初中英语说明文思维导图【通用20篇】

这几天，我和妈妈一起去了西安。西安古色古香的景色真是让人过目不忘，我带你来看看吧。

第一天，我和妈妈一起去看秦兵马俑。

我早早就听说过秦始皇兵马俑的雄伟和壮观，但是不亲临其境还是难以体会到这种叹为观止的壮丽。

我从课文中了解到：兵马俑规模宏大。已发掘的三个俑坑，总面积达19120平方米，足有两个半足球场那么大，坑内有兵马俑近8000个。在三个俑坑中，一号坑最大，东西长230米，南北宽62米，总面积有14260平方米，坑里的兵马俑也最多，共有6000个左右。一号坑上面，现在已盖起了一座巨大的拱形大厅。走进大厅，人们无不为兵马俑的恢宏气势和高超的制作工艺所折服。站在高处鸟瞰，坑里的兵俑，马俑相间，一行行，一列列，十分整齐，排成了一个巨大的长方形军阵，看上去真像是秦始皇当年统率的一支南征北战，所向披靡的大军。真的是这样的吗?我怀着疑问去参观秦兵马俑。

我们一进大门口，就匆匆赶到了一号坑。我刚刚迈进一号坑，就被这雄伟壮丽的场景惊呆了。这成千上百的兵马俑密密麻麻，整整齐齐的排列在坑内。我们依次看到了将军俑，武士俑，骑兵俑，兵车俑，弓弩俑和马俑。他们个性鲜明，神态各异，千人千面，没有一个是重复的，真是让我大吃一惊。我听导游说，兵马俑的靴子前面翘的程度能看出他们的官职，靴子前面翘的越高就代表官位越大。这个小知识，我还是头一次听呢!

我们依次观看了1，2，3秦兵马俑展厅，我获得的知识可真不少，比如兵马俑这么高大，以前的人也长得这么壮实吗?其实不是，秦始皇希望自己的军队可以人强马壮，所以他把希望体现在了兵马俑上。

兵马俑雄伟壮丽，所向披靡，其中还有很多的奥秘等待我们去探索。

Grace is one of myclassmates. She is not good at study, though she usually works very hard. Maybeshe just doesn’t find the learning method suitable for her. In my mind, she isclever.

Thongh she is not good at study, she is popular in our class.

In allpeople’s mind, she is kind and optimistic. Treating everyone as friend, she hasno enemy.

As she doesn’t study well, it is hard to avoid feeling sad. However,everytime she just feels sad for a while and then recovers for the first one. Sometimesit is her who comforts us for not for not doing well in the exam. Look, she isso cute!

格瑞斯是我的一个同学。她学习不好，虽然她平时非常努力学习。也许她只是没有找到适合自己的学习方法而已。在我眼里，她是很聪明的。虽然她学习不好，但她在班里人缘很好。在所有人的眼里，她是友好，乐观的。她对待每个人都像朋友一样，所以她没有敌人。因为学习不好，难免会感到悲伤。但是，每次她都只是难过一会，就第一个恢复了。有时候还是她安慰我们这些因为考试不好而难过的人。看，她是如此的可爱！

[初中英语作文：我的同学

大家都叫我向前走、向右走、向左走，我——只想向后倒退。

有个家喻户晓的故事是这样说的：有一天，蚌正躺在沙滩上晒太阳，忽然一只海鸥俯冲下来，在他的喙啄到蚌肉的那一刻，蚌夹住了海鸥，两个谁也不想让谁，有一渔夫走过，便捉了蚌和海鸥，双方谁都没有赢谁，这就是“鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利”的故事。

虽然这故事有点荒谬，听过的人无不摇头感叹着蚌和鹬的愚蠢，但在现实生活中，大家也不正是如此吗？

曾经我们班上要去比“热舞”比赛，爱跳舞的我们，每节下课都聚在一起，讨论舞曲、走位、……等主题。当讨论到舞曲时，我提出的建议受到多数人的好评，不过有几个人却不以为然，狠狠批评我，打击我脆弱的心。

我生气了，双方便开始吵架，好几天都不说话，我们的热情迅速冷却，到最后草草练了一首就结束，但这次的事件早已在我们心中，成了一个永远无法修复的伤口，随时都有可能发炎、溃烂。

现在回忆起，当时的我们为何要那么坚持一件小事，那么执着于自己的想法？为何我们不各后退一步，不要局限于自己的信仰，抛掉“就是要听我的”想法，我们不会因此而少了什么，反而会得到更多的快乐与成就。

在世界上，相信这类“鹬蚌相争”的事件，每天不停上演着。无论是子女和父母、学生和老师或是同侪之间，都有可能扮演鹬、蚌的角色，而不管最终是谁获得了胜利，没有任何一人是赢家，双方一定都会受伤。

如过时间可以倒退，我愿意向后退一步，天空依旧宽阔、快乐依旧永存、……

It was a hot day during my summer holidays in 2003. My mother and I got on the bus which would take us to the village where my grandma lived. It was so hot that I felt very thirsty. Then I began to think of the sweet big watermelons and other fruits in Grandma’s house. I could hardly wait to arrive there and see my grandma.

