浏览
5499作文
398节约用水中考英语作文
全文共 732 字
+ 加入清单题目:请以“saving water”为题,并根据以下提示写一篇不少于60单词的作文。
saving water
1 what do we use water for?
2 why water is very important in our daily life?
3 how do we save water?
参考范文
as we all know, water is essential in our daily life. we drink water every day, we use water to wash things and cook food, we also use water to make machines. people cant live without water.
我们都知道水对于日常生活的重要性。我们每天喝水,用水洗东西和烹制食物,我们还用水来制造机器。离开水,人类就无法存活。
though about 75% of the earth is covered with water, only 3% of it is fresh water. so we must save water by having a shower instead of a bath. we can save water by fixing dripping taps immediately and we can also save water by not washing under a running tap.
虽然地球75%都被水覆盖,但其中只有3%是淡水。所以我们应该用淋浴代替泡澡来节约水,同时及时修好滴水的水龙头,并且不要开着水龙头洗东西。
更多相似作文
篇1:中考高分英语作文指导
全文共 3868 字
+ 加入清单想要写好英语作文都有哪些技巧呢?下面是语文迷网为大家提供的英语写作技巧,欢迎阅读参考。
一、写作决窍
总体把握,要点齐全;人称时态,逻辑清楚;
关键词汇,动词第一;组词成句,结构完整;
组句成文,连词增色;此路不通,绕道迂回;
字迹工整,留好印象;从句适量,高分有望。
二、写作步骤
1.认真审题。审题包括要点、格式、词数以及此篇文章要传递给读者什么样的信息,告诫读者什么(即写作目的)。
2.确定文体和时态。确定文体后,根据不同文体的特点和要求进行组织材料;同时确定出该篇文章的总时态与时态的变化。
3.写完要点,但不随意发挥。
4.先草稿,后抄写。
三、作文案例
[2004年全国中学生英语能力竞赛初赛初三组] (14分)
Choose one of your hobbies and write an article for the school magazine about it. Tell the magazine readers.
·What exactly your hobby is;
·When and how you became interested in this hobby;
·Why you enjoy your hobby;
·About your hopes and plans for the future.
写作要求:
1.根据所提供的内容,适当拓展想象空间,灵活地将提供的信息体现在文章中。
2.条理清楚,语句通顺,书写清晰、规范。
3.词数60-80.
[学生解答A]
My hobby is read books①.When I was seven years old.I became interested in reading books.I like needing books because there are a lot of useful things in books.I can learn a lot of knowledge from books. Books also② can teach me how to be a good person.Books even can solve many problems for me.I will read more good books to improve myself.
①改为reading books,动词作表语时应该用动名词。
②also的位置应放在can之后。
[点评]:档次9-11分。
①要点不全,漏掉最后一个要点。
②句子基本无误,能正确传递信息给读者但文章不流畅,句子与句子之间过渡不自然,给读者感觉在回答上述问题。
③有少量错误。
[学生解答B]
My hobby is reading.Reading books is very enjoyable.When I was young ,my mother used to tell me a story before.I went to bed every night.The stories were so interesting that I always felt they weren’t enough.So I began to read books by myself.Little by little I became interested in reading.I can learn much knowledge and many interesting things all over the world.When I read books,I can enjoy the beautiful sentences.At the same time I can improvemy writing.I want to be a writer in the future,so I must study hard and read more books so that my dream can come true.
①开门见山、点题。
②真情流露,理由充分。
③文中带圈的连词使用得恰当,使文章过渡自然、
④巧妙使用句型以表决心。
[点评]:档次13-14分。
①清楚表达写作目的,要点齐全。
②语言表达灵活多样,字里行间流露出真情实感,文章有感染力。
③恰当使用连词和从句,语言流畅,且无错误,是一篇高质量的作文。
[高分突破]
①文体:记叙文。
②要点:what → when →how → why → hope and plan for the future.
③时态:一般现在时,一般过去时,一般将来时的自然变化。
内容具有开放性,但它也是“控制性”的写作试题,因此不能随意发挥,要善于抓信息,写完要点。选用这两篇学生真实习作,一是因为他们选材相同,二是因为他们都是英语成绩优秀的同学。同学B灵活使用连词so…that,so,little by little,when,so that等,恰到好处地使用新句型和短语used to,became interested in,come true……等,使内容丰富,读起来优美流畅。其实这些表达同学A也会,只是缺乏技术加工。通过这两篇作文点评,同学们便能悟出其中的奥妙。
四、培养途径
1.根据老师布置的写作内容,独立完成一篇写作。
2.与同伴合作,交流自己的写作,通过交流找出各自作文中写得好的地方和优美的句子,合作创造一篇新的文章,供大家欣赏。
3.找老师点评,请求老师指点,尤其是怎样润色。
4.自己纠错,写下反思。
五、备考演练
A
缙云山是重庆著名的游览胜地,每天有大量的游客。请你根据下面提供的信息写一篇报道,说明现在的游客在环境保护方面的变化。
写作要求:
1.词数在100左右。
2.条理清楚,语句通顺。
3.开头已写好,但不计入总词数。
Jinyun Mountain is a famous place of interest …
B
阅读电视广告词:“If we don’t save water,the last drop of water will be a tear-drop.”根据提示,写一篇60-80词的短文。
提示:
1.生活离不开水。
2.可饮用水在减少。
3.水污染严重。
4.应保护水源,再利用水。
思路点拨与参考答案
A. [思路点拨]:
①文体:记叙文。
②时态:一般过去时态,一般现在时态。采用正反对比的写作手法,增加感染力。
③写作目的:告诉读者保护环境的重要性。
Jinyun Mountain is a famous place of interest.Every day a lot of tourists come here to enjoy its beauty. But a few years ago,some of them paid no attention to protecting theenvironment.They threw their rubbish,such as plastic bags,fruit skins and waste paper on the ground.Sometimes they broke trees,picked flowers and killed birds. Some even made fires in the woods to cook food.How dangerous it was.Luckily,great changes have taken place here.Tourists are used to putting their rubbish into dustbins,and they are doing their best to protect the birds and plants as well.They bring their own meals instead of cooking to preventstarting a forest fire in the mountains.All these changes make us very happy.
