初中英语说明文思维导图(热门20篇)

The walls are white and blue. The curtains are blue too. There is a big

window on the wall, so my bedroom is also very bright. There are some photos on

the wall. They’re very beautiful.

In the middle of the room, there is my bed. It’s not so big, but it’s very

comfortable. Every night, I lay on the bed and have a good dream.

On the right of the bed, there is my desk and chair. They’re in front of

the window. My computer is on the desk. There is a lamp on the desk, too. I can

do my homework here and play computer games.

My bookshelf is on the left of the bed. There are a lot of storybooks and

picture books in the shelf. I like them very much.

Not everyone has a bedroom. I’m very lucky, because I have a very beautiful

bedroom. I’ll try my best to keep it clean and tidy.

I study in XX middle school. My school is very big and beautiful.

I often get up atX.00 a.m. Ten minute later I have my breakfast. Our classes begin at X.00 a.m. we have eight lessons every day. I often have Chinese,English and Maths lessons in the morning. I go home for lunch at about X.00 p.m. From X.XX to X.XX p.m, we have other lessons like Geography, History, Biology, Political and PE.

I don’t like play basketball,football and pingpang. But I like run.

I very like English and Computer lessons. English is very important. It is very hard to learn. Computer lesson is very interesting.

My school life is very colorful.

你说过一句话；人生自古谁无死，留取丹心照汗青。

你嫉恶如仇，见善若饥渴；你修身絜行，言必由绳墨！有你在一切之邪道都为枉然。孔曰成仁，孟曰取义，唯其义尽，所以仁至。读圣贤书，所学何事？

而今而后，庶几无愧。四十七载春秋，你清苦一生；四十七界轮回，你仰天长叹！你明知多言必招祸，但仍然为了江山社稷，为了广大黎民，不顾一切的站起身，挺直腰板，向全世界宣战！邦有道则仕，邦无道则隐。浑浊的宋朝，就是一滩污水，你勤勤恳恳，一心为国。不顾小人的算计，不顾社会的险恶，上书谏言。爱国之心，亦无人能比。国家在你的眼下被元朝所占，你虽心有不甘，却也无力回天。牢狱之灾，你一笑而过；

牢刑之苦，你淡然处之。囚禁三年，骨肉难圆，封官诱降，不为所动，清官这个词，因你而生。

哀哉沮洳场，为我安乐国。岂有他缪巧，阴阳不能贼，忠臣这个词，因你才诞生。

顾此耿耿在，仰视浮云白。悠悠我心悲，苍天曷有极，慈悲因你而存在。

哲人日已远，典刑在夙昔。风檐展书读，古道照颜色。凛然正气，从容就义！你，就是世间不灭的传奇！

采菊东篱下，悠然见南山。扑鼻的菊香中，你悠然自得。你从不为官场的阿谀而屈服他人的脚下，从不因世人的冷漠而熄灭生命的热情。你毅然选择放弃，最后留下高洁的清影。你远离喧嚣的尘世，独自寄居东篱之下。

曾经官场早已抛之脑后。披星戴月的生活更加逍遥自在。没有功名追求，没有利欲熏心。有的是皓月当空、月华如水的美丽。是南山种豆、夕露沾衣的欣然。是东篱采菊、遥望南山的闲适。躬耕自资，借山归隐。医用自己的豁达，昭显了生命的意义

。造饮辄尽，期在必醉；既醉而退，曾不吝情去留。你虽生活拮据，却从不自甘堕落，褴褛屋檐下，未足为高栖。一世皆尚同，愿君汩其泥。旁人都在劝你，这世道本就如此，何必如此认真。“深感老父言，禀气寡所谐。纤辔诚可学，违已讵非迷？

且共欢此饮，吾驾不可回。在那古代的人性泯灭的时期，是你唤醒了人的良知。你一心一意，匡庐山水，不戚戚于贫贱，不汲汲于富贵。吾不能为五斗米折腰，拳拳事乡里小人邪！有了你，公理自在心中，大同社会不是幻想，这就是你，给了我们一个恒久的神话！