It took us one more hour to get there. When we walked into the house, Grandma was busy preparing lunch in the kitchen. It seemed that she was very glad to see us, which I knew from the big smile on her wrinkled face. She brought out a big watermelon and cut it. It was so nice to eat the watermelon on such a hot day.

After lunch my mother fell asleep and I asked my grandma to tell me a fairy tale. We sat on the bed and she began to tell it. I listened to her quietly. It was not long before I fell asleep, too. I was dreaming when a terrible voice woke me up. I saw Grandma was lying on the ground with blood streaming down from her mouth. I couldn’t believe my eyes. How fearful a sight it was! I hurried to wake my mother up. We took her to the hospital in a hurry. But it was too late to save her. My beloved grandma’s heart stopped beating when we got to the hospital. You’ll never imagine how sad we felt then.    Grandpa was very well all the time. I had never imagined that she would leave us so soon. That evening I lay in bed alone. My eyes were full of tears. I prayed and prayed, wishing she would be ableto come back.

Now four years have passed. My dear grandma, where are you? I miss you so much.

[My dear grandma初中英语日记

I have a good friend, when I was five years old, I met her, she is my neighbor, we became friends and play together all the time. Last week, my friend took part in the female basketball match, she is good at basketball, so I encouraged her to join our school team. The team played so well that they came to the final yesterday, the match was so excellent, at last, my friend’s team won the first place, I feel so happy, I plan to buy her a present and congratulate her. I feel so proud of her, she inspires me, too. We give each other encourage to move on. We will be good friends forever.

我有一个好朋友，在我五岁的时候，我就遇到了她，她是我的邻居，我们成为了好朋友，一直在一起玩耍。上周，我的朋友参加了女子篮球比赛，她很擅长篮球，所以我鼓励她加入校队。她的队伍打得很好，昨天打入了决赛，比赛很精彩，最后，我的朋友的队伍赢得了第一名，我感到很开心。我打算给她买一个礼物，祝贺她。我为她感到自豪，她也鼓励了我。我们给予彼此勇气前进。我们永远都是好朋友。

[祝贺朋友初中英语作文

The protection of the border is not a new problem for us, and our

government has long proposed clear targets for governance. As every ordinary

person in real life, although it is impossible to work directly in environmental

protection, we can start from small things and start from me. Can you raise your

hand when you see the tap in the bathroom? When the battery runs out, can you

classify it instead of throwing it away? How about when shopping doesnt use

ultra-thin plastic bags? ...... Small things are small, but they reflect how

much environmental awareness we have.

Recycling one ton of waste paper can regenerate 800 kg of paper, can save

17 tree. 20 waste recycling boxes can create a beautiful pen container.

Recycling one glass bottle to save the energy, can make the bulb light for four

hours. Recycling one aluminum can is to save the half oil cans. So we should

place the garbage classification, reproduction by the relevant department after

recycling reuse!

As long as we start from oneself, starts from the minor matter, everybody

joint efforts, perseverance, we will be for the society, also a piece of clear

water, blue sky for yourself, I hope everybody can voluntarily protect the

environment, to make our environment more beautiful life.

Dear Mike,

How are you? Im really glad that you are interested in traditional Chinese

festivals. There are many traditional festivals in China, such as Spring

Festival, Mid-Autumn Day and so on. Id like to introduce the Spring Festival to

you. Spring Festival is the most important traditional holiday in China. It

usually lasts for 15 days.

Days before the festival, people clean their houses. They think cleaning

sweeps any bad luck. They decorate their houses with paper cuts. On the eve of

the festival, family members get together and have big meals. Then they watch

the Spring Festival Gala on TV. At midnight, they set off fireworks to welcome

the New Year. During the festival, kids get lucky money from old people. People

visit their relatives and friends. They wish each a happy year and good luck.

How happy we are.

Best wishes!

Yours,

Liu Wei

导语： 越来越多人生活受微信耗时困扰---手指触动间就能和朋友随时互动,资讯八卦一手掌握,下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Last week, we had a discussion about using WeChat. Here are the results.

Some students think WeChat(微信) is a very useful tool. It can provide a platform (平台)to communicate with their friends. Besides, they can make more friends and learn more knowledge by WeChat.