B. [思路点拨]:
①夹叙夹议(说明现状,谈谈感想)。
②时态:一般现在时态。
③广告词的含义——水很重要,应保护和再利用(写作意图)。
Water is very important to humans.We can’t live without water.The water we can drink is falling.But some people don’t seem to care about it.They waste a lot of water.They pour dirtywater into rivers and lakes.Water pollution is getting more and more serious.So we must do something to stop the pollution.We not only protect the water but also find ways to reuse it.If we don’t do this,the last drop of water will be a tear-drop.
篇2:写一封电子邮件中考英语作文
全文共 1016 字
+ 加入清单假设你是李华,现就读于某寄宿制中学。你的室友王明经常违反寝室(dormitory)规定,如不整理床铺,休息时间大声拨打电话,未经许可(permission)动用他人物品,离开寝室不关灯等。为了提醒他改正不良习惯,做个文明室友,你决定写一封电子邮件给他。
要求:(1)包含以上所有要点,可适当增加细节,使行文连贯;
(2)字数:60-80词(信得开头和结尾已给出,不介入总词数);
(3)信中不得出现你的真实姓名,学校名和地名。
From:lihua2758 sina com
To: wangming63 sohu com
Subject: To be a great roommate
Dear Wang Ming,
Im writing to kindly remind you of the dormitory rules.
………
Best wishes,
LiHua
写一封电子邮件英语作文范文:
Dear Wang Ming,
Im writing to kindly remind you of the dormitory rules. As we live in the same room, we are like families thus we should love each other and respect each other. Whats more, we should make our room clean and tidy. Therefore, I hope you can read the following rules and obey them. Rule No.1 When you get up in the morning, remember to make the bed. Rule No.2 Dont make phone calls when we are sleeping. Rule No.3 Dont use others things without permission. Rule No.4 Turn off the lights before you leave the room. I hope all of us can obey these rules and make our room more and more comfortable.
Best wishes,
LiHua
篇3:2024年中考英语作文素材:满分佳句短语
全文共 2440 字
+ 加入清单下面是语文迷网为大家带来了英语写作中的佳句,供大家参考选择。
1.Were often told that that...But is this really the case?
我们经常被告知......但事实真是这样吗?
2.People used to... However,things are quite different today.
过去,人们习惯......但今天的情况有很大不同。
3. Some people think that... Others believe that the opposite is true.
There is probaly some truth in both sides. But we must realize that...
一些人认为......另一些人持相反意见。也许双方的观点都有一定道理,但是我们必须认识到......
4.Recognizing a problem is the first step in finding a solution.
认识到问题是找到解决办法的第一步。
5.It is another new and bitter truth we must learn to face.
这是一个我们必须学会面对的痛苦的新情况。
6.In short, we must work hard to make the world a better place.
简而言之,为了把世界变成更美好的地方,我们必须勤奋工作。
7.Lost time is never found again.
岁月既往,一去不回、
8.Everybody should have a dream.
每个人都该有个梦想。
9. Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.
抱最好的愿望,做最坏的打算。
10.Failure is the mother of success.
失败乃成功之母。
11.Lets look on the bright side .
让我们往好处想吧。
1.打算做....../计划做......
intend /plan to do 打算做......
be going to do 打算做......
decide to do决定做......
determine to do决定做......
be determine to do 决定做......
make up ones mind to do 下定决心做......
2.想/希望......
want to do= would like to do想做......
hope to do希望做......
expect to do期待做......
wish to do 希望做......
consider doing 考虑做......
looking forward to doing盼望做......
dream of doing 梦想做......
cant help doing 情不自禁地做......
3.表示喜欢和感兴趣
like /love doing 喜欢做......
enjoy doing 喜欢做.......
be fond of doing 喜欢做......
be keen on+n/doing 喜欢做......
prefer to do A rather than B 宁愿做A也不愿做B
be interest in n/doing对......感兴趣
show/take interest in n/doing 对......产生兴趣
4.其他短语
keep on doing 坚持做......
keep/stop/prevent sb from doing 阻止某人做......
be busy (in) doing= be busy with +名词 忙于做......
spend time/money(in) doing =spend time/money on+名词 花费时间做......
have fun/have a good time/enjoy oneself doing 玩得开心
have trouble/have problem/ have difficulty (in) doing 或with +名词 做...有困难
满分句型
1.Its adj for sb to do 做...对某人来说是...
2. ...so...that ...如此...以至于...
...too...to do 太...而不能...
such...that...如此...以至于...
3.not...until...直到...才...
4. The reason why+句子 is that +句子...的原因是...
5.That is why+句子 那是...的原因
6. That is because+句子 那是因为...
7.It is said that+句子 据报道...
It is reported that+句子 据报道...
8.There is no doubt that+句子 毫无疑问...
9.It goes without saying that+句子 不言而喻/毫无疑问...
10. There is no need to do 没必要做...
11.There is no point in doing 做某事毫无意义
12. You had better (not) do ...最好(不)做
13.How about /What about doing...怎么样?
14. I think you should do我认为你应该...
15. I suggest that you (should) do 我建议你做...
16. If I were you, I would do...我要是你的话,我会做...
篇4:2024中考英语作文:体育运动
全文共 2955 字
+ 加入清单体育运动是在人类发展过程中逐步开展起来的有意识地对自己身体素质的培养的各种活动。下面是关于体育运动的英语作文范文,希望对你写作有帮助。
英语作文一
Recently, more and more people stay at home watching TV and surfing the Internet, which leads to obesity and even get serious illness.
最近,越来越多的人呆在家里看电视、上网,所以导致肥胖甚至更严重的疾病。
This is no doubt that sport is good for our health. A person who takes exercises regularly will keep fit. What’s more, exercise can make you well-behaved and confident. If you usually take exercise with your friends, you will be close to them. After all, sports can make your life more colorful.
毫无疑问,运动对我们的健康有好处。人经常运动可以保持身体健康。更重要的是,运动可以使你表现得自信。如果你经常和你的朋友锻炼,你们之间的关系会更加紧密。毕竟,运动可以使你的生活更加丰富多彩。
Nothing is more important than doing sports. Its time to take actions to stay away from the TV and computer and to take part in sport activities.
没有什么比运动更重要。是时候采取行动远离电视,电脑和参加体育活动了。
英语作文二
All over the world millions of people take part in different kinds of sports. Sports are perhaps the most popular form of relaxation that almost all can enjoy.
Some people seem to think that sports and games are unimportant things that people do at times when they are not working. But in fact sports and games can be of great value, especially to people who work with their brains most of the day. They should not be treated only as ammusements.