你虽然不为世人所知，但你却活在正士的心中，原先那个辉煌的时代，因你存在，因为……

你就是不灭的正道！

可是，到如今，这个新世纪里，谁人做了什么，是人性的泯灭，道德的丧失，或是官场贪官的行尸走肉？又或是什么，让你离我们远去，还是真正的破碎了呢？

本学期，我将结合学校工作计划和学校教学工作计划的要求，规范常规教学，提高教学质量，努力形成自己的教学特色。

一、总体思路

以努力提高教学质量为目标，以抓好教学常规工作，提高英语合格率为重点，采用任务型教学法，注重“学困生”的教育补差工作，形成良好的教学风气。

二、学生情况分析

经过一学期的学习，从上期期末成绩来看，七年级两个班的英语成绩比较理想。平均分82分。大部分学生学习目的明确，态度端正，掌握了英语学习的一些基本方法，能够积极主动认真地学习，学习成绩较好。但还有少部分学生没有明确的学习目的，缺少学习的热情和主动性，自觉性较差，相应的学习习惯也差，加上两极分化十分严重。

三、教材分析

《Goforit》七年级下册共14个单元，包括2个复习单元。全书采用任务型语言教学模式，融汇话题、交际功能和语言结构，形成了一套循序渐进的生活化的学习程序。每个单元都列出明确的语言目标，主要的功能项目与语法结构，需要掌握的基本词汇，并分为A、B两部分。A部分是基本的语言内容，B部分是知识的扩展和综合的语言运用。每个单元还有selfcheck部分，供学生自我检测本单元所学的语言知识。它采用“语言的输入---学生的消化吸收---学生的语言输出”为主线编排的。

四、教学目标

掌握本册书上的重点词汇、词组以及句型。通过本学期的学习，培养学生对英语的学习兴趣，形成有效的学习策略，有效提高学习效率，发展双基能力;培养听、说、读、写的能力，使学生初步获得运用英语的能力，达到语言运用能力的迁移和拓展;通过了解世界，了解不同地区的人文风俗，学会理解和尊重异国文化，并使学生在人际交往中学会尊重和理解别人，能在小组活动中积极与他人合作，相互帮助，共同完成学习任务，尽情享受学习的乐趣。

五、教学措施

1、加强词汇教学，包括单词拼写、词义记忆，语言功能的训练。

词汇是文章、句子的基本单位，词汇量的大小，将直接关系到学生能否流利地运用英语进行交际;能否熟练地用英语读和写;能否顺利地用英语思考。从上学期的期末考试所反映的问题看，在今后的教学中，在加强拼读与拼写的同时，应帮助学生进行有意识记，应加强对词的用法及内在含义的理解，要培养学生用英语解释单词的能力，逐步启发引导学生用英语思考。单词教学一定要做到词不离句，这样，学生在学会了单词的同时，也学会了词的一些基本用法。

2、每天背诵课文中的对话，培养语感。

3、基本的语法教学一定要与语境相结合。

进行语法操练时，要坚持“四位一体”，即话题、语境、结构、功能相结合。抓住话题，联系语境，确定语法结构，明确语法功能(交际功能)。要重视语法知识对于培养语言运用功能的基础作用，又要注重改革教法。课堂上一定要有生动活泼的教学活动。

4、进一步培养阅读能力和写作能力。

阅读和写作能力的培养是英语教学的又一重点。阅读和写作能力的培养在于平时。教师在平时讲解阅读理解题时，应着力帮助学生分析语言材料，而不是核对答案;平常应该多写作文。