However, some students think WeChat will affect (影响) their study if they spend too much time using it. And they may be tricked (欺骗) by strange net friends. Last but not least, it will also affect their eyesight to use WeChat for a long time .

In my opinion, we shouldn’t use WeChat for too long and make sure that don’t use it when we are studying. In addition(另外), we shouldn’t add strangers casually (随便)or meet net friends without our parents’ permission.

【参考译文】

上周，我们有一个关于使用微信的讨论。以下是结果。

一些学生认为，微信是一个非常有用的工具。它可以提供一个平台与他们的朋友交流。此外，他们能结交更多的朋友，学习更多的知识，通过微信。

然而，一些学生认为，微信会影响他们的学习如果他们花太多时间使用它。他们可能被欺骗(欺骗)通过陌生的网友。最后但并非最不重要的，这也会影响他们的视力使用微信很长时间。

在我看来，我们不应该太久没有使用微信，确保不使用它时，我们正在研究。此外，我们不加陌生人随便或满足网友没有父母的许可。

The definition of happiness always causes the public’s attention. Some

people believe that making a lot of money and earning great reputation are the

standard to define success, while some people think that spending more time with

their families deserves all the things and it is their bliss. In my opinion, the

meaning of happiness varies according to different people, but there is one

thing in common, which is their positive attitude to life. I am so lucky to born

in a happy family, and my parents give me all their love. Though we are

ordinary, I am so satisfy with my life now. I cherish the thing I have.

说明文是阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途或科学原理的一种文体。其说明的对象可以是具体的，如：自然环境，仪表设备等；也可以是抽象的，如概念定律等。以下是小编整理的初中英语说明文写作要点，欢迎阅读！

说明文的写作相对于论说文来说，有一定的套路可循，因此不是十分复杂。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法、因果法等；说明自然环境方面的内容常用时间次序法、分类法等。当然，随着对象的不同，具体应该采用的方法也会有所不同。

说明文的写作应该注意的事项有下面几点：

1.语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，避免夸张华丽的辞藻，要把真实的一面展现在读者面前。

2.说明时一定要把握一个中心主题。说明文中细枝末节较多，但不能喧宾夺主。

3.说明的次序非常重要。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚，脉络明晰。因此，练习时可以尝试不同的次序进行写作，找出最合理的一种。

4.由于说明文写实性较强，有时难免会让人感到没有生气。因此，可以适当使用一些比喻、拟人等修辞手段，来增加文章的色彩。

下面是一篇说明一所医院布局的文章。文章虽短，但需要说明的内容却达11处之多。平均一句话就要描写一处，如果组织得不好，便会给人凌乱的感觉。

为了避免这一点，文章把整个布局图分三部分来写：

贯彻医院的是main road，第一部分以大门为参照物，介绍了靠大门且通过main road东西相对的急诊楼和门诊楼。

第二部分以湖为参照物，中心线还是main road，介绍其他分诊楼、实验室、放射室等。

第三部分写main road尽头的建筑物。

这样，繁多的细节显得井井有条。因此，选择好主线及参照物是决定文章成功的关键。

Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about“THE LAYOUT OF A HOSPITAL”. Locate some important departments in the hospital based on the information given below.Your composition should be no less than 120 words.

（1）the Emergency Department

（2）the Out-patient Department

（3）the Surgery Department

（4）the Dispensary

（5）the Physician Department

（6）the Eye，Ear，and Throat Department

（7）the Dental Department

（8）the Laboratory

（9）the X-ray Department

（10）the Administrative Building

（11）the Ward

例文：

The Layout of a Hospital Near the gate，on the westside of the road is the Emergency Department. Opposite the Emergency Department across the Main Road is the Out-patient Department. The building to the southwest of the lake is the Dispensary，which face the Surgery Department lying on the other side of the road.Along the west wall，from south to north，stand three buildings：the Physician Department，the Eye，Ear，and Throat Department，and the Dental Department.

The Laboratory is to the northwest of the round about，and beside the Laboratory，the X-ray Department is located on the same side of the road. A winding road by the lake leads to the Ward.

Near the end of the Main Road，the Administrative Building is situated on the east side.The hospital is nicely and conveniently laid out.

