得一个相对完整而又严谨的科学故事：现在发表高水平大论文，单做一两个，甚至几个实验是不够的，需要做一系列的实验来把你的论据和论证串通起来，形成一个不一定动听但完整而严谨的科学故事。

尽管提供好的证据来支持假说最为重要的，也是最难的，但是在论文的讨论中如何合理的解释数据结果也至关重要。经常发高水平论文的人其实也是原始数据解释的高手。

而有些人，有好数据，却因为没有合理的解释好，所得出的结论不够清楚，导致论文档次下降，这确实有点冤。

解决这一问题的办法有：

a.分析文献，看是否能从文献中得到启发;

b.请经验丰富的同行认真阅读你的论文，提出建议，可弥补你想不到的地方。

写专业性很强的科技论文，能被学科背景不是太强的半外行容易看懂很重要。前几年我投的一篇论文给杂志，三次都被拒稿，后来认真阅读了审稿人意见，发现有些审稿人并没有完全理解我们的论文。

后来我们重新修改了论文,使之更容易理解后,论文很快被接受了。我觉得，如果有两个或以上的审稿人都误解了你的论文，那一定是你写作有问题，别光骂审稿人或编辑水平臭，一定要好好从自己写作上找原因。

我的做法是，在论文完稿后让英文水平不错，但专业背景不强的人读你的论文，如果他们能读懂，说明你的论文不错，并根据他们的意见反复修改。总之,把复杂高深的科研成果用易懂而严谨的方式写出来是我们论文写作努力的方向。

英语字母教学作为英语学习的基础，是小学英语教学中重要一环，这一阶段的教学，教师应给予足够的重视，通过各种教学组织形式使这一阶段的学习得以很好的落实。学好26个字母对以后单词的学习起着至关重要的作用。因此，在学习字母阶段，我们要利用一切可利用的资源，创设情境，让学生和字母交朋友、做游戏。

一、字母读音教学

1. 注重示范发音的正确性

字母发音直接影响着学生单词的发音，而且学生错误的发音一旦形成就很难再纠正。因此教师在教学字母之前一定要多听录音，纠正好自己的发音。在课堂教学中教师要让学生听磁带跟读，观察他们的口形，并鼓励模仿得好的学生示范领读，帮助其他同学纠正发音。

2. 把握学生的发音难点

受各地方方言的影响，学生对字母的发音往往会出错。比如：南方人容易把A读成/e/。因此，教师要把握好学生方言发音难点，预先采取各种教学方法防止错误发音的出现。

3. 强化个别字母教学

尽管许多学生对字母有了一定程度的掌握，但大多数学生都没有进行过系统的字母学习，中间难免存在着许多似是而非的现象。例如学生对GgJj两个字母的读音容易混淆，对Uu和Ii这两个字母的发音不到位。教师在教学中应针对这种情况加强这几个字母的训练。

4. 注重读音归类教学

把字母按读音进行分类是字母读音教学的一个重要任务，也是学生觉得有一定难度的一项内容。为了使学生能更好得掌握，教师可采用分家游戏的方法，按家族将26个字母进行分类记忆。首先将字母划分为七个家族，再对号入座，最终编成一首音素家族chant 帮助学生记忆：

A、H、J、K 是A 家族，A，A是族长。

E的家族有八位，BCDE，GPTV，E，E是族长。

/e/ 的家族没有族长，它的成员有七位，FLMN，SX 和Z。

U 的家族有三位，UQW，U，U是族长。

I 的家族有两位，IY，I，I是族长。(手势指着自己)

R 和O单独住，它们自己是族长。

5. 注重语音暗线的铺垫

在三年级下册学生用书中，字母读音和字母例词的安排是一条语音暗线，教师教学时要努力让学生掌握字母的正确读音，并初步感知字母在例词中的读音，为以后学习语音奠定基础。比如讲到字母Ee时，例词是egg，elepghant，教师可突出字母E的发音。英语有48个国际音标，如果学生能在学习 26个字母的同时掌握与此相关的26个音素，将会为以后的语音学习打好基础。

二、字母书写教学

字母的书写过程要一步步进行：先观察性状，再观察笔顺、占格情况，然后书空，使用活动手册进行描红，最后达到仿写。

1. 字母认读的教学

字母的书写首先要求学生能正确区分一些形近的字母。有些字母可以通过猜谜的方法让学生记住它们的形状特点。例如：弯弯的月牙(C)、一条小蛇 (S)、三叉路口(T)、1加3(B)、一座宝塔(A)、胜利的象征(V)、大号鱼钩(J)、一张弓(D)、一扇小门(n)、一棵小苗(r)、一把椅子 (h)。这些谜语既能让学生记住字母的形，又能激发学生的学习兴趣。同时，还可以让学生自编谜语学习字母，充分发挥学生的想象能力。另外，还可以将字母的一部份遮住，让学生根据漏出来部分来猜字母。

2. 字母书写的教学

字母的书写是小学生的一个薄弱环节。小学的英语书写一定要求学生做到严格遵照书写规范，教师绝对不能马虎。因为英语字母有印刷体和书写体之分，所以容易使学生在书写时发生混淆，教师在教学时应多在这方面进行强调。

(1)笔顺教学

教师要充分利用多媒体设施让学生仔细观察字母的笔画和笔顺。正确的笔顺在活动手册的描红练习中有正确的示范。但有时学生会受到汉语拼音笔顺的影响，错误书写字母，因此教师要对容易出错的笔顺进行比较细致的指导。如i和j都是后加点，t先写钩，H先两竖等。建议教师不妨采用汉语拼音的教法，使用一些形象的比喻，帮助学生理解记忆书写规则，防止笔画出错。比如：H是一双筷子拴根线，j是海豹顶皮球，i是小海狮头上顶个球，t是伞把带开关等。

(2)格式教学

字母的占格同样是字母书写教学中的一个教学难点，尤其是当字母的大小写混在一起的时候，学生很容易混淆。这样，教师要先清楚示范，提醒学生注意并总结字母占格的规律。同时，教师还可以借助儿歌帮助学生掌握字母的占格规律。如：英语书写，四线三格，大写字母一二格，上不顶线是原则;小写字母认准格，上面有 ‘辫’一二格，下面有‘尾’二三格，无‘辫’无‘尾’中间格;i，t中上一格半。在学生掌握了字母的占格规律后，还要通过活动手册上的描红来加强练习。这里要注意的是，到一定阶段的时候，教师要让学生能在没有四线格的一条线上，甚至是没有任何线的白纸上也能正确地表示出字母的书写格式。

三、操练

字母操练我们还可以采用游戏的形式。

1. What’s missing?游戏

学了几个字母以后，把字母卡片放在一起让学生认读，然后抽去其中的一张，让学生寻找：What’s missing?此时，学生注意力高度集中，急于表现自己，识记的效果就会很好。

2. 左邻右舍游戏

学生准备好已经学过的字母卡片，教师出示一个字母，让学生找出它的左邻右舍，请找到的几个学生快速把字母拿到讲台上站在相应的位置上，其余的学生一起认读这几个字母。

3. Make letters游戏

让学生用肢体动作表示不同的字母，或让学生用火柴棒拼出不同字母的形状。