高中英语作文写作的答题技巧汇总20篇

一、准确概括内容或中心

题目，其实是成语“画龙点睛”中的“睛”，能让全文“飞腾”起来；是成语“提纲挈领”中的“纲”，能由此把握全文的精髓。所以，一定要在“准确”两字上下工夫。比如这次“同步宝典”中四年级的《说说我的名字》，原稿上是《名字的烦恼》，但你细读原文会发现，其实“烦恼”只是文章引入部分的内容，更主要的还是后面写名字对自己的鼓励，文章的中心思想也是突出自己名字的深刻含义，因此，原题显然不够准确。现在改成《说说我的名字》，涵盖面就比较准确全面了。

二、尽量生动一点，或含蓄一点

如果一眼看见的都是那种板着面孔的、千篇一律的作文题目，读者的阅读兴趣马上就降低了，甚至不愿再去看文章。所以，生动、含蓄，就值得你命题时绞尽脑汁了。这次“同步宝典”中就有不少好题目可以借鉴，比如三年级《春风的絮语》，不但让春风“活”了，而且跟人们对话了，多形象！比如四年级《放手让我飞吧》，比简简单单的《从乌塔想到的》要吸引人吧？再比如五年级的《读比童年》，既体现了读后感的体裁，又突显丫文章的内容和中心，文字上还非常精练工整，着实为文章增色不少！

三、力求比较新鲜新颖

创新能力能反映一个人素质的高低，你的作文命题能不能因别出心裁而让人眼睛一亮，其实是你写作水平乃至思维水平的展示。所以，你得充分发挥自己的个性特长和聪明才智，充分顾及自己习作内容或写法上的特点，为文章取个精彩题目，起到锦上添花的作用。(小学生作文 )比如这次“同步宝典”中四年级《学习游泳五乐章》就很特别，小作者用音乐的音阶谐音作小标题，展现了学习游泳的整个过程和切身体会，然后以“乐章”统领全文，就好比用一根红线穿起了珍珠，难怪写点评的金老师要赞叹“妙不可言”了!我们回忆以往“同步宝典”发表过的习作，还可以发现不少这样的新颖命题，比如三年级写动物故事的《“温迪”≈我》、四年级写成长中心里话的《转陀螺的矛盾心理》，五年级写课业负担的漫画作文《为什么没人查我超载》等，不都给我们留下了深刻印象吗？

再来说说给文章命题的几个小技巧。

建议你不要先命题再作文，而是倒过来，先把文章写好，然后在修改过程中酝酿题目。这时候，你对成型的文章已经烂熟于心，文中许多人物形象、关键情节、精彩语言等元素往往会如火花般在你脑海中闪烁，撷下一朵，缀作题目，往往就是出乎意料的亮点。

高一英语作文 我的考试经验

My Experience In Examination

In my opinion, examinations are one of the important activities in school life. I have gone through all sorts of examinations since my primary school. I have tasted the flavor of happiness and sadness.

Before examinations I always have a hard time and dont know what to do.During examinations I feel nervous and sometimes my mind becomes blank Only after examinations does the world seem to be bright again and am I brimming with vigor. We often complain that our teachers make trouble for us on purpose. But it is not true. The fact is that examinations are just a way to-help us do better in our study.( 110 words)

[高中英语参考作文: 我的考试经验

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

Many people regard money as the most important thing in their life, but I dont agree with them. There are so many things that money cant buy. The first, money cant buy us knowledge, abilities and experience. The second, money cant buy us a happy mood and a good health.

However, money plays a significant role in our daily life. We cant live without it, because we have to use money to buy our daily necessities, like food, drinks, clothes, books, and so on. And we also need money to pay for our houses and education.

All in all, we should have a correct concept of money. We cant live for money, but take it as a tool leading a better life.

China has long been known as “the land of ceremony and propriety.” Today however people often complain that public morals are no longer what they used to be. A family for example likes a cell of society which also mirrors the general mood of a country. As we know the Chinese have very strong family ties. But with the emergence of a “modern” concept to families people find that problems like high divorce rate and extramarital affairs become more serious than ever before.

Another example: the name of Lei Feng who was always ready to lend a helping hand to others used to be known by almost all Chinese as a model to learn from. But today some people claim that “the spirit of Lei Feng” is outdated. Fashionable ideas say money talks. In the early stage of the market economic development the appearance of some evil phenomena is not surprising. But we should not sit passively by and let it run rampant. Instead active measures should be taken to improve morals and ethics of the public.

Personally the media should play a leading role in this regard. They should spare no effort to praise the good and criticize the evil. They should guide people how to tell the truth goodness and beauty from the fault ugliness and evil.中国素有“礼仪之邦”的今天，然而，人们经常抱怨公共道德也不再是过去的样子了。一个家庭，例如，喜欢一个社会的细胞，这也反映了一个国家的一般情绪。正如我们所知道的，中国人有很强的家庭关系。但随着家庭的“现代”概念的出现，人们发现问题的高离婚率和婚外情变得比以往更为严重。

另一个例子：雷锋的名字总是愿意伸出援助之手给别人，被称为几乎所有的中国人作为一个模型来学习。但今天，有人声称“雷锋精神”已经过时了。时髦的想法说钱谈判。在市场经济发展的初期，一些恶现象的出现并不令人惊讶。但我们不应该被动地坐着，让它横行。相反，应采取积极的措施来改善公众的道德和道德。

就个人而言，媒体应该在这方面发挥主导作用。他们应该不遗余力地赞美善和批判邪恶。他们应该引导人们如何从错误、丑陋和邪恶中讲真话、善和美。

小升初英语写作技巧之一：用介词短语替代从句，例：

原句：While they were playing tennis, she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light, turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

小升初英语写作技巧之二：删除诸如"who is”或"that is"之类的关系代词，变从句为短语，例：

句：The novel, which is written in three parts, told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.

修改后：The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.

注：把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达，节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉，这只会引起最少的变动。

小升初英语写作技巧之三：剔除你不需要的单词，例：

Two joint partners will present their views over a long-distance telephone call.