5、做好学困生转化和优秀生培养工作。

优秀生：___，___，__，___。

学困生：___，___，__，___，___，___，___，___，___，___，___，___，___。

尤其对学困生进行专门辅导，布置一些作业，让他们在小进步、小转变中体会学习的快乐，树立学习的自信，尽快成长起来。

6、继续搞好师徒结对活动。

师徒结对活动也是一种好的学习方式。

7、作业布置要做到数量适中，批阅及时，对出现的问题要跟踪矫正，认真讲评，尽量面批面改。提高练习质量，要精选资料。

六、教研课题

《浅谈英语阅读能力的培养》

措施：用新的教学理念指导英语阅读教学，进一步改变教法和学法，培养学生对英语阅读的兴趣，提高学生的英语阅读能力，提高英语教学效果。

1、尝试通过各种形式的学习，例如复述课文、把课文改编成情景剧、阅读竞赛等活动，提高学生学习英语的兴趣，从而达到自主积累、综合运用英语的目的，并指导学生运用科学的方法记忆单词、阅读课文，取得事半功倍的效果。

2、通过信息技术与学科整合的手段，以课内为基础，增加课外阅读的量，指导学生借助信息手段和工具书理解文章基本内容的方法，提高学生的英语自学能力。

3、以复述课文、回答问题、判断正误、通过上下文线索猜词义为载体，培养学生的综合阅读技能，提高学生的英语阅读理解能力。

Dear Michael，

You want to know the changes about my hometown。 You know， great changes

have taken place since 60 years ago。

In the past， the living conditions were very poor。 There were not many

buses or cars， and the roads were narrow。 Usually， a big family was crowed into

a small， dark house。 Most families couldn’t get enough food。 The communications

were simple and slow。 People kept in touch with their friends and relatives far

away mainly by letter or telegram。

Thanks to the government， our hometown has developed rapidly in recent

years。 The living conditions are much better and more comfortable。 The roads are

wide。 Some people have their own cars。 Most of the people have lived in big new

houses。 Quite a few adults have mobile phones。 Because of many good policies， I

think our lives will become better and better。

Sincerely

Kang Min

开头

1.关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……

Therearedifferentopinionsamongpeopleasto____.Somepeoplesuggestthat____.

2.俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。

Thereisanoldsaying______.Itstheexperienceofourforefathers，ho博文学习网:初中英语作文结尾句子)haveeverseen.姚明是我所见过的最高的篮球运动员

HelenisthemostbeautifulgirlthatIhaveeverseen.海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩

二、Nothingis+...erthanto+V

Nothingis+more+adj+thanto+V}比较级

Nothingismoreimportantthantopotectourenvironment.没有什么比环保更重要的事

三、cannotemphasizetheimportanceoftoomuch.再怎么强调......的重要性也不为过

Wecannotemphasizetheimportanceofprotectingoureyestoomuch我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过

四、Thereisnodenyingthat+S+V...（不可否认的……）

Thereisnodenyingthatthequalitiesofourlivinghavegonefrombadtoworse不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下

五、Thereisnodoubtthat+句子~~（毫无疑问的……）

Thereisnodoubtthatoureducationalsystemleavessomethingtobedesired.毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意

六、Anadvantageof~~~isthat+句子（……的优点是……）

Anadvantageoftakingexercisesisthatitcanmakeuskeephealthy.锻炼身体的优点是它可以让我们保持健康

七、Thereasonwhy+句子~~~isthat+句子（……的原因是……）

Thereasonwhywehavetogrowtreesisthattheycanprovideuswithfreshair.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气

八、So+形容词+be+主词+that+句子（如此……以致于……）

Sopreciousistimethatwecantaffordtowasteit.时间是如此珍贵，它经不起我们浪费

九、Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthat+句子~~（全世界都知道……）

Itisuniversallyacknowledgedthattreesareindispensabletous全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的

[初中英语作文结尾好词好句

I walk around the Peak, around the flowers are numerous, full of branches, flowers and criss-crossing, as if the fence rows. Looking down from the peak, only an immense display. full of golden-yellow flowers, Down on the ground, not for the intoxicated with the beauty of nature, this beautiful paradise like the Garden of Paradise.

