中考英语写作题材（精彩20篇）

写作包括两部分，一是要求在35分钟内写一篇150字左右的短文，二是要求在10分钟内写一个50--60字的便条。这两部分均为命题作文，作文内容与大学生的日常生活、学习都密切相关，另外也有社会热点问题，比如环保、旅游、健身等，题目理解起来都比较容易。

短文写作部分文体为议论文，一般采用三段式的结构，第一段为论点，第二段为论据，第三段为结论。最高要求为文章内容切题，思想表达清楚，论据充分，论证严密，基本无语言错误。要想写好一篇文章，应该注意一下写作步骤：

1.审题：作文评分的第一个要求就是内容切题，因此审题特别关键。专业四级作文都是命题作文，而且多有中文提示或提纲，所以你首先应了解命题的基本要求，理解题目的真正意图，然后确定提纲中的关键词及各要点间的逻辑，整理自己的思路，对自己所想到的内容进行组织和全面安排。尤其对要讨论的问题，该涉及的内容，所需的事实、例证、阐述、说明和总结等，在头脑中形成一个整体的构思。

2.组织段落：构思好之后，根据构思的提纲，运用选好的材料，恰当地运用连词，合理安排段落，使文章条理清楚、内容连贯。段落的组织主要是通过扩展句对主题句的支持或说明来进行的。各段的主题句在审题构思时就应基本形成，主题句确定下来，接着就是通过一系列的扩展句，来说明、论证或阐述主题句的思想。常见的段落展开方法有列举、举例、比较和对比、因果、叙述、归类、下定义等，考试时应灵活运用。

3.修改：也就是说要删除与主题不相干的内容，检查句子时态、语态等。特别应注意单词的正确拼写；字母大小写和标点符号；数的一致性（包括主语与谓语以及名词与其限定语的单复数一致性）；指代关系（包括指代的一致性和代词的选用）；动词形式（时态、语态、语气）等方面。

关于考试过程中短文写作的时间分配问题。我们知道，短文写作的时间为35分钟, 要力争写完写好, 这就要求考生做到有条不紊，忙而不乱，充分发挥自己应有的水平。建议按照如下的方案分配时间: 审题1～2分钟；组织素材, 细节和关键词: 4～5分钟；起草: 20～25分钟；修改定稿: 4～5分钟。

最后要说明的是，从某种意义上来说，专业四级考试作文有其固定的写作格式、结构，而对于固定的题型，有固定不变的表达法。因此，大家有理由相信只要训练方法得当，搞好写作是不难的。大家不妨试试多背范文和常用句型，包括各类型作文的开头、结尾句、中间展开、过渡句，以及比较、图表说明等的常用句型和表达法，然后自己多动笔写一写，只要按这样的方法进行练习，相信在一定时间内就可以在写作上取得满意的分数。因为是三段式作文，写作的时候一定注意第一段提出的论点要简洁明了，开门见山；第二段的论据要能充分说明论点，论证条理清楚；第三段的结论要水到渠成，切忌草率，严谨完整的结尾是取得高分的保证。

便条写作最主要的是注意格式正确，交待清楚，比如请柬、贺信、道歉函等，要注意称呼、正文、签名等的格式，一定要把相关的时间、地点、原因及主要事件内容交待清楚。

英语写作中如果运用了相关的名言句子可以为作文带来亮点。下面是语文迷为大家整理的励志唯美句子，希望对你有帮助。

一)Life is not measured by the number of breaths we take, but by the moments that take our breath away.千万记住：度量生命的不是呼吸的次数，而是那些最最难忘的时刻。

二)Children in backseats cause accidents. Accidents in backseats cause children. 后排座位上的小孩会生出意外，后排座位上的意外会生出小孩。

三)Don’t take guilt trips. Take a trip to the mall, to the next country, to a foreign country, but NOT to where the guilt is.别踏上犯罪的道路。你可以去逛街，可以到邻县去，可以出国旅行，但就是别踏上犯罪的道路。

四)Nothing is impossible!没有什么不可能!

五)Success is a relative term. It brings so many relatives. 成功是一个相关名词，他会给你带来很多不相关的亲戚(联系)。

六)The tears happen. Endure, grieve, and move on. The only person who is with us our entire life, is ourselves. Be ALIVE while you are alive.有泪就流。在忍耐和伤心过后，要继续前行。陪伴我们度过此生的只有一人--那就是我们自己。让生命鲜活起来。

七)The wise never marry, And when they marry they become otherwise. 聪明人都是未婚的，结婚的人很难再聪明起来。

八)While there is life there is hope.一息若存，希望不灭。

九)Love is photogenic. It needs darkness to develop. 爱情就象照片，需要大量的暗房时间来培养。

十)Never put off the work till tomorrow what you can put off today. 不要等明天交不上差再找借口，今天就要找好。

十一)Never underestimate your power to change yourself!永远不要低估你改变自我的能力!

十二)Nothing for nothing.不费力气，一无所得。

十三)Tell the people you love that you love them, at every opportunity.把你的爱告诉你所爱着的人们，把握住每一个表达机会。

十四)Never put off the work till tomorrow what you can put off today. 不要等明天交不上差再找借口，今天就要找好。

十五)Never underestimate your power to change yourself!永远不要低估你改变自我的能力!

十六)The man who has made up his mind to win will never say "impossible ". 凡是决心取得胜利的人是从来不说“不可能的”。

十七)Enjoy the simple things.享受简单事物的乐趣。

十八)I am a slow walker,but I never walk backwards. 我走得很慢，但是我从来不会后退。

十九)很多我们想要的东西都是价格不菲的。但是，真正能让我们感到满足的东西，比如爱、欢笑还有工作中的激情，却都是不需要花钱的。 Many of the things we desire are expensive. But the truth is, the things that really satisfy us are totally free –love, laughter and working on our passions.

二十)我们无法在这个世界上做什么伟大的事情，可我们可以带着伟大的爱做一些小事。 We cannot do great things on this Earth, only small things with great love.

二十一)你无法真正忘掉那个打动你内心的人，无论他是那个伤害你的人，还是治愈你的人。 You never really forget the ones who touched your heart; regardless whether its the ones who broke it or the ones who healed it.

二十二)不要祈祷生活的舒适，祈祷自己变得更加坚强。 Do not pray for easy lives. Pray to be stronger men.

二十三)所有人都想得到幸福，不愿承担痛苦，但是不下点小雨，哪来的彩虹? Everybody wants happiness, nobody wants pain, but you cant have a rainbow without a little rain.

What are the purposes of places such as museums and how should they be funded?

Nowhere in the world has the issue of museums progress been so much debated as in our society. Nowadays, more and more museums have to face the serious economic problem. Therefore, many people doubt museums existent signification. In this essay we will discuss the existent signification of museum and the solutions, such as buying by government and supporting by society

Firstly, museum is considered the historical symbol that it exhibits traditional culture of a nation. Nations of difference have different culture and history. The museum is the best way to let the younger generation savvy their ancestors history and let visitors and foreigners know varied culture and tradition.

Secondly, museum could save plenty of cultural relics that they are not destroyed and lost. The equipments of museum could perfectly save all kinds of displays.

As a result of the future of museum, the outlook is somewhat grim. People already realize this problem exists and are trying to solve it.

For one solution, the government ought to buy all museums. If museum belong to government, it will means main economic problem of museum is solved.

The second solution is that society ought to donate lots of money to maintain development of museum. The museum protects our history and culture, so we have obligation to support progress of museum.

The important thing is to protect current museums before its too late. Otherwise we will lose them.

博物馆的发展问题诸如博物馆和怎样资助他们的目的是什么？在世界上没有一个地方博物馆的进步问题如此多的辩论在我们的社会。如今，越来越多的博物馆不得不面对严重的经济问题。因此，许多人怀疑博物馆的存在意义。在这篇文章中我们将讨论博物馆与解的存在意义，如购买政府和社会的支持首先，博物馆被认为是具有民族传统文化符号的历史。国家有不同的文化和历史的差异。博物馆是最好的方式，让年轻一代精明的祖先的历史，让游客和外国人了解不同的文化和传统。其次，博物馆可以保存文物丰富，他们不被破坏和丢失。博物馆的设备能够很好地保存各种显示器。由于博物馆的未来，前景是有点残酷。人们已经意识到这个问题的存在，并试图解决它。作为一个解决方案，政府应该购买所有的博物馆。如果博物馆属于政府，这将意味着博物馆的主要经济问题。其次，社会应该捐了一大笔钱来维持博物馆的发展。博物馆保护我们的历史和文化，所以我们要支持进步博物馆的义务。重要的是要在为时已晚之前保护现有的博物馆。否则，我们将失去他们。

[中考英语关于博物馆的发展问题作文

一、 关于记叙文：

记叙文是指记人、叙事、写景、状物等类的文章，在表达方式上以记述为主，但往往也间有描写、抒情和议论，并没有截然的划分。它是一种形式灵活、写法多样的文体。古代的记、传、序、表、志等，现代的消息、通讯、简报、特写、传记、回忆录等，都属于记叙文的范畴。

二、知识点归纳：

(一)记叙文知识点归纳：

1、记叙的四种顺序：顺叙、 倒叙、 插叙、 补叙。

(1)顺叙：

按照事情发展的本来顺序进行叙述，依次从开端、发展写到高潮、结局，文章的层次、段落和事情发展的过程基本一致，这就是顺叙。顺叙是最常见的叙述方式。

(2)倒叙：

把人物、事件的结局，或人物经历、事件过程中最突出的片段，提到前面来写，就是倒叙。倒叙有造成悬念、引起读者兴趣、启发人们思考的艺术效果。

(3)插叙：

在叙述进行中暂停一下，插入另外一段事，然后再把原叙述继续下去，这就是插叙。插叙有追忆往事、补足有关情况的作用。

(4)补叙：

在叙述结束后，又对前面的有关情节进行内容上的补充，这就是补叙。

2、表达方式：叙述、 描写、 抒情、 议论。

(1)叙述：

把人物的经历、行为或事情的发生、发展、变化表述出来，就是叙述。

(2)描写：

用生动形象的语言，把人物的形态、动作、或景物的状态、特征等，具体细致地描绘出来，就是描写。小说中运用描写比较多，一般记叙文则只是在叙述中穿插一些描写。这些描写，按对象来划分、大体可归为人物描写和环境描写两类。