写完这样的句子后，你自己再读一遍，挑出单词"joint"和"telephone"，注意删去不必要的词。

临近期末，小编搜集了小学期末考试复习资料给大家，以下是命题及半命题作文的写作技巧，一起看看吧。

【复习要点】

1、了解命题作文与半命题作文的区别

2、掌握人物外貌描写与心理描写方法

3、学习一人一事与一人几事的写法；

4、掌握描写场面，记叙活动的方法；

5、掌握定点观察，描写景物的方法；

6、学会参观记、游记的写法；

7、掌握描写动物、植物和物品的记叙文的写法。

（一）写人

1、掌握人物外表描写的方法

要介绍一个人，首先要把这个人的外貌特征讲清楚。外貌特征，一般指人的长相、身材、衣着、动作、语言和神态。描写时，一定要写出人物的特点。所谓特点，就是这个人与其他人不同的地方。

2、掌握人物心理描写的方法。

比较细致地对人物的思想感情和内心活动进行描写，称为心理描写。心理描写，主要写人物的内心活动，即人物心里想些什么，尤其要写好莱坞人物在特定环境中的内心矛盾、斗争。心理描写有正面描写和侧面描写两种方法。

正面描写，也叫直接描写，这是常用的方法，一般有以下三种：

一是借用作者的笔让人物倾吐自己的思想，抒发自己的真情实感。常用在第一人称“我”身上，《十六年前的回忆》就是这种方法。

二是直接、客观地分析描写人物内心活动，对文章中的人物的思想活动及产生这种想法的原因等进行合理推测。如《穷人》一文就是这种方法。

三是用回忆或梦境、幻觉来寄托人物的情思。如《凡卡》中，凡卡只能借助回忆、梦境来表达内心情感。

侧面描写，也叫间接描写，主要借助环境、景物、天气等进行烘托。如《十里长街送总理》中的环境描写。

3、掌握一人一事的记叙文的写法。

一人一事是写作的基本功。用一件事写人，一定要弄明白“一件事”所包含的意思。用一件事写人，一定要把这件事情发生的时间、地点、人物和事情的起因、经过和结果都写清楚，对这件事的相关内容进行“插叙”或“补叙”，但要注意略写。

4、掌握一人几事记叙文的写法。

注意：一是所选的几件事都必须表现同一个人的同一个特点，不能一件事表现一个特点。二是所选的几件事最好不在同一个场合，内容不大同小异，应一件比一件深刻、深入。如《我的伯父鲁迅先生》中就讲了几件事，一件比一件深刻。

（二）叙事

1、掌握记叙一件事的方法。

所谓叙事，就是以完整地叙述一件事的发生、发展、结局来表达作者的思想感情的一种文体。要把一件事情写清楚，有三种方法：一是按事情发展顺序写；二是按时间的推移顺序写；三是空间位置的变换顺序写。无论按哪种顺序都必须交代清楚“六要素”。

2、掌握记叙几件事的方法。

记叙几件事必须围绕一个中心来写，不能几件事有几个中心。要写好文章，要注意几件事间的衔接、过渡。

3、掌握描写场面的方法。

要写好场面，离不开观察。观察时要有目的，有重点，有顺序。场面描写以“动”为主，要刻画特定环境中的活动，使整个场面有静有动、有声有色、形象真实而富浓厚的生活气息。场面有两种情况：一是自己参加进去的；二是自己看到的场面。描写场面，要有一定的线索，一定的顺序，常用以下几种方法：一是由主要的到次要的；二是定点观察，按空间顺序描写，按一定的方位顺序去表达；三是采用移步换景法，按自己活动的顺序去观察。

4、掌握记叙活动的方法。

活动是指有目的、有计划、有组织、有准备、有许多人参加的一系列行为的总称。记叙活动，开头也要和记叙文一样，先交代一下活动的时间、地点和人物，接着写活动的开始、经过和结果，重点是写活动的经过。

（三）写景状物

1、掌握定点观察、描写景物的方法。

写景状物就是指在观察的基础上，把自然景色或一些动物、植物、建筑物和其它物品描写，陈述出来的写作方法。

观察是写景状物的基础，观察时一定要确立好观察点，固定了观察点，对观察对象按一定顺序进行观察注意景物出现的顺序和变化。

观察时要讲求方法，写景顺序有四种：一是按景物方位来写，由远及近，由近及远，由里到外，由外到里，由上到下，由下到上等；二是按时间顺序写；三是按景物类别写；四是按人们认识事物的规律来写。

2、掌握参观记、游记的写法。

写这类文章要注意以下四点：

一是在文章的开头要简明扼要地交代清楚参观的时间、地点、人物、对象、目的。

二是一定要把参观的过程写清楚。 三是参观记结尾可谈点参观后的感受工收获。

四是要做到点面结合，既要突出“点”，又要用“面”作陪衬。

写游记时，要学会取舍材料。有特点或印象深刻的要详写，一般的景物要略写。

3、掌握描写动物、植物和物品记叙文的写法。

写好动物要注意四点：

第一、抓住动物的外形特征写；

第二、抓住动物的生活习性写；

第三、抓住动物鸣叫的声音写；

第四、写出动物与人的关系。

写好植物要注意：

第一、要着眼于各种植物特征；

第二、注意植物的形态、颜色、气味及生长变化情况；

第三、要按一定顺序来写；

第四、记叙植物随着生长环境的变化而发生的变化；

第五、可以运用拟人、比喻或想象等手法作动态描写。 第六、要带着感情去写。

写物品要注意以下四点：

第一、要细心观察，抓住物品的整体、局部、细节和特征；

第二、要写清物品的结构；

第三、要交代清楚物品的来历和用途；

第四、要融进对物品听感情；

4、掌握借景抒情和托物言志的方法。

要做到写文章景中含情，情中有景，情景交融，必须根据感情抒发的需要，选择最能表达自己感情的景物并抓住物点进行详细具体，生动形象的描绘。

Thanksgiving Day

Thanksgiving is a holiday celebrated in much of North America, generally observed as an expression of gratitude, usually to God. The most common view of its origin is that it was to give thanks to God for the bounty of the autumn harvest. In the United States, the holiday is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November. In Canada, where the harvest generally ends earlier in the year, the holiday is celebrated on the second Monday in October, which is observed as Columbus Day or protested as Indigenous Peoples Day in the United States.

Thanksgiving is traditionally celebrated with a feast shared among friends and family. In the United States, it is an important family holiday, and people often travel across the country to be with family members for the holiday. The Thanksgiving holiday is generally a "four-day" weekend in the United States, in which Americans are given the relevant Thursday and Friday off. Thanksgiving is almost entirely celebrated at home, unlike the Fourth of July or Christmas, which are associated with a variety of shared public experiences.

[高中英语作文感恩节

Dear Maria,

Im very happy that you are interested in Chinese culture,especially the festivals.Now let me tell you something about the Dragon Boat Festival.The Dragon Boat Festival,also called the Duanwu Festival ,is celebrated on the fifth day of the fifth month according to the Chinese calendar.People always eat rice dumplings and watch dragon boat races to celebrate it.

The festival is best known for its dragon-boat races,especially in the southern places where there are many rivers and lakes. It’s very popular.

The rice dumpling is made of glutinous rice,meat and so on. You can eat different kinds of rice dumplings.They are very delicious.

And Dragon Boat Festival is for Qu Yuan. He is an honest minister who is said to have committed suicide by drowning himself in a river.

Overall, the Dragon Boat Festival is very interesting!

Your friend

Li Hua

There is a saying that man proposes, goddisposes, which means man plan the things and the rest of the outcome lies inthe luck.

This saying reflects the connection between hard-work and luck, whichis though sometimes we have worked so hard, luck occupies great position, theunexpected things happen and refrain us from succeeding.