迈克是我的好朋友。每当我需要帮助时，他就来到我身边。一天放学了，我不得不留下来跟3组的同学一起打扫卫生。但3组的其他人都在外边玩，他们谁都不想回来。于是迈克就过来帮我扫地。真是优秀作文 ，患难朋友才是真正的朋友。

Mike is my good friend. Any time I need help, he will come to me. One day after school, I had to stay and clean the classroom with Group Three. But they were still playing outside without any sign to go back. So Mike came and helped me clean the floor. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

Communication is common and important in our daily life. All of us live

with others in the society and no one can live cut off from it. Everyday, we

must talk to others to give and get information, but how can we communicate with

others? Some people claim that they don’t know what to say and how to speak to

others, strangers especially. I think first you should find a topic that both of

you are interested in. Then, pay attention to your manners, speed, pitch,

expressions and your body language. You should make others feel comfortable, so

that they are willing to talk to you. Last but not the least, being a good

listener. Listening to others shows your respect to them. Only when they heard,

they want to talk. So do you. Before you talk, listening to others first.

When memory began for me, my grandfather was past sixty-a great tall man

with thick hair becoming gray. He had black eyes and a straight nose which ended

in a slightly flattened tip. Once he explained seriously to me that he got that

flattened tip as a small child when he fell down and stepped on his nose.

The little marks of laughter at the corners of his eyes were the prodnct of

a kindly and humorous nature. The years of work which had bent his shoulders had

never dulled his humour nor his love of a joke.

Everywhere he went, "Gramp" made friends easily. At the end of half an hour

you felt you had known him all your life. I soon learned that he hated to give

orders , but that when he had to, he tried to make his orders sound like

suggestions.

One July morning, as he was leaving to go to the cornfield, he said :

"Edwin, you can pick up the potatoes in the field today if you want to do that.

" Then he drove away with his horses.

The day passed, and I did not have any desire to pick up potatoes. Evening

came and the potatoes were still in the field. Gramp, dusty and tired, led the

horses to get their drink.

"How many bags of potatoes were there?" Gramp inquired. "I dont know.

"

"How many potatoes did you pick up?"

"I didnt pick any. " "Not any! Why not?"

"You said I could pick, them up if I wanted to. You didnt say I had to.

"

In the next few minutes I learned a lesson I would not forget: when Gramp

said I could if I wanted to, he meant that I should want to.

Gram hated cruelty and injustice. The injustices of history, even those of

a thousand years before, angered her as much as the injustices of her own

day.

She also had a deep love of beauty. When she was almost seventy-five, and

had gone to live with one of her daughters, she spent a delightful morning

washing dishes because, as she said, the beautiful patterns on the dishes gave

her pleasure. The bird, the flowers, the clouds-all that was beautiful around

her- pleased her. She was like the father of the French painter, Millet, who

used to gather grass and show it to his son , saying , "See how beautif ul this

is ! "

In a pioneer society it is the harder qualities of mind and character that

are of value. The softer virtues are considered unnecessary. Men and women

struggling daily to earn a living are unable, even for a moment, to forget the

business of preserving their lives. Only unusual people, like my grandparents,

manage to keep the softer qualities in a world of daily struggle.

Such were the two people with whom I spent the months from June to

September in the wonderful days of summer and youth.

我们每个人都有着不同的爱好，下面老师就为同学们带来一篇关于我的喜好的范文，供同学们写作参考。

Dear friend,

My name is Wang Lin . Now I live in Hangzhou , China. I want to find a pen pal in England. I’m now 14 years old . I speak Chinese .And I can speak a little English. I like sports ,swimming is my favorite . I also like playing the computer games . My favorite subject in school is math. I like to

go to movies with my friends. My favorite movie is Beauty and Beast . Now I live with my parents .

Can you write to me soon ?

Wang Lin

我们也许会喜欢唱歌，也许会喜欢跳舞，也有可能喜欢看书，但都有一个共同的特点，那就是我们都有自己喜欢的东西。

August 6 20XX

It was sunny today. I was excited. I got up at a quarter to seven. I made a appointment to meet at nine o’clock. After I had my breakfast, I went to the Wanjia Market . It was hot outside. When I arrived, my friends didn’t arrive. I waited for him in front of the KFC’s door. I haven’t seen them for a year. And in a year, we didn’t come into contact with others frequently. About ten minutes left, my friends arrived one by one. After we greeted,we went to play basketball in Liwan Gymnasium. The match last for tow hours.Oh!I fill very happy today!

嗨!大家好!我叫蓝鲸!同长须鲸、座头鲸、灰鲸一样，都属于须鲸!很高兴认识你们!也希望你们能了解我和我的家族，和我们成为好朋友!

