雅思写作语法错误扣分（精选19篇）

在雅思考试中，写作部分要求考生在60分钟内完成两篇作文。第一篇是小作文，要求考生描述图表反映的内容和问题，字数为150个词以上：第二篇是大作文，要求考生根据题目要求写一篇议论文，字数为250个词以上。写作单项的满分为9分，采取半分制：写作部分的总分是小作文分数的1/3加上大作文分数的2/3。由于分值权重方面的原因，很多考生都高度重视大作文，却忽视了小作文的重要性。这主要表现为两种情况：一是考生平时很少练习小作文，导致其在20分钟内无法完成小作文，从而挤占了大作文的写作时间：二是由于比较看重大作文，一部分考生在考试的时候会选择先写大作文，并因过于谨慎仔细而占用了很多时间，最终导致没有时间完成小作文。这两种情况都会导致考生的写作成绩被拖后腿。

根据写作部分的计分权重来算，对于写作分数目标是5.5分的考生，一般来说有以下两种方案可选：

方案A：小作文5分，大作文6分，写作成绩=5.5分：方案B：小作文6分，大作文5分，写作成绩=5.5分。这两个方案殊途同归，但是因为大作文比小作文难拿到高分，因而方案B比较容易实现。这就意味着，写作分数目标是5.5分的考生应重点提高小作文的写作水平。

如果不能保证文章的质量，可以从数量入手，记住我在课上讲过的托福写作黄金法则“the longer， the better”!新东方的学员中曾经有位写作30分的获得者，独立写作30分钟写了600字，拿了满分。当然他肯定有一些不足和错误，可是仍然不影响满分。可见如果不能把文章写得很漂亮，不能写出亮点，那就多写点吧，字数多也是亮点。只要大家按照我上课讲授过的方法来扩充论据，写出“长篇大论”是很容易的事。

下面雅思为大家整理了雅思写作曲线图审题步骤，供考生们参考，以下是详细内容。

雅思小作文其实是在雅思考试中，分数更好得的一项，相比较大作文那主观发挥而言，她的客观描述更能得心应手。一般学生在拿到一幅图后，都能挑出其中值得介绍的数据，但不足的是，许多同学在寻找数据的过程中全凭感觉走，没有所谓的逻辑，思路，以致于全篇下来后，考官并不能很好地看清整个图表，从而分数不高。而正如大家都知道的，小作文写的成功与否，最关键的就在于说考官在批作文时能否自己勾画出该图表。因此，本文结合自己实践雅思教学中的情况经验，就如何更好地将小作文数据寻找与逻辑性相结合和大家分享，着重理清思路。

一，先看横纵坐标：

1，横坐标中一般直观反应出来的是时间年份，因此在寻找数据之前先确定好时间是至关重要的。因为时态的确定直接从图表反应的时间上来说明。一般小作文分为2种时间信息：无具体时间有具体时间。那么如没有时间时，小作文一般采用现在时态；若有时间，则要根据实际情况走，时间为过去的或将来的来具体分析。

2，纵坐标直接反应出数据以及单位，这也是很好地体现小作文的客观性和准确性的依据。一般都知道，小作文肯定要多放些数据，但很多时候数据的单位却被大家忽略了，因此尤其要注意单位的添加，那么此个看去不起眼的步骤就必不可少了。

二，再看有几条曲线：

1，1条线：

若整个图都只有一条曲线，那么具体的分段要根据实际情况进行分段

2，2条线：

若是有2条线，则可以有多种分段构思，可以1条1段，也可以结合实际分段

3，3条及以上：

其中2条分1段或根据实际分段。一般“相似”“相交”“相反”的2条线更适合被放一起。

三，最后寻找关键数据：

1，分析总体趋势：

总体趋势即看线的一头一尾，从而推算出是“上升”“下降”“波动”“不变”或其他，另外也可根据此步骤给自己另一个分段依据，例：可以将总体上升的几条线分一段，而下降的分另一段

2，分别描述(纵比)：

在此阶段该寻找出自己这条线的重点特殊点，如：起始点，最高点，最低点，以及变化趋势

3，区别比较(横比)：

在此步骤，该对不同曲线进行区别比较，找出：交点，排序等

如此以来，按照以上几个步骤，相信在寻找数据的时候定会更加的有思路逻辑，再结合实际情况，采取一种最恰当的分段方法进行分段，结合进优美的句子，相信可以把小作文写的更好!

[雅思写作]雅思考试作文抢分秘笈

作文中常用句套：

下文中出现的 A,B, “...”(某事物), "sb"( somebody),

要在写作中要根据上下文进行适当替换.