In order to besuccessful, people work so hard, they believe they can achieve their goals, butlacking luck stops them achieving their goals.

So working hard doesn’t meanbringing people success directly, they just need to try more times, withoutluck, they still can make their goals. Luck can help people close to success,without hard-work, they can’t be successful. Hard-work and luck make peoplerealize their goals, but without luck, people still can make it by trying moretimes.

有一句话说谋事在人，成事在天，意思是人们计划事情，剩下的结果依赖于运气。这句话反应了努力和运气之间的联系，那就是虽然有时候我们很努力工作，但是运气也占据了很重要的位置，意外的事情会发生，阻挡人们成功。为了取得成功，人们努力工作，他们相信能达到目标，但是运气的缺失让他们无法达到自己的目标。因此努力并不意味着能直接给人们带来成功，他们需要多试几次，没有运气，人们仍然可以达到目标。运气帮助人们接近成功，没有努力付出，无法成功。努力和运气能让人们实现目标，但是没有运气，人们多尝试几次，也能终将办到。

[高中英语作文：努力和运气

导语：冬天来了，描写冬天的作文、描写冬天景色的作文、冬天的校园作文是必不可少的。在写景作文中，如何把景物描写详略得当，寓情于景，把文章写的有吸引力，一定的写作技巧是非常必要的。下面和小编一起来看看吧！

一、写景作文的开头方法

1、开门见山。开头直接写某个季节到来时你想写的景物。譬如你想写冬天，你可以这样开头：冬爷爷的脚步越来越近了，我仿佛看到了他带着白色的雪精灵来了。

2、反问句开头。提出问题开头，引发读者兴趣，吸引读者的注意力，这种作文，要体现出与读者对话的色彩。譬如写冬天，你可以这样开头：在一年四季里，你最喜欢哪个季节呢?春的明媚，夏的热情，秋的收获，冬的冰雪，各具特色，精彩纷呈。我最喜欢冬的白雪纷飞，银装素裹。

3、引用法。在描写冬的景色时可以用：忽如一夜春风来，千树万树梨花开。等诗句来形容以让自己的文章更加的生动形象。应该注意的是，一是开头不宜过长，老师提倡的是50-80字，也就是说，最好控制你的作文稿纸的三行半，最好别超过5行。一旦超过，就显得“头重”了。二是语言要优美，要搜集些精美的词语，是开头显得文采飞扬。三是适当采用修辞方法，如拟人、比喻、排比等，使语言显得生动活泼，通顺流畅。

二、写景作文的层次和顺序

1、描写的景物固定，时间不固定——以时间来分类。

2、时间固定，描写的景物不固定——冬天的作文就可以写雪后的不同景象所展现出的状态，如落满了雪的地面，屋顶，或是还没落满雪，还能隐约可以看见水的小溪。

3、地点固定，时间也固定——以空间顺序分类。这种方法适用于冬天去游览某一景区，比如去某公园，就可以写先到了哪里看到了什么。

三、写景的几个要素

第一步是观察：观察是写好作文的基础，对于写景作文来说，离开了细致准确的观察，是绝对写不好的。观察必须确立好立足点。立足点可以是固定的 ( 空间方位 ) ，也可以是变换的 ( 移步换景 ) 。但无论怎样必须层次清楚。

第二步是抓住特征：写景物，要善于抓住在不同地区、不同季节、不同时间里的景物颜色、形态、声响、变化等方面的特征，不能生搬硬套，如冬天可以用白雪皑皑，银装素裹，瑞雪纷飞等形容词来形容，这样可以让你的作文更加的生动起来。

第三、要层次分明：层次就是文章的内容顺序，也即表达顺序。先写什么后写什么，心里要有数。比如可以先写近景再写远景，最后可以寓情于景，达到升华主题的目的。

第四、要动静结合：所谓动静结合，就是指描写景色时，不仅要写出景色的静态，而且要写出它的动态，使景色才能活起来，使读者的印象更深刻。例：夜里，下雪了，雪花簌簌的往下落。第二天，我推开门一看，对面的山白了，田野也白了。眼前的院子里也是一片白色，小狗在雪上踩着，踩出了一片小巧的梅花。

第五、要抒发感情，任何景物都是客观存在的，但这种客观存在的景物却能给人不同的感受。我们写景要写自己热爱的景色，表达一定的主题思想，要表达出对自然的热爱，这就是借景抒情。如：在写家乡的冬天时，可以表达我对家乡的喜爱或是思念，而这样的喜爱与思念就融入在我们所描绘的景中。

【范文】

冬季到了，气候慢慢冷了。树上的树叶像被剃头刀剃过的同样，光秃秃的。马路上的人们穿上了厚厚的棉袄，戴上了厚厚的帽子。小朋友的脖子也缩进了厚厚的衣领里。呼呼的冬风刮在脸上像刀子刺的同样。

一天凌晨，我推开门一看，院子里本来光秃的树上溘然“开”满了皎白的“梨花”。抬眼望去，远处更是银装素裹、花团簇拥，真是“忽如一夜春风来，千树万树梨花开”呀!再看看地上，宛若盖上了一层厚厚的棉被。啊，原来昨天夜里下了一场大雪。

我弯下腰，从地上捧起一把雪，细心地看了又看，发现雪花毛茸茸、亮晶晶的，宛若是一件件优美的艺术品。但是还没来得及细细把玩，它便消散得无影无踪。

我轻轻地走在雪地上，听着那“咯吱咯吱”的声响，我的心啊，都快沉醉了!

俗语说：“瑞雪兆丰年”。农人伯伯又要迎来一个充溢期望的春季了。

我爱冬季!

下面是语文迷小编为大家整理提供的英语写作技巧以及关联词，供大家阅读参考。

英语写作技巧之一：用介词短语替代从句，例：

原句：While they were playing tennis, she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light, turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

英语写作技巧之二：删除诸如"who is”或"that is"之类的关系代词，变从句为短语，例：

句：The novel, which is written in three parts, told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.

修改后：The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.

注：把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达，节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉，这只会引起最少的变动。

英语写作技巧之三：剔除你不需要的单词，例：

Two joint partners will present their views over a long-distance telephone call.

写完这样的句子后，你自己再读一遍，挑出单词"joint"和"telephone"，注意删去不必要的词。

关联词的积累

1.提出观点不要只用I think，要学会用：

As far as I am concerned

In my opinion

From my point of view

From my perspective

The way I see it

2.转折不要只用but， 要多用：

However,

nevertheless, nonetheless,

Whereas

Some people like fat meat, whereas other people hate it.

