初中英语说明文思维导图(汇集20篇)

English is widely used throughout the world.

So many people speak it as a second language. Online, youll find lots of

information in English. If you dont understand English, how can you know more

about the world, how can you get more knowledge. At international conferences,

English is also used as the official language. Without good English, you cannot

express your ideas well at such conferences, neither can you introduce China to

the outside world.

My father bought a computer as a birthday present for me last year. It

becomes my best friend in my room. Id like to play on the computer as soon as I

get home. At weekends, I often play games on line with my friends. Ive made a

lot of friends on the Intenet. But my eyesight becomes poorer and poorer, and I

am not able to finish my homework on time. Its terrible that my father will

remove the computer. From now on, I should pay more attention to my study.

初中英语作文:My New Home

My New Home

My family used to live in an old house. I.uckily, we moved into a new high-rise building in Pudong last month. the house is much larger and brighter than the old one. It has three bedrooms, two bathrooms, a sitting room, a kitchen and a big balcony. I＇m so happy that I have my own bedroom now. In front of the building, there＇s a big garden. there＇re many tall trees and beautiful flowers in it. In the afternoon, many children like to play games there. In the morning, you can see many old

people doing exercise.

I like my new home.

[初分享中英语作文:My New Home

Our familys puppy is called "yellow yellow". It is long with a long yellow hair; watery eyes still long with sweat more than the nose; tail hairy, like a long chicken scattered.

One time to see it cute? Haha! Or let me tell you! Once, I came home from school, happy to pick up my fathers cell phone, ready to "yellow" camera. I came to the kennel before the call to the "yellow ... ... yellow", it immediately fleeing out from the bushes, hurry to run in front of me, shaking the hairy big tail.

I looked, hurriedly squatted down, opened the phone. "Yellow yellow" in front of me back and forth a few steps to see me open the phone, turned down, his tongue spit it out, as if to say: "master. Shoot good ah!" I read, give it a shot A big head stickers, after the film, I got it in front of him to see just take a good photo. Looking at the phone in their own, "yellow" happy shaking his tail, as if to show off, said: "look at me, how handsome! Do you have me than handsome?

Another time, about 10 oclock or so, "yellow" to see a black and fat rat, brave and brave it rushed up, but unfortunately did not catch, it was run to the board, and this scene just I saw it, and I called "yellow yellow", it heard my call, quickly ran over, so when it came, I said: "Go and catch the mouse!" It seems to understand my words , Standing next to the board for a while, did not wait. So, it looked at me with a poor look, as if to say: "Lord ... Master, I ... did not catch the mouse, I ... ..."

"Well, do not catch it!" I said with a grin. The voice of the original, sad it has become a lively and lovely puppy, went to me, with my tongue on my feet, or biting the hairy big tail.

Ah! "Yellow", you really have been lovely puppy ah! I am proud of you.

请以 My Best Friend 为题，写一篇不少于60个单词的作文。 My Best Friend 我最好的朋友My best friend is one of my classmates. Her name is Mary. Every day, we go to school together and go back home toget

请以“My Best Friend为题，写一篇不少于60个单词的作文。

My Best Friend

我最好的朋友

My best friend is one of my classmates. Her name is Mary. Every day, we go to school together and go back home together. We often help each other and learn from each other in study.

我最好的朋友是我的一个同班同学，她的名字叫玛丽。我们每天一起上学，一起回家。我们经常互相帮助，并向对方学习。

We have the same hobby-collecting stamps. She has many nice stamps. She is very proud of them. Sometimes she gives some of them to me. I think she is a very good girl. We will be good friends forever.

我们有着相同的爱好——集邮。她有很多漂亮的邮票，并为此十分自豪。有时，她会把其中的一些邮票给我。我认为她是个非常好的女孩。我们会成为永远的朋友。

点评：这是一篇记人的叙述文。先交代了My Best Friend是谁，接着通过事例交代了为什么“我们是最好的朋友”。最后阐述了主题。

说明文是阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途或科学原理的一种文体。其说明的对象可以是具体的，如：自然环境，仪表设备等；也可以是抽象的，如概念定律等。

说明文的写作相对于论说文来说，有一定的套路可循，因此不是十分复杂。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法、因果法等；说明自然环境方面的内容常用时间次序法、分类法等。当然，随着对象的不同，具体应该采用的方法也会有所不同。

说明文的写作应该注意的事项有下面几点：

1.语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，避免夸张华丽的辞藻，要把真实的一面展现在读者面前。

2.说明时一定要把握一个中心主题。说明文中细枝末节较多，但不能喧宾夺主。

3.说明的次序非常重要。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚，脉络明晰。因此，练习时可以尝试不同的次序进行写作，找出最合理的一种。

4.由于说明文写实性较强，有时难免会让人感到没有生气。因此，可以适当使用一些比喻、拟人等修辞手段，来增加文章的色彩。

步入初中，认识了许多同学和老师。我有很多个老师，每个老师各自的性格特点也不同，比如数学老师，喜欢执着;历史老师，和蔼可亲……

但是在这些老师中，我最喜欢英语老师。他有火一样蓬勃的头发，表示出他那活泼的性格;他有一张爱笑的脸，散露出他诙谐幽默的心态;深邃的眼睛略带蓝色，有一种不能不让人笑的感觉，整个描写出他活泼幽默的性格。