开头：

When it comes to ..., some think ...

There is a public debate today that ...

A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?

Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.

提出观点：

Now there is a growing awareness that...

It is time we explore the truth of ...

Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.

进一步提出观点：

... but that is only part of the history.

Another equally important aspect is ...

A is but one of the many effects. Another is ...

Besides, other reasons are...

提出假想例子的方式：

Suppose that...

Just imagine what would be like if...

It is reasonable to expect...

It is not surprising that...

举普通例子：

For example(instance),...

... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)

A good case in point is...

A particular example for this is...

引用：

One of the greatest early writers said ...

"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...

"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).

"......". How often we hear such words like there.

讲故事

（先说故事主体），this story is not rare.

..., such delimma we often meet in daily life.

..., the story still has a realistic significance.

提出原因：

There are many reasons for ...

Why .... , for one thing,...

The answer to this problem involves many factors.

Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...

The first reason can be obiviously seen.

Most people would agree that...

Some people may neglect that in fact ...

Others suggest that...

Part of the explanation is ...

进行对比：

The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...

Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...

Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.

A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...

承上启下：

To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...

A study of ... will make this point clear

让步：

Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...

I do not deny that A has its own merits.

结尾：

>From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw

the conclusion that ...

In summary, it is wiser ...

In short...

在作文中引用合适的名言警句，会给你的文章增色许多。这里收集了我本人喜爱的一些名言，可能会对你有用。我们使用引用的位置可以在开头结尾或正文段落中，

常见的使用形式如下：

One of the greatest early writers said ...

"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...

"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).

"......". How often we hear such words like there.

Useful quotations

逆境

by Robert Collier

In every adversity there lies the seed of an equivalent advantage. In every defeat there is a lesson showing you how to win the victory next time.

努力与成功

by Ann Landers

Opportunities are usually disguised as hard work, so most people dont recognize them.

坚持

by Ralph Waldo Emerson

No one can cheat you out of ultimate success but yourselves.

Confucius 孔子

Our greatest glory is not in never falling...

but in rising every time we fall.

坚持

Mother Teresa

To keep a lamp burning we have to keep putting oil in it.

Henry Ford

Nothing is particularly hard if you divide it inuo small jobs.

Winston Churchill

Never, never, never, never give up.

Albert Einstein

In uhe middle of difficulty lies opportunity.

努力与成功

by Crassus

Those who aim at great deeds must suffer greatly.

Thomas Edison

There is no substitute for hard work.

Leo Tolstoi

The strongest of all warriors are these two- Time and Patience.

Thomas Jefferson

Im a great believer in luck,

and I find the harder I work...

the more I have of it.

Robert Collier

Success is the sum of small efforts, repeated day in and day out.

Ray A. Croc

Luck is a dividend of sweat. The more you sweat, the luckier you get.

实际经验与间接经验

Youll learn more about a road by traveling it...

than by consulting all the maps in the world.

动机与结果

Vince Lombardi

Winning isnt everything...

but wanting to win is.

John F. Kennedy

We choose to go!to the moon and other things , oot because they are easy, but because they are hard.

Thucydides

The strong do what they will.

The weak do what they must.

为人态度：

John Wooden

Talent is God given--Be Humble.

Fame is man given-- Be Thankful.

Conceit is self given --Be Careful.

行动：

Theodore Roosevelt

Do what you can , with what you have , with where you are.

Publilius Syrus Maxim

No one knows what he can do till he tries.

Terence

There is nothing so easy but that i

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[雅思写作]雅思考试作文抢分秘笈

t becomes difficult when you do it reluctantly.

Thomas Fuller

A wise man turns chance into good fortune.

William Hazlitt

Prosperity is a great teacher;

adversity is a greater.

William Penn

No pains, no palm;

no thorns, no throne;

no gall , no glory;

no cross, no crown.

Will Rogers

Even if youre on the right track, youll get run over... if you just sit there.

Opportunity rarely knocks on your door.

Knock rather on opportunitys door if you ardently wish to enter.

成功与失败

Vince Lombardi

Its not whether you get knocked down.

...Its whether you get up again.

Winston Churchill

An optimist sees an opportunity in every calamity;

a pessimist sees a calamity in every opportunity.

热情（年轻/年老）

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Nothing great was ever achieved without enthusiasm.

信心

James Allen

The will to do springs from the knowledge that we can do.

Samuel Johnson

Few things are impossible to diligence and skill.

Aughey

Lost time is never found again.

Voltaire

No problem can stand the assault of sustained thinking.

Napoleon

Victory belongs to the most persevering.

细心

Euipides

Leave no stone unturned.