(3)抒情：

直接抒情：

作者或作品中的人物在文章中直接公开地表白自己的喜怒爱憎感情，就是直接抒情。这种抒情方式在诗歌和抒情散文中运用较多，一般记叙文不宜多用。否则令人产生做作、乏味之感。

间接抒情：

将感情渗透在写景、叙事、说理之中，边叙述边抒情，边描写边抒情，边议论边抒情，就是间接抒情。这是记叙文的主要抒情方式。采用这种方式抒情，可熔情、景、事、理于一炉，使文章更显得丰富多彩、富有情味。

(4)议论：

议论是论说文的主要表达方式，在记叙文中，它只是一种穿插在叙述和描写中的辅助手段，一般表现为对文中叙述的事物画龙点睛式地发表议论，即夹叙夹议。

3、记叙文六要素：时间、 地点、 人物、 事件的起因、经过和结果。

4、人物的描写方法：肖像描写、语言描写、行动描写、心理描写、神态描写。从描写的疏密来看又可分为概括介绍和细节描写。从描写的角度看还可分为正面描写(直接描写)、侧面描写(间接描写)等。

5、常用写作手法：象征、对比、(铺垫)、照应(呼应)、直接(间接)描写、 扬抑。

关于象征手法：

以茅盾的《白杨礼赞》、周敦颐的《爱莲说》为例，作者不是单纯地赞美白杨、莲花，而是借这些物来赞颂某些美德或具备这些美德的人。这种写作手法，通常称为“象征手法”。“象征手法”在诗歌、散文中是常见的手法之一。它一般用来赞颂美好的事物，体现作者对理想的追求，有时也可用来讽刺丑恶的事物，抨击不合理的现象，它既可以通篇运用，作者并不点明，由读者自己去体会象征的含义，也可以只用于某些章节片段，由作者直接点明象征的含义。恰当地运用象征手法，可以把抽象的精神品质，化为具体的可以感知的形象，从而给读者留下深刻印象;可以把不便于明说的意思含蓄地表示出来，赋予文章以深意，从而给读者留下咀嚼回味的余地。

(二)小说的要素：

小说是一种散文体的叙事文学样式。人物、情节、环境是小说的三个基本要素。

(1)人物：(主要人物的确定要看该人物能否表现小说的主题思想)

(2)情节：(开端 /发展 /高潮 /结局 )

(3)环境描写：自然环境、社会环境。

自然环境描写--(主要包括人物活动的时间、地点、季节、气候以及景物等。比如春夏秋冬，风雨云雪，以及山川，平原、草地、小河、公园等。)作用是为了表现人物的身份、地位、性格，烘托人物心情，渲染气氛等。

社会环境描写(主要是指人物所处的时代背景.以及小说中人物与人物之间的关系.如社会背景、历史背景、时代背景等。)作用是交代故事的时代背景，推动情节的发展。

小说中的环境描写与其它文体中的环境描写的区别在于，它是为塑造人物服务的，是人物个性形成乃至于人物存在的理由和依据;而其他文体中的环境描写一般没有这样的功效，至少这样的作用不是主要的。例如写景散文中有很多环境描写，并且以自然景物的描写为主，但它不一定以塑造人物为旨归，而往往是借助于景物描写直接抒发对这景物的感情，或者对这景物的象征物的感情。即所谓的“借景抒情”。

[中考语文作文知识之记叙文的写作指导

My family, there is a mountain, this is my father. He is a man of humor, sometimes is also a serious person, when I did on the exam, he is engaged in the smile, said: "my daughter is really cool." But when I take an examination of is not good, also a in two different conditions. See if my paper is careless mistake, my father will be severely criticized me. 2. Hell take a look at my test paper, if I really dont, he doesnt speak, I also want to pull me to the in front of him, ask what the hell am I going, sometimes he told me more than an hour, you know I will so far, this is my father, a sense of humor and serious man,

In my family, there is a beauty, this is my mom, is a man with big eyes, the nose is very clever, how to say, she is probably the most beautiful Ive ever seen a young mother, my mother wont say me, but when I get bad she cant talk but with his eyes looking at me, I can see thick affection from her eyes, and my eyes is deeply sorry, and I will take an examination of well, next time to give them a replacement.

Dont forget, I still a little people in the family,I am a very happy person, from say, I am an optimist, and one more thing, my father and mother are all people, with a pair of glasses to me here, didnt wear glasses, and his eyes still surprisingly good, may come to me is a variable. I always say: "you have to wear glasses, why I dont wear glasses?"

Anyway I have a happy family!

我的家庭，有一个大山，这就是我的父亲。他是一个幽默的人，有时也是一个严肃的人，当我考得好的时候，他从事眉开眼笑，说：“我的女儿真棒”。但当我考的不好的时候，也分两种情况一。看看我的试卷如果是马虎错的话，我的爸爸会狠狠的批评我。二。他也会看看我的试卷，如果我真的不会的话，他不会说我，也要把我拉到他的面前，问我到底会不会，有时他会给我讲上一个小时多，知道我会为止，这就是我的父亲，一个又幽默又严肃的人，

我的家庭中，有一个美人，这就是我的妈妈，是一个眼睛大大的人，鼻子非常灵秀，怎么说的，她可能是我见过的一个最美丽的年轻妈妈了，我的妈妈不会说我，但是当我考的差的话她不会说话而是用眼睛看着我，我从她的眼睛中能看出浓浓的亲情，而我眼中是深深的歉意，而我下次一定能考好，给他们一个交代。

别忘了，这个家庭中还有我一个小人，我是一个非常愉快的人，从之说，我是一个乐天派的人，还有一件事，我的爸爸和妈妈都是戴眼镜的人，惹到我这里的，不到没戴眼镜，而且眼睛还是出奇的好，可能到我这里是变异了吧。我总是说：“你们都戴眼镜，为什么我不戴眼镜呢?”

总之我有一个快乐的家庭!

导语：早晨，天空不再有春夏秋天那种清亮亮的湛蓝，天边不再是金灿灿的阳光了。整个天空惨白惨白的，有点像用白纸遮盖了天空本来的面目，失去了天空原本的颜色。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢! ​

1.刺骨的寒风丝毫不讲情面的刮去了人们丰收的喜悦，鹅毛大雪覆盖了一切喧嚣，同时也覆盖了晴朗的心情。寒风中，“讨厌冬天”这个话题以风为载体传遍整个城市，也传到了冬天本人的耳朵里，但冬天并不伤感，她仍旧那么冷静、那么自然，她知道，时间一天天过去，她的孩子——春天，就快回家了。

2.下午四点左右，太阳就毫不吝惜地射放出它灿烂的光芒，给街上的行人，路边的树木、楼房都镀上了一层刮不掉的黄金，还给我们带来一种温暖的感觉。风，像母亲的手抚摸着你的脸，暖暖的，舒服极了。而云就像一块块融化的牛奶糖粘在天空上。

3.这一天天气格外晴朗，空气中带着冰雪的纯净，堆积在沟洼里的雪干飒飒的，小风一吹飘飘扬扬，想万点银粉撒在笔直的公路上，太阳光从山尖向外一喷，瞬间，在这平坦的路面上，闪着散碎，耀眼的光泽，好像是白银铺成似的。

4.天空渐渐暗了，似有又无的几片无的几片的云淡淡的浮在那，一种压抑的情绪成了催化剂，仿佛不久后就会有一场强大的无法预计的暴风雪。没错，会有的，只是时间的问题。开始了，有小雪花撒下了，逐渐落下了雪点，像冰雹一样砸下，接着体积不断增涨，最后那如同鹅毛般的大雪彻底遮住了人们的视线，如果你好奇，非要看一看此时的天空，那么你会发现，好像漫天的大雪都是冲着你来的，不要慌张，去感受它，你还会发现，有那么一瞬，你感受不到了周围的气息，仿佛你在慢慢的向上升着，旁边没有任何事物，只有你和雪，只有你和雪……

5.寒风呼啸着，树上的叶子已经落光了，只剩下光秃秃的树干。有时，天空中不是的飘起几片飞舞的雪花，我们几乎都是温室里的花朵，享受着恬静与快乐。然而，在我们快乐的背后，却是父母留下的辛勤汗水。

6.自从冬天到来时，给了我一种清爽的感觉;给了我一种朦胧的感觉;给了我一种怀念的感觉，记得上一个冬天，那时我的感觉却是那么的轻松快乐;那么的逍遥自在。上一个冬天，一个个雪精灵飘着飘着，可爱极了，轻轻拿起来，他们总是微笑的看着我，我仿佛融化在哪冰天雪地的季节里，沉浸在那暖暖的冬天里……我那时才知道，我已经被陶醉在那样的气息里了、

7.大雪纷飞，人们好象来到了一个幽雅恬静的境界，来到了一个晶莹剔透的童话般的世界。松树的清香，白雪的冰香，给人一种凉莹莹的抚慰。一切都在过滤，一切都在升华，连我的心灵也在净化，变得纯洁而又美好。树上已披上了一件白色的纱衣，地上像铺上了一层厚厚的白棉被。大地变成了粉装玉砌的世界。啊!真美啊!我陶醉在这银装素裹的世界里!

8.在人们还在享受秋季带给他们的凉爽时，冬姑娘已经不知不觉地来到了我们的身边。她，来的无声无息。当下了第一场雪时，人们才察觉到她来到了。下雪了，地上铺满了白色的地毯;大树裹上了银色的冬装;房子上也重新刷了一层白色的油漆……冬天好美啊!一下子，整个世界都变成了白色，多么象一幅有诗意的图画啊!