Suddenly, a cold wind blowing, I began to tremble , and winter jasmine, it seems a soldier, is to resist the wind, the yellow flowers with a sword, and the wind is it a duel! I was怔住this scene, the winter jasmine as appears to be weak, so delicate, and in the cold before they are without fear.

They really tenacious vitality ah!

I have a dream. When I grow up, I want to be a scientist. I want to make a

robot by myself. It can help my mother to do the housework, help my father to

drive his car, and help me to walk my dog. I think my parents will like it very

much.

My name is Beth。 Im 14 years old， and I study in No。 1 Middle School of Hangzhou。 My school is very big and beautiful。 Im very happy in the school。

I usually get up at 6：15 in the morning。 Then I do morning exercises in the playground。 At 6：40， I have my breakfast。 You can see many students and teachers in the dinning room。 After breakfast， I often read English with my classmates。

We have six classes every day。 The first class begins at 7：50 am。 I like all the classes for my teachers can make the classes lively and interesting。 My favorite subject is English， so I join English Corner every week。 I can speak English with many other students there。 Its very interesting and exciting。 I think its helpful for me to learn English well。 After class， I always play games with my friends。 We play soccer ball，basketball， volleyball， ping—pong and so on。 They are very relaxing。

I like my lessons， my friends and my teachers。 In a word， I love my school。 I find my school life more and more meaningful and colorful。 My school life is wonderful， isnt it？

十月一日正好是国庆节，也就是祖国妈妈的生日。

每当国庆节来临之际，单位的门上挂起了灯笼，甚至上面都插上了彩旗，门上还张贴了“欢度国庆”四个大字。公园、大街小巷的树上都挂了灯笼。街道两边都摆满了五颜六色的鲜花。到处洋溢着节日气氛。

为了迎国庆，我们有的写作，有的画画，并且要从里面选出几个最好的作品贴在后面，办一个国庆专栏，作为送给祖国妈妈的生日礼物。

祝祖国妈妈生日快乐!

October is just the National Day, that is, the mothers mothers birthday.

When the National Day approaching, the unit hung on the door of the lantern, and even above the plug in the banners, the door also posted the "celebrate the National Day" four characters. Park, the streets of the trees are hung with lanterns. Both sides of the street are filled with colorful flowers. Filled with festive atmosphere everywhere.

In order to meet the National Day, we have some writing, some painting, and from the inside to choose a few best works posted in the back, do a national celebration column, as the mothers birthday gift to the motherland.

I wish my mother a happy birthday!

我们的一生离不开书本的陪伴，因为有书，所以我们的生活才不会这么寂寞。

I enjoy reading different kinds of books, but "Harry Porter" is my favorite one. The story is very long but I am interested in it. Harry was such a brave and clever boy that he dared to fight against powerful enemies.

His Z-shaped scar and magic stick brought me into a magical world. In fact, the fiction story is so meaningful that I can learn a lot from it.

I think its the best book Ive ever read.

关于书本，不知道，同学们有没有自己最爱的那一本呢？为什么会喜欢那一本呢写下自己的理由吧！

[我最喜欢的一本书初中英语作文

Good afternoon， my dear professors

I am very glad to be here for this interview. First let me introduce myself. My name is XXX， 23 years old. I come from xianyang， a beautiful city of Shaanxi Province. Majoring in Environmental science, I will graduated from the Urban and environmental department of XXX University in the coming July.

Generally speaking， I am a hard-working student. I will try my best to finish it no matter how difficult it is. In my spare time, I have broad interests like many other youngsters. Just like my father， I am open-minded ，quick in thought and very fond of football. Frequently I exchange ideas with my family during super. I like reading books, especially those about history.These work have urged me develop active and responsible characters.