转折也可用比喻：as a coin has two sides(就象硬币有两面一样), …(陈述转折内容)

3.表递进的：

In addition, in addition to, additionally,

what is more, moreover, furthermore,

more importantly，

what is worse (更槽糕的是)

4.表示“事实上”：

In fact,

as a matter of fact,

actually

5.表总结：

in conclusion, as a result,

all in all 总而言之

In short,

In a word, 一句话讲

Taking into consideration,

Taking into account all the factors that I have mentioned above, it is safe to draw a conclusion that …

6.表示因此：

Consequently,

Hence,

Therefore,

Thus,

as a result,

resultingly

7.表因为：

because of

due to,

owing to,

thanks to,

as a result of,

8.虽然

Although, even though, even if, though

Proud as these nobles are, …

As flattered as I am, I would say no.

In spite of, despite

I love you in spite of that.

9.比较：

In comparison with,

compared to,

compared with

She’s nothing compared to you.

10.表最后：

Finally,

eventually,

in the end,

at last,

ultimately,

11.表示程度的副词词组亦非常重要，会使文章看起来比较成熟、辨证：

To some extent 在某种程度上讲

To some degree 在某种程度上讲

To a large part 在很大程度上说

In a sense 在某种意义上讲

In general, generally 大体上说

Generally speaking 一般地讲

In some cases 在有些情况下

Basically 基本上

Broadly speaking 宽泛地讲

12.其他(要尽可能多用在文章中。始终牢记内容次要，而语言形式第一位。内容服务于形式)：

Not only, but also

Neither nor, either or

Instead of, instead

For example, for instance (替换使用), take … for example

Be likely to

Be able to

Speaking of, when it comes to …

When it comes to food, he is really picky.

In terms of 根据

First of all, second of all

Above all,

Significantly,

The more, the more

公基大作文也即公共基础知识中的文章写作部分，下面是小编为大家收集整理的2017公共基础知识写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

2017公共基础知识写作技巧

一、从写作内容角度上看。

公基作文一般是议论性质的文章，字数一般要求在800--1200字之间。公基作文要求结合材料进行写作，属于材料作文类，考生不能脱离材料自行写作。此外，考生在写作的时候一定注意不要跑题，不要脱离总论点。因为作文的阅卷是先定档后给分，这就要求我们一定不能跑题，而且虽然都是议论文但是不能跟高中初中作文那样随意抒发议论，要找到自己的角度，站在报考岗位的角度去思考问题，不能盲目抒情、大发特发议论，此乃作文大忌。

二、从文章标题角度来看。

标题即论点，刚才我们谈到作文阅卷先定档，因此，如果能标题就是论点的话能够大幅度减轻阅卷人的压力，使得自己更容易获得高分。对于标题给大家简单提醒一下，通常情况下标题不建议大家使用标点符号。

三、从文章结构上来看。

一定要保证文章结构的完整性，在阅卷规则当中，有重要一条就是逻辑完整，因此适当运用逻辑结构词就显得特别重要。这里提示广大考生，我们的逻辑词经历过四个阶段，第一个阶段是第一、第二、第三、第N个，这种结构因为第多少个没有上限，因此不建议采用，第二个阶段是首先、其次、再次、最后，第三个阶段是一方面、另一方面、与此同时、此外、加之等。这里推荐大家使用第二第三个阶段，逻辑结构比较完整，第四个阶段是运用过渡句过渡段，这种逻辑不推荐大家使用。

四、公基作文一定要写对策。

考查公基作文的目的就是考查考生进入单位之后分析与解决问题的能力，因此，考生必须在文章中必须有所体现。从文章写作对策段落来说，建议大家在对策段落里面运用“结论+原因+措施”的写作结构，这种结构简单理解就是是什么、为什么、怎么办逻辑，比如说某地的某个行业出现一定的发展问题，那么对于这个行业的发展政府起主要作用，那么我们应该先说政府大概应该如何去做，如政府应该多渠道扶持，此即结论，接下来就应该叙述政府为什么要去扶持，也即原因部分，最后要写明政府如何扶持也即具体措施，如运用宏观调控、减免税收、提供政策支持等。

五、从结尾段落来说，结尾要做到与首段呼应。

浑然一体的结尾与开头要相呼应，写出既呼应开头，又不简单重复的语句，这种结尾方式是各类文章极常见的收束方法。这种收束方法能唤起读者心理上的美感，产生一种首尾圆合，浑然一体的感觉。

公共基础知识写作点拨

第一：理解、分析、研究文体。事业单位写作其实就是议论文写作，因为只有议论文这种文种才能够承载对一个事物的确定观点和论述。所以对议论文来说，要把握一点，就是议论文是围绕一个观点进行展开，这对议论文来说是最重要的，也就是要有确实的观点，即总论点，目前来看事业单位考试的总论点一般都是已经确定的。

第二：确定了总论点之后，再去议论观点。例如：上海是个好地方，那么整个文章展开的核心就是证明观点，也就是为什么说上海是个好地方，再比如：要勤奋，整个文章展开的核心就是论述为什么要勤奋。

近几年来公职类考试的写作命题有了新的变化。首先，会有给定材料，材料围绕着一个主题展开，主题通常是社会问题或者施政要点。例如：要推进民生改革;要提高政府公信力;要推进服务型政府建设;要勇于探路等。其次，针对这样主题的变化，论述的方向也随之有所变化。例如：要提高政府公信力。基于这样的总论点，文章展开的逻辑就是为什么要提高公信力、如何提高政府公信力。再比如：要勇于探路，那么文章展开的逻辑就是为什么要勇于探路、如何探路。通过以上事例，小伙伴们能基本理清两个最重要的内容：议论文就是围绕一个确定的观点展开，整个文章的核心要求就是把观点论述清楚。解决了这两个问题后，接下来就是填充内容了，在此根据情况来说明。

第一：如果平时比较关注新闻、热点时事，自然有内容可写，而且能够做到内容充实、立意高远、理解透彻。如果是这样的情况，就摸索出适合自己表达的语言风格即可。

第二：如果是平时看书比较多，有自己对事物的思考。这样的基础能让写作体现出比较好的人文素养和知识储备，如果是这样的情况，就把看书多的优点发挥出即可。

第三：如果是既不看新闻、也不看书、学习马马虎虎或者工作后没有时间复习，这样的情况比较普遍，如果是这样的情况，就需要找一些捷径了，比如选择培训班等等。

Since I go to high school, I live in the school and stay away from my parents. I have three roommates, at the beginning, we have trouble in staying in the same room, but now we have got used to it.

One of my roommates impresses me so much, since she comes to our room, she keeps the habit of reading the novel when we go to bed. She told me that when she lived with her parents, she dared not to read it because her mother would blame her for sleeping late. Now she is very happy that she is out of control, it seems that she is free.

But I feel sorry for her, because she is short-sighted now, what’s more, she is lagging behind other students in the study. Staying away from her parents, she is not strong enough to behave herself. We should have the strong will and behave ourselves.