我和我的家族是终生在海洋中生活的哺乳动物。我们有80种不同的种类，主要有须鲸和齿鲸两种类型，而且我们吃不同的食物。

我是须鲸家族。因为我们生着梳齿一样密集排列的坚韧角质物而得名。我们正是通过我们的须来滤取水中的食物。冬季，我们在赤道附近温暖的海洋中繁殖，夏季则到寒冷的极地海水中去觅食。在极短暂的夏季中，我们的吞食量占全年的9/10。因为我们洄游时一般不进食，靠消耗体内脂肪为生。

齿鲸是我们的远亲，因口中长着240个牙齿而得名。他们牙齿的功能与陆地哺乳动物不同，主要是用来捕获食物，而不是咀嚼食物。他们的个头比我们须鲸小，有的性情还很残暴，常常攻击比自己大许多的同类。他们喜欢集体生活，所以，大家也叫他们鲸群。他们常用口哨和咔哒声互相“交谈”。在他们家族中，抹香鲸、逆戟鲸、海豚是最具有代表性的。而我最喜欢的是海豚，因为它的“歌声”和“舞姿”都特别美!

无论是我们须鲸家族，还是齿鲸家族，我们的身形都很优美。别看我们的个头大，我们游泳的速度一样很快，动作一样很敏捷。我们每天都在浩瀚的大海里游来游去，高声地“唱”出我们心里的快乐!你们喜欢我们吗?

①“龙宫”作为神话里海底龙王的居所，曾引发了人们无数的想象，围绕它产生了众多故事。现实中“龙宫”自然是没有的，但迄今为止，浩瀚的海洋仍深深地吸引着人类：海洋蕴藏的财富，大海深处的奥秘……一切都那样诱人。

②当今最诱人的海洋资源之一就是“蓝色能源”。它既不同于海底储存的煤、石油、天然气，也不同于融于水中的铀、镁、锂，而是利用海水温差、潮汐、波浪等产生的动能、热能等能源，它具有清洁、可再生，能量惊人，分布广泛的优势。常见的蓝色能源是温差能、潮汐能和波浪能。

③6000万平方公里的热带海洋一天吸收的太阳热能，相当于2500亿桶石油的热能。如果将这些热能的1%转化为电能，相当于新增140亿千瓦装机容量，也就是每小时能发140亿度电。太阳辐射热进入到海面，绝大部分被海水吸收掉，深层海水几乎接收不到。因此人们可利用海洋表层水温与较低层水温之间的温差把热能转化为电能。发电时，将海洋表面的温水引进真空锅炉，温水因压力突然大幅下降立即变成蒸汽，推动汽轮发电机发电，用过的水流入海洋，如此循环使用。一般而言，冷、热水温差在20℃以上即可发电，因此若能把南北纬20度以内的热带海洋都利用起来发电，前景将十分诱人。

④无边无际的大海，在太阳和月亮的引力作用下，时而潮高百丈，时而引退千里。海洋这种有规律、有节奏的起伏现象就是潮汐。潮 汐发电就利用了潮汐能，人们涨潮时将海水以势能的形式保存，落潮时放出海水，利用潮位之间的落差发电。据初步估算，我国潮汐能资源量约为1.1亿千瓦，年发电量可达2750亿千瓦小时。潮汐能周而复始，取之不尽，用之不竭，可以成为沿海地区生产生活，甚至国防需要的重要补充能源。

⑤波浪能也是不容忽视的蓝色能源。“无风三尺浪”是奔腾不息的大海的真实写照。海浪有惊人的力量，5米高的海浪，每平方米压力就有10吨。大浪能把13吨重的岩石抛至20米高处，能量惊人。据计算，全球可供开发利用的海洋波浪能有20-30亿千瓦，年发电量可达9万亿度。波浪能的利用将有助于缓解矿物能源逐渐枯竭导致的能源危机，改善生态环境。

⑥古往今来，海洋一直以其阔大的胸怀哺育着人类，吸引着人类。进入21世纪，人类社会的可持续发展将会越来越多地依赖海洋。探索并利用蓝色能源,已经成为中国乃至全球可持续发展的重要保障。蓝色能源，大有可为！

1.文章开头从神话故事里的“龙宫”写起，有什么作用？

答：

2.读完这篇文章，说说你对蓝色能源有了哪些了解。（4分）

答：

3.阅读下面材料，结合上文中的相关知识，简要分析可以在南海开发何种蓝色能源。（4分）

【材料】

南海是中国以南的边缘海，是中国最深、最大的海，平均水深约1212米，中部深海平原中最深处达5567米。由于接近赤道，接受太阳辐射的热量较多，所以气温较高。年平均气温在25―28℃。5月份测得水深30米以内的水温为30℃，而1000米深处便只有5℃。

答：

1. 引发读者阅读的兴趣，说明海洋从古至今对人类的吸引，引出下文对蓝色能源的介绍。

2.①什么是蓝色能源。（蓝色能源是一种利用海水温差、潮汐、波浪产生的动能、热能等能源。）②蓝色能源的特点。（它具有清洁、可再生、能量惊人、分布广泛的优势。）③常见的蓝色能源类型。（常见的蓝色能源是温差能、潮汐能和波浪能。）④常见蓝色能源的发电原理。⑤蓝色能源的应用前景。