一次上课，英语老师一边上网查歌，一边叫我们读单词。过了一会儿，单词读完了歌也下完了。老师就打开歌词，打开千千静听放歌。老师说：“我们来唱首歌吧!叫Bingo!”说完，老师用手拿起指挥棒，走了下来，一边指挥着我们，一边唱歌。大家都非常感兴趣，尤其是唱到“B——i——n——g——o!”的时候，老师唱得非常大声，脸上洋溢着笑容，手摇来摇去，嘴巴成“O”形，身体倾斜着。我们看到这幅情景，笑得前仰后俯的。歌唱完了，老师不慌不忙地说：“现在我们来做一个小游戏吧!首先，先抄好25个单词，之后我再念单词，念到你写的那个单词你就画一下，当你连续画了五个并排单词时，你就喊‘Bingo’!有奖励加分的哦!懂不懂?”之后，我们兴致勃勃地抄好了单词，等待着老师来报。英语老师故意地清清嗓子，提醒我们快开始了，要做好准备。可是我们却被老师这个动作搞得哈哈大笑起来……

随着第一个单词的开始，大家都在认真地画单词。20秒钟过后，教室里突然响起一声“Bingo”，刚要下讲台的老师的脚步停在了半空中，眼睛瞪得大大的，吃惊地望着那位喊“Bingo”的同学，愣了几秒才说话：“哇，你也太幸运了吧，我才报了5个，你一下子就Bingo了，太牛了吧!加分!”之后一个个Bingo声响起了，可把英语老师围地团团转的。英语老师说：“怎么这么多呀!我都快忙不过来了!”“铃铃铃”下课了，我笑嘻嘻地对老师说：“老师，您这下可以轻松轻松了啊!”老师听了，哈哈地笑了。

哈哈，这就是我们幽默活泼的英语老师了，怎么样，羡慕不?

Low-carbon Life

Low-carbon life is good for everyone. To help with the environment，I always walk or ride a bike to school instead of taking a car. Besides，I will try to use things that can be recycled and I never forget to turn off the lights when I leave the classroom. I think it‘s my duty to live a low-carbon life. And even the simplest activities can make a real difference to the environment. So I suggest we should reuse books as long as possible. And we’d better not spend much money on expensive clothes. If everyone does something for the environment，I believe the earth will be a better place.

一天，我和妈妈去爬黄山。我刚开始爬的时候觉得很容易。但当我爬到一半时，我累极了优秀作文 专注写作 ，上气不接下气。我问妈妈：“我能爬到山顶吗?”妈妈回答说：“只要你有勇气，你就能征服所有的山，不管它们有多高!”于是我就继续爬。半小时之后，我终于爬上了山顶。多么美好的一天呀!

One day, Mother and I went to climb Mount Huang. When I began to climb, I felt very easy. But when I climbed the haft way, I was verytired.and quite out of breath. I asked mother, "Can I climb to the top?" Mother answered, "As long as you have courage, you can conquer every mountain,

no matter how high it is! "So I went ahead. Half an hour later, I climbed to the top finally. What a wonderful day I had!

At the memory of my childhood, apart from outside the Chinese New Year

Dragon Boat Festival on a number of the most lively, and because parents are

busy job, a child usually with my grandmother to stay in the countryside

together. Dragon Boat Festival at that time to make me unforgettable.

With the usual, like the Chinese Lunar New Year, Dragon Boat Festival the

day before at night, so my grandmother will always obediently sat bedside, give

me some holiday rules, such as talking nonsense not to not allowed to eat cold

tzu not allowed with small partnership roughnot allowed to play in the water ...

... I have always been granted to his head. Grandma let me early, so that

tomorrow can have a good spirit.

Good morning, I got up early, get dressed on the first toward the kitchen,

when the grandmother has the kitchen to manage everything well, cooking up a few

bundles tied and Gui Gui leaf rope, the nothing glutinous rice lying quietly

filled a small bucket of water, like a pearl Jingying, cooking benches placed on

some of the small dishes, which containing various materials: there is peanuts,

there is red bean paste, there is meat, red pond.

So I sat eating breakfast table and watched busy grandmother.

The countryside are on both sides of the cooking, while used to boil water

while cooking to cooking and grandmother had already cleaned the duck Add big

pot, wooden ladle scoop from another pot of hot water a few dipper Add cauldron

of water, and then also carefully Add 1 tsp salt, and then Tim foci in a few

branches, it has been sitting next to me started to give my son a series

network.

Grandmother‘s hand because of the long-term labor has rough bark like a

general, but without losing dexterity, an envelope with red string woven into

the sub on.

At this point, the eggs are cooked, the grandmother picked up one of the

largest on the use of red paper red dye, and then do a clean cloth, into yard,

hanging on my neck. Then, my grandmother pocket containing seeds, candy,

peanuts, often very happy to me, because this way I can and small partners to

look at a dragon boat race.