自从我上了高中，我就住在学校，远离父母。我有3个室友，刚开始，我们不习惯同处一室，但是如今，我们已经习惯了。有一个室友让我印象很深刻，自从她住进我们的房间，她就在我们睡觉的时候保持看小说的习惯。她告诉我们在她和父母住在一起的时候，她不敢看小说，因为她妈妈会责怪她那么晚睡觉。如今她很高兴再也不受控制了，似乎她得到了自由。但是我为她感到遗憾，因为她现在已经近视，而且，在学习方面也落后于其他同学。离开了父母，她不够强大，无法自律。我们应该有坚强的意志，并且自律。

[高中英语作文：坚强的意志

优秀的应试作文，要开篇点题，开宗明义，开门见山，先声夺人，引人入胜。下面是小编为大家收集整理的议论散文的开头技巧，欢迎大家阅读参考!

因此，议论散文的开头，语言要富有文采，明示中心论点。中心论点须放在开头文段的末句。论点的表述最好警句化。话题材料可引也可不引用。

一、精彩开头的技巧 (前边我们训练了引用开头、形象开头、排比开头等技巧，这里综合一下)

1.比喻入题，直接扣题。

“理智和情感是人类生活中的两只脚印，人类在认知事物的道路上的每一次成长都和他们的理智及情感有关。”《天平和七弦琴》解说：将理智和情感比作是人类生活中的两只脚印，首句入题，就形象地点出了情感与理智的内在关系——情感与理智对认知具有重要的影响。这样的开头，入题迅速，闪烁着思辨的色彩，令人耳目一新。

2.拟人入题，激发想像。

“在蝶的眼中，花是天使，因为花给予她生命的甘露;在花的眼中，蜂是挚友，因为蜂给予她生命的延续。然而在蝶眼中，蜂不过是埋头苦干的笨蛋，在蜂眼中，蝶不过是游戏花间的浪子。” 《学会历史的旁观》)解说：文章开头赋予蝶、蜂、花以人的性情，连物都会带着情感的眼光来评价、认知事物，更何况是情感丰富的人?通过生动贴切的拟人手法，将话题的内在含义巧妙点出，不仅唤起了人们对美好事物的相关联想，更体现了作者的睿智。

3.设问入题，启人深思。

“人有七情，自有喜好与厌恶之情，然而，当这种好恶之情掺入对真理的认识时，又会有怎样的影响呢?”《勿以好恶论断之》)解说：一起笔就紧扣情感与认知，以一种假设将读者的思维引向对本质问题的思索，文章的立意显得十分深刻。这样的入题方式，将设问的修辞作用发挥得淋漓尽致，简洁，却分量十足。

4.排比入题，先声夺人。

“你会因喜爱北国的皑皑白雪，而对南国的椰树海风不屑一顾吗?你会因沉迷于江南的小桥流水、青瓦白墙，而否定西北‘大漠孤烟’的美吗?你会介意林黛玉‘使性子’，而不看经典名著《红楼梦》吗?你会钟情流行音乐，而厌烦‘沉闷乏味’的古典音乐吗?——古希腊哲人曾说，人是感情的动物。因此，面对大千世界，感情上的亲疏远近、喜好憎恶往往会影响到对人对事的看法。相信每个人的心中都会有架天平，有个自己的标准，用来衡量周遭的一切。”(《心中的天平》)解说：优雅的语言、和谐的音节、丰富的形象还不足以触动你的情感吗?还不足以让你在美的品味中恍然大悟“原来对美的感知，对人对事的看法，都是要受到心中那架天平的影响”吗?

5.抒情议论入题，入情入。

“ 常常是一位亲人的生命如流星般陨落，我们才悲哀于死神的无情;常常是一位朋友在与疾病殊死斗争，我们才诅咒病魔的猖獗横行;常常是我们自己的利益受到了侵犯，我们才正视社会上的毒瘤......感情的叶片时常遮挡住我们理智的目光。”(高考优秀作文《放下感情的叶片》)解说：这样的语言是不是很容易唤起你的共鸣?这样的开头，既饱含着深厚的情感，又折射出理性的色彩。如此入情入理的文字，引导我们触摸到了这样的本质——“感情的叶片时常遮挡住我们理智的目光”。

6名言警句入题，彰显底蕴。

“人是有感情的，正如古语所说的‘人非草木，孰能无情。故而，在认知事物时便不自觉地附着了浓浓的个人情感。于是有了‘情人眼里出西施’的缠绵，有了‘感时花溅泪’的悲戚。(《怎一个“情”字了得》解说：文章开头即紧扣住一个“情”字，在三句话中嵌入了三句有关情感的名句，显示出了考生较为扎实的写作功底和文学底蕴。

7.对比入题，表明立场。

“有时候，感情是一剂善变的药，融在爱人的酒杯中，苦涩里也能品出甘润;有时候，感情是一把双刃剑，握在敌人的手里，纵轻轻挥下也觉得伤痕累累。”(《真情诚可贵 理智价更高》)解说：感情既是能化苦涩为甘润的“善变的药”，又是可以带来累累伤痕的“双刃剑”。精致的比喻将情感的两重性揭示出来，构成巧妙的对比，非常形象地点出了文章的中心：真情诚可贵，理智价更高。

8.假设情景入题，埋下伏笔。

“如果你正赶时间，可是走到路口却被人告诉前面过不去。如果这个人是你认识的人，你会怎么办?如果这个人是陌生人，你又会怎么办?”《不要和陌生人说话》)解说：是啊，假如遇到这种情景，我们该怎么办?是从感情亲疏的角度出发，对所认识的人相信多一点，对所不认识的人相信少一点，还是反过来?假如其他类似的情景，又该怎么办?很自然地，我们便顺着作者的思路追寻下去，去看看作者预设的答案到底是什么。

9.品评时事入题，追踪本质。

ApEC让全世界刮起了‘唐装热’。看着那不同肤色、不同国籍的人们着一身相同的唐装时，我不禁呐喊，我爱唐装!曾经，这样的传统服装让国人排斥，单调乏味，不及洋装轻便舒适，人们抱怨过，人们责难过，穿着这样的衣服甚至让他们羞愧，我不禁要问：一件衣服，有那么多过错吗?我看是感情在作祟吧!”(《我爱唐装》解说：直接以ApEC会议引起的“唐装热”入题，联系对唐装前后情感态度的不同，引出了对本质的追问——衣服自然不会有对错，错的是人们的情感和认知。假如能在入题时用时事材料来紧扣话题，通过品评时事来追踪本质，你的作文的开头就也能带着几分新鲜，闪烁着几缕智性的光芒。

从以上的例子就可以看出，这些精巧的开头并非只是简单套用某种入题的技巧才显示出新意来，而是结合了几种或多种技巧，并且，从优秀考场作文的开头中，我们可以感受到的是这些考生驾驭语言的能力和良好的语文素养，这才是他们获高分的根本原因。

所以，希望同学们在备考过程中，既要有意识地借鉴他人成功的经验，也要厚实自己的知识积淀。

In our daily lives, we have many choices to make, such as what to eat for supper,what clothes to wear, or what to do on weekends. At certain times in our lives, we need to make even more critical choices, such as which school to attend, what job to take or who to choose as husband or wife. Yes, life is a matter of choice. Seemimgly, it means a choice of tangible things. But in essence, it means choosing a way of life. Life is to be lived, savored, and enjoyed, not to be wasted or complained about.