I always believe that one will easily lag behind unless he keeps on learning. Of course, if I am given a chance to further my education in this famous University, I will spare no effort to master the latest knowledge in my field and make good preparation for my future profession. If possible， I will go on with my study for doctorate degree. In a word， I am looking forward to making a solid foundation for future profession after two years study here.

As is well known, books teach us to learn life, truth, science and many other useful things. They increase our knowledge, broaden our minds and strengthen our character. In other words, they are our good teachers and wise friends. This is the reason why our parents always encourage us to read more books.

Reading is a good thing, but we must pay great attention to the choice of books. It is true that we can derive benefits from good books. However, bad books will do us more harm than good.

如众所周知，书籍教我们学习人生，真理，科学以及其它许多有用的东西。它们增加我们的知识，扩大我们的心胸并加强我们的品格。换句话说，它们是我们的良师益友。这是为什么我们的父母终是鼓励我们要多读书的理由。

读书是一好事，但我们必须多加注意书的选择。不错，我们能从好书中获得益处。然而，坏书却对我们有害无益。

The way of learning English

Nowadays, English has become the international standard language. As China is stepping to the internationalization, learning English is more and more important. But many people find it hard to learn English well. According to my own learning experience, I think determination, read English materials and patience are the most significant.

如今，英语已经成为国际标准语言。由于中国正在迈向国际化，学习英语变得越来越重要。但是许多人发现很难学好英语。根据我自己的学习经验，我觉得决心，阅读英语材料和耐心是最重要的。

First of all, doing everything needs determination. Determination is a prerequisite to do something. When facing difficulty, the people who have determination will insist, on contrary, thepeople who don’t have determinatin are easily give up. Thus, if people wants to do something well, the first thing they need to do is to make up their mind. Secondly,reading English materials is a great help for learning English. It can help people raise sense for English language,have interest and confidence in Engilsh. That will help people a lot in the process of learning. Last, patience is necessary in English learning. Most people will feel difficult to learn English at the beginning. The people without patience will often upset towards learning English. As a result, it will increase the difficulties of learning English and vice versa.

首先，做所有的事情都需要决心。决心是做一件事的一个先决条件。面对困难时，有决心的人会坚持下去，相反，那些没有决心的人则很容易放弃。因此，如果有人想完成一件事情，他们要做的第一件事是下定决心。其次，阅读英语材料对学习英语有很大的帮助。它可以帮助人们提高英语语感，对英语有兴趣和信心。这将在学习的过程中对人们的帮助很大。最后，耐心在英语学习中是必须的。刚开始学习英语的时候大多数人都会觉得很难。没有耐心的人对学习英语会经常感到心烦。结果就是增加了学习英语的困难，反之亦然。

In general, determination, reading English materials and patience are the effective ways to learn English. If people recognize those, they will learn it well sooner or later.

总之，决心，阅读英语材料和耐心是学习英语的有效途径。如果人们意识到这些，他们迟早都会学好它的。

[学习英语的方法初中英语作文

Traveling is moer and more popular in the modern world.it helps us open our

eyes and learn knowledge differden places.so i thing traveling is helpful for

us.

When we are free during the holiday ,we can go to some beautiful places to

relax ourselves .w hile we are in different pleaces ,we will have a wonderful

feeling in all we see,there we can eat all kinds of delicious food,visit many

places of interest or something else.

On the other hand ,traveling will help us learn lots of local cultures

,people’s lives there ,sometimes you can make some new friends,it also can make

your life colorful.to us students mwe can relax ourselves from the busy studying

life,we can use these experiences in our studying.

So if you have time ,traveling is the best way to relax yourself the more

places you travel,the mare you will learn.