Grandmother always put me to the gate, asked the want me to come back as

soon as possible to eat tzu. I always fell on the disappeared.

Small partners at this time are almost , and Sisters from the big head next

door, led us to the river this group watch dragon-boat race. Because of the

smaller rivers, so only two of the dragon boat, each boat has 13 individuals, 12

individuals paddle, one individual Ta and shouting slogans, One, Two, Hey Yo,

one, two, as soon as possible, 12 dark young man moves neatly划着, two dragon boat

sailed forward catch.

However, the children will know what look? We are only just a bustling Fig.

Girls in general saw a moment, we found that boring, and sat to one side from

snacks to share, boys, it is not, of their total enjoy chasing the dragon boat

race down the shore, because of the people paddling up the larger, almost every

boys who have significant traces of water splashing.

, and are perhaps a boat to the end of the bar, just things finished, stood

up, with partners go hand happily go home.

The sun is also slowly climbing the air, the kitchen has a bay leaf

fragrance, and I quickly jumped on the kitchen, the has been the major tzu. In

general, I would put that on the threshold sit tzu eat clean, and occasionally

there will be a few rice grains to eat chicken and watch the greedy big

cock-like, I was also amused ... ...

Today, even though over the Dragon Boat Festival, the mother every year

package tzu, made give my son, even though the mother‘s skill is not less than

the grandmother, but I always feel that what less.

I really miss the Dragon Boat Festival childhood ah!

The Spring Festival is our Chinese nation an important festival to couplets, firecrackers, etc. staying-up late on new years Eve, pay New Years call. Different nationalities have different customs.

In the year thirty, our family changed new clothes and attached new Spring Festival couplets to welcome the arrival of the new year. In the evening, our family eats dumplings. The dumplings have a moral meaning: the money is rolling. Because dumplings are like a treasure, in ancient times Yuan Bao was money. Not certain staying-up late on new years Eve "spring", not "spring", there is no meaning staying-up late on new years eve. We were sitting on the sofa, laughing and laughing, watching the Spring Festival evening, and it was happy.

On the first day of the year, my father and I were sitting in their own car, walking on the new road. Although the cold wind was sharp, it was still very happy. When I arrived at Grandmas house, I got a big red bag with my grandmother for a year and thought: "Im rich this year!" And then the neighbours of grandmas neighborhood had a year of worship. Then came to the great uncles house, came to the great uncles house, and went to the paradise of the book, with the story, the science, the art... After dinner at the great uncles house, I received a red bag and some books, and I had to digest the books a little bit. Its a pleasure to come to the great uncles house.

Im really happy this year. Its a happy Spring Festival!

SNOW At dusk，the weather became colder while the sky was gray，and the cold wind was blowing strongly.It seemed that it was going to snow soon. A moment later，the snowflakes began to fall quietly.Soon the land before my eyes was all white，like a beautiful blanket.Then it snowed more and more heavily.The trees were all covered with white quilts.The whole city became a silver world. T

he next morning，it stopped snowing and cleared up.I went into the yard.Looking far away，I saw a beautiful silver white world.A group of children were playing happily.Some were throwing snowballs to each other，others were making a snowman.Snow seemed to bring us warm and wishes.Cold as it was，nobaby felt cold in the white world.

I love snow，because it is pure white.It brings us hope and vigour.

Tomb Sweeping Day is on the April 5th every year. Its a day to show our

great respect to our deceased ancestors. On that day, we usually sweep the tomb

of our ancestors and offer them food and drinks. We also burn paper money to

them. It is believed that our ancestors in heaven will receive the money.

Besides, everything in our nature takes on a new look on that day, so its the

best time for spring outing. It must be fun and relaxing.

Be Grateful to Our Parents

I consider my parents as the most important people in my life. This is not because they re wealthy or famous. Rather, what I value about most is the care and love they show to me.

我认为我的父母是我生命中最重要的人.这并不是因为他们有钱或有名的.相反,我最珍惜的是他们给我的关心和爱..

My parents might work hard, but they re always there for me. Whenever I get into trouble and desperately need a hand, they come over first to support me and encourage me. I grew up with their constant care and love. While they re getting older with grey hair and wrinkles, they never lose dignity in both life and jobs.

我父母虽然努力工作,但他们总是陪在我身边.每当我陷入困境,迫切需要帮助时.他们是第一个支持我、鼓励我的人.我在他们不断的爱和照顾中长大.当他们变老而且出现白发和皱纹时,他们也永远不会失去生活和工作的尊严.

From my parents, I have learned that one person can really make a difference. I ll never forget their care and love. Gratefulness brings a great fullness to life. I wish they could always be happy and healthy. It is high time we expressed our gratitude to people we cherish!

你从我的父母身上,我知道一个人真的可以有所作为.我永远也不会忘记他们的关怀和爱.感恩使生活带来了的充实.我希望他们能永远幸福和健康.是时候我们要向我们珍惜的人表达我们的谢意了!