9.冬天到了，大地像披上了一件白色的衣裳，美丽极了!原本寂寞干枯的树枝也积上了一层晶莹洁白的雪花，真是“忽如一夜春风来，千树万树梨花开”啊!停在院子里的面包车似乎被涂上了一层香甜的奶油。灰灰的天空中，雪花纷纷扬扬，飘飘洒洒，好像远方寄来的一封封信件，又像仙女在撒着银白色的花瓣雨，像一片片鹅毛，又像一团团棉絮，轻轻地飘落下来…

10.雪花飘落在大地上，一点儿，一点儿给大地妈妈添上了白色的秀发。冬的精灵就这样来到了人间，给人一种白茫茫的感觉，看上去是那么的可爱迷人。像是一个个五彩的泡泡美丽，但又是那么的脆弱，关心的一个抚摸，轻轻的一声问候，都会给它留下难以忘却的伤痕。也许正是它的脆弱，使人不能忘记，也不敢忘记它。

11.天空中漫舞着鹅毛般的雪花，我独自走在去学校的路上。道路是如此的漫长与坎坷。寒风无情的吹着，在我脸上留下了掠过的痕迹，道路两旁的树干在风中摇曳，尤如魔鬼的手爪在伸张。雪天，路滑。不久，看到前面有很多孩子，他们都由父母护送上学，他们生怕自己的孩子滑倒，生怕自己的孩子在风中寂寞。心中不由羡慕起他们来。

12.冬天，它没有春天的鸟语花香，没有夏天的绿树青山，也没有秋天的果实累累，可是冬天，它默默无闻，为人们送来了一个洁白的世界。雪花从一望无际的天空中轻轻地飘落下来了，纷纷扬扬，飘飘洒洒，一朵朵，一片片，白的似银，洁的如玉，像天上的仙女撒下的玉叶、银花，像天宫派来的小天使，还像那一只只正在翩翩起舞的蝴蝶。这一切是多么的令人神往啊!

13.冬，她是圣洁的象征，当冰雪跨进冬的门槛，整个世界便被北凝结。湖面、河面上都结上了一层厚厚的冰，房屋楼阁在雪中静默，土墩、田坎在银光中陶醉，“山舞银蛇，原弛蜡旬”。如明月轻洒，树枝如梨花绽放，绵绵的“柳絮”在空中荡游，梦幻般的“天使的羽毛”从天而降，整个世界都踏进了雪国，都为之沉醉了。“红装素裹，分外妖娆。”

14.漆黑的夜晚，世间万物没有了光明。在寒风的驱使下它来到了这个黑暗的尘世，用它的洁白给世间万物带来点点光明，用它身体发出的微弱的白光来拯救这个被黑暗笼罩的尘世。黑夜就成了它最大的敌人，它拼命的追赶着，意图将黑暗消灭。冬至，夜占了上风，腊月的夜晚虽然黑的出奇，伸手不见五指，但是洁白的雪花仍在发挥着自己的力量，将这个黑夜一点点照明，直到拂晓，万家灯火通明，这个尘世获得重生，它才在阳光的协助下离开。

15.早晨推开门出去时，刺骨的寒风呼呼地吹着，不时地向我袭来。并且，偶尔会有顽皮的小雪花纷纷扬扬地落下来，就像跳舞一样。六角形的雪花各式各样：有的像银针，有的像落叶，还有的像碎纸片…煞是好看。落在地上，仿佛给大地铺上了厚厚的毛毯;落在树上，像穿上了银装;落在汽车上，就像刚刚出炉的新鲜奶油蛋糕。这美丽的雪景使人们沉浸在清新的空气里。到处银装素裹，美不胜收。

16.早晨，天空不再有春夏秋天那种清亮亮的湛蓝，天边不再是金灿灿的阳光了。整个天空惨白惨白的，有点像用白纸遮盖了天空本来的面目，失去了天空原本的颜色。太阳好像也怕冷似的，躲进了像棉胎一样厚的云层。冷飕飕的风呼呼地刮着，路边光秃秃的树木像一个秃老头，受不住风的袭击，树杈在冷风里摇晃，像一只瘦骨嶙峋的手指向天空。风，使劲地透过衣服的缝隙，给你带来一瞬间的冷。大街上，买面包的小贩守在热腾腾的面包炉旁吆喝着，不同韵调的声音在大街上此起彼伏。大街上的每个人都缩着脖子，低着头，手插在口袋里，顶着风小步小步地往前走。

17.寒冬中显真情。在每一个冬天，我都感觉不出寒冷，因为有爱的存在。爱可以使冰川融化，可以使人不再孤单，做事也有了动力。渐渐的，我喜欢上了冬天。每年不只盼望春天，更盼望着冬天的到来。在不断的长大中，我也学会了给予别人关爱。爱是相互的。在我心中，冬天的味道是淡淡的甜味。

18.一阵风吹过，树上的叶子窃窃私语，如蝴蝶翩动着翅膀，偶尔有几片叶子的言语被风听到，一不小心，几片发黄的叶儿依依不舍的从树间划落，就像一组意象从诗歌中飘落。在这个冬天这些叶子经过岁月的浸染，完成了它们一生的使命。叶落归根，在下一个春暧花开的日子里依然能听到它们在树枝间呤唱着春的诗歌。

【提要】高考英语作文 : 2017年高考英语作文写作模板：图画类写作模板

图画类写作模板

1.开头

Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...

2.衔接句

As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.

3.结尾句

In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated...

导语：面对失去，需要积极的心态;面对失去，要学会放眼未来。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

一个老人在高速行驶的火车上不小心把刚买的新鞋从窗口上掉出去了一只，周围的人倍感惋惜，不料老人立即把第二只鞋也从窗口扔了下去。这举动更让人大吃一惊。“是这样，”老人解释道，“这一只鞋无论多么昂贵，对我而言都没有用了，如果有谁能捡到这一双鞋子，说不定他还能穿呢!”我们都经历过某种重要或心爱的东西失去的事情，其大都在我们的心理上投下了阴影。究其原因，那就是我们并没有调整心态去面对失去，没有从心理上承认失去，总是沉湎于已经不存在的东西，没想到去创造新的东西。

【温馨提示】老人的做法看似不可思议，其实未尝不是一种聪明的选择。与其抱残守缺，不如就地放弃。失去不一定是损失，也可能是获得。面对失去，需要积极的心态;面对失去，要学会放眼未来。这正是我们作文时可以思考的角度。

妈妈是我最伟大的老师，一个充满慈爱和富于无畏精神的老师。如果说爱如花般甜美，那么我的母亲就是那朵甜美的爱之花。——史蒂维•旺德

母亲对我的爱之伟大让我不得不用我的努力工作去验证这种爱是值得的。——夏加尔

母性的力量胜过自然界的法则。——芭芭拉•金索尔夫

母亲们是天生的哲学家。——斯托夫人

母爱是一种巨大的火焰。——罗曼罗兰

世界上的一切光荣和骄傲，都来自母亲。——高尔基

慈母的胳膊是由爱构成的，孩子睡在里面怎能不香甜?——雨果

全世界的母亲是多么的相像!她们的心始终一样，每一个母亲都有一颗极为纯真的赤子之心。——惠特曼

妈妈你在哪儿，哪儿就是最快乐的地方。——英国

人的嘴唇所能发出的最甜美的字眼，就是母亲，最美好的呼唤，就是“妈妈”。——纪伯伦

母爱是世间最伟大的力量。——米尔

世界上一切其他都是假的，空的，唯有母亲才是真的，永恒的，不灭的。——印度

母爱是多么强烈、自私、狂热地占据我们整个心灵的感情。——邓肯

在孩子的嘴上和心中，母亲就是上帝。——英国

我给我母亲添了不少乱，但是我认为她对此颇为享受。——马克•吐温

我的生命是从睁开眼睛，爱上我母亲的面孔开始的。——乔治•艾略特

在你的生命中最荒谬的一天，就算你有一台电动的骗人机器，你也骗不过你的母亲。——荷马•辛普森

世界上有一种最美丽的声音，那便是母亲的呼唤。——但丁

Winter solstice is the earliest Chinese festival, call it yesterday, as early as the han dynasty had formed when we are familiar with todays twenty-four solar terms. Twenty-four solar terms, every 15 days for a throttle, a throttle is divided into three. As the winter solstice is divided into "hou earthworms knot; 2 hou elk horn, three HouShuiQuan move." Are the ancients from traditional agricultural production routine. Fade as the farming civilization, modern agriculture is affected by season is not very big, such as the vegetables all the year round in the greenhouses, traditional throttle effect on guidance and restriction of agricultural farming is also a little bit fade.

People now pay more attention to the throttle keeping in good health, in winter it was the season of supplements. After spring, summer, autumn three season, the body organs need to enter a state of rest during the winter, physical consumption in winter supplements in the past. Left the teacher said, so also have "winter signings, dozen tiger next year" the proverb.

冬至是中国最早的节日，称之为冬节，早在汉代时候已经形成了我们今天熟悉的二十四节气。二十四节气，每十五天为一个节气，一个节气分为三候。如冬至分为“一候蚯蚓结;二候麋角解，三候水泉动。”都是以古人从传统农业生产生活规律中总结出来的。随着农耕文明逐渐消退，现代农业受季节的影响不是很大，比如大棚里的菜一年四季都可以吃到，传统节气对农业种田的辅导和制约作用也在一点点消退。

现在的人们更多关注的是节气养生，冬季也是进补的季节。经历春夏秋三季后，身体各个器官在冬季需要进入休息的状态，过去身体上的消耗在冬天进补。左老师说，因此也有“冬季进补，来年打虎”的俗语。