Sports and games build our bodies, prevent us from getting too fat, and keep us healthy. They also give us valuable practice in helping the eyes, brain and muscles to work together. In table tennis, the eyes see the ball coming, judge its speed and direction, and pass the information on to the brain. The brain has to decide what to do and sends its orders to the muscles of the arms legs and so on, so that the bah is met and hit back where the player wants it to do. All this must happen with very great speed, and only those who have had a lot of practice can do this successfully.
Sports and games are also very useful for character-training. In their lessons, boys and girls may learn about such virrues as unselfishness courage disciple and love of ones country, but what is learned in books can not have the same deep effect on a childs character as what is learned through practice. Most of students time is spent in classes, studying lessons. So what the students do in their spare time is of great importance. If each of them learns to go all out for his team and not for himself on the sports field, he will later find it natural to work for the good of society, for the good of his country.
参考翻译
世界上有许多的人参加不同种类的体育运动。体育运动可能是几乎所有的人都可享受的最大众化的娱乐形式。
有些人似乎认为体育运动不是什么重要的事情,只是人们在不干活的时候才去做的。但实际上,体育运动对人们益处很大。特别是对那些一整天从事脑力劳动的人来说,更是这样。不能把它们单纯看成是娱乐。
体育运动能增强我们的体质,防止发胖,保持身体健康。他们还在使眼睛、头脑和肌肉协同动作方面提供宝贵的锻炼机会。打乒乓球时,眼睛看到球打过来,要判断速度和方向,再把这个信息传到大脑,这时大脑得决定怎么办,并给胳臂、腿等部位的肌肉发出命令,以便接到球,并把球打回到打球人要它到的地方。所有这一切的反应都要非常迅速。只有那些打乒乓球训练有素的人,才能成功地做到。
体育运动还有利于品格的培养。孩子们在课堂上可能学到关于无私、勇敢、守纪律和爱国等品德。但是日本上学的东西对孩子品格的影响不可能和亲身体验中学来的东西影响一样深刻。学生大部分在校时间都用在上课。因此,学生的课余时间的活动至关重要。如果每个人在运动场上认识到是为自己的球队而不是为个人而拼搏,日后他就会感到,为社会利益,为国家利益而工作是理所当然的。
篇5:有关沉迷网络的中考英语作文
全文共 1191 字
+ 加入清单导语:现在是互联网的时代,很多人都沉迷于网络游戏中,你觉得这种现象是好是坏呢?下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文,欢迎阅读与借鉴,谢谢!
Li Hua spent too much time playing computer games and he fell behind others. As a good friend of his, I must do something to help him.
Firstly, I think it’s very important for him to learn lessons well. He should spend most of his time on his study instead of computer games. Secondly, I must tell him that playing computer games too much is bad for his health, especially for his eyes. So he must give it up. I can play more sports with him after school. Maybe he will become more interested in sports than computer games. And then Ill ask him to concentrate more on his study. Of course, I will try my best to help him with all his subjects. I think I can do it in many fun ways and let him find much fun in studying. At the same time, Ill ask both his parents and our teachers to help him, too. If I try these, Im sure he will make great progress soon.
【参考译文】
李华花太多时间玩电脑游戏,他落后于别人。作为他的好朋友,我必须做些事来帮助他。
首先,我认为学好功课对他很重要。他应该把大部分时间花在学习上而不是电脑游戏上。其次,我必须告诉他玩电脑游戏太多对他的健康有害,尤其是对他的眼睛。所以他必须放弃。放学后我可以和他多做运动。也许他会对体育更感兴趣而不是电脑游戏。然后我会让他更加专心学习。当然,我会尽我所能帮助他的所有科目。我认为我可以在许多有趣的方式,让他在学习中找到很多乐趣。同时,我会请他的父母和我们的老师帮助他,太。如果我尝试这些,我相信他很快就会取得很大的进步。
篇6:中考英语的作文——体育运动的好处和坏处
全文共 1005 字
+ 加入清单b. 体育运动可能带来的副作用
c. 我参加体育活动的体会
Sports do us good in many respects (TS). It goes without saying that taking exercises can build up our physical strength. In collective sports like basketball, volleyball, or football, we will learn the importance of cooperation. While taking part in sports game, we will try our best to win and arouse ourselves the competitive spirit. Sports can also help us relax after a period of exhausting work. However, as the saying goes, "there are two sides to everything", and sports is without exception. We may hurt other players or ourselves if we are not careful enough when participating in sports activities. Whats more, excessive or severe training can do harm to our health.
My participation in sports tells me that sports can make us healthy both physically and psychologically. It is also a good way for people to know each other and can promote friendship between people. So long as we are carefully enough, sports can do us nothing but good.
篇7:中考英语满分
全文共 4591 字
+ 加入清单1 the best season 最好的季节
Summer is the great season for all sports in the open air. It is the season for baseball which is often called the national sport because of its popularity. I usually watch television and read the newspaper reports about the baseball results of the newspaper reports about the baseball results of the little leagues.
During the summer I like to go to the beach often because it is very close to my home in the village. I usually go there bur in the summer vacation to relax after many months in school in the city. I feel very comfortable with the familiar quiet of the villagers.
夏天是户外运动最好的季节。这是个打棒球季节,通常被国家体育称为受欢迎程度的季节。我通常看电视和读有关棒球比赛结果的报纸报道。
在夏天,我喜欢经常去海滩,因为它离我家很近。我通常在暑假去城市放松。我觉得熟悉的村民的平静让我很舒服。
2 Summer Camp 夏令营
July 20,20xx
I went to summer camp on vacation. On the first day, we went to a beautiful beach. It was a sunny and hot day, so we went swimming. The water was warm and we had great fun. Then the next day, we went to the mountains. There were many trees and I really enjoyed them. On the last day, we had a great party. We sang and danced happily. We didn’t want to leave the friends and the teachers. I hope I can go to summer camp again next year.
我去夏令营度假。第一天,我们去了美丽的海滩。这是一个阳光和炎热的一天,所以我们去游泳。水是温暖的,我们玩得很开心。然后第二天,我们去了山区。有许多树木,我非常喜欢他们。在最后一天,我们有一个盛大的派对。我们高兴地载歌载舞。我们不想离开朋友和老师。我希望明年我可以再次去夏令营。
3 Unforgettable summer vacation 难忘的暑假
I think this summer over a very meaningful day,in addition to the study of computers outside,also tried a new aerobic exercise -YOGA,I love this sport, so I learned an optimistic face life,but also to correct my bad shape,for my future learning and life will be very helpful,I love YOGA,with the hope more people will join me to try this new movement.