在前面，已经为大家总结结了初中英语作文必背词组第一部分的内容，今天是2015年的第一天，请大家继续跟随中考英语名师的脚步，来看看还有哪些词汇时需要我们背记的吧。

91 consider + doing 考虑做什么 eg : Why not consider goingto lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州?

92 dance to 随着……跳舞 eg : Shelikes dancing to the music 她喜欢随着音乐跳舞

93 decide to do sth 决定做某事

94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查

95 do better in 在……方面做得更好

96 do wrong 做错

97 Dont forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事

98 Dont mind +doing /从句 /名词 不要介意……

99 each +名(单)每一个…eg : Each student has many books 每一个学生都有一些书

100 end up +doing

101 enjoy +doing喜欢

102escape from 从……逃跑eg: Theprisoners have escaped from the prison犯人从监狱里逃跑出来

103expect to do sth 期待做某事

104 fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来

105 fall in love with sb/sth 爱上什么

106 far from 离某地远 eg : The school is far from my home

107 find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样

108 find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样 eg : I find the bookinteresting

109 finish 完成+doing(名词)

110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人

111 forget to do 没有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了 eg: Dont forget to gohome I forget closing door

112 from…to… 从某某到某某 eg: Fromme for her

113 get /have sth down 做完，被(别人)做…eg: I have my hair cut我理了发(头发被剪了)

Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了(被牙医拔掉了)

114 get a part-time job= find a part-time job

115 get along well with sb = geton well with sb 与某人相处得好

116 get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处

117 getready for = be ready for为什么而准备eg : I get ready for mathI am ready for math

118 get sb in to trouble 给某人麻烦

119get sb to do sth

120 get…from… 从某处得到某物

121 give a talk 做报告 eg: He is give a tall

122 give sth to sb give sb sth 给某人某物

123 go fish 钓鱼 go swimming 游泳

124 go on to do 去做下一件事 go on doing 继续做这件事

125 go out away from go out of

126 go to school 上学(用于专业的)go to the school 去学校(不一定是上学)

127 good way to 好方法

128 hate to do 讨厌没做过的事 hate doing 讨厌做过的事

129 have a party for sb 举办谁的晚会

130 have a talk 听报告谈一谈

131 have been doing 现在完成进行时 eg : You have been talkingYou have been sleeping since

132 have been to …( 地方)……去过某过地方have gone to …(地方) 去了某地还没回来

133 have fun +doing 玩得高兴

134 have sth to do 有什么事要做

eg: I have a lot of homework to do 我有很多家庭作业要做 I havenothing to do 我没什么事情做

135 have to do sth 必须做某事

136 have trouble (problem) (in) doing sth 做什么事情有麻烦

137 have…time +doing

138 have…(时间)…off 放……假 eg: I have month off 我请一个月得假

139 hear sb +do/doing 听见某人做某事/正在做某事

140 help a lot 很大用处

141 help sb with sth ones sth 帮助某人某事(某方面) help sb(to) do sth 帮助某人做某事

142 hope to do sth 希望做某事

143 How about(+doing) = What about(+doing)

144 how do you like = what do you think of 你对什么的看法

145 if : 是否=wether

eg: I dont know if (wether) I should go to the party 我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会

He dont know if (wether) we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达

146 if :如果，假如(全部接一般时态)+条件语态从句

eg: Ill go to LuZhou if it doest rain 假如明天不下雨，我就去泸州

If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他们要改变计划，他们会让我知道的

Ill go to England ,if I have enough money next year 如果我明年由足够的钱，我就要去英国

147 in ones opinion = sb think 某人认为

148 in some ways 在某些方面

149 in the end = finally(adv) 最后

150 in the north of… 什么在什么的北方 (north 北 sowth 南 west 西 east东 )

151 in the sun 在太阳下

152 increase 增加

eg : Theyve increased the prece of petrol by 3% 他们把石油价增加了3%

the population has increased from 12 million ten years ago to 18 million now

153 instead of +(名 ) 代替

eg: Id like an apple instead of a pear 我想要苹果，而不要梨子

I like English instead of math 我喜欢英语而不喜欢数学

154 introduce sb to sb 介绍某人给某人 introduce oneself 自我介绍

155 invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事

156 It takes sb sometime to do sth 做某人花掉某人多少时间

eg : It took me 5 minutes to do my homework It takes me half an hour to cook

157 Its +adj +for sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事怎么样

158 Its +adj +to do 做某事怎么样

159 Its +adj for sb 对于某人来说怎么样 Its +adj of sb 对某人来说太怎么样

160 Its +adj(for sb) to do(对某人来说) 做某事怎么样 Its +adj ofsb to do sth 对某人来说做某事太怎么样

eg : Its nice of you to help me with my English

161 Its a good idea for sb to do sth 对…… 来说是个好主意

162 Its important to sb 对某人来说很重要 eg: Its important tome

163 Its time to do sth Its time for sth 到了该去做某事的时间

eg : Its time to have class Its time for class 该去上课了

164 join = take part in 参加

165 just now 刚才

166 keep +sb /sth +adj /介词短语 让什么保持什么样?