导语：2016年中考很快就会到了，英语作文是重要的拿分点。词汇量当然是必备的。下面是yjbs作文网小编为您收集整理的英语词汇，希望对您有所帮助。

一、表示递进关系的关键词语

Additionally 加之;又

besides 此外;除……之外

equally important 同样重要的是

furthermore 此外;而且

in addition 另外

in other words 换句话说

last but not least 最后但同样重要的是

moreover 而且;此外

that is say 即;就是;换句话说

二、表示转折关系的关键词语

although 虽然;尽管

at the same time 同时;但是

despite 不管;尽管;不论

even if 即使

even though 即使

however 然而;可是

in spite of 不管

instead 代替;而不是

nevertheless 然而;不过

on the contrary 正相反

otherwise 另外;不同地

regardless of 不管;不顾

still 依然;仍然

though 虽然;可是

while 而

yet 然而;但是;仍

三、表示选择关系的关键词语

either…or… ……或……

instead of… ……，而不是……

neither…nor… ……和……都不……

not…but… 不是……而是……

rather than… 宁可;胜过

whether…or not 是否

四、表示比较关系的关键词语

compare with / to 与……比较

equally 相等地;平等地

in comparison with 与……比较

in contrast 相反;大不相同

in contrast to 和……对比

in the same way 同样地

instead 代替;改为

on the contrary 正相反

while 而

五、表示因果关系的关键词语

accordingly 因此;从而

as a result of 作为结果

because (of) 因为

consequently 从而;因此

due to 由于;应归于

hence 因此;从此

in that 由于;因为;既然

now that 因为;既然

on account of 由于

owing to 由于;因……的缘故

so 所以

so that 所以

thanks to 由于

therefore 因此;所以

thus 因此

六、用于表示总结的关键词语

above all 最重要的是

accordingly 于是

as a consequence 因此

as a result 结果

as has been noted 如前所述

as I have said 如我所述

at last 最后

briefly 简单扼要地

by doing so 如此

certainly 当然地;无疑地

consequently 因此

eventually 最后

hence 因此

in a word 总之

in brief 简言之

in conclusion 总;最后

in short 简而言之

in summary 简要地说

in sum 总之;简而言之

obviously 显然

on the whole 总体来说;整个看来

to conclude 总而言之

to speak frankly 坦白地说

to sum up 总而言之

to summarize 总而言之

原题再现：

《现代汉语词典》(第6版)对“回味”一词作如下解释：【回味】①名 食物吃过后的余味：回味无穷;②动 从回忆里体会：我一直在回味他说的话。

回味的过程是再次感受的过程，是深入理解的过程，也是重新认识的过程。

在生活和学习中，许多时候，一盘菜、一句话、一首诗，乃至一片云、一件事、一份情……都会令你回味无穷。

请以“回味”为题，写一篇不少于600字的文章。

要求：①除诗歌戏剧外，文体不限;②文中不得出现真实的人名、校名、地名;③书写工整，卷面整洁。

二、审题指导：

材料第一段告诉考生要理解题旨，明确思维原点和指向，紧扣“余味”、“从回忆里体会”审题立意。

第二段“回味的过程是再次感受的过程，是深入理解的过程，也是重新认识的过程”主要回答“怎么理解回味”的问题。该段着眼并强调“过程”，引导学生从“再次感受”、“深入理解”、“重新认识”三个方面，由浅入深，由表及里地深入理解文题的内涵，写出有生活气息且有思考的文章。“回味”一定要有自己“新”的认识、体会、理解——对人生的、学习的、事业的……当然，这个“新”是对于自己原先的体验、理解的层面而言的。

第三段“在生活和学习中，许多时候，一盘菜、一句话、一首诗，乃至一片云、一件事、一份情……都会令你回味无穷。”主要回答“怎么打开‘回味’思路”的问题，重在引导考生审题思维活动由题意理解把握层面进入生活联想审视层面。学生沿着这一提示去展开思维活动，延展思维，盘点自己生活，精选并优化素材，写出能展示自己才情的作文，从而表达出自己独特的个性化的感受、体验、认识。

但是我们在阅卷的时候发现，有些考生重在回忆生活中的人和事，而忽略了写思考层次的东西，使得文章有“回”没“味”或有“回”寡“味”。

审题：“回”字搭平台，“味”字分高下

文题中“回”是“回忆”(“回想”“回顾”)，从叙述的时间的概念看，要求指向于过去(曾经历的人与事、曾经欣赏的景与物……);从取材范围的角度来看，人、事、景、物等在叙述主体(如考生)的脑海中留下的深刻印记，可以是个体，也可以是集体，国家、民族;从表现的内容来看，可以是日常生活，可以写重大事件，可以写文学艺术，可以写历史地理，可以写正面的经验，也可以写反面的教训;可以是蓦然回首的感动，可以是痛定思痛的酸苦，也可以是拨云见日的顿悟等。

“味”是“余味”“味道”，也是“品味”“体味”“咀嚼”，要求在回忆的基础上“味”出有价值、有意义、有作用的情感、思想、哲理等深刻的内涵来，如果作文中表现出随着时间的积淀和阅历的增加，回味曾经的人、事、景、物、理时，表达出新的、更为深刻的内涵与体会，则是评价作文立意的亮点的标志之一。

“回”后必须有“味”，“味”前必须有“回”

“回”是“味”的基础和前提，“味”是“回”的有力提升，“味”脱离了“回”则会变得空洞牵强，只写“回”而没有了“味”，则会显得平庸而寡淡。

务必区别几个相似的概念：

⒈回味≠回忆，“回味”是在回忆中体会，“回忆”则是对过去的回想，二者的相似点是都指向于过去，区别在于是否对过去的人、事、景、物深入品味出有价值、有意义、有作用的情感、思想、哲理等深刻内涵。

⒉回味≠品味，“品味”是“仔细体会”、“玩味”，从叙述的时间的角度来看，更多的是指向现在，而非过去(也可以指向于过去)，而“回味”必须指向于过去曾经经历的人与事，曾经经历的景与物……

所以平时在作文教学的时候，一定要培养学生的审题能力，例如从题目中的关键词入手去审题，从作文的提示语入手去审题，审出作文选材，审出作文立意，审出作文的表现手法，比如今年的作文提示语就要求考生综合运用记叙描写抒情议论的表达方式，去年的作文提示语就要求考生运用对比的表现手法。

今年的高分作文很遗憾地大多判给了写相似的题材的作文上，这一类作文一般又判分在55分以上，例如写爷爷或奶奶或家中的某一位亲人为自己或为他人制作玫瑰蜜、玫瑰糕;桂花蜜、桂花糕，或者是其他的一道精美的吃的东西……然后抒发自己的感想或感悟，选材符合要求，立意存现了，写作手法也到位了，所以分数不可能低。但我们阅卷老师在感叹考生语言、结构等功底的同时，又为考生的千篇一律的选材感到惊心，难道生活中就没有让我们回味的其他的人和事了吗?我们教给学生观察生活的视野是不是太狭小了呢?我们是不是忽略了教给学生观察更广阔的大生活的意识呢?这样的学生教出来，心胸、境界是不是值得人担忧呢?

另一个现象是抄袭范文中的选材。例如有考生写《作文与考试》中的爸爸为我熬银耳红枣羹，父亲制作银耳红枣羹时的外貌描写：起球的毛衣、围着围裙的微凸的肚腩、氤氲的水汽中搅拌的汤勺，再如妈妈因我受凉咳嗽制作枇杷汤前清洗枇杷叶上的细毛的过程……这些选材确实符合作文的选材和立意的要求，但它不是你的东西，就不应该写到你的考场作文里来，遇到这类抄袭的作文，火眼金睛的阅卷老师一眼就看出来，便毫不客气地将之打入五类卷。通篇抄袭的作文赋分为10分。

平时我们在批阅学生作文的时候一定要注意学生的作文选材，不能鼓励学生的抄袭行为，这就要求我们老师平时也要大量的阅读有关的作文资料。

有些考生卷面潦草，给人极不好的印象;也有些考生字体太小，看时特别费力;还有部分考生涂抹严重，甚至给人做标记的嫌疑。

时间来做这样一件事。

1.审题立意。这是很重要的一个环节，是整篇文章成败的关键，只要审题立意正确，文章结构没有大问题，就可以得42分以上;如果审题立意有偏差，纵然整篇文章不错，也只能得35分左右。

2.结构思路。任何文章都要有思路结构，动笔之前要大致勾勒一下文章的框架，切忌写到哪里算哪里，否则整篇文章给人一种雾里看花的感觉，要得高分就很难了。考场上对于文章结构还是要按正规套路出牌，不要胡乱创新。

3.文体鲜明。这也是作文本身的要求，写什么文体就是什么文体，纵然是书信，也应遵循书信的基本格式。

4.细节要美。要写出能表现中心的细节，可以是人物描写，可以是景物描写，可以是环境描写，这样的文字出现在你的文章中，可以使你的作文成绩至少提高2-3分。

5.书写要清。在评分标准中，书写是其中的一项。整洁的卷面、规范美观的书写能给人良好的印象。书写是一项基本功，养成良好的书写习惯要靠平时的练习和加强。

一. 心理

古人云，不战而屈人之兵，很大程度上取决于心理因素。随着四六级考试改革的深入，会有，更新，更难的题目，包括作文题目出现，这样就要求我们有处惊不变的能力。即使是出现某种没有预料到的题型，考生也应该及时调整心态、从容不迫地应答。事实上，历史经验证明：题目要求越是高，难度越是大，考生的发挥余地也就越大。挑战和机遇是成正相关的。

二. 评分

知己知彼，百战不怠。熟悉老师的评分习惯，对于考生正常、甚至是超常发挥自身水平也十分有益。正常情况下，阅卷老师要领会贯彻考试规定的评分原则，依照文章的结构和语言水平进行评分。然而，除此以外，有“两个基本点”我们也需要给予足够的重视——闪光点和语法点。在一篇出类拔萃的范文中，我们往往可以看到像提问法、谚语总结法、从句、并列句、理由段公式、理由词汇、路线句型、插入语、名词化、和被动语态等等闪光点;而在一篇低分例文中，基本的语言错误则多得数不胜数。

三. 休息

考试迫在眉睫时，同学们往往容易进入一种临考状态。这种状态比较突出的表现是夜不能寐。尤其是在专业课和全国四六级考试纷至沓来的时候，很多同学更是发扬连续作战的精神，通宵达旦，头悬梁、锥刺骨。其实这对于像四六级考试这样的高强度考试而言是有百害而无一益的。道理很简单，四六级考试对于一个学生来说，不仅是一次英语水平的综合测试，也是一种意志力、甚至是体力的考验。没有良好的休息作为后盾，考生很难笑到最后。所以，保证充足的睡眠是最基本也是首要的应试技巧。

四. 营养

无庸置疑，营养的摄入在最后关头也是异常重要的一环。在保证充分睡眠的同时，食物是另一个“工夫在诗外”的客观因素。尤其是参加四级考试的同学，早餐一定要定时定量，不可或缺。一般来说，类似奶酪苏这样的奶制品外加一杯热牛奶或者热巧克力已经足以提供整个半天考试所需的热量，当然，这也因人而异。有些体质虚弱的同学也可以考虑服用一些如西洋参、鸡精这样的营养品。不过，安眠药等有副作用的药物一定要慎用，否则过犹不及。

五. 审题

磨刀不误砍柴工。在落笔前花两三分钟时间进行构思，既有利于理清行文思路、也避免了差之毫厘、失之千里的遗憾。尤其是在应对图表类作文时，我们更是要看清图表，牢牢把握各个数据的变化和相互关系，才能够下笔。否则张冠李戴，即使文章本身再不同凡响、语惊四座，也只会竹篮打水、甚至起到适得其反的效果。