计划与工作

Norman Vincent Peale

Plan your work for today and every day;

then work your plan.

Henry Ford

Failure is only the opportunity to more intelligently begin again.

Thomas Edison

I start where the last man left off.

理想与现实

What the mind of man can conceive and believe,

the mind of a man can achieve.

勤奋

Benjamin Franklin

Plough deep while sluggards sleep.

目标

Henry David Thoreau

In the lone run men hit only what they aim at.

幸运

Emily Dickinson

Luck is not chance...

Its toil...

Fortunes expensive smile is earned.

勤奋

Thomas Edison

Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration.

Useful Quotations

想象力

Albert Einstein

Imagination is more important than knowledge.

挑战：

Walter Begehot

The great pleasure in life is doing what people say you cannot do.

机会与准备

Abraham Lincoln

I will prepare and some day my chance will come.

信心与事实

Henry Ford

Whether you think you can or think you cant -- you are right.

English Proverb

Where theres a will theres a way.

There is no failure excepting no longer trying.

Luck is what happens when preparation meets opportunity.

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只要把先后顺序理清，用词妥当，就会觉得它本身不难。

描述流程的文章，有一定的规律性叙述要点可以参照查看自己是否写到：

1． 首先说明是做什么工作的过程，目的是什么

2． 准备工作

3． 按时间/过程先后描述

4． 结果

5． 简单总结（可有可无）

描述一个实物/器具的工作过程，文章应分以下几点：

1． 实物是什么，做什么用的

2． 基本结构

3． 工作过程

4． 简单总结

小作文的关键是审图，通过审图需要做到信息全面，并有组织性，语言准确并有多样性。

小作文——关键——审图

1. 信息全面——图表上所有的内容(单位，名称，比例尺，方位)

2. 组织——按照一定的逻辑安排信息的先后顺序(趋势相同或相反，最大最小，上升，下降，方向)

3. 词汇——上升，下降，大幅度，略微，平稳，最多，减少……

4. 语法多样——换主语

1.经济的快速发展the rapid development of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard .

3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology.

4.面临新的机遇和挑战be faced with new opportunities and challenges.

5.人们普遍认为It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention.

8.不可否认It is undeniable that…/There is no denying that …

9.热烈的讨论/争论a heated discussion/ debate

10.有争议性的问题a controversial issue

11.完全不同的观点a totally different argument

12.一些人…而另外一些人… Some people… while others…

13.就我而言/就个人而言As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用play an increasingly important role in …

18.对…必不可少be indispensable to …

19.正如谚语所说As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外…be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响exert positive/ negative effects on …

22.利远远大于弊the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.

23.导致，引起lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感/成就感sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26.竞争与合作精神sense of competition and cooperation

27.开阔眼界widen ones horizon/ broaden ones vision

28.学习知识和技能acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担financial burden / psychological burden

30.考虑到诸多因素take many factors into account/ consideration

31.从另一个角度from another perspective

32.做出共同努力make joint efforts

33.对…有益be beneficial / conducive to…

34.为社会做贡献make contributions to the society

35.打下坚实的基础lay a solid foundation for…

36.综合素质comprehensive quality

37.无可非议blameless / beyond reproach /above (或beyond) reproach

39.致力于/投身于be committed / devoted to…

40.应当承认Admittedly

雅思大作文的写作都是议论文题材的，对写作方法和技巧方面还是有很多要求的。下面雅思就为大家整理了一个雅思大作文的写作方法，是关于根据原因和结果进行推理来写作的。大家可以在备考的时候，进行适当的参考。

雅思大作文的写作，最关键之处在于论述得当。支持句应使主题句更加令人信服，令考生的想法更加鲜明的呈现在考官面前。然而，中国考生在论述时往往存在一些误区：

一味重复主题，空洞解释。

此类段落不论字数多少，都给人空虚的感觉。考生往往为了凑足篇幅而不择手段。表面看来扩展了许多，但仔细体会永远只有一个意思。不得不让考官觉得即单调又啰嗦。

论述浮于表面，不达根源。

这类考生往往缺乏刨根究底的精神，总是在主旨周围绕圈子，不达中心。这也是中国考生的通病，看似八九不离十，却总也不愿把话点破，让考官怎能不又急又气。

在所有的扩展方式之中，因果推理法是最受用也是最透彻的方法。凡事先追溯到其原由，再扩展其结果，这是将主题阐述清晰、论述有力并且具有逻辑感的最佳手段。

例如在出国留学利弊这一题目之前，若考生单纯说有可能会使青少年学坏，难免缺乏说服力，但若紧接着扩展因为孩子高中毕业后思想上还不成熟，若认识不好的朋友会难以抵抗社会上不好的诱惑，那么此论点一定会让考官眉头舒展，点头认同。由此可见，善用此推理法会让议论文如虎添翼，事半功倍。