Matt gave us a class this afternoon, at the first part of the class, we saw a film. It was mainly about American football. After the film, we began t get to know the American football. It is similar to soccer, but it was much rougher. Players might get more easily. In another word, it was a game full of danger, they played just like fighting. One of the players just broke his leg during the match, and he would never play American football, because of his leg. What a pity! Matt told us that when he was in high school, he also take part in American football. He had broken his fingers for three times and his leg for once. Then I was puzzled, it was a very dangerous game, why was is popular?

文学常识也占据着非常关键一个环节，了解更多文学常识不仅可以让我们在考试中游刃有余，并且在说起话来也是谈吐不凡。以下是小编为您整理初中文学常识思维导图相关资料，欢迎阅读！

一、常见借代词语：

1、桑梓：家乡 2、桃李：学生 3、社稷、轩辕：国家 4、南冠：囚犯 5、同窗：同学 6、烽烟：战争 7、巾帼：妇女 8、丝竹：音乐 9、须眉：男子 10、婵娟、嫦娥：月亮

11、手足：兄弟 12、汗青：史册 13、伉俪：夫妻 14、白丁、布衣：百姓 15、伛偻，黄发：老人 16、桑麻：农事 17、提携，垂髫：小孩 18、三尺：法律 19、膝下：父母 20、华盖：运气

21、函、简、笺、鸿雁、札：书信 22、庙堂：朝廷

二、作者作品：

1、唐宋八大家：韩愈、柳宗元、欧阳修、苏洵、苏轼、苏辙、王安石、曾巩

2、并称“韩柳”是韩愈和柳宗元，他们是唐朝古文运动倡导者。

3、一门父子三词客：苏洵（老苏）、苏轼（大苏）、苏辙（小苏）。

4、豪放派词人：苏轼、辛弃疾，并称“苏辛”；婉约派词人：李清照（女词人）

5、李杜：李白、杜甫。小李杜：李商隐、杜牧。

6、屈原：我国最早伟大诗人，他创造了“楚辞”这一新诗体，开创了我国诗歌浪漫主义风格。

7、孔子名丘，字仲尼，春秋时鲁国人，他是儒家学派创始人，被称为“孔圣人”，孟子被称为“亚圣”，两人并称为“孔孟”。

8、苏轼称赞王维“诗中有画，画中有诗。”

9、杜甫是唐代伟大现实主义诗人，其诗广泛深刻反映社会现实，被称为“诗史”，杜甫也因此被尊为“诗圣”，有著名“三吏”：《潼关吏》、《石壕吏》、《新安吏》；“三别”：《新婚别》、《垂老别》、《无家别》。

10、我国第一部纪传体通史是《史记》（又称《太史公书》），作者是汉朝司马迁，鲁迅称《史记》为“史家之绝唱，无韵之《离骚》”，有：12本纪、30世家、70列传、10表、8书，共130篇。