六. 卷面

对于像作文这样的主观题而言，考生与阅卷老师从来就犹如搏弈，无形中彼此互动、相互影响。一个考生可以做的，首先是通过卷面给阅卷老师下意识地传达个人信息。用笔的颜色(深蓝色使人心情放松愉快)、粗细(粗线条给人以安全感)，整齐划一的格式(段首或一律顶格或一律空两格)，明了的段落感(每段空一行)，清晰的字数感(一行以十字为宜)，工整的字迹都会给任何阅读者留下深刻的正面印象，从而使考生先发制人、取得先机。

七. 结构

有始有终、首尾照应，是任何一篇好文章的基本标准之一，也是两大评分原则之一。如果说广大考生已经给第一段以足够重视的话，那么是不是大多数考生都意识到了理由段的条理和最后一段的呼应在全文中所具有的不可忽视的地位了呢?其实，要写好理由段，我们只需要注意表示启承转合的衔接词即可。而要写好结尾，最好的方法莫过于温故而知新，回顾第一段的大致内容了。

八. 表达

言之无文，行而不远。语言作为评分原则中的基本要素之一，在四六级作文评分的整个过程中具有决定性作用。有评分老师甚至断言：“It is not what you say, it is the way that you say it.”(重要的并不在于考生写了些什么，而在于考生是怎么表达的。)虽然这种说法本身似乎有失偏颇，可是参加过国际标准化英语考试的同学应该也听说过那么一句话，叫做：“Give the monkey exactly what he wants.”(给阅卷老师最想要的。)，不是吗?譬如同样是描述数据，一些同学拘泥于图表本身，动辄按部就班地引用图表上现成的数字和年代，其实这都是图表作文的忌讳。聪明的同学引而不用，他们常喜欢用倍数、分数、小数、百分比、或者一些动词(double / triple / quadruple)来表现极端数据，动态数据以及他们的相异之处。

九. 检查

行百里者半九十。一篇成功的作文少不了反复推敲、一再修改。然而，由于考试时间和条件等诸多因素的限制，考生绝对需要慎重对待作文的检查和修改。这里，我不得不提考生检查作文时的三大“通病”，即，数字数、孤芳自赏、和做结构与内容上的修改。我们必须明确：考试作文的润色和修改只需要达到三个目的即可：1. 拼写正确，看文章中是否有汉字、多余符号、糊乱涂改、划线、和错别字;2. 搭配正确;和3. 语法正确，特别是人称、时态、和单复数的三一致。

鲁迅先生说过，世界上本没有路，走的人多了也就成了路。我们要善于在学习实践中发现、总结和运用规律，这样才能够在复习迎考的过程中事半功倍，百尺竿头、更进一步。路漫漫其修远兮，愿以此文抛砖引玉。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

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要点+结构+逻辑+语法+亮点

要点：

实际上中考英语写作就等于两个字，翻译!因为中考英语写作一般会给出几个要点，要求必须在文章中有所体现。文章写的再好，只要缺少要点就会扣分。所以要点，也就是文章的第二段内容，要做到全，围绕中心。

结构：

中考最流行的结构就是三段式，深受各地区中考英语写作阅卷老师的喜爱。为什么尼?因为这种结构十分清晰。“观点——要点——总结”让人一目了然。三段式的第一段：简单明了，开门见山，不超过2句话，如，我们想表达小强很强壮，第一段直接说XQis extremely strong。观点明确，这一句足矣。2014年中考英语写作技巧

第二段：分2-3点说为什么他强壮。1. 每天吃10顿饭，He has ten mealseveryday!详举吃的是什么。2. 每天运动2小时，He does exercise 2 hours a day!详举做了什么运动。

第三段：经过第二段的论证，可以得出结论。但请注意，不能完全照抄第一段，要有升华。也可以提出希望和建议等。如，Howstrong and robust XQ is!I hope to be him one day!

逻辑：

这里的逻辑实际指的就是逻辑词。最常用的就是表示递进的，转折的，总结的逻辑词等。递进：除了first，second，third，finally等还可以使用高级点的，如first of all(首先)，in addition，whatsmore，moreover(都是另外的意思)，in a word，all inall(表示总结的)。转折：but，yet，however等。真正有经验的阅卷老师会很注意这些逻辑连接词，因为这些词体现了这个文章的思路。

语法：

其他几点都不是硬性的要求，不那样做不能说是错，只能说是不好，但是语法却是硬性的。如，单词的使用，时态等。

亮点：

当我们将前八个字都做得很完美的时候也只能得到一个二等文的上。要想得到一等文，最后两个字，亮点至关重要。大家设想如果我们是阅卷老师。有两篇写人美丽的作文摆在我们面前，都是结构清晰的三段式，要点都很全，都用了一些逻辑词，都没有语法错误，但是A篇只用了beautiful，good-looking，B篇却用到了attractive，charming，catching等，我坚信正常人都会给B篇高分的。这些高级一点的词汇，词组，句型便是我们得到一等文的最有力的绝招。所以，以后写英语作文要养成一般词汇限量用的好习惯。

英语作文依靠的是同学们的语感和平时的积累，但是在面临中考的紧要关头，要想在短时间内提高英语写作水平不是一件容易的事情，这就需要同学们掌握中考英语作文写作技巧。

欣赏的名人名言

1。君子莫大乎与人为善。——《孟子》

2。人有拂郁，先用一忍字，后用一忘字，便是调和气汤。——陶觉

3。你的教鞭下有瓦特，你的冷眼里有牛顿，你的讥笑中有爱迪生。你别忙着把他们赶跑。你可不要等到坐火轮、点电灯、学微积分，才认识他们是你当年的小学生。——陶行知

4。慷慨，尤其是还有谦虚，就会使人赢得好感。——歌德

5。君子忍人所不能忍，容人所不能容，处人所不能处。——马南

6。没有经过琢磨的钻石是没有人喜欢的，这种钻石戴了也没有好处。但是一旦经过琢磨，加以镶嵌之后，他们便生出光彩来了。美德是精神上的一种宝藏，但是使他们生出光彩的则是良好的礼仪。——洛克

7。在风度上和在各种事情上一样，唯一不衰老的东西，是心地。心地善良的人单纯朴实。——巴尔扎克

8。一个人要帮助弱者，应当自己成为强者，而不是和他们一样变成弱者。对于他们已经做了坏事，不防宽大为怀，如果你愿意。对于他们将做未做的坏事可决不能放松。

——罗曼?罗兰

9。谦逊是美德的色彩。——提奥格尼斯

10。要在座的人都停止了说话的时候，有了机会，方才可以谦逊地把问题提出，向人学习。——约翰?洛克

11。我所遇见的每一个人，或多或少都是我的老师，因为我从他们身上学到了东西。

——爱默生

12。三人行必有我师焉;择其善者而从之，其不善者而改之。——孔子

13。良药苦于口而利于病，忠言逆于耳而利于行。——《孔子家语》

14。己所不欲，勿施于人。——《论语》

15。我们不要把眼睛生在头顶上，致使用了自己的脚踏坏了我们想得之于天上的东西。

——冯雪峰

16。君子成人之美，不成人之恶。小人反是。——《论语》

17。不要对一切人都以不信任的眼光看待，但要谨慎而坚定。——德谟克里特

英文日记和汉语日记一样，是用来记叙一天中所发生的有意义的事情或对将来的打算等。以下是小编整理的英语日记写作的格式，欢迎阅读！

日记可分为记事、议论、描写及抒情等。记事型是用英语记述当天自己生活学习中发生的事情。议论型是对生活中的某一事情或情况现象谈自己的看法，发表议论。描写型或抒情型，则是对某人物事物的特征做细致的描述，或针对某事物抒发自己的感情。

1、格式：

一般是在左上角记上当天日期，星期，时间的排列法与书信一致，星期写在日期之后；右上角写上当天的天气情况，表示天气情况的词一般是形容词，如：fine（晴朗的），cold（寒冷的），snowy（下雪），sunny（阳光充足的），rainy（下雨的），cloudy（阴天的）等。日记的小标题写在下一行，也可省略不写。

2、时态：

写日记的时间一般是在下午、晚上，有时也可以在第二天补写，因此，日记中所记述的事情通常发生在过去，常用一般过去时；但当记述天气、描写景色或展望未来时，可以用一般现在时或一般将来时。

写法大致和写汉语日记相同，都是在正文之前有日期、星期几及当天的天气情况。注意内容表达要清楚连贯、准确。

扩展阅读：

日期格式用月日年（美式）或日月年（英式）都可以

1. 年、月、日都写时，通常以月、日、年为顺序，月份可以缩写，日和年用逗号隔开，例如：december 18, xx或者dec. 18, xx。

2. 如果要写星期，星期要紧挨日期，它既可以放在日期前面，也可以放在日期后面，星期也可以省略不写。星期和日期之间不用标点，但要空一格，星期也可缩写，例如：thursday dec. 18, xx或dec.18，xx thursday

3. 天气情况必不可少，天气一般用一个形容词如:sunny, fine, rainy, snowy等表示。天气通常位于日记的右上角。

开头部分:

How nice to hear from you again. Let me tell you something about the activity. I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th. I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit. I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.

结尾部分：

With best wishes. I’m looking forward to your reply. I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.