今年暑假过得非常有意义
我觉得今年暑假过的非常有意义,每天除了学习计算机以外还尝试了新的有氧运动-YOGA,我非常热爱这项运动,它让我学会了乐观的面对生活,还纠正了我的不良体形,对我今后的学习及生活都有很大的帮助,我爱YOGA,希望有更多的人和我一起尝试这项新的运动。初中英语作文难忘的暑假
4 visitng 参观
Ladies and gentlemen,
Welcome to Heyuan, now let me introduce our city — Heyuan to you. Heyuan is a city with a long history. It is in the northeast of Guangdong and 198 kilometres away from Guangzhou. It has a population of 3,240,000.
There are many places of interest in Heyuan, such as Sujiawei Wanlu Lake and so on. Wanlu Lake is a beautiful place. The water is clean and not polluted. There are all kinds of fish in it. You can go boating, go fishing and have a picnic there. It is really a good place to spend your holiday. Besides, you can go and visit Heyuan Museum. There you can see a lot of dinosaur egg fossils.
I hope you can enjoy yourselves in Heyuan.
Thank you.
女士们,先生们,
欢迎来到河源市,现在让我向你介绍我们的城市——河源市。河源市是一个有着悠久历史的城市。在广东的东北部,离广州198公里。它有3240000人口。
在河源市有许多名胜,如Sujiawei,万绿湖等等。万绿湖是一个美丽的地方。水是干净的,没有污染。有各种各样的鱼。你可以去划船,钓鱼,野餐。这真的是一个好地方可以度过你的假期。此外,你可以去参观河源市博物馆。在那里你可以看到很多恐龙蛋化石。
我希望你能在河源市玩得愉快。
谢谢你们!
5 My Summer Vacation 我的暑假
This is my summer vacation. I intend to finish the operation. Then, take a look at Chinas famous novel. Look at some day. Of course, also want to play with the computer, watch TV. Early every morning to get up and running to run, do other sports. But it is conducive to our body! But one thing should not be forgotten. must help parents do the housework! My holiday arrangements like? something good? give suggestions?
这就是我的暑假。我打算完成作业。然后,看中国的著名小说。看书看一些日子。当然,也要玩电脑,看电视。每天早上早早起床跑步,做其他运动。这有利于我们的身体!但有一件事不应该被忘记。必须帮助父母做家务!我的假期安排呢?好的东西?给点建议?
6 I enjoy the rain 我喜欢下雨
That was a morning in the early of June. I took a bus to my school in the suburb which was surrounded by rice paddies and ponds. The sky was gray with the gloomy clouds congregating gradually along the far eastern horizon. "There must be a heavy rain soon." I spoke to myself.
When I hurried into the classroom, the sky, gray before, was shrouded now by black clouds, darken to twilight, I felt quite stuffy, while it was quite calm, without wind. I saw the leaves of trees and grass static, which seem to await something tohappen. Several minutes later, I saw the lightening split the clouds and heard the thunders following. Suddenly, the curtain of rain fell and the wind blew. soon the grass flattened under the wind and the rain. With the rain forming like a fog, the sky became bright. I took several deep breathes. I felt comfortable.
The heavy rain lasted three hours and stopped when the class was over. The air was so fresh and the sky was so clear. I felt like a new man myself.
那是6月初的一天早上,我乘汽车去郊区的学校上课,学校四周是稻田和鱼塘。天空是灰色的,在遥远的东方地平线上有阴云在慢慢汇聚。我心想:“要下大雨了。”
当我匆忙走进教室时,原本灰色的天空已被黑云笼罩,像黄昏。我感到气闷,而周围一切都很静,没有任何声音,没有风。我看到树叶和草一动不动,像等着什么事情发生。几分钟之后,我看到闪电撕开云层,听到随之而来的雷声。突然,大雨倾盆,风也起了。草在风雨中倒伏。随着雨下成了雾状,天空开始放亮,我深吸了几口气,舒服多了。
大雨下了三个小时,下课的时间停了,空气那么新鲜,天气那么晴朗,我感觉像换了一个人似的。
篇8:中考英语作文范文自我介绍500字
全文共 450 字
+ 加入清单根据以下要点提示写一篇60-80词的短文。
1、在学校学习汉语、英语、数学、历史和一些其他学科;
2、我学习很努力,最喜欢的学科是英语,经常找机会练习英语;
3、现在中国已经加入世贸组织wto,并且2008年奥运会将在北京举行,英语正变得越来越重要;
4、我将更加努力学习英语,将来为祖国作贡献。
I study Chinese、English、maths and History and some other subject at school.I study hard. My favorite subject is English.I often find chance to practice English.China has joined WTO and Beijing will host the 2008 Olympics,English is more and more important .I will study hard and be dedicate to my homeland.