Although we cannot choose our appearance, inborn gifts and even avoid unexpected disasters and adversities, we do have the privilege to choose to live optimistcally,to love our lives, to have dreams, and to cherish hopes.

Every morning when we get up, we have a choice of how we want to approach life that day. As for me, I choose to be cheerful.

日常生活中,我们会面临各种各样的选择,像是晚餐吃什么,穿什么或是如何度周末.而在人生中的特定阶段,我们需要做出更多关键性的抉择,例如教育,职业或者人生伴侣.生活就意味着一种选择.这种选择看似是对具体事物的判断,但归根究底,是一种生活方式的选择.任何无味的抱怨和虚度光阴只会带来乏味,生活的美需要细心品尝,用心体会.

尽管容貌和天资都是上苍给予,而人生旅途中的坎坷与荆棘我们也无法预计,那就让我们热爱生命,拥有梦想,珍惜希望吧.

每日清晨梦醒,我们都被赋予了选择生活的权利.而我会让一切从愉快开始.

以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考可根据自己的情况选择其中的个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。

1．表示原因

1）There are three reasons for this

2）The reasons for this are as follows

3）The reason for this is obvious

4）The reason for this is not far to seek

5）The reason for this is that

6）We have good reason to believe that

例如：

There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life

．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid，and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．

注：

如考生写第一个句子没有把握，

可将其改写成两个句子。

如：

Great changes have taken place in our life．

There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。

2．表示好处

1）It has the following advantages

2）It does us a lot of good

3）It benefits us quite a lot

4）It is beneficial to us

5）It is of great benefit to us

例如：

Books are like friends．

They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds

and widen our horizons．Therefore reading extensively is of great benefit to us

3．表示坏处

1）It has more disadvantages than advantages

2）It does us much harm

3）It is harmful to us

例如：

However，everything divides into two．

Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television.

4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能

1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient, possible）for sb．to do sth．

2）We think it necessary to do sth．

3）It plays an important role in our life．

例如：

Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．

Soon, computers will be found in every home，too．

We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．

5．表示措施

1)We should take some effective measures．

2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties．

3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．

4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with．

例如：

The housing problem that we are confronted with Is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．

6 ．表示变化

1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．

2)A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications．

3）The computer has brought about many changes in education．

例如：

Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to

meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．

7．表示事实、现状

1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．

2）No one can deny the fact that．．．

3）There is no denying the fact that．．．

4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．

5）However，that’s not the case．

例如：

We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems，

we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．

The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．

8．表示比较

1）Compared with A，B．．．

2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．

3）There is a striking contrast between them．

例如：

Compared with cars ,bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise．

9．表示数量

1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．

2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000．

3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％compared with that of January．

例如：

With the improvement of the living standard,the proportion of people’s in some spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased．

再如：From the graph listed above,it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000．

10．表示看法

1）People have（take，adopt，assume)different attitudes towards sth．

2）People have different opinions on this problem．

3）People take different views of（on）the question．

4）Some people believe that．．．

Others argue that．．．

例如：

People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success．

Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However ,others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers．

再如：

Do“lucky numbers really bring good luck？

Different people have different views on it（注：

一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。）

11．表示结论

1）In short，it can be said that ．．．

2）It may be briefly summed up as follows．

3）From what has been mentioned above,we can come to the conclusion that ．．

例如：

From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however，its method should be improved．

12．套语

1）It’s well known to us that ．．．

2）As is known to us．．．

3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about．

4）From the graph

（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．．

5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way．

例如：

As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus．

The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays,the society is changing and developing rapidly，and

the campus is no longer an“ivory tower.As college students，

we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．

Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after

we graduate.

1、文题简洁，准确醒目

文题是文章的眉目，“文好题一半”。一个好的题目，可以概括全文的内容，可以体现全文的思路，可以蕴涵全文的主旨，可以表明全文的特色，能给人清新脱俗、耳目一新的感觉，能一下子抓住读者的注意力、激发起仔细阅读的兴趣，能使文章起到眉目传神的妙用。考场作文的文题应力求简洁凝炼，形象生动，拟题原则是“小”“准”“新”，能展示文采，先声夺人。常见的文题有三种类型。1、采用原话题的原词句，并不多加改造。如《心灵的选择》《小议诚信》。2、在对原话题理解的基础上，所拟文题或明确主旨，或概括内容，或体现思路，或表明特色，如《高扬道德的大旗》、《失败是种难言的美丽》。3、采用一定的修辞方法，常见的如比喻《用语言连缀心灵的星空》，夸张式《世界很小是个家》，引用式《你不该安静地走开》(歌曲)、《忙兮忙兮奈若何》(诗句)，反问式《21世纪你美吗》，情景式《滑铁卢上空的雄鹰》，符号式《出发+拼搏=到达》，呼告式《妈妈，我想对你说》，对比式《英雄无用武之地与英雄有用武之地》。这三种情况以后两种为好。

2、凤头引蝶，立意新颖

古人写文章很讲究开头，称之“凤头”，西方的谚语也这样说：好的开头是成功的一半。对于一篇800字左右的考场作文来说更是如此，往往开头便决定了整篇文章的大体走势，定下了文章的基调。同时，一个好的开头也增加考生写好下文的信心。开头的方法有很多，但究竟如何开头需要因文而定，因人而定。只要能够使阅卷者更好地理解和把握文章，且富有感染力和吸引力，就是成功的文章开头。立意时一要善于“化大为小”，口子要小，要善于在一个大的、宽泛的范围内，“择其一点，不及其余”，也就是只写“大范围”中的“某一方面”，给自己提供了一个充分发挥、具体表现的好舞台，这样才能在小篇幅内写出立意鲜明集中、内容具体充实的好文章。二要善于“以小见大”，从小的方面表现深刻的主题。这就要求我们在选择“小的方面”的时候，注意所选方面的“现实性、针对性、典型性”。立意对文章写作的成败至关重要，应该在准确、深刻、新颖、独到上下工夫，最好能体现出创新意识，这就需要有见地、有胆识，善于避开人云亦云的观点，跳出陈陈相因的窠臼，表现出自己对社会、对人生的真实感受和认识。如果想写出认识深刻的的文章来，就要“见人所未见，发人所未发”。要做到深思，就必须由此及彼、由表及里、由浅入深(由个别到一般)，透过现象深入本质，揭示问题产生的原因，要辩证分析，自己观点具有启发作用。