167 keep out 不让 …… 进入

168 keep sb adj 让……保持…… eg: Iwant to keep my mother happy keep healthy 保持健康

169 key to +名词 表示：某物的钥匙或某题的答案

170 key to… anser to … key 可以是答题或钥匙

171 laugh at… 取笑…… eg : Dont langh at others Welanghed at the joke

172 learn by oneslfe 自学

173 learn from sb 向某人学习 eg: We should learn from LeiFeng

174 learn to do sth 学做某事

175 let sb do sth 让某人做某事

176 Let sb down 让某人失望 eg ： Weshouldnt let our farents down 我们不应该让我们的父母失望

177 live from :离某地远

178 live in +大地方 /at +小地方 居住在某地eg: I live in LuZhou She lives at XuanTan

179 look after = take care of 照顾 照看

180 lose ones way 谁 迷 路 eg : Lose your way 你迷路

以上就是初中英语作文必背词组第二部分的内容，武汉小马的名师表示，不只是在写作中，在阅读中、听力、完型填空的项目中也会出现这些词汇，记住这些词汇，中考英语就不用愁了。初三英语单词复习，请来。

I have dinner at about 6:30 p.m.. After dinner, I often go to the outside to play games with my friends. We live near to each other, so we always play together. Sometimes,we play table tennis or badminton. Sometimes, we ride on bicyles. Anyway, anything could be funny when we are together.I usually go home at 8:00 and then take a shower. After that, I spend sometime in study or watch TV. At 10:00p.m.,I go to sleep.

我大约在下午六点半吃晚饭。晚饭过后，我经常和朋友到外面玩游戏。我们住得很近，所以我们经常一起玩。有时候我们打乒乓球或者羽毛球;有时候我们骑自行车。不管怎么样，只要我们在一起一切都变得有趣。我通常8点回家然后洗个澡。接着，我就花点时间学习或者看电视。到了十点我就去睡觉了。

初中二年级英语作文：我最喜欢的节日（春节）

My Favourite Festival

There are many traditional festivals in China. My favourite festival is the Spring Festival. It is a very important festival for Chinese. Before the festival, people will go to visit their relatives and friends. They usually have a big dinner together and give best wishes to each other. Most children in China love this festival because they can play fireworks and lucky money from their parents and relatives.

在2017年10月1日，我终于亲眼在电视上看见了国庆阅兵仪式，当胡锦涛同志乘坐检阅车缓缓地驶向受检时，他亲切而又不停地向战友们问好：“同志们好!同志们辛苦了!”

从我懂事起，我还第一次收看这么雄伟壮观的阅兵仪式，那一排排整齐的各种各样方队，有空军，海军等，迈着铿锵有力的步伐从天安门走过;那一架架飞机编队从天安门上空飞过，划出了一道道美丽的彩虹;那一辆辆汽车载着各种各样的先进武器，像一个个威严的战士排着整齐的队伍展现在人们的眼前。

我的祖国已度过68华诞，我作为一名少先队员，在祖国那么美好又伟大的大家庭里，我要加倍珍惜每一分钟，奋发学习，努力成为栋梁之才，为祖国更加美好的明天贡献出自己的力量。

我想对我们伟大的祖国说一句我一直藏在心里的话：“祖国我们为你骄傲，自豪!”

On October 1, 2017, I finally saw the National Day parade on television, and when President Hu Jintao took the review vehicle slowly toward the inspection force, he greeted his comrades and helplessly to his comrades: "Comrade "Comrades are so hard!"

From my sensible, I also watched such a magnificent military parade for the first time, the rows of neat rows of squads, the Air Force, the Navy, etc., walked by sonorous and vigorous pace from Tiananmen Square; The plane fleet flew over Tiananmen Square and set off a beautiful rainbow; the car carrying a variety of advanced weapons, like a majestic warrior row of neat teams show in front of people The

My motherland has spent 68 birthday, I as a young pioneer, in the motherland so beautiful and great family, I want to cherish every minute, work hard, and strive to become a pillar of the better for the motherland tomorrow Contribute to their own strength.

I would like to say to our great motherland that I have been hiding in my heart: "The motherland we are proud of you, proud!"

Thanksgiving Day

In the United States， the fourth Thursday in November is called Thanksgiving Day。 On that day， Americans give thanks for the blessings they have enjoyed during the year。Thanksgiving Day is usually a family day。 People always celebrate with big dinners and happy reunions。 Pumpkin pie and Indian pudding are traditional Thanksgiving desserts。 Relatives from other cities， students who have been away at school， and many other Americans travel a long distance to spend the holiday at home。

Water is very important to us. If you don’t have water for three days, you

will die. We can use water for flowers, swimming, washing and many different

things. We use it to cook, make electricity, put out fires and so on. We use

millions of liters of water every day.