篇9:浅谈中考英语作文题的写作技巧
全文共 592 字
+ 加入清单纵观近年各地中考英语写作题,题材一般是写人、写事、写物、写景、日记、书信、通知、便条等文体。一般来说,不同的写作题材,它的人物,时间,写作的重点也是不尽相同的。下面结合一些常见的题型介绍一下写作的注意事项以及写作技巧。
1、以图表提供情景的作文要以读为主,首先要读懂图表中的数据、时间、编码、序号以及相互间的变化关系,对所给的信息加以分析、推断、筛选、概括、去粗取精;在写作时目的要明确,要注意内容的准确性和严肃性,尤其是图表中的数据、时间等不得有误。
2、以图画提供情景的作文应以看为主,通过细心观察图中的人物、景物、文字、环境、数字等,弄清写作的意图,通过分析思考把握逻辑联系,找出主题并借助所给的文字,把图中的信息转化成文章,但要注意,文章不能停留在图画的浅表,而要表达出提供情景的意图和内涵。
3、以提纲提供情景的作文。这种形式本身的要点已经很明确,重点也很突出,只要把各个提纲加以发挥,注意遣词造句的灵活性和语法规则的正确性,就不会造成审题不清而偏离主题,但要注意,文章必须覆盖所提供的各个提纲的要点。
4、以书信格式提供情景的作文。首先要了解书信的格式,英文书信格式与中文有所不同,
(1)一般在信纸的右上角写上写信人的地址和日期,地址应按从小到大的顺序排列;
(2)左边顶格写上收信人的姓名;
(3)正文部分;
(4)祝愿的话;
(5)写信人签名。信的内容一定要按所给的要求写,不要漏写。
篇10:提高中考英语写作水平的方法
全文共 2069 字
+ 加入清单一、纵观近年各地中考英语写作题,题材一般是写人、写事、写物、写景、日记、书信、通知、便条等文体。一般来说,不同的写作题材,它的人物,时间,写作的重点也是不尽相同的。下面结合一些常见的题型介绍一下写作的注意事项以及写作技巧。
1、以图表提供情景的作文要以“读”为主,首先要读懂图表中的数据、时间、编码、序号以及相互间的变化关系,对所给的信息加以分析、推断、筛选、概括、去粗取精;在写作时目的要明确,要注意内容的准确性和严肃性,尤其是图表中的数据、时间等不得有误。
2、以图画提供情景的作文应以“看”为主,通过细心观察图中的人物、景物、文字、环境、数字等,弄清写作的意图,通过分析思考把握逻辑联系,找出主题并借助所给的文字,把图中的信息转化成文章,但要注意,文章不能停留在图画的浅表,而要表达出提供情景的意图和内涵。
3、以提纲提供情景的作文。这种形式本身的要点已经很明确,重点也很突出,只要把各个提纲加以发挥,注意遣词造句的灵活性和语法规则的正确性,就不会造成审题不清而偏离主题,但要注意,文章必须覆盖所提供的各个提纲的要点。
4、以书信格式提供情景的作文。首先要了解书信的格式,英文书信格式与中文有所不同,(1)、一般在信纸的右上角写上写信人的地址和日期,地址应按从小到大的顺序排列;(2)、左边顶格写上收信人的姓名;(3)、正文部分;(4)、祝愿的话;(5)、写信人签名。信的内容一定要按所给的要求写,不要漏写。
二、各地的评分标准略有差异,但是都包括以下几个方面:整体印象、语言表达、词数规定等几方面内容。我们在写作中要尽量避免扣分,争取有加分点。当然用英文写作不同于用母语那样得心应手,常常会受到生词、语法、惯用法的限制,只要同学们平时注意两种语言的异同性,抓住写作要点,也可妙笔生花。
1、为了保证文章层次分明、条理清楚,要把时间固定下来,如:记叙一件事要用过去时;写经常发生的事或对人物的描写,要用一般现在时。整个文章中的人称要一致,首尾呼应,不要随意改动,以免造成误解。
2、不要为了追求“一鸣惊人”而去找一些生冷的词汇,对这些一知半解的词你不会用,不知道如何搭配,结果可能适得其反,使文章显的生硬、不协调,甚至错误百出,所以要使用有把握的词,避免不必要的失分。比如说发生了一起意外事件,我们通常用“have an accident”来表示,不要错误的使用“have an incident”。
3、注意不同语言的表达习惯,也是写好英语作文的重要环节,如“我的理想是做一名歌手”,很多同学写成“My ambition is to do/make a singer,”“to do”表示“做”或者“干”,“to make”表示“制作”,而“做一名歌手”则表示“成为一名歌手”应该用“be/become a singer”;又如“看书、看报”应用“read a book/newspaper”,而不是“see a book/newspaper”。因此,平时应该注意不同语言的表达习惯,切忌望文生义或一味生搬硬套。
4、有些同学因怕出错而只写短句或简单句,写出的文章过于幼稚、空洞乏味。要使文章有血有肉就要把平时学的知识用进去,如:定语从句、宾语从句、非谓语动词和比较等句型,关键时用上一、二个,就能使文章不同凡响,更有文采,特别是对关联词的使用,如“so that”、“not…but”“not only。。。but also”等,会使你的文章逻辑结构紧密、层次鲜明、条理清楚,更能显示出你的英文功底,但要做到这些并非一日之功,要靠平时的不断训练和积累。
5、最简单的增分点就是认真的书写。工整漂亮的书写会给评卷老师留下美好的第一印象,在扣分时自然会“手下留情”,而且很多地区都在写作上有1分的书写分。只要平时多下点功夫,得到这一分并不难。
三、最后将中考写作的基本步骤和技巧归纳为以下几个环节:
1、细心审题细读题目中每一项提示或观察所给的每一幅画,明确文章的中心思想,弄清题意,确定写作体裁,掌握所要表达的要点做到心中有数,避免随心所欲,文不对题。
2、理顺要点在所给提示或图上标出要点,然后按事件先后的顺序或各要点之间的内在联系排序,分出层次。如果是看图作文,则要按图构思,这样做既可避免要点遗漏,又可使表达内容条理清楚。
3、构成框架将理顺的要点或每幅图画的含义加以连贯,构成写作的整体框架,进一步定人称、定时态语态、定顺序、定段落、定开头结尾。基本框架构成后,写作就有了把握。4、组织句子用自己最熟悉的短语或句型将理顺的要点逐句表达出来,多用简单句,用有把握的复合句。要扬长避短,避难就易。若遇到表达障碍,可换一种说法,将一句变成两、三句,只求达意。
5、串句成篇将写好的句子连贯地组织起来,注意上下句的逻辑关系,适当采用递进、让步、转折、因果等关联词语,使短文浑然一体,层次分明,过渡自然。6、检查修改文章草成后,默读1~2遍,检查修改,尤其要注意人称、大小写、拼写、习惯用语、格式有无错误,要点有无遗漏,文句有无语病,词数是否恰当,行文是否连贯。
篇11:中考英语作文范文春节见闻
全文共 321 字
+ 加入清单Things Happened in Spring Festival Today, I went shopping with my parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, and cousins. It was a rare
occasion because we hardly only get together few times in a year as a big family. On the way to the shopping mall, we watched the lion dance. Overall, we had an unforgettable day.