11、“四史”：《史记》、《汉书》、《后汉书》、《三国志》。

12、元曲四大家：关汉卿、郑光祖、白朴、马致远。

13、《聊斋志异》是我国第一部优秀文言短篇小说集，作者是清代著名小说家蒲松龄。“聊斋”是他书屋名，“志”是记叙，“异”是奇怪事情。

14、书法四大家：颜真卿、柳公权、欧阳询、赵孟（fǔ）

15、战国时期百家争鸣主要流派及代表：

儒家：孔子孟子 法家：韩非子

道家：庄子、列子 墨家：墨子

16、南宋四大家：陆游、杨万里、范成大、尤袤

17、边塞诗人：高适、岑参、王昌龄

18、唐宗：唐太宗李世民宋祖：宋太祖赵匡胤秦皇：秦始皇嬴政汉武：汉武帝刘彻

19、我国第一位田园诗人是东晋陶渊明（陶潜），他“不为五斗米折腰”。

20、世界文学作品中四大吝啬鬼：葛朗台、夏洛克、泼溜希金、阿巴贡。

21、中国吝啬鬼典型：严监生。

三、中国文学之最：

最早诗歌总集是《诗经》；

最早爱国诗人是屈原；

最早田园诗人是东晋陶渊明；

最早也是最杰出边塞诗人是盛唐高适和岑参；

古代最杰出豪放派词人是北宋苏轼；

古代最杰出女词人是南宋李清照；

古代最著名爱国词人是南宋辛弃疾；

古代最伟大浪漫主义诗人是唐代李白；

古代最伟大现实主义诗人是唐代杜甫；

古代写诗最多爱国诗人是南宋陆游；

古代最著名长篇神话小说是明代吴承恩《西游记》；

古代最著名长篇历史小说是明初罗贯中《三国演义》；

古代最早写农民起义长篇小说是元末明初施耐庵《水浒传》；

古代最伟大现实主义长篇小说是清代曹雪芹《红楼梦》；

古代最杰出长篇讽刺小说是清代吴敬梓《儒林外史》；

古代最杰出文言短篇小说集是清代蒲松龄《聊斋志异》；

古代最早语录体散文是《论语》；

古代最早记事详备编年体史书是《左传》；

古代最早纪传体通史是《史记》；

古代最杰出铭文是唐代刘禹锡《陋室铭》；

现代最伟大文学家是鲁迅；

现代最杰出长篇小说是茅盾《子夜》；

现代最有影响短篇小说集是鲁迅《呐喊》。

四、文化常识：

1、初唐四杰：王勃、杨炯、卢照邻、骆宾王。

2、三国：魏、蜀、吴。

3、“四大古典名著”：《红楼梦》、《三国演义》、《水浒》、《西游记》。

4、“四大民间传说”：《牛郎织女》、《梁山伯与祝英台》、《孟姜女》、《白蛇传》。

5、世界四大短篇小说巨匠：契诃夫、莫泊桑、马克·吐温、欧·亨利。

6、苏轼散文代表北宋散文最高成就，其诗与黄庭坚并称“苏黄”。

7、马致远散曲代表作《天净沙·秋思》，被誉为“秋思之祖”。

8、曹雪芹“披阅十载，增删五次”创作了我国古典小说中最伟大现实主义作品《红楼梦》（又称《石头记》），它问世后就广为流传，深受人们喜爱，还出现了专门研究该书一门学问——“红学”，“红学”现已成为世界文学研究中重要课题。