Do you know how does the water come to your home? It travels through water

pipes. Some are long and wide but some are short and narrow. Then the water

travels through the water pipes to the reservoirs. Then it travels through the

water pipes to the river and to the special factories (we call water plants)

that purify the water. When the water is purified, we can drink it. Please don’t

leave garbage in the water on which we line, and keep the water clean.

中考说明文阅读知识要点及答题技巧

一、什么是说明文

说明文是客观地说明事物特征，阐明事理的一种文体，目的是给读者以科学的知识、科学地认识事物的方法。

二、说明文的分类：

１、说明对象与说明目的的不同：事物说明文和事理说明文。事物说明文旨在介绍某一事物的形体特征，如《中国石拱桥》；事理说明文旨在解释事物本身的道理或内部规律地，如《花儿为什么这样红》.

2、根据说明语言的不同特色的不同：平实的说明文和生动的说明文两种。生动的说明文又叫文艺性说明文（科学小品文或知识小品文）。

3、按写作方法分：

（1）、介绍性说明文：一般是介绍实体（如建筑、用品等）事物，如《中国石拱桥》。

（2）、描述性说明文：说明与描写结合，形象、具体地说明事物，具有一定文艺色彩，如《看云识天气》。

（3）、记述性说明文：说明结合记述，常用以说事物的发展或生产、操作过程，如《从甲骨文到缩微图书》。

（4）、阐释性说明文：说明结合议论，阐释抽象的事理，如《向沙漠进军》。

三、说明文的特点

1、以说明为主要表达方式，兼用叙述、描写、议论等其它表达方式。

2、以解说或介绍事物的形状、性质、成因、构造、功用、类别等或物理含义、特点、演变等为主要内容。

四、说明方式。从语言的表达方式看，说明方式分为：平实说明和生动说明

1、平实说明：就是用通俗、准确的语言客观的说明事物。

2、生动说明：就是用生动、形象的的语言说明事物。在说明事物时，多运用形象性的动词、形容词和多种修辞手法，有时在说明时为了让读者对说明对象有一个全面的了解，还往往引用神话故事、传说和历史故事。大多数说明文采用生动的说明方式。

五、说明顺序。常见的说明顺序有：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序

1、时间顺序：时间顺序是以时间的推移说明事物的变化过程，即以时间的先后安排说明内容，介绍事物的发生、发展、演变，事物的制作步骤、制作过程。主要特征是用一些表示时间顺序的词语。

2、空间顺序：按被说明对象的空间存在形式，或自上而下，或由前到后，或从外到内，或由某一中心点向四面扩散式的进行说明。如《故宫博物院》、《雄伟的人民大会堂》。

3、逻辑顺序：按照事物内部的联系或人们认识事物的过程、规律进行说明的一种顺序。常见有十种逻辑顺序：

①由现象到本质；②由特点到用途；③由原因到结果；④由整体到部分；⑤由主要到次要；⑥由概括到具体；⑦由具体到抽象；⑧由简单到复杂；⑨由特殊到一般；⑩由分析到综合。

六、说明结构说明文的结构一般有两种：

1、总分式：（事物说明文常用的结构形式）（1）总—分，如《苏州园林》（2）总—分—总，如《故宫博物院》

2、递进式：（事理说明文常用的结构形式）各层之间的关系是由浅入深、由表及里、由现象到本质。各层之间的关系是递进的。如《向沙漠进军》。

分析说明文结构的方法：理清段与段、部分与部分之间关系。认清段与段、部分与部分是

怎样组合的，是并列关系还是递进关系。

七、说明方法：举例子、分类别、打比方、列数字、作比较、下定义、作诠释、摹状貌、画图表。

1、分类别：说明事物的特征，往往需要根据其性质、功用等不同的标准、角度，把事物分成若干类别，分别加以说明。如《看云识天气》按光彩分：晕、华、虹、霞。

2、举例子：运用有代表性的例子说明事物或事理的方法。这种方法可以收到对事物认识具体、印象深刻的效果。如《中国石拱桥》在写出了石拱桥的三大特点：历史悠久，形式优美，坚固耐用后，以赵州桥和卢沟桥为例说明，使读者对中国石拱桥三大特点认识具体化、形象化。

3、打比方：运用比喻的方法对事物和事理进行形象化的说明。可以增强说明的形象性、生动性。《看云识天气》中“有时象一片白色的羽毛，有时象一块洁白的绫纱”，运用打比方的方法，不但使卷云的特征更为具体鲜明，而且生动优美。

4、列数字：运用数字来说明事物的方法。数字说明分用确数和概数（约数）。确数，用准确的数字资料加以说明；概数，用概数对事物作准确说明。有些事物用具体数字加以说明更容易突出事物的特征。《中国石拱桥》中“赵州桥非常雄伟，全长50.82米，两端宽9.6米，中部略窄，宽9米。”文中用一系列数字说明，准确具体。