篇12:2024年中考英语作文素材:圣诞节的习俗
全文共 1884 字
+ 加入清单christmas, annual christian holiday commemorating the birth of jesus christ. most members of the roman catholic church and followers of protestantism celebrate christmas on december 25, and many celebrate on the evening of december 24 as well. members of the eastern orthodox church usually delay their most important seasonal ceremonies until january 6, when they celebrate epiphany, a commemoration of the baptism of jesus. epiphany also traditionally commemorates the arrival of the three wise men of the east in bethlehem (near jerusalem, israel), where they adored the infant jesus and presented him with gifts of gold, frankincense, and myrrh. the official christmas season, popularly known as either christmastide or the twelve days of christmas, extends from the anniversary of christ’s birth on december 25 to the feast of epiphany on january 6. christmas is based on the story of jesus’ birth as described in the gospel according to matthew (see matthew 1:18-2:12) and the gospel according to luke (see luke 1:26-56). roman catholics first celebrated christmas, then known as the feast of the nativity, as early as 336 ad. the word christmas entered the english language sometime around 1050 as the old english phrase christes maesse, meaning “festival of christ.” scholars believe the frequently used shortened form of christmas—xmas—may have come into use in the 13th century. the x stands for the greek letter chi, an abbreviation of khristos (christ), and also represents the cross on which jesus was crucified.
12月25日,是基督教徒纪念耶稣诞生的日子,称为圣诞节。从12月24日于翌年1月6日为圣诞节节期。节日期间,各国基督教徒都举行隆重的纪念仪式。圣诞节本来是基督教徒的节日,由于人们格外重视,它便成为一个全民性的节日,是西方国家一年中最盛大的节日,可以和新年相提并论,类似我国过春节。西方人以红、绿、白三色为圣诞色,圣诞节来临时家家户户都要用圣诞色来装饰。红色的有圣诞花和圣诞蜡烛。绿色的是圣诞树。它是圣诞节的主要装饰品,用砍伐来的杉、柏一类呈塔形的常青树装饰而成。上面悬挂着五颜六色的彩灯、礼物和纸花,还点燃着圣诞蜡烛。红色与白色相映成趣的是圣诞老人,他是圣诞节活动中最受欢迎的人物。西方儿童在圣诞夜临睡之前,要在壁炉前或枕头旁放上一只袜子,等候圣诞老人在他们入睡后把礼物放在袜子内。在西方,扮演圣诞老人也是一种习俗。
篇13:中考英语作文节约能源篇
全文共 1006 字
+ 加入清单导语:节约能源是每个公民的责任和义务,那么作为中学生,我们该如如何节能呢?下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文,欢迎阅读与借鉴,谢谢!
提示:1.步行或骑自行车去上学;最好不坐公交车或私家车;
2. 使用节能灯,少开灯,离开时记住关灯。
3. 节约用水,注意随手关好水龙头
4. 节约用纸,随身携带手帕。
5. 要有回收利用废品的意识。
提示词:private car 私家车 energy-saving light 节能灯handkerchief 手帕
要求:1. 要包括以上所有要点,要做到行文流畅、脉络清晰
2. 词数为80-100.
It’s our duty to save energy. As middle school students, what should we do to save energy?Firstly, we can walk or ride a bike to school. We’d better not take the bus or the private car. Secondly, we should use energy--saving lights when you leave the room. Thirdly, we should save water. Don’t forget to turn off the water tap after using it. Fourthly, we also need to save paper. It’s a good idea to bring a handkerchief with us. Fifthly, we should learn to recycle waste things such as cans, paper and bottles.
In a word, we should try our best to save energy.
【参考译文】
节约能源是我们的职责。作为中学生,我们应该做些什么来节约能源?首先,我们可以步行或骑自行车上学。我们最好不要乘公共汽车或私家车。其次,我们应该使用节能灯当你离开房间。第三,我们应该节约用水。使用后别忘了关水龙头。第四,我们还需要节省纸张。带上手帕是个好主意。第五,我们应该学会回收废物,如易拉罐、纸张和瓶子。
总之,我们应该尽最大努力节约能源。
篇14:2024年中考英语作文预测:光盘行动
全文共 1089 字
+ 加入清单近日,多家饭店启动"光盘行动,从我做起"活动,鼓励顾客"减少舌尖上的浪费"。同时,餐后晒空盘在网络上也悄然流行,不少人以身为"光盘族"骄傲。作为一名中学生,请你以"How to build an economized society"为题向《2l世纪报》投稿,号召大家在日常生活中勤俭节约,共同建设"节约型社会"。
要点包括: 1。不浪费粮食 2。日常生活中的节水、节电等 3。呼吁和号召
注意:1。词数:100左右。短文标题、开头已为你写好,但不计入总数; 2。内容可适当发挥,注意行文连贯。
参考词汇:光盘行动 "clear your plate" campaign
Our government is aiming to build an "economized society"。 I think it is every citizens duty to work hard to achieve this goal。
Firstly, we know that many restaurants have joined the "clear your plate" campaign against wasting food。 We students should do the same in our daily life especially when having dinner with our friends and relatives。 It is a good virtue for us to do so。 Secondly, make sure that the lights and all the other electric facilities are turned off when we finish our work and leave the room。 Also it is important to form the habit of turning off the tap after it is used。 Saving energy isalso saving ourselves。
In a word,if we pay much attention to our everyday behavior and take actions to reduce waste, we can make contributions to an economized society.Lets work together from now on!
篇15:必备的10句谚语中考英语作文备考资料
全文共 490 字
+ 加入清单1. Every coin has two sides.每个硬币都有两面,比喻事物的两面性。
2. The winter is coming and the spring is not far.冬天已经临近了,春天还会远吗?
3. Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。
4. Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。
5. Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩。
6. A fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.吃一堑,长一智。
7. A good beginning is half done.良好的开端是成功的一半。
8.Dont put off till tomorrow what should be done today.今日事,今日毕。
9.Time and tide wait for no man.时不我待。
10.Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。
篇16:2024中考英语作文热点话题:保持健康生活习惯
全文共 709 字
+ 加入清单健康的生活习惯对于成长中的我们是非常重要的。你认为健康的生活习惯应当是怎样的呢?请根据下面的信息提示,写一篇短文,首句已给出。
信息提示:健康饮食;早睡早起,不熬夜;参加运动,强身健体。
要求:根据信息提示,把握要点,适当发挥,不逐字翻译。字数在80词左右。
★ 范文
I think healthy habits are very important for us.