在外语四项技能中，写作对学生的要求是最高的，它要求学生具有以外语思维方式谴词造句，熟练掌握拼写、标点等写作的基本知识的能力。小编收集了提高英语写作水平的方法，欢迎阅读。

英语教学的目的在于发展学生的英语语言技能，培养学生良好的英语交际能力。《英语新课程标准》中语言技能包括听、说、读、写四项基本技能及这四种技能的综合运用能力，四者之间密切联系，相互渗透，互为基础。听、读是领会和理解别人表达的意思;说和写是用言语表达思想。写的能力要在听、说、读的基础上进行培养和提高，而写的训练又能进一步提高听、说、读的能力。

在外语四项技能中，写作对学生的要求是最高的，它要求学生具有以外语思维方式谴词造句，熟练掌握拼写、标点等写作的基本知识的能力。还需要学生有创造性、有合乎逻辑的表达思想的能力。目前的小学英语教学中，极其重视“听、说、读”的能力训练， “写”的教学基本一直停留在“抄写”阶段，没有开始真正意义上的写作教学。

一.写作准备阶段

(一)消除恐惧心理

自英语普及后，根据社会要求，杜绝“哑巴英语”，大多数的学校都从一年级就开设英语课程，到了四年级，学生的口头表达能力都很好，笔头方面就相对弱了。进行英语写作，他们就会觉得不自信，觉得自己水平达不到，能力也够不上。针对这点，就得需要教师在教学中，根据学生的实际能力安排教学。学生是教学的主体，要想教学有效果，就必须发挥学生的主动性。学生怕写作，一方面是觉得自己的所积累的词汇量和句子不够多，教师在教学中注重适量的拓展和培养积累单词，词组的好习惯，对句子进行举一反三的说。另一方面学生怕在写作中犯错，怕会因为一些小错误就受到老师的批评，就这方面，教师在指导时应多给予鼓励，只有让他们认识到了错误，改正了，才会减少错误，在鼓励中增强学生的自信心，从而消除他们对写作的恐惧感。

(二)创设写作环境

环境是非常重要的因素，人的成长需要好的环境，写作当然也要求有个好的环境。况且，写作是个复杂的思维过程，环境在此更显其重要性。在教学中，教师可以精心为学生创设一个积极、合作和富有鼓励性的环境，使他们乐于写作，充分发挥自己的思维能力。比如，在中年级的英语教学中可以安排学生对练习册上的短小语段摘抄下来，读读背背，培养语感;在高年级的英语教学中，可以安排写英语日记，一组的学生的共用一本日记本，每天由一位同学带回家写英语日记，内容及多少都不限制。老师每次都得对日记进行认真批改和给予鼓励性的评价。学生可以传阅，在其中他们能分享成功的喜悦，也扩大阅读量。

(三)传授基本知识

写作就像盖房子一样，有了材料，要把这材料以一定的形式堆放在一起才能形成房屋，这都需要老师的指导。英语写作技能的难度较大，学生也不能很快接受，提高英语写作质量也不容易，教师在进行英语写作教学时，要特别注意教学目标与学生特点，采用适当的教学方法，传授基本的写作知识。

1.科学指导学生对单词的识记，提高单词拼写的正确率，减少不必要的拼写错误。教师可以引导学生在阅读过程中和其他课内外学习中养成记单词的好习惯，同时也要鼓励学生注重词组及常用句型的积累，同时也要给与适合的场合让他们输出。

2.语法是英语学习中非常烦琐，枯燥的一项，小学生很难接受，但在教学中适当得进行句法结构操练还是必要的。让学生自然地接受语言结构，以便他们在写作时能正确地表情达意。

3.汉英表达存在着差异，如Ilikeit,too.中文的正确表达是：我也喜欢它。不会说成：我喜欢他，也。这就是中文和英文在词序上的不同，也是一种习惯表达的不同。没有特定的规律，这就需要学生多阅读，培养好的语感。

4.标点符号虽是小问题但不可忽视，教师应对此进行讲解，把两种语言中的标点符号的用法不同进行比较，阐明正确使用标点符号对正确表达思想十分重要。如，在表示一个人说话，汉语中用冒号和双引号，在英语中是没有冒号的，要表示一个人说话，得用逗号和双引号。

二.写作训练阶段

写作包括能用所学词汇、语法和句型造简单的句子、回答问题、改写课文、看图写话、依照学过的题材写小短文。这些需要循序渐进，要从最简单的语言和言语练习开始，从基本要求做起，由易到难，逐步提高要求，每一步都要有具体要求，切实可行。

(一)句的训练

词连成句，造句是英语写作教学的主要练习形式之一。可以先由教师提供词素，让学生学会连句，熟悉句子结构，为以后造句打下基础。教师也可以在教授一种句型结构时让学生改句子。而后，让学生自己造句，教师常常可以为学生造句提供一个结合实际生活的情景，这样可以避免注重语言形式，忽视内容，脱离一定的情景与主题。

句型转换也是训练形式之一，让学生在不改变语言意义的前提下进行句型转换练习，理解表达同一个意思可以采用不同的句型，这样可以避免写作时句型的单调与重复。

(二)段的训练

句连成段，可以进行看图写作，教师出示一幅图，让学生对其进行描述写成小段。看图写作有其长处，可以在写作过程中可以增加图片与英语思维、表达的直接联系、培养想象力、减少对中文的依赖。为了使学生更多地参与写作教学，激发他们对写作的兴趣，看图写作的图画老师可以让学生自己根据喜好，选择适合他们水平的图画或照片，带到课堂上使用。图画生动多样，大大激发了他们的写作兴趣，可以选一部分优秀的进行展示，评价，相互学习，这样能提高学生的整体水平。

(三)短文的训练

提供学生一些生活化的话题，选择的话题材料要接近学生的现实生活和学习。比如学生可以写自我介绍，写最喜欢的动物，学生会很活跃地思考，用最简单的句子表达他们的意思，表达他们的感情。

同时，也可以是对书本内容进行的扩充，如《牛津小学英语5B》，Unit4中出现了writeane-mail，在这里可以补充教授书信的格式，通过网络让学生学会用电子邮件发信，教师可以让学生结合自己的实际，与自己的朋友写e-mail,但要做到有信必回，这样才是有效的训练。如6B讲到seasons时可以给他们一个topic：Whichseasondoyoulikebest?Why?这样的话题是他们自己切身感受，学生们可以畅所欲言。

(四)阅读的训练

俗话说：读书破万卷，下笔如有神。阅读是写作的基础，大量的，广泛的阅读，能加强学生理解和吸收书面信息的能力，有助于巩固和扩大词汇量，增强语感丰富学生的语言知识。教师可以指导学生读一些相同水平的文章、故事，记忆背诵一些典型的范文也是可以的。让学生在大量的阅读中积累词汇、句子，形成良好的语感，为学生更好的写作打下坚实的基础。

三.如何评价写作内容

学生的作文要及时地批改，对学生在写作中出现的错误，可以用一些柔和的方式指出，并给予他们指导，告诉他们怎么错了，订正在边上(订正在原位会使他们忽略他们的错误)，知道正确答案，再加以鼓励。这样，他们会慢慢积累知识。即使有学生的错误很多，也不要说“写得不行，不好”之类的话，打击他们的积极性，可以给予他们一些建议，给予他们多些指导这样会更好。

对于写的好的，可以当场给予表扬和鼓励，把好的文章读给大家听或者展贴出来，其余学生可以一起分享。俗话说“乐此不疲”，要学好一种东西，兴趣是至关重要的。它是获得知识进行创造性创作的一种自觉动机，是鼓舞和推动学生创作的内在动力，也是提高写作水平的重要途径。因此，在写作教学中要鼓励学生创作，培养他们创作的兴趣，好的作品可以将它们推荐到小学生学习报刊、杂志。这样，学生的积极性就调动了，他们也觉得有成就感，也更乐于写作了。

写作在英语教学中是不可忽略的一项，也是学生最难接受的。“宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来。”“滴水穿石非一日之功，冰冻三尺非一日之寒。”教师合理教学，学生长期持之以恒，做生活的有心人，做勤劳的小蜜蜂，多思考，多练笔，一定能对写作产生浓厚兴趣，提高英语写作能力。为今后的英语学习打下结实的基矗

在我们当前的小学英语教学中，教师往往只组织大量的听、说、读的活动，而忽视对写的有效训练;就是在训练“写”，也只是写写单词、写写句型和课文，并没有深入到培养学生“写”的综合技能。部分教师甚至还存在着一些错误的认识，认为写作教学和训练过于费时，影响教学进度;写作作业难批改;写作教学枯燥，易降低课堂的活力;英文写作对小学生而言太难了等等。但是，儿童语言能力的发展是综合的，听、说、读、写各项能力之间互相制约，互相促进，任何一项能力的滞后都会影响到其他能力的发展。我们应该更新教学观念，设计一些符合学生认知规律、实效性较高的写作活动，促进学生英语技能的全面发展。下面是我对小学英语写作教学一些浅显的看法。

一、 由易到难，培养学生的写作兴趣

对于小学生来说创造性地运用语言确实有一定的难度，所以在写作教学中，教师应针对儿童的年龄特点和语言水平，设计难易适中且充满童趣的写作任务。俗话说得好，兴趣是最好的老师。要培养学生对英语写作的兴趣，首先就要有对英语学习的兴趣。而且要将低、中年级学生的直接兴趣慢慢培养成高年级学生的间接兴趣。尤其是对于低年级的学生词汇量有限，教师更要根据教材的主题或语言内容设计学生易完成的写作任务。如对于中年级的学生，教师可能将阅读材料中的一些关键词或词组挖空，让学生联系上下文猜词填空。如通过填词练习让学生描述动物：

My pet

I have a _______. It is _______ and ________. It has got _____. It has got _______ and ________. It can ________. It can _______, too. It eats _______. My parents like _______ very much. We are ______ friends.