5、作比较：用相关联的相同或相反的事物进行对比的一种说明方法。作比较有横向比较（类比对比）和纵向比较两种，作比较说明更益于把事物或事理说清楚，给读者留下深刻的印象。《大自然的语言》中有这样一段文字“我国大陆性气候显著，冬冷夏热。冬季南北温度悬殊，夏季却相差不大。在春天，早春跟晚春也不相同。如在早春三四月间，南京桃花要比北京早开20天，但是到晚春五月初，南京刺槐开花只比北京早10天。所以在华北常感到春季短促，冬天结束，夏天就到了。”其中用了举例子和作比较。

6、下定义：用判断句对事物的本质特征作简明、概括的说明，就是给事物下一个准确定义，来说明事物的本质属性。如：食物就是一种能够成躯体和供应能量的物质；叶绿体吸收了太阳的光能，把二氧化碳和水合成为含有高能的有机物质，同时放出了废气——氧，这就是光合作用。《食物从何处来》作用：使读者对概念有确切的了解。

7、作诠释：对所说明的对象的属性进行解释、说明，使人们获得明确、清晰的认识。如“几十年前，人们发现地壳是由一些紧密拼合在一起但又在缓慢运动的大板块构成的。一些板块被拉开，而另一些则挤压在一起，一个板块也许会缓慢地向另一板块下面俯冲。”《恐龙无处不在》。这段文字，对“板块构造”说进行了诠释。

8、摹状貌：用描写的方法，摹写事物情状的方法。如“每个柱头上都雕刻着不同姿态的狮子。这些石刻狮子，有的母子相抱，有的交头接耳，有的像倾听水声，有的像注视行人，千态万状，惟妙惟肖。”《中国石拱桥》

9、列图表：通过画图、照片或列表的形式对事物进行说明。

10、引用：引用经典、文献、名言、诗词、歌谣、传说等进行说明。作用：能使说明的内容更具体、更充实。增添文章的趣味性、艺术感染力。

八、说明文语言的准确性:表示时间、空间、数量、范围、程度、特征、性质、程序等，都要准确无误。如何体会说明文的准确性呢？

1、通过确切的数字，体会说明文的准确性。如《死海不死》中有这样一句话：“最近十年来，每年死海水面下降四十到五十厘米。”确切的数字用语科学准确的反映出死海的前景。

2、通过表示揣测、估计的词语，体会说明文语言的准确性。如《中国石拱桥》中“旅人桥大约建成于公元282年，可能是有记载的最早的石拱桥了。我国的石拱桥几乎到处都有。”文段中加横线的词语都是表示估计、揣测的词语。

3、通过抓修饰限制性词语，体会说明文语言的准确性。如《向沙漠进军》中“征服沙漠的

最主要武器是水。”“最主要”修饰武器，明确的表明水是征服沙漠的根本武器。

九、说明文的中心句与支撑句

1.中心句：段落里能体现中心的句子。往往位于段首或段中或段末。有时段中没有现成的中心句，但是有中心，可以通过阅读概括出来中心句。

2.支撑句：对中心句起支撑作用的分析、解释、举例的句子

中考说明文考试内容和目标要求

1、对文章内容的整体把握，对文章主要信息的筛选概括；2、对说明对象及其特征的把握；3．对说明结构及其顺序的理解与把握；4．对说明方法及其作用的辨析与分析；5．对重要词、句的理解及对说明语言的品味；6．根据选文内容联系生活实际或经验进行联想、想象；7．对文章中所体现的科学精神和思想方法的感悟与评价8．对文本与链接材料进行综合理解。

——近年来中考说明文

内容更关心环境保护、高科技或身边的人文环境。

说明文的阅读、解题步骤

一、通读全文，整体感知

1、读标题，明确文章大致为哪一类型的说明文。

2、读全文时，一定要逐段读懂。标出体现段落的重点信息的词、句。据此：

①把握说明对象及其特征或文章要说明的主要内容；

②分析段与段之间的关系，理清说明顺序，把握说明文的结构层次。

③标出文章所使用的说明方法。

3、把握说明文的中心。——整体感知说明文，就是从整体入手，大处着眼，把握说明文的重要信息、行文特点、主旨等，对文章能有一个基本的总体认识。

二、认真审题，把握题干中的重点信息，迅速找准解题的方向。

1、注意提干中修饰、限制性的词语

2、明确括号中的要求

3、理解题目意思和考点所在，避免盲目性

三、带着问题，回读文章，在文中寻找解题的思路或答案。

在第一遍通读全文时，我们对各段的所说明的主要内容就有了印象。这样，我们回答问题时候，再回读文章时，就能很快找出答题的范围和对应句，以帮助我们快速解题，写出答案。要注意的是有些题目在题干中就明确了在哪一段中寻找答案。