3.可开发温差能。根据上文，太阳辐射热绝大部分被海水吸收掉，深层海水几乎接收不到。在冷热水温差达到20℃以上时，就可利用海洋表层水温与较低层水温之间的温差把热能转化为电能。而南海平均水深约1212米，年平均气温在25-28℃，表层海水与较低层海水温差多在20℃以上，因此可在南海开发温差能。

Welcome to my room ,it is not very big but it is very nice and clean ,there

are many things in my room ,near the wall is my bed ,under the bed is my

soccer,my desk is beside the window ,there are many books and a tablelight on

the desk ,the chair is under the desk ,there are many pictures on the wall ,they

are all my favorite actors and movie stars,I like their movies ,there is a book

shelf in my room ,on the shelf are my favorite books ,i like them best ,I

usually read books when I am free,I like my room very much .

1、Fact speak louder than words.

事实胜于雄辩。

2、Empty vessels make the greatest sound.

实磨无声空磨响满瓶不动半瓶摇。

3、Fear always springs from ignorance.

恐惧源于无知。

4、Fools grow without watering.

朽木不可雕。

5、Don‘t try to teach your grandmother to suck eggs.

不要班门弄斧。

6、Don‘t have too many irons in the fire.

不要揽事过多。

7、Good watch prevents misfortune.

谨慎消灾。

8、Genius is nothing but labor and diligence.

天才不过是勤奋而已。

9、Habit cures habit.

心病还需心药医。

10、Fields have eyes, and woods have ears.

隔墙有耳。

11、He sets the fox to keep the geese.

引狼入室。

12、Friends agree best at distance.

朋友之间也会保持距离。

13、Easier said than done.

说得容易，做得难。

14、Example is better then percept.

说一遍，不如做一遍。

15、Great minds think alike.

英雄所见略同。

16、God helps those who help themselves.

自助者天助。

17、Heaven never helps the man who will not act.

自己不动，叫天何用。

18、Great trees are good for nothing but shade.

大树底下好乘凉。

19、He is not laughed at that laughs at himself first.

自嘲者不会让人见笑。

20、Honesty is the best policy.

做人诚信为本。

21、is good when new, but friends when old.

东西是新的好，朋友是老的亲。

22、Each bird love to hear himself sing.

孤芳自赏。

23、Great hopes make great man.

伟大的抱负造就伟大的人物。

24、Harm set, harm get.害人害己。Hear all parties.

兼听则明。

25、Good medicine for health tastes bitter to the mouth.

良药苦口利于病。

26、Eat to live, but not live to eat.

人吃饭是为了活着，但活着不是为了吃饭。

27、Fools learn nothing from wise men, but wise men learn much from fools.

愚者不学无术，智者不耻下问。

28、Forbidden fruit is sweet.

禁果格外香。

29、Faults are thick where love is thin.

一朝情意淡，样样不顺眼。

30、Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.

抱最好的愿望，做最坏的打算。

31、He that will not work shall not eat.

不劳动者不得食。

32、Experience is the father of wisdom and memory the mother.

经验是智慧之父，记忆是智慧之母。

33、Happy is he who owes nothing.

要想活得痛快，身上不能背债。

34、Fortune knocks once at least at every man‘s gate.

风水轮流转。

35、Fire is a good servant but a bad master.

火是一把双刃剑。

36、Fool‘s haste is no speed.

欲速则不达。

37、Happiness takes no account of time.

欢乐不觉时光过。

38、Give a dog a bad name and hang him.

众口铄金，积毁销骨。

39、Hasty love, soon cold.

一见钟情难维久。

40、Great men have great faults.

英雄犯大错误。

41、Experience must be bought.

吃一堑，长一智。

42、First think and then speak.

先想后说。

文学常识也占据着非常关键一个环节，了解更多文学常识不仅可以让我们在考试中游刃有余，并且在说起话来也是谈吐不凡。以下是小编为您整理初中文学常识思维导图相关资料，欢迎阅读！

一、常见借代词语：

1、桑梓：家乡 2、桃李：学生 3、社稷、轩辕：国家 4、南冠：囚犯 5、同窗：同学 6、烽烟：战争 7、巾帼：妇女 8、丝竹：音乐 9、须眉：男子 10、婵娟、嫦娥：月亮

11、手足：兄弟 12、汗青：史册 13、伉俪：夫妻 14、白丁、布衣：百姓 15、伛偻，黄发：老人 16、桑麻：农事 17、提携，垂髫：小孩 18、三尺：法律 19、膝下：父母 20、华盖：运气