3、快速构思，编列提纲

快速构思是写作成功的关键。快速构思的过程，实际是一个快速调遣材料表达中心的过程。文章中心的表达因文体而异，议论文重在明确，用材料证明;记叙文贵在含蓄，让事实说话。无论写什么体裁的文章，表达中心的材料都是必不可少的。材料是文章的血肉，没有材料，文章的内容便丰富不起来;有了材料而不加选择，文章的思想也深刻不起来。因此，选用什么样的材料表达中心，便成为考场作文构思的首要问题。安排材料的过程，实际上是一个组织文章结构的过程。从整体上看，采用什么样的结构形式，遵循怎样的写作思路，都要根据不同的文体特点通盘谋划，就局部而言，哪些在前，哪些在后，哪些该详，哪些该略，也都要根据行文的需要妥当处置，这样，材料的安排才会有条不紊，井然有序。此外，文章怎么开头，怎么结尾，如何组织段落和层次，如何进行过渡和照应，也要精心进行设计，只有这样，文章的结构才算得上严谨和完整。成功的构思使所写的文章能向人们揭示某种隐藏在客观事物里或社会表象深处的道理。只有深入构思，才能由此及彼、由表及里的对客观事物或社会表象得出清晰而深刻的认识，才能写出观点新颖、结构与角度不落俗套的佳作。以上构思的全过程，可以用一份简明的提纲来表示。提纲是文章内容的浓缩，也是行文思路的体现，要在考场上快速成文，列一份明晰的构思提纲是非常必要的。一些考生写话题作文时常常复制话题，原地打转，或者东拉西扯，文意散漫，有这样一份提纲控制，有利于防止这类毛病的发生。提纲的大致形式为：开头，如何扣题;中间各段主要写什么，分几层写;结尾如何照应开头，如何深化、强调主题等。“胸中有全局，笔下有路数”，作文才有可能一气呵成。

这次整理就到这里啦，祝大家在考试中鱼跃龙门!

阅读优秀的作品：这是显而易见的，但立竿见影的方法。如果你不读更多的好作品，你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始，接着开始模仿，最后超越他们，形成自己的风格。尽可能的多读名著，在看内容的时候，更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。

尽可能多的写：每天都写，如果可能话，每天写几次。你写得多了，也就写得好了。学习如何写作和其他的学问道理是一样的，熟能生巧。写写你自己，写写博客，向出版社投稿。只是写，全情投入的写，练得越多，你的写作水平就提升得越快。

随时随地记下你的灵感：随身带一本小笔记本（纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片），当你对你构思的小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来。当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时，或看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，都可以马上当他们记下来。灵感总是转瞬即逝，你及时的记录下来，便可以成为你写作的素材。我的习惯是，为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单，不断的补充它。

专门的写作时间：每天找一个没有任何打扰的时间段作为专门的写作时间，让这成为习惯。对我而言，清晨的时间是最佳的，午饭，傍晚，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。无论你是做什么工作的，把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。每天至少写半个小时，当然有一个小时更好。若你同我一样，是一个全职的作家，那么你需要写更多的小时，请你不要担心，这只会让你写得更好。

随便涂鸦：面对整张的白纸，整版的白屏，无从开始，肯定恐怖。你会想：我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧！先生，千万别这样。马上开始写，马上打字，你写什么没有关系，只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。只要你开始写了，什么都好办了。像我的话，我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题，这应该不难吧，然后再慢慢的展开情节，全身心地融入进去…关键是：开始可以随便写写，随便涂鸦，但是尽快开始写正文。

集中精神：写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境或是同时干着别的事情，是不可能写好的。写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。即使是最低要求，你也需要在全屏（没有其他软件得干扰）的条件下，使用WriteRoom， DarkRoom，Writer这些写作软件，不受打扰的写作。关掉邮箱，关点MSN和Gtalk，关掉电话和手机，关掉电视，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。清除与写作无关的一切杂念，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子里，在没有任何打扰下进入写作状态。

先计划，再写： 这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾，实际上不是这样。在坐下来正式写之前，先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下，这是非常管用的办法。每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西，或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴；然后把想到的记下来，做一个扼要的提纲；等真正准备好开始写了，可以很快的展开，因为思路和想法都有了。这里，有一个构思小说的三部曲，可以参考这个：Snowflake Method.

创新： 你需要模仿名家，这并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样。你可以试试新的写法，从这里学一点，从那里学一点。渐渐地，你就会有了自己的风格，自己的文体，自己的思路。试试一些不一样的表达，或创造一些与众不同的表达方式，每一方法你都可以尝试，看看它到底怎么样，不好就不用呗。

修改： 你开始构思你的文字，然后试着写，让故事情节展开，最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。这点很重要，很多写手一旦写好就不想修改，已经费时费力地写好了，还要再花时间修改，实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。但如果你想写得更好，你就要学会如何修改。好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的，这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。看看你写的东东，不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误，还有那些无意义的词，混乱的结构，和让人搞不懂的句子。修改的目标是：更清晰，更直接，更鲜活。

简明扼要： 这是你在修改的过程中，最重要的一件事情。一句句，一段段的修改，把无关主题的统统都删掉。一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力，大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。记得：简单就是力量。

富于感染力的句子：在短句中使用富有感染力的动词，当然，并没有要求每一句都是这样，你需要变化。但是，多试试能够吸引人的句子。而且，你没有必要等到你要修改的时候再用，你刚开始写的时候就要考虑这个问题。

获取别人的反馈： 闭门造车不会有任何进步，让别人读读你的文章给你回馈，最好有经验的作家和编辑。他们见多识广，会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。认真的听，即使是一些批评，也接受它，忠言逆耳，这样只会让你写得更好。

是骡子还是马，拉出来溜溜：就你而言，你需要让别人读到你的作品。你的作品不是你想谁看谁就看的，让所有的人都读到你的文章。你就要出版自己的书，发表自己的短篇小说和诗歌，给出版社供稿。如果你已经开始写博客了，恭喜你，这是一个好的开始。若现在还没有人浏览过，你就需要把它放到流量更大的博客服务网站上去，让读者给你留言，给你提出建议。所有的人都会看你写东西，也许刚开始时会是件伤脑筋的事情，但这是每一位作家成长的必由之路，马上发表你的文字吧。

采用对话式的文体： 很多人的写作都很正式，但是我发现像我们说话一样写作会使文章更流畅（没有叹生词）。这样一来，读者看起来会更舒服。刚开始这么写并不容易，你需要坚持这么做。也许，会带来另一个问题，为了读起来更口语化，你需要打破一些语法规则（就像我的前一句那样）。因为如果生搬硬套语法，会让你的文章看起来很不自然。若没有其他原因，就不要破坏语法规则。你需要知道你在做什么和为什么这样做。

新闻标题是新闻的题目，读者看新闻时首先看的就是标题。好的新闻标题能使读者在最短的时间内了解新闻的主要内容，小编收集了英语新闻标题写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

新闻标题是新闻的题目，读者看新闻时首先看的就是标题。好的新闻标题能使读者在最短的时间内了解新闻的主要内容，引起阅读兴趣。写作标题的原则，是要尽量用有限的语句将新闻的主要内容和意旨表达清楚。在英语(优习英语网)新闻标题的写作中，选取准确的动词及正确的时态、语态，是一项重要技巧。例如下面这几行标题，不管是硬新闻还是软新闻标题，都含有一个动词：