背诵是提高写作的又一有效途径。要学好写作，首先要处理好语言输入与输出之间的关系。前者是后者的前提条件。如果头脑空空如也，就根本谈不上写出像模像样的文章。只有读过大量东西，并且有意识地将其中精彩部分储存于记忆之中，才能保证下笔流畅、文通字顺。因此，背诵对于写作极为重要。但背诵不是机械记忆，而是有选择地背诵，是有意义地记忆，因为机械背诵的结果要么是记忆很快就荡然无存、了无痕迹，要么是无法活学活用、付诸实践。背诵包括五个方面：重点词汇、常用套语、精彩句子、优秀段落、经典篇章。

语言是评判作文的一个极其重要的因素。在实际的阅卷过程中，语法错误，尤其是较为严重的错误，是阅卷人员的主要“照顾点”，有时甚至是惟一的点;当然那样处理是有道理的，大家可以设想一下，一篇语法上漏洞百出、严重影响表达的作文又会有什么样的好内容呢?如果因为语言上的错误而导致失分，那将得不偿失。因此，认清各种各样的语法错误，尽可能地避免少犯，对于提高作文分是有极大的帮助的。现将我们在阅卷过程中所发现的大量语言错误逐一归类，抽出其中的典型错误，以警示大家，供参考。

1. It seems certain that they have made a series ofexperiments.

2. It is said that bats have been using radar formillions of years.

3. To tell the truth , many mistakes we made could havebeen avoided.

4. As we know, it was not until recently that the problemwas solved.

5. It must be admitted that you havent done what youpromised to do.

6. It is a common saying that man who has a settledpurpose will surely succeed.

7. It is clear that the enemy has no desire for peace.

8. It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to worktwenty hours each day.

9. Its hard to say whether the plan is practicable.

10. There is no doubt that you will be helped by othersif you have any difficulties.

11. The oceans do not so much divide theworld as unite it.

12. There is no denying the fact that the new managementmethod has greatly increased the production.

13. There is no denying the fact that the new managementmethod has greatly increased the production.

14. Upon hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprisedthat he couldnt utter a word.

15. As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficultfor one who sets his mind to it.

16. In my opinion, this computer is different from thatone you saw.

17. It is certain that we have a long way to go.

18. All this shows that nothing can prevent us fromreaching our aims.

19. As far as we know, it took him more than a year towrite the book.

20. It has been proved that every substance, no matterwhat it is, is made up of atoms.

21. It must be pointed out that it is one of our basicState policies to control population growth while raising the quality of thepopulation.

22. It is (has been) estimated that the worldspopulation could reach 6 billion by the end of the century.

23. It must be kept in mind that there is no secret ofsuccess but hard work.

24. It can be seen from this that there is no difficultyin the world we cannot overcome.

25. As is known man is the product of labour.

26. Our goal must be attained. Our goal canunquestionably be attained.

27. Noting can prevent us from realizing the fourmodernizations.

28. Now in China, more and more families can afford tobuy high-grade goods, such as washing machines, TV sets, videocorders.

29. No matter how difficult English may be, you should doyour best to learn it.

30. It can be said that without knowledge of science andtechnology, it is impossible to build socialist modernizations.

31. It has been decided that we are going to build arailway whose base must be completed within this year.

32. It is obvious (evident) that the success of theinnovation depends on our concerted efforts.

33. To be frank, whether you like it or not, you have noother choice.

34. It is natural that one may have trouble expressingcomplicated ideas in simple English.

35. What is more important, the agreement they havenegotiated is being carried out.

36. We will be successful as long as we persevere.

37. Frankly speaking, what you call the truth may notapply to things happening here.

38. It is true that we must redouble our efforts;otherwise we cannot catch up with the developed countries.

39. I take it for granted that they will support thisidea.

40. In a certain sense, a successful scientist is aperson who is never satisfied with what he has achieved.

没有规矩，不成方圆。对于一般英语学习者而言，写出优秀的文章有赖于后天习得，但并不意味着机械背诵、生吞活剥，或者照搬照抄、人云亦云。所谓研习，需要有独立思考和个人的判断，本着他山之石，可以攻玉的精神，汲取文章的精华部分加以研究。研习主要侧重两个方面，包括文章章法和语言表达。文章章法指文章的行文思路、布局谋篇、结构安排、逻辑顺序。许多学习者面对一个话题，可能存在两种不同的困惑，一是下笔千言，但离题万里；二是思绪万千，却无从落笔。导致两种困惑的根源皆在于欠缺思考问题、组织思路的恰当方式，以至于文章不得要领、章法紊乱。这就要求我们从全篇脉络角度多研习范文，之后领悟如何以演绎法行文、怎样用归纳法谋篇以及如何围绕特定话题拓展思路等等。此外，研习还要侧重于语言表达，包括遣词造句和句子、段落之间的各种衔接手段，以期在自己日后的写作中派上用场，因为英文写作皆通一理。只有善于借鉴，勤加研究，才会借他人的优势和长处，提高自己的写作水平。