All of us want to be healthy. First, we should get enough sleep during the night. We can go to bed early and get up early. Staying up late is bad for our health. Second, we must have the right kinds of food. We should eat more fruit and vegetables and less meat. We should drink a lot of water. We should have healthy eating habits. Third, we should do more exercise to build up our bodies. Finally, we should wash hands before meals and brush our teeth twice a day. If we don’t feel well, we should go to see the doctor at once.
篇17:2024年中考英语作文热点话题预测:旅游介绍
全文共 1295 字
+ 加入清单请你阅读你的加拿大网友tommy的e-mail,根据e-mail的内容,给他写一封回信.
dear li lei,
i havent heard from you for a long time. im glad to tell you that ill visit beijing this summer vacation. it is said that beijing is a great city with a long history and more changes have taken place since the 2008 olympic games. i would like to know something about beijing, such as places of interest, the environment, traffic and people there.
im looking forward to hearing from you soon.
yours,
tommy
★ 范文
dear tommy,
im glad to know you will come to beijing.
beijing, the capital of china, is one of the largest cities in the world. there are many places of interest, such as the summer palace, the forbidden city and the great wall. all of them are beautiful and well-known to the world. great changes have taken place in beijing since we successfully held the 2008 0lympic games.
now, people pay more attention to the environment. more trees and flowers have been planted. for the traffic, it is very convenient for people to travel around beijing, because several new subway lines have been built. if you come to beijing, you will find people here are very friendly and helpful. whats more, a lot of people can speak english. beijing is really an attractive city with a long history.
im looking forward to hearing from you soon.
yours,
li lei
篇18:预测2024中考英语作文:低碳生活
全文共 3010 字
+ 加入清单Now advocate low carbon life, as the primary school, I wont make much contribution to the earth, but in low carbon life that on the one hand, I also try to do things I can do.
Now I just have a holiday at home, will be the first to the family "operation"! Grandmother cooking meals every day dont pay attention to save, I say: "grandma, now advocate low carbon life", if you like rice, cook the rice for 20 minutes and then, can shorten the time, should be used when cooking in the fire; burn something to wipe pan, not easy to boil and boil food with a pressure cooker, and helps save gas. Also, wash dishes of water that clean out rice can be used to water the flowers, wash clothes of water can be used to mop the floor or flush the toilet." Grandmother surprise of say: "is that so?! Grandmother, dont know, just do what you say!"
Dad always play while the computer before you go to sleep, I have the chance to say: dad, advocated "low-carbon life", now playing computer not only a waste of electricity, is not good for your eyes, you know, there are a lot of countries is because there are many people of reckless waste of electricity, so they often power outages, the day was fine, have to have lights in the evening! Dad you look how poor they are, you still go to bed early! Dad said happily: "my daughter grow up, know more than me, has a point, I will try, also join your" low carbon gens ". My heart crossed.
In the evening, grandpa opened the TV, voice is very big. I said: "grandpa, now people are constantly improve low carbon consciousness, the voice is small, low brightness can power saving, and your mobile phone, the evening is turned off when not in use, can reduce the number of charging." Grandpa all smiles said: "you not the kui is a great granddaughter, I know at an early age saving, these I also thought, I will do." I am pleased to jump three feet high, grandpa is the "low carbon" crowd.
I cant ask someone to low carbon, oneself also want to do, I will immediately take action. Do drink plain boiled water more, drink less; Less with paper towel to wipe hands; Choose a day every week dont eat meat. Less to buy school supplies extra clothes and life; Book with the positive, dont use correction fluid and tape.
I hope everyone a low-carbon habit, low-carbon awareness, to achieve low carbon pacesetter.
现在,提倡低碳生活,身为小学生的我,虽然不能给地球做出多大的贡献,但在低碳生活这一方面,我也努力做好我能做的小事。
现在我正好放假在家里,就先向家里人“开刀”吧!外婆每天做饭不太讲究节约,我说:“外婆,现在提倡”低碳生活“,如果你焖米饭时,把大米浸泡20分钟后再煮,可缩短时间;做饭时要用中火;烧东西时要擦干锅,不易煮烂煮烂的食品要用高压锅,都有助于节省燃气。还有,洗菜淘米的水可以用来浇花,洗衣服的水可以用来拖地或者冲厕所。”外婆吃惊的说:“是吗?!外婆老了不知道,就照你说的办吧!”
爸爸睡觉前总要玩会儿电脑,我就趁机说:爸爸,现在提倡“低碳生活”,玩电脑不仅浪费电,对眼睛也不好,你知道吗,有好多国家就是因为有许多肆无忌惮浪费电的人,所以他们经常断电,白天还好,晚上就得打着灯了!爸爸你看他们多可怜啊,你还是早早的睡觉吧!爸爸高兴地说:“我女儿长大了,比我知道的还多,说的有道理,我试试看,也加入你的”低碳一族“。我心里喜滋滋的。
到了晚上,外公打开了电视,声音调的十分大。我说:“外公,现在人们都在不断提高低碳意识,声音小,亮度低都可以节电,还有你的手机,晚上不用时就关机,可以减少充电的次数。”外公满脸笑容的说:“你不愧是我的好外孙女,从小就知道节约,这些我还没想到呢,我一定照办。”我高兴地一蹦三尺高,外公也是“低碳一族”了。
我不能光要求别人低碳,自己也要做到,我要马上行动起来。做到多喝白开水,少喝饮料;少用纸巾擦手;每周选一天不吃肉;少买多余的衣服以及生活学习用品;本子反正面都用,不用修正液、修正带。
希望大家都养成低碳习惯,提高低碳意识,争当低碳标兵。
篇19:2024年中考英语作文热点话题预测:我的理想职业
全文共 1019 字
+ 加入清单最近,你班就“你的理想职业”展开了一次调查。请根据你们小组的情况写一篇英语短文,向英语校刊投稿。
组员 理想职业 原因
mary 时装设计师(fashion designer) 喜欢漂亮衣服,擅长绘画
kate 园艺工(gardener) 喜爱植物,想让城市更美
mike 作家 愿意与别人分享精彩故事
tom 厨师 为别人煮健康美味的食物
你 ? ?
注意:1.词数80左右(短文的开头和结尾已给出,不计入词数);
2.不得透露学校、姓名等任何个人信息,否则不予评分。
recently we did a survey in our class in order to learn about students’ ideal jobs. here’s a report about my group members’ ideas.
……
hopefully everyone can realize their dreams in the future.