9、鲁迅是中国现代文学奠基人，陈毅被称为“元帅诗人”；

臧克家因诗作多为农村题材，有“泥土诗人”之称；

田间被闻一多誉为“时代鼓手”（擂鼓诗人）。

10、岁寒三友：松、竹、梅。

11、花中四君子：梅、兰、竹、菊。

12、文人四友：琴、棋、书、画。

13、文房四宝：笔、墨、纸、砚。

14、四库全书：经、史、子、集。

15、《诗经》“六义”指：风、雅、颂（分类）、赋、比、兴（表现手法）。

16、唐诗、宋词、元曲、明清小说。

17、桂冠、鳌头、榜首、问鼎、夺魁：第一。

18、三纲五常：“三纲”：父为子纲、君为臣纲、夫为妻纲；“五常”：仁、义、礼、智、信。

19、“四书”“五经”是儒家主要经典：“四书”即《论语》《孟子》《中庸》《大学》；“五经”指《诗》《书》《礼》《易》《春秋》。

20、三皇：伏羲、女娲、神农；

五帝：黄帝、颛顼、帝喾、唐尧、虞舜。

21、五金：金、银、铜、铁、锡。

22、五味：酸、甜、苦、辣、咸。

23、五行：金、木、水、火、土。

24、“永字八法”是说“永”字具有：点、横、竖、撇、捺、折、钩、提八种笔画。

25、古代学校有庠、序、太学等名称，明清时最高学府为国子监。

26、三教九流：“三教”：儒教、佛教、道教；“九流”：儒家、道家、阴阳家、法家、名家、墨家、纵横家、杂家、农家。

27、古代科举考试（从隋代至明清）：

A 童生试，也叫“童试”，应试者不分年龄大小都称童生，合格后取得生员（秀才、相公）资格，这样才能参加科举考试。

B 乡试，明清两代每三年在各省省城举行一次考试，由秀才参加，考取叫举人，第一名叫解（jiè）员。

C 会试，明清两代每三年在京城举行一次考试，各省举人及国子监监生皆可应考，录取三百名为贡士，第一名叫会元。

D 殿试，是科举制最高级别考试，皇帝在殿廷上，对会试录取贡士亲自策问，以定甲第。录取分三甲：一甲三名，赐“进士及第”称号，第一名称状元（鼎元），第二名称榜眼，第三名称探花，合称“三甲鼎”；二甲若干名，赐“进士出身”称号；三甲若干名，赐“同进士出身”称号。

正式科举考试，时间每年一次，地点府（州）县，应试者儒生、童生，获取功名秀才

乡试，时间三年一次（秋），地点省城，应试者秀才，获取功名（举人）第一名为解元

会试，时间三年一次（春），地点礼部（京城），应试者举人，获取功名（贡士）第一名为会元

殿试，时间会试后同年4月，地点宫殿，应试者贡士，获取功名（进士）前三名为状元、榜眼、探花

正式科举考试分类：乡试、会试、殿试三级。

连登三甲（三元及第）：解元——会元——状元古代科举考试。

I am a shy girl, when my teachers ask me the questions, I will always low

down my head and answer them with small voice. Because of my character, I miss

the chances to make myself stand out and I also don’t have many friends. I

really want to change my situation, I don’t want to be a stand by anymore, I

want to be part of the group. So I force myself to join the class activities, I

find I enjoy them and I talk to my classmate a lot. I become active and start to

try more things, I take part in the debate competition and show my ability, I

find my stage.

We all have our homes, some homes may be larger, probably smaller, and some at home, some of the possible ugly, probably prettier. My family is no exception Oh！ Here, let me introduce yourself！ My home, although small, very small, but my family is very nice, at first glance, neat, people look very comfortable.

Come into my house, first appeared in front of you is the living room, the living room is the center of a can pull shrink, brown table, at the table, three chairs, are Mom and Dad and my chair, and that in the southwest corner of a table, that is my position. In the living room wall, there is a very old painting, the painting is a bird on a branch of the scene. Left to go from the living room, is one of our room, where we usually watch TV, play computer ...... room northwest, is one of our computer, I find information tool. N the south, there is a TV, free when you can take a look at the news. Next to the TV is my homework place, where there is a multi—functional desk, you can put down a lot of books and stationery.

Go inside this room is our bedroom, with a bed, it was my mother just a place to sleep near the bed, there are a bed, it was my dad a place to sleep, the walls in the bedroom , he has painted a picture of my childhood, very beautiful. This is my home, you must feel it nice！

Though my daily life is extremely monotonous, I try hard to adapt myself to it. Why? Because I intend to be a good student. I wish to render service to my country.

I get up at six o’clock every day. After I wash my face and brush my teeth, I begin to review my lessons. I go to school at seven o’clock.

After school is over, I return home. We usually have supper at seven o’clock.Then I begin to do my homework. I want to finish it before I go to bed.

Last summer holiday, I visited to Xiamen with my parentsby plane. My

English teacher once told us that Xiamen is a beautiful city that worth of

visiting. We stayed there for four days. We lived in a small fishing village. On

the first day, we visited to Xiamen University and Nanputuo Temple. Xiamen

University is consideredas the most beautiful and romantic campus in China.

Indeed, its fantastic and its buildings are distinctive. On the second days, we

enjoyed the scenery of Jimei District. On the third day, We visited to Gulangyu.

Its amazing and I like it very much. There are many small specific stores.

However, the huge tourist visitors make the small island crowed. Anyway, it was

a pleasant trip.