High tax levels “driving away foreign investors”

Bush acknowledges Viet Nam parallel

Nigerian plane crashes with over 100 aboard

Myles Quin likes to collect stuff-most of all good yarns

The City cultivates a thriving poetry corner out of The Waste Land

如果缺乏动词，新闻标题会显得单调、千篇一律，例如：

Bill Gates and the Microsoft

American views on China

这两则标题显得大而空泛，华而不实，没有提供关于新闻具体内容的实际信息，应该尽量避免这种写法。

动词的选择

动词使新闻标题变得活跃，但它本身必须是一个活跃的词，能最准确、生动地描述新闻事实，因为标题里没有多余的空间来容纳形容词，所有修饰性的内容，包括程度、颜色、感觉等，都必须依靠这个动词来体现。因此，要尽量避免使用“ask”这类平淡的动词和表达含糊的混合动词，例如“American government gives views on Mexican’s racism”，如果报道对象“American government”在谴责“Mexican’s racism”时用了很有力很明确的语句，那么就应该避免“gives views”这种含糊的写法。

此外，还应该尽量使用表达力强、有力的动词，尽量不使用较弱的助动词“be”、“have”作为新闻标题的主要动词。

时态的使用

一种观点认为新闻标题应使用现在时态，因为所报道的事件虽然已经过去，但它是新近发生的，对读者来说仍然是第一次了解该事件，现在时态能给他们一种事件正在发生的感觉，这对新闻报道来说很重要;另一种观点认为新闻标题不能用现在时，例如法庭报道，对于过去发生的事件，绝对不能用现在时态，避免产生歧义，例如应该写成：“Old retiree stole grocery loaves”，不能写成“Old retiree steals grocery loaves”，否则会使人误会此人一直在继续这种偷窃行为，引起争端。甚至认为任何含有过去的时间因素的标题都应使用过去时态。这一观点可能深受上世纪70年代以来美国新闻学者梅耶(Philip Meyer)的精确新闻报道理论的影响。

那么，究竟应该使用什么时态?考虑的重要依据是看使用现在时态会不会带来歧义，如果不会，则适宜使用现在时。英语新闻标题中不宜使用“yesterday”这个词，尤其是在早报的标题中，因为早报所报道的几乎所有事情都可以被认为是发生在“昨天”的。但如果报道的是将来要发生的事，则应尽量使用确切的时间，如：“Paper industry will strike tomorrow /next week/next month”。再如：“Beijing to fulfill promises for 2008 Olympics”，即使省略了“will”，意思仍很清楚。

有一种新闻标题采用“be+动词不定式”结构，助动词“be”通常省略：

Princess (is) to Visit Baffinaland in August.

Financier (is) killed by burglars.

Countries (are) to Spend More on Cancer Research.

使用将来时态报道即将和日后将会发生的事情是很常见的。

主动语态与被动语态

在英语新闻标题中，主动语态比被动语态的表达效果更好。试比较下面两则新闻标题：

France rejects EU Constitution

EU Constitution rejected by France

对比后，我们发现，使用被动语态的新闻标题，比主动语态标题长，单词数量多，这对有长度限制的标题来说是很不利的。同样长度的标题，主动语态所提供的信息内容更多，结构更生动，而且可以有更多的空间去阐述其他内容，例如“Boy found dead by teacher”如果改写成主动语态“Teacher found boy dead in lab”，不但阐述更加自然，包含的信息也更多。

例外的情况是当事件或动作的承受人比执行者更重要时，可以使用被动语态。

关于动词，还有一个问题需要注意。英语中有不少单词既能作名词，又能作动词，其词性是根据具体语法位置来决定的。写作标题时如果省略了一些前后辅助辨别的词汇，单词的词性就可能变得不确定和含糊，下面这些单词都属于此类：

tax, ban, plan, drive, move, probe, protest, bat, share, watch, cut, axe, ring, bank, rises, state, pay, pledge, talks, riot, attack, appeal, back, face, sign, jump, drug

英语新闻标题的动词应尽量使用一般现在时，但在遇到该动词兼有名词和动词两种词性的情况下，有时可以使用过去时态，以使这个动词的词性更加清楚，避免产生歧义。

高考英语任务型写作训练练习（一）

读写任务（满分25分）

请阅读以下的短文，然后根据提供的任务说明和写作要求， 写一篇150字左右的英语短文。

（任务说明）

1.概括短文的内容要点（该部分的字数大约60-80）；

2.清楚地陈述你自己的看法；

3.提供具有一定说服力的论据或实例来支持你的观点，可以参照文中的内容，但不能抄袭文中的句子；

4.文章体裁不限，但必须结构合理，内容连贯，有条理性。

（阅读材料）

Almost everyone knows that water covers three-fourths of the earths surface. Most of it， however， is in the oceans and is too salty to drink. Also， some of it is frozen and cannot be used. In fact， less than one percent is left for the use of people， animals and plant life. All through history men have tried to build their homes near the sources of fresh water. Now fresh water is becoming scarce， but more and more is needed because of the increasing number of people in the world. Some industries also use large amounts of fresh water in the production of things such as steel， petroleum， paper and rubber and so on. Scientists estimate that the need for fresh water will have doubled by the year 2003. If they are correct， we must find new ways of saving it or producing it. Some nations have worked on the problem and are already sharing their information with others. They are trying to keep their rivers from becoming polluted. Deep wells are also being dug， and rain water is being collected in huge artificial lakes. In one way or another， they hope to provide enough water to satisfy the needs of their people.

参考范文

With the worldwide increase of population， more and more water is needed. Meanwhile，the water sources are getting polluted by human beings in one way or another. Some nations are taking measures to solve this problem. They even communicate with each other hoping to find better ways to save and produce water to meet the needs of their people.

随着世界范围内的人口增长,越来越需要更多的水。与此同时,水源被污染,人类以一种方式或另一种方式。一些国家正在采取措施来解决这个问题。他们甚至相互沟通希望能找到更好的方法来保存并生成水来满足人民的需要。

On a personal level， to solve the problem with fresh water， both the government and inpiduals should make every effort. For example， for the government， it is urgent to make detailed laws that require businesses and inpiduals to stop polluting the environment and to save water while it is not necessarily used. Besides， education should be offered to all the citizens to raise their awareness of the importance of protecting environment and saving water. As inpiduals， we need to take action to play our own part in our everyday life.

在个人层面上,用淡水来解决这个问题,政府和个人都应该尽一切努力。例如,对于政府来说,迫在眉睫的是做出详细的法律,要求企业和个人停止污染环境,节约用水,而不一定是使用它。除此之外,教育应该提供给所有的公民提高他们的意识保护环境和节约用水的重要性。作为个人,我们需要采取行动来扮演自己的角色在我们的日常生活。