这种填词的练习，既能训练学生的阅读能力，又能培养学生初步的语篇意识，并为高年级的写作打下了基础。循序渐进的学习，既能让学生体验成功，也能让学生建立写作的信心和兴趣。

二、抓好课本教学，夯实英语基础

要想写好一遍好的英语作文，离不开单词的积累。单词是一篇作文最基础的部分，过分强调它是不妥，但却也不能忽略。强大的单词积累是写好一篇作文的后盾。所以，不管在课堂上，还是在课后，都要强调学生掌握好单词的拼写和单词的运用，夯实英语写作的基础。

在小学，学生的主要学习时间是课堂学习时间。学生的主要知识来源于课本，课本是学生学习的根本。课本给学生提供基本的句型,语法知识，词汇等。所以，对于课本中的内容，可适当要求学生背诵，小学生善于模仿，通过背诵课文，一些句子就会在学生心中生根发芽，学生就会有意无意地模仿这样的句子进行写作。课文中的句子一般来说是很规范的，学生的写作也会较规范。记忆中的课文也是学生写作时句子处理的依据。凭语感和课文结构，利用个人的智慧和对作文题目及要求的理解，学生会写出语法正确，句意通顺，结构严谨规范的作文。

三、 广泛阅读，拓展知识面

古人云“读书破万卷，下笔如有神” ， 阅读是写作的基础，大量的、广泛的阅读，才能加强学生理解和吸收书面信息的能力，有助于巩固和扩大学生词汇量，增强语感，丰富学生的语言知识，了解英语国家的文化背景。实践证明，学生平时课外阅读面越宽，语言实践量越大，运用英语表达自己的能力就越强。通过日积月累的积累，学生在自然的习得中学得大量了的英语单词、句子，形成较好的语感。为学生更好地写作打下了坚实的基础。但在选择课外阅读材料时，还要注意：文章太易，不利于知识的提高，文章太难会挫伤学生阅读英语的积极性。这就需要教师做好充分的阅读准备，选择好难易适中的文章

广泛的英语阅读还可以让学生尽可能地了解英汉差异。许多学生写英文短文，都习惯用汉语去思考。写出来的句子，读起来很拗口，句意生硬，令人费解。甚至有的学生将汉语句子逐一对照译成英语单词，拼凑成句子。如：上个星期天，我爸爸坐船去了上海。译文成了：Last Sunday ,I father sit ship go to Shanghai. 令人啼笑皆非。究其原因是学生不明白英汉两种语言表达上的差异。如，汉语中没有时态和语态的复杂变化，只借助于助词“着，了，过”。而英语则有复杂的时态和语态变化以及动词短语，介词短语等一些固定搭配，动词与其主语的一致，称谓的一致等等。让学生进行广泛的英语阅读可以降低这样尴尬的机率，在不断的阅读中拓展知识面。这样才能在实际运用中应用地恰到好处，英语写作才能更规范，更标准，更符合英美人的表达习惯。

四、培养学生的写作热情

众所周知，写作和口语都是语言输出的重要方面。写作是人们学习、运用英语的综合技能的表现，教授学生英语写作能够检验和巩固学生综合的语言知识，在写作过程中，学生有一定的时间去思考、组织、修改、判断，有利于培养和提高学生的语言综合能力;能让学生去辨别口语语体和书面语体的异同，尤其是不同的句型、表达方式和选词造句;能增强学生的自信心，哪怕正确地写出一句、两句话或一小段，一旦受到鼓励，学生都会欣喜若狂，学习英语的兴趣会更加强烈;有利于培养学生直接用英语思维的习惯，尤其是限时写作，学生必须在规定的时间内完成规定的内容，他们就不可能先用母语思考，再译成英语，而是直接用英语来思考;写作可给予学生发挥自己的想象力和创造力，作为老师应仔细观察并珍惜学生的每一次创举，并能及时地对该同学给予肯定和高度赞扬，鼓励他大胆地、尽情地去想象，那么学习英语就没那么枯燥了，写作的热情也会日渐高涨了。

积极带领学生参加教育在线，让他们把自己的作品放在网络上，一方面向别人学习的同时也可以感受到众人欣赏自己作品的那种欣喜;选择优秀的学生作品进行投稿，如《双语阅读》和《小学生英语报》等这些学生常见的刊物，对作品发表的同学进行奖励，这样更能够激发他们的写作欲望。

五、由浅入深，开展扎实的写作训练

写作和任何形式的知识一样都是可以通过训练加以提高的。基础知识和能力并重，听、说、读和写并举。在平时的教学中可应充分利用一切可以利用的机会启发、引导学生提高自己的写作水平。如遇到优秀的句、段或篇提示学生注意欣赏作者的表达法，把它们作为范例，在自己写作中加以模仿和运用。又如遇到英汉表达方法不同之处，提示学生注意英语的正确表达法，切忌出现汉语式的英语。要帮助学生养成正确运用标点符号的好习惯，切忌一点到底的错误方法。

1、坚持循序渐进的训练原则。

用学过的词、短语或句式，模仿课文中的表达法造句。换课文中的人物、时态、语态或体裁等改写课文。将打乱顺序的句子按事件发展的时间顺序或逻辑关系等整理成一篇完整的短文。总而言之，写作要先易后难，先短后长，先写好正确的句子逐步过渡到围绕一个人、一件事、一个观点去写有中心的文章，由不限定时间到限定时间，由限定字数少到多，由一句话日记到一段话日记，由看图作文到命题作文，经过日记，看图写作的训练，学生在写作能力上有了一定的提高，英语表达能力也有很大的进步。这时，可根据学生的教材，就每个单元不同的学习内容提供一个命题作文给学生练笔。这些题目紧扣他们学习的内容，书本上的内容给他们写作提供了模仿的对象，而且跟他们的生活也息息相关。

2、分层要求，注意讲评，鼓励优秀，耐心帮助差生。

对学生的要求不能一刀切，对学习好的要求要高，对学习差的要求要适当低一些。充分利用板报、专栏进行优秀作文展览，经常帮助差生树立信心，掌握写作方法和技巧。英语作文讲评过程中要经常指出优点，以利模仿，指出缺点，警示避免。在训练写作时，要少给学生完整的范文。因为如果经常给学生范文，很容易让学生产生依赖性，不愿意自己动手去写。而是等着老师念范文，自己去背。长此以往学生肯定会背烦的，背烦了就更不愿去写了。会造成一个恶性循环。不利于提高学生的写作水平，更不用说培养语言能力了。

3、小组合作，共同提高

对于一些难度较大、范围较广的写作内容，可以通过开展合作写作来完成。在合作写作的过程中，他们有机会互相交流，集思广益，取人之长，补已之短;他们可能学习写作，指导写作，分享作品。例如：在六年级教学My favourite festivals 这一主题时，让学生以小组形式搜集各节日的有关资料，然后集体讨论，一人执笔写作，最后交流。在合作中写作，既给学生留有独立思考的空间，又可促进他们互相帮助与学习。

4、适当指导

学生动笔写作前，教师要给予必要的指导，不是给个题目或者一幅图，就要求学生动笔写。为了使他们少犯错误。教师还要经常性地列举错误的表达法，提醒学生注意避免。在批阅作文时教师要随时标出学生错误之处，并要随时记录学生所犯错误，把学生的错误加以归类总结，把普遍性的错误提出来，让学生集体改错，使他们的语言表达尽可能的正确规范。

六、鼓励学生资源共享，共同进步

在平时的教学中，我鼓励学生大胆地阅读课外英语资料，鼓励学生搜索网上的英语资料，学生的作品通过不同的方式与读者交流，读者包括教师、同学和家长。让学生各自交流作品的方式有朗诵、出墙报、制作英语小卡片，制作手抄报，写好读书笔记等，将全班学生的手抄报装订成册，搜集全班学生的各种作品，本班学生的作品互相交流，同年级不同班的学生作品也互相交流阅读，集中群体的智慧，内容丰富多彩，五花八门，既适合他们的年龄特征又能供学生课余阅读，拓展视野，达到交流学习的目的，我还设想将学生的电子手抄报发送到我校校园网，以供更多的学生欣赏。除此之外，在评价学生的写作作品时，做到有的放矢，灵活有序，实施本人评价、小组评价，家长评价和老师评价，对学生的进步及时充分的肯定。

总之，英语写作需要平时一点一滴的积累，每一步都不能少，持之以恒的训练。作为英语教师，需要不断的探索和总结。

导语： 秋也许就藏在金灿灿的稻穗上，也许藏在火通通的柿子里，也许藏在绿油油的菜地间。秋，收获的季节，金黄的季节——同春一样可爱，同夏一样热情，冬一样迷人。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢! ​

1. 啊，秋雨把梧桐树的衣裳打黄啦，给秋天添上了一身神秘的彩装。

2. 秋天到了，天空一碧如洗，好像用清水洗过的蓝宝石一样。

3. 秋天的天空里，团团白云像弹好的羊毛，慢慢地飘浮着。

4. 秋天的田野，一片金黄，好像给大地铺上了一层金黄色的地毯。

5. 上坡上，一穗穗的高粱高傲地矗立着。秋风吹来，它们像一把把胜利的火把，高兴地晃动着。

6. 深秋时节，枝头黄叶被一夜秋风吹尽，遍地都是，好像铺了一条黄色的地毯。

7. 十月的秋风拂着大地，辽阔的田野一片金黄。

8. 秋天的湖面波光粼粼，一阵微风拂过，湖畔长长的柳条飘洒在湖面上，溅起点点水花，火泛起层层波纹。

9. 秋，来到果园，打开她的化妆盒，把苹果擦得透红，把橘子抹得金黄，把葡萄涂得紫盈盈的。

10. 千树万树的红叶，愈到深秋，愈加红艳;远远看去，就像火焰在滚动。

11. 秋的天空里，团团白云像弹好的羊毛，慢慢地飘浮着。

12. 秋光绚丽，金风送爽，如海的高粱举起火把，无边的大豆摇响铜铃。

13. 秋高气爽，蓝蓝的天像擦拭得一尘不染的玻璃，绵绵的云朵雪白雪白，如奶汁一般。

14. 秋后的后半夜.月亮下去了，太阳还没有出，只剩下一片乌蓝的天;除了夜游的东西，什么都睡着。

15. 不知道从多久起，仿佛一场紧张的拼搏终于渐渐地透出了分晓，田野从它宽阔的胸膛里透过来一缕悠悠的气息，斜坡上和坝子上有如水一般的清明在散开，四下里的树木和庄稼也开始在微风里摇曳，树叶变得从容而宽余。露水回来了，在清晨和傍晚润湿了田埂，悄悄地挂上田间。露岚也来到了坝子上，静静地浮着，不再回到山谷里去。阳光虽然依旧明亮，却不再痛炙人的脊梁，变得宽怀、清澄，仿佛它终于乏力了，不能蒸融田野了，也就和田野和解了似的;……秋天来了!