21、函、简、笺、鸿雁、札：书信 22、庙堂：朝廷

二、作者作品：

1、唐宋八大家：韩愈、柳宗元、欧阳修、苏洵、苏轼、苏辙、王安石、曾巩

2、并称“韩柳”是韩愈和柳宗元，他们是唐朝古文运动倡导者。

3、一门父子三词客：苏洵（老苏）、苏轼（大苏）、苏辙（小苏）。

4、豪放派词人：苏轼、辛弃疾，并称“苏辛”；婉约派词人：李清照（女词人）

5、李杜：李白、杜甫。小李杜：李商隐、杜牧。

6、屈原：我国最早伟大诗人，他创造了“楚辞”这一新诗体，开创了我国诗歌浪漫主义风格。

7、孔子名丘，字仲尼，春秋时鲁国人，他是儒家学派创始人，被称为“孔圣人”，孟子被称为“亚圣”，两人并称为“孔孟”。

8、苏轼称赞王维“诗中有画，画中有诗。”

9、杜甫是唐代伟大现实主义诗人，其诗广泛深刻反映社会现实，被称为“诗史”，杜甫也因此被尊为“诗圣”，有著名“三吏”：《潼关吏》、《石壕吏》、《新安吏》；“三别”：《新婚别》、《垂老别》、《无家别》。

10、我国第一部纪传体通史是《史记》（又称《太史公书》），作者是汉朝司马迁，鲁迅称《史记》为“史家之绝唱，无韵之《离骚》”，有：12本纪、30世家、70列传、10表、8书，共130篇。

11、“四史”：《史记》、《汉书》、《后汉书》、《三国志》。

12、元曲四大家：关汉卿、郑光祖、白朴、马致远。

13、《聊斋志异》是我国第一部优秀文言短篇小说集，作者是清代著名小说家蒲松龄。“聊斋”是他书屋名，“志”是记叙，“异”是奇怪事情。

14、书法四大家：颜真卿、柳公权、欧阳询、赵孟（fǔ）

15、战国时期百家争鸣主要流派及代表：

儒家：孔子孟子 法家：韩非子

道家：庄子、列子 墨家：墨子

16、南宋四大家：陆游、杨万里、范成大、尤袤

17、边塞诗人：高适、岑参、王昌龄

18、唐宗：唐太宗李世民宋祖：宋太祖赵匡胤秦皇：秦始皇嬴政汉武：汉武帝刘彻

19、我国第一位田园诗人是东晋陶渊明（陶潜），他“不为五斗米折腰”。

20、世界文学作品中四大吝啬鬼：葛朗台、夏洛克、泼溜希金、阿巴贡。

21、中国吝啬鬼典型：严监生。

三、中国文学之最：

最早诗歌总集是《诗经》；

最早爱国诗人是屈原；

最早田园诗人是东晋陶渊明；

最早也是最杰出边塞诗人是盛唐高适和岑参；

古代最杰出豪放派词人是北宋苏轼；

古代最杰出女词人是南宋李清照；

古代最著名爱国词人是南宋辛弃疾；

古代最伟大浪漫主义诗人是唐代李白；

古代最伟大现实主义诗人是唐代杜甫；

古代写诗最多爱国诗人是南宋陆游；

古代最著名长篇神话小说是明代吴承恩《西游记》；

古代最著名长篇历史小说是明初罗贯中《三国演义》；

古代最早写农民起义长篇小说是元末明初施耐庵《水浒传》；

古代最伟大现实主义长篇小说是清代曹雪芹《红楼梦》；

古代最杰出长篇讽刺小说是清代吴敬梓《儒林外史》；

古代最杰出文言短篇小说集是清代蒲松龄《聊斋志异》；

古代最早语录体散文是《论语》；

古代最早记事详备编年体史书是《左传》；

古代最早纪传体通史是《史记》；

古代最杰出铭文是唐代刘禹锡《陋室铭》；

现代最伟大文学家是鲁迅；

现代最杰出长篇小说是茅盾《子夜》；

现代最有影响短篇小说集是鲁迅《呐喊》。

四、文化常识：

1、初唐四杰：王勃、杨炯、卢照邻、骆宾王。

2、三国：魏、蜀、吴。

3、“四大古典名著”：《红楼梦》、《三国演义》、《水浒》、《西游记》。

4、“四大民间传说”：《牛郎织女》、《梁山伯与祝英台》、《孟姜女》、《白蛇传》。

5、世界四大短篇小说巨匠：契诃夫、莫泊桑、马克·吐温、欧·亨利。

6、苏轼散文代表北宋散文最高成就，其诗与黄庭坚并称“苏黄”。

7、马致远散曲代表作《天净沙·秋思》，被誉为“秋思之祖”。

8、曹雪芹“披阅十载，增删五次”创作了我国古典小说中最伟大现实主义作品《红楼梦》（又称《石头记》），它问世后就广为流传，深受人们喜爱，还出现了专门研究该书一门学问——“红学”，“红学”现已成为世界文学研究中重要课题。