说明文阅读的主要试题类型

一、内容概括题型，二、结构分析题型，三、信息提取概括题型，四、词句理解题型，五、说明方法运用题型。

一、内容概括题型

【题型分类】

1、对某一段或某几段内容的概括

2、对相关内容的概括

3、给概括出的内容找对应段落

【题型示例】

例1：北京市语文中考课标B卷“人禽流感”第16题第②要说明的主要问题是什么？——禽流感存在着人人相传的迹象，并造成人员死亡。

【方法技巧】

1、找段落中心句或关键词、关键句；

2、结合段落中说明特征或几方面的说明内容进行概括。

3、结合标点，尤其注意有分层作用的分号、句号，归纳层意，并进行综合概括。

4、对语段中的关键词、句，摘要联合，并简明的表达。

二、结构分析题型

1、着眼全文，是从哪几个方面来介绍说明对象的；

【方法技巧】

答这种题型，首先要对每一段的内容了解，并能对其进行归纳和概括。也有的需要在逐段概括要点的基础上，用“同类合并”的方法，把全文划分为相对独立的几部分，概括出每部分的大意，就能比较清楚地显示出全文是从哪几个方面来进行说明的了。

2、能否调换段落的顺序；

3、文章结构：说明文的结构一般有两种：1、总分式；2、递进式（现阶段，以总分总式最为多见。先总写说明对象的特征，然后分写说明对象的特征。）

【方法技巧】

1、要准确理解文章局部或整体的说明顺序。

说明顺序：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序。近几年说明文选段多为科技类说明文，此类说明文一般是事理说明文居多，故多用逻辑顺序。

2、不能调换段落顺序的理由是。

（1）原文采用由……到……的顺序介绍事物，调换后不合逻辑。

（2）总分关系中分说部分与前文总说部分顺序相照应。

（3）一句话中某两三个词的顺序能否调换？为什么？

不能。因为（1）与人们认识事物的（由浅入深、由表入里、由现象到本质）规律不一致

（2）该词与上文是一一对应的关系（3）这些词是递进关系，环环相扣，不能互换。

3、某一段落在全文的作用，或能否删去某段。

【方法技巧】

（1）立足全文，准确理解全文的结构特点；

（2）理清段与段之间的关系

（3）对局部内容在全文中的地位及作用做出阐述，并根据说明的顺序说明是否删掉的理由。

（4）判断说明的顺序：时间、空间、逻辑

三、信息提取概括题型

【题型分类】

1、说明对象：答题技法：看题目或首尾段。事物说明文一般标题就是说明的对象；事理说明文找准开头结尾的总结句。事理说明文指出说明内容，形成一个短语：介绍了……的……(对象加特征)。（《病毒》一文的说明对象：病毒的危害）,需要强调的是，大多数说明文题目就是说明对象。

2、说明对象的特征：答题技法：尽量从原文中找原词原句，注意段意、中心句。每一段的开头或者结尾尤其是第一段的开头和结尾可多留意。

（1）直接找出说明事物的特征的句子。

对策：A、看题目B、在首段中找C、抓关键词句（比如：运用了说明方法的语句、中心句）

（2）概括说明事物的特征

对策：分析文章结构，抓中心句及连接词，如“首先”“其次”“还”“也”“此外”等词语

3、给被说明的对象下定义；

4、从几句话中提取概括信息；

5、从一个段落中提取概括信息；

6、从几个段落或全篇中提取概括信息

【方法技巧】

1、对重要的信息筛选整合及运用“定义”的方法说明事物，下定义要求准确、严密，语言应简明，常用的是判断句的形式，即“xx是xx”的句式。注意和作诠释作区分。

2、（1）要根据题目的指向意义，明确在文中搜索信息的范围；（2）有的要求筛选的信息可能只涉及几句话，也有的可能涉及到一段甚或几段乃至全篇。有些信息，直接在筛选范围中摘录即可获取，但有的信息不是直接传递的，而需对该确定范围的内容进行归纳、整合后才能获得。（3）将提取的内容进行优化与整合，最后以简洁、恰当的语言加以归纳。

四、词句理解题型

【题型分类】

1、理解重要词语在具体语境中的含义和作用；

2、重要代词所指代的内容；

3、理解重要句子在文章中的意义和作用。

【方法技巧】

1、对重要词语、句子的在理解都要结合具体语境进行分析理解。

2、从文段中找出指代的内容，方法一般是从该代词的前面看这个代词所指的内容。

3、常见代词：“这样、这、这种、那、这些、那些、其他、以上、如此、此…”的指代义，多指代上文距其最近的一句或几句内容。一般是往前找，找到之后，将找到的内容放在指代词所在句中读一读，看是否适当通顺

五、说明方法运用题型

【题型分类】

1、判断运用的说明方法，并说明其作用

2、画线句子运用说明方法及其作用

3、选择一种运用说明方法的句子，说明其作用

4、引用传说、故事、诗句、名联、谜语等的作用

【方法技巧】

1、明确常用的10种说明方法及其作用：举例子、列数字、作比较、分类别、打比方、下定义、作诠释、引用、摹状貌、列图表等。

（1）举例子：具体形象的的说明了（说明对象）的…特征。（多直接说明前面的一句话）

（2）列数字：科学准确的说明了…的…特点。使说明更有说服力。

（3）分类别：条理清晰的说明了…的…特征；对事物的特征/事理分门别类加以说明，使说明更有条理性。

（4）作比较：清楚明白的说明了…的…特征（地位、影响等）

（5）打比方：生动形象的说明了…的…特征，增强了文章的趣味性。