★ 范文
recently we did a survey in our class in order to learn about students’ ideal jobs. here’s a report about my group members’ ideas.
mary wants to be a fashion designer because she likes beautiful clothes and is good at drawing. kate wants to be a gardener, she lives plants, and she wants to make the cities better. mike would like to be a writer. he’d like to share his wonderful stories with others. tom would like to be a cook. he’d like to cook delicious food for others. i would like to be a policeman. i want to protect the people safe.
hopefully everyone can realize their dreams in the future.
篇20:2024年中考英语作文题目预测:幸福篇
全文共 2003 字
+ 加入清单一、素材
言语类
(一)名人名言
1.愚蠢的人,从远处寻找幸福;聪慧的人,从脚下根植幸福。——詹姆斯?奥本海姆
2.拥有未来幸福的最好办法,就是尽可能地享受今天的幸福。——查尔斯?W?埃利奥特
3.幸福是一种习惯,培养它。——埃尔伯特?哈伯德
4.幸福不在于你拥有什么或者你是什么人,而在于你正在做什么。
——莉莲?艾克勒?沃森【美】
5.每个人都是自己幸福的缔造者。——艾普斯?克劳迪厄斯【美】
6.幸福不在于拥有金钱,而在于成功的喜悦和创造的激情。——富兰克林?D?罗斯福【美】
7.一只脚跟踩扁了紫罗兰,而它却把香味留在那脚跟上,这就是宽容。
——安德鲁 马修斯
8.所谓幸福,是在于认清一个人的限度而安于这个限度。——罗曼?罗兰
9.一个知足的人生活才能美满。——狄更斯
(二)妙语集锦
23.就算是天气转凉了,我要送我的朋友们一件外套:口袋叫温暖;领子叫关怀;袖子叫体贴;扣子叫思念;让这件外套紧紧伴着朋友渡过每一分每一秒,一定要幸福喔!——手机短信
24.这是心的呼唤,这是爱的奉献;这是人间的春风,这是生命的源泉;再没有心的沙漠,再没有爱的荒原;死神也望而却步,幸福之花处处开遍;啊---只要人人都献出一点爱,世界将变成美好的人间……——韦唯《爱的奉献》 25.成长的路上,总有许多相识不相识的人带给你情感的滋润、难忘的教益,不管什么时候想起,总有一份感动、一缕甜蜜溢满心田……
26.有一位社会调查员,在调查幸福是什么时,有人回答说:“能关爱他人。”能关爱一个人,是一种幸福,这种幸福不仅仅是帮助别人,了解别人,更是一种拓宽心胸之后的畅快。送人玫瑰,手留余香。
27.一个整天想着去算计别人的人,即使他成功了,可他能感到极致的快乐与幸福吗?不会,因为狭窄的心胸把他的灵魂捆得太紧。学会关爱一个人,是放开心胸的开始,是幸福的开始。日子久了,容纳的东西多了,幸福便洋溢在身边。
28.关爱他人,你能提高自己的修养;关爱他人,你能感到幸福天天存在。关爱他人,你能发现生活的乐趣与美;关爱他人——你的心会更宽广,眼更明亮!
事例类
寓言故事
给幸福画一条底线
作家史铁生曾写道:“生病的经验是一步步懂得满足。发烧了,才知道不发烧的日子多么清爽。咳嗽了,才体会不咳嗽的嗓子多么安详。刚坐上轮椅时,我老想,不能直立行走岂不把人的特点搞丢了?便觉天昏地暗,等又生出褥疮,一连数日只能歪七扭八地躺着,才看见端坐的日子其实多么晴朗。后来又患尿毒症,经常昏昏然不能思想,就更加怀恋起往日时光。终于醒悟:其实每时每刻我们都是幸运的,任何灾难前面都可能再加上一个‘更’字。”
从心底说出这话的人,一定吃尽了“疾病”或“便宜”的苦头,所以才把自己的“幸福底线”定得如此之低。但当他们意识到什么是真正幸福的时候,生命留给他们享受幸福的时间已经少得不能再少。许多人一生在茫茫红尘中奔走,陷在名与利的泥潭里不能自拔,蓦然回首,才发现真正的幸福恰恰就在出发的原点,而当初他们却坚信它在更远的地方。
所以,从今天起,我们应该给自己的幸福画一条最浅的底线,去学会从最平常的日子、最琐碎的事情里品尝幸福的滋味。
[点拨]不错,每时每刻我们都是幸运的,应该把“幸福的底线”定的很低,才可以感受到生活的美好和幸福。名利是身外之物,我们应该学会从“最平常的日子、最琐碎的事情里品尝幸福的滋味”。
[适用话题]这个个素材可以用在“珍惜、幸福、生活”为主题的作文中。
10.越是别人都羡慕我的幸福,我就觉得这幸福更有滋味。——巴尔扎克
11.承担更大的责任,他们就更加幸福。——雨果
12.巨大的幸福压弯了腰。他感觉他的四肢软弱无力;在他的胜利面前,这人从来没有被危险动摇过
的人,开始战栗起来。——雨果
13.因为真正的幸福就是:成为完全客观,从而体现自己的抱负。——罗曼?罗兰
14.世界上没有幸福,但有自由和宁静。——普希金
15.我们的幸福与否,决不能凭借我们获得了或者丧失了什么,而只能在于我们自身怎样。——罗曼?罗兰
16.哪里有生活,哪里就有幸福。越往前去,它就越多,越多。——罗曼?罗兰
17.幸福并不存在于外在的因素,而是以我们对外界原因的态度为转移,一个吃苦耐劳惯了的人就不可能不幸福。——托尔斯泰
18.我一生中,还从未尝到一滴没有掺和毒汁的幸福。——高尔基
19.太阳是幸福的,因为它光芒四射;海也是幸福的,因为它反射着太阳欢乐的光芒。——高尔基
20.幸福只不过是一种期待。——高尔基
21.幸福这东西就像星星一样,黑暗是遮不住它们的,总会有空隙可寻。我们在人生的历程中,不管犯了多少过错,产生过多少误解,然而,在过错和误解的空隙之中,不正闪烁着幸福之光吗?——泰戈尔
22.要使孩子们从小就懂得和领会到:他的每一步、每一个行动都会在他身边的人——同志、父母、教师和“陌生者”的精神生活引起反响。只有当他不给别人带来灾难,不欺负和扰乱别人时,才能成为一个生活得平静而又幸福的人。——苏霍姆林斯基