9、鲁迅是中国现代文学奠基人，陈毅被称为“元帅诗人”；

臧克家因诗作多为农村题材，有“泥土诗人”之称；

田间被闻一多誉为“时代鼓手”（擂鼓诗人）。

10、岁寒三友：松、竹、梅。

11、花中四君子：梅、兰、竹、菊。

12、文人四友：琴、棋、书、画。

13、文房四宝：笔、墨、纸、砚。

14、四库全书：经、史、子、集。

15、《诗经》“六义”指：风、雅、颂（分类）、赋、比、兴（表现手法）。

16、唐诗、宋词、元曲、明清小说。

17、桂冠、鳌头、榜首、问鼎、夺魁：第一。

18、三纲五常：“三纲”：父为子纲、君为臣纲、夫为妻纲；“五常”：仁、义、礼、智、信。

19、“四书”“五经”是儒家主要经典：“四书”即《论语》《孟子》《中庸》《大学》；“五经”指《诗》《书》《礼》《易》《春秋》。

20、三皇：伏羲、女娲、神农；

五帝：黄帝、颛顼、帝喾、唐尧、虞舜。

21、五金：金、银、铜、铁、锡。

22、五味：酸、甜、苦、辣、咸。

23、五行：金、木、水、火、土。

24、“永字八法”是说“永”字具有：点、横、竖、撇、捺、折、钩、提八种笔画。

25、古代学校有庠、序、太学等名称，明清时最高学府为国子监。

26、三教九流：“三教”：儒教、佛教、道教；“九流”：儒家、道家、阴阳家、法家、名家、墨家、纵横家、杂家、农家。

27、古代科举考试（从隋代至明清）：

A 童生试，也叫“童试”，应试者不分年龄大小都称童生，合格后取得生员（秀才、相公）资格，这样才能参加科举考试。

B 乡试，明清两代每三年在各省省城举行一次考试，由秀才参加，考取叫举人，第一名叫解（jiè）员。

C 会试，明清两代每三年在京城举行一次考试，各省举人及国子监监生皆可应考，录取三百名为贡士，第一名叫会元。

D 殿试，是科举制最高级别考试，皇帝在殿廷上，对会试录取贡士亲自策问，以定甲第。录取分三甲：一甲三名，赐“进士及第”称号，第一名称状元（鼎元），第二名称榜眼，第三名称探花，合称“三甲鼎”；二甲若干名，赐“进士出身”称号；三甲若干名，赐“同进士出身”称号。

正式科举考试，时间每年一次，地点府（州）县，应试者儒生、童生，获取功名秀才

乡试，时间三年一次（秋），地点省城，应试者秀才，获取功名（举人）第一名为解元

会试，时间三年一次（春），地点礼部（京城），应试者举人，获取功名（贡士）第一名为会元

殿试，时间会试后同年4月，地点宫殿，应试者贡士，获取功名（进士）前三名为状元、榜眼、探花

正式科举考试分类：乡试、会试、殿试三级。

连登三甲（三元及第）：解元——会元——状元古代科举考试。

My birthday is on May 6. My parents and friends celebrate it to me every year. On that day, we usually hold a small birthday party at home and invite my friends to come for a dinner. We chat, watch TV or play games together that we really enjoy ourselves. When we are playing, my parents prepare a delicious dinner. My friends and I like the dishes very much. Of course, I can get some gifts from parents and friends. I am very happy because they always know what I want and need. But, on the other hand, when the birthday comes, I am a year older, so that I must be more sensible and independent. Last but not the least, it’s also a time to show my appreciation to my parents. They work hard and do their best to bring me up.

我的生日是五月六号。我的父母和朋友每年都为我庆祝。那天，我们通常在家举行小聚会，邀请朋友到家里吃晚饭。我们聊天，看电视或者一起玩游戏，大家玩得很开心。当我们玩的时候，我父母给我们准备了可口的晚餐。我和朋友都很喜欢那些菜。当然，我也从父母和朋友那里得到了礼物。我很高兴，因为他们总是知道我想要和需要什么。但是，另一方面，每当生日到来的时候，我又长了一岁，因此我必须更敏感，更独立。最后但也同样重要的一点是，这也是我向父母表达感激的时候。他们努力工作，尽他们最大的努力抚养我。

[初中英语作文：生日