16. 当峭厉的西风把天空刷得愈加高远的时候;当陌上呼头的孩子望断了最后一只南飞雁的时候;当辽阔的大野无边的青草被摇曳得株株枯黄的时候—一当在这个时候，便是秋了，便是树木落叶的季节了。

17. 多明媚的秋天哪，这里，再也不是焦土和灰烬，这是千万座山风都披着红毯的旺盛的国土。那满身嵌着弹皮的红松，仍然活着，傲立在高高的山岩上，山谷中汽笛欢腾，白望在稻田里缓缓飞翔。

18. 风，轻轻地、温和地吹着，是美丽的灰姑娘姗姗而来;树木开始脱下她绿色的夏装，换上了金色的秋装。

19. 红艳艳的大苹果撩开绿叶往外瞧;金灿灿的柿子像正月十五的灯笼压弯了枝头;小红灯似的枣子在枝头上一闪一闪的;像玛瑙的葡萄一串串的挂在葡萄架上荡秋千;有的荔枝太胖了，把衣服撑破了，露出白白的肚皮，玉米特意换了一件金色的新衣，咧开嘴笑了，露出满口金黄的牙齿;大豆也许太兴奋了，有的竟笑破了肚皮;西红柿为了让自己更漂亮，便把口红涂在了脸上……

20. 金黄的稻谷在微风里，一边跳舞，一边唱着秋天的歌。

21. 金秋季节，满山遍野的枫林红了，好像一片火海。

22. 九月一到，就有了秋意，秋意在一个多雾的黎明溜来，到了炎热的下午便不见踪影。它踮起脚尖掠过树顶，染红几片叶子，然后乘着一簇飞掠过山谷离开。

23. 看，那菊花，它们开得多么热烈!多么旺盛!黄的、红的、白的、紫的……一朵朵，一簇簇，迎着秋风，披着寒霜，争妍斗艳，喷芳吐香，开得到处都是，简直成了一个锦簇的世界。

24. 梨子树上挂满了一个个黄澄澄的梨子，就像一个个可爱的小葫芦。走近一看，梨子脸上还长着许多小雀斑呢!梨子很多，把树枝越压越弯，越压越弯，有的梨子干脆一屁股坐在地上。

25. 那些“红国光”、“黄元帅”挤挤压压地挂在树上，躲在树叶后，露出一张张可爱的胖脸儿，笑迎着秋姑娘的到来。

26. 扑入车窗的景色，使我生发了一种似曾相识的感触。那碧天的云，蛮荒的山，被秋霜洗黄的野草，俨然像一位饰着金色丽纱的处女，裸露着奶黄色的胴体，在萧瑟的秋风中婆娑起舞，展现着消魂的倩姿。伫立在山颠的秋阳，宛如一尊威武的战神，抖落血染的战袍，溅在草丛中，渗入山下的小溪，泛着数不清的涟漪，呜咽地向外流淌，从古流到今，从辽远的过去流向那茫茫的未来。

27. 清晨，晶莹的露珠便会和草叶做游戏，滚来滚去的。用手接一滴，一不小心，露珠便会滚落到地上，一下子不见了，仿佛也和我在玩游戏呢!

28. 秋，不是常说是金色的吗?的确，她给大自然带来了丰硕的果实，给包括人在内的众多生物赏赐了无数得以延续生命的食粮。“自古逢秋悲寂寥”，这是常人的看法。在许多的文字里，我们不难寻觅到描写秋天肃杀的段落。我们一直喜欢生活在生命的律动的氛围里，而缺乏对秋天全面而真实的理解与歌颂。五谷丰登、一派丰收的风景，是秋天的极致;满目萧索、一派肃杀的暮秋时节，也是秋天的韵味。那三分鹅黄、七分橘绿的落叶，曾几何时默默地陪衬姹紫嫣红的鲜花，默默地托举出如锦似橙的果实。春华秋实摘尽之后，也并不是生命的终止，而是为了迎接来年的灿烂与辉煌，需让生命的指针暂时沉寂，使叶片呈古色苍茏之概，不单以葱翠争荣，再看那一树霜红，燃烧着的又何尝不是一种情愫一种精神;那遍地落荫，显现的又何尝不是一种豁达，一种坚韧，一种旺盛而又无所畏惧的人生呢?

29. 秋姑娘在苹果树上荡秋千，她像对苹果树施了魔法，把苹果变得又大又红，远远望去，就像片片玉树林挂满了红彤彤的宝石，真惹人喜爱。

30. 秋末的黄昏来得总是很快，还没等山野上被日光蒸发起的水气消散.太阳就落进了西山。于是，山谷中的岚风带着浓重的凉意，驱赶着白色的雾气，向山下游荡;而山峰的阴影，更快地倒压在村庄上，阴影越来越浓，渐渐和夜色混为一体，但不久，又被月亮烛成银灰色了。

31. 秋收时节，天特别高，特别蓝，云朵格外白柔娴静，阳光格外明媚和煦，风也显得格外轻漫清香。

32. 秋天，大部分树叶都渐渐变黄了，有的已经枯落下来了，唯有枫叶红了下来，火红火红的，为秋天增添了一道亮丽的风景线，真是“霜叶红于二月花”啊!

33. 秋天，大部分树叶都渐渐地变黄了，有的已经枯落下来了，唯有枫叶红了起来，火红火红的，为了秋天增添了一道亮丽的风景线，真是“霜叶红于二月花”啊!

34. 秋天，美丽的季节，收获的季节，金黄的季节，同百花盛开的春天一样令人向往，同骄阳似火的夏天一样热情，同白雪飘飘的冬天一样迷人。

35. 秋天，那永远是蓝湛湛的天空，会突然翻脸而露出险恶的颜色，热带台风夹着密云暴雨，洪水潜流着，复苏的草原又泛起点点苍苍的颜色。然而，台风暴雨一闪而过，强烈的气流依然抖动着耀眼的波光。这时，只有北来的候鸟知道这张温暖的床眠，那飞翔的天鹅、鸿雁和野鸭，就像一片阴深的云朵，使这儿显得更苍郁了。

36. 秋天，杨树叶子黄了，挂在树上，好像一朵朵黄色的小花;飘落在空中，像一只只黄色的蝴蝶;落在树旁的小河里，仿佛是金色的小船。

37. 秋天带着落叶的声音来了，早晨像露珠一样新鲜。天空发出柔和的光辉，澄清又缥缈，使人想听见一阵高飞的云雀的歌唱，正如望着碧海想着见一片白帆。夕阳是时间的翅膀，当它飞遁时有一刹那极其绚烂的展开。于是薄暮。

38. 秋天到了，金风送爽，河里的鱼虾肥了;果园里果实累累，到处是一派丰收的景象。

39. 秋天到了，菊花开了。有红的，有黄的，有紫的，还有白的，美丽极了!秋天到了，果子熟了。黄澄澄的是梨，红通通的是萍果，亮晶晶的是葡萄。一阵凉风吹来，果儿点头，散发出诱人的香味儿。

40. 秋天的来临，也让小草换上了黄色的衣裳。这时的小草虽然已不像春天的那个嫩娃娃了，也不像夏天那个穿着绿色衣服的小伙子，但小草依然挺立着，风儿轻轻一吹，它们便把身体扭向一边，以优美的舞姿博得人们的赞赏。

41. 秋天来临了，天空像一块覆盖大地的蓝宝石。村外那个小池塘睁着碧澄澄的眼睛，凝望着这没好的天色。一对小白鹅侧着脑袋欣赏着自己映在水里的影子。山谷里枫树的叶子，不知是否喝了过量的酒，红得像一团火似的。

42. 秋天是庄稼成熟的季节，也是农民伯伯最喜爱的季节。高粱涨红了脸，苞米咧开了嘴，黄澄澄的玉米粒，像一颗颗金豆子，谷子笑弯了要，正向我们鞠躬，大豆被风吹得了乐出了声……秋天真好，我喜爱秋天。

43. 秋也许就藏在金灿灿的稻穗上，也许藏在火通通的柿子里，也许藏在绿油油的菜地间。秋，收获的季节，金黄的季节——同春一样可爱，同夏一样热情，冬一样迷人。

44. 秋雨打着她们的脸。一堆堆深灰色的迷云，低低地压着大地。已经是深秋了，森林里那一望无际的林木都已光秃，老树阴郁地站着，让褐色的苔掩住它身上的皱纹。无情的秋天剥下了它们美丽的衣裳，它们只好枯秃地站在那里。

45. 秋雨像淘气的小孩从瓦片上滑下来。

46. 人生如秋。历经春的耕耘，夏的生长，已积淀了几许悲欢离合酸甜苦辣。朝看水东流，暮看日西坠。百年明日有几何?青春岁月已随流水逐日逝去，但未来的路依然漫长。错过了就不应再失去，重要的是把握机遇蓄势而待。前面的路走得不错，后面的，自信也不会坏到哪里去，你又何必悲观失望呢?秋日多情，将五彩一路赠与;秋风多意，将飒爽一路馈送。“晴空一鹤排云上，便引诗情到碧霄”。刘禹锡的诗句与秋风相伴，与落叶共舞，一起风景成生命的箴言。

47. 如果说，燕子是报春的天使，那么落叶就是迎秋的顽童。秋天一到，落叶就毫不犹豫地从树丫上纷纷飘下来。它们好像在对大树说：“亲爱的妈妈，我们要回到大地的怀抱中去，请允许我们随风阿姨飞吧!”树发出沙沙的声音，似乎在说：“走吧!走吧!”叶子飞过墙头，来到野外，看!大地上到处都有它们的身影。落叶，你给地面铺上了一层金地毯。

48. 首先映入我眼帘的是那一大片鲜艳的一串红，一串红的叶子并不引人注意，引人注意的是一串红的花，那鲜艳的小花，开得娇巧别致，一簇足有数十朵，长在翠绿的茎上，就像一串串用绿线连起来的红铃铛。他们一朵朵紧密排列，整齐划一，就像我们班组成的一个纪律严明紧密团结的集体。仔细观看，花儿里面还藏有像头发一样的小花。微风拂过，玲珑别致的花朵轻轻摇曳着，向你点头，好像一个个小朋友正张着笑脸朝你笑呢。

49. 虽然寒霜降临，可青松爷爷还穿着碧绿碧绿的长袍，显得更加苍翠。花园里，菊花争芳斗艳，红的如火，粉的似霞，白的像雪，美不胜收。柿子树上的叶子全都落了，可黄澄澄的柿子还挂在枝头，像一个个大大小小的橘黄灯笼，红彤彤的海棠树把树枝都压弯了。

50. 天渐渐地转凉了，一片片枯黄的叶子像一只只美丽的黄蝴蝶，纷纷离开了大树妈妈温暖的怀抱，轻轻地从树上飘落下来，飞落到草地上，小河、庄稼上，这落叶似乎是报信员，告诉大家“秋天来了，秋天来了”。小草们也脱下了绿衣裳，换上了金灿灿的秋装。