雅思写作满分准备方法1：压缩审题的时间

如果说独立写作是闭卷考试，那么你花上3～5分钟的时间去审题，去构思，是很必要的。但是，实际情况是，独立写作是开卷考试，首先题库公开，它的题型和题材都不会超出题库的范围，你总会在题库中找到类似的题目，加之机经的强大力量，使得雅思独立写作真的成了开卷考试。既然是开卷考试，大家就应该把审题的工作放到考试之前做，争取在1分钟之内完成，不要浪费时间，把时间用来打字，而不是思考上面。那些思维风暴、切题思路之类的，应该是事先已经准备过，训练过的。如果考到了你从来没接触过的题，只能说明你没有准备到位，如果你的审题时间超过了2 分钟，那么你的准备也没有到位，这就是开卷考试的备考思维，满分不是临场发挥出来的，而是准备出来的。

雅思写作满分准备方法2：栽赃法

如果不能保证文章的质量，可以从数量入手，记住我在课上讲过的托福写作黄金法则the longer， the better！的学员中曾经有位写作30分的获得者，独立写作30分钟写了600字，拿了满分。当然他肯定有一些不足和错误，可是仍然不影响满分。可见如果不能把文章写得很漂亮，不能写出亮点，那就多写点吧，字数多也是亮点。只要大家按照我上课讲授过的方法来扩充论据，写出长篇大论是很容易的事。

雅思写作满分准备方法3：提炼自己的模板

假设你的文章字数是 400字，那么你大概要写40～50个句子。把这40～50个句子，排成编号，从第1个到第40个，也就是从文章的第一句话到最后一句话，你都知道要写什么，并且知道怎么写，甚至每个句子你都掌握了2～3个漂亮的句式，这样你还担心自己拿不到高分吗?再假设，这40～50个句子，你有50%都已经是固定句式了，也就是成了自己的写作套路，那么你还愁文章写不完么?比如说，我总是喜欢在文章最后一句 话 说 ：In a word， it is rather superficial to simply say that……+观点，给个真题例子：In a word， it is rather superficial to simply say that parents are the best teachers.用一句话说，简单地认为父母是最好的老师是相当肤浅的。大家想一想，任何事情simply say都可以说是相当肤浅的。因此这句话就是一句比较万能的结束语。这句话怎么来的呢?这是官方题库里的第2篇，是我和大家在课上积累来的。只要大家一起努力，我们一定会成功提炼出自己的高分模版。

雅思写作满分准备方法4：压缩题库

题库中一共有185个题目，如果说每个题目都准备一篇范文是相当不可取的，效率太低，完全没有必要，压缩题库的方法主要有2种：A.将题库分类。每个分类写1～2篇就可以解决这个类的题目。 B.文章之间的互相转化。

[雅思写作满分作文准备方法四则

一、定语从句概念

定语从句(attributive clause)，顾名思义，就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当，所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外，定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的，故又称作关系从句。

定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例：

The woman who lives next door is a teacher.

先行词 定语从句

在所有的从句中，算定语从句最难掌握，因为汉语里没有定语从句，汉语里只有定语，而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。

二、关系代词引导的定语从句

关系代词代替前面的先行词，并且在定语从句中充当句子成分，可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有：who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示：

格

先行词 主格 宾格 所有格

人 who whom whose

物 which which whose of which

人、物 that that —

(一)关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法

who代替人，是主格，在定语从句中作主语。例如：

An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。

I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。

Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。

whom代替人，是宾格，在定语从句作宾语，在非正式英语常可省略。例如：

Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗?

This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 这是我爸爸十年前教的学生。

The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。(在非正式英语中，主格who代替了宾格whom，亦可省略)

whose一般代替人，有时亦可代替物，是所有格，在定语从句作定语。例如：

The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。

Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字，你知道吗?(关系代词whose指代先行词hotel，正式用法应该用of which。whose window=the window of which，意思 是：the window of the hotel。)

(二)关系代词which的用法

which代替物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如：

I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.

我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。(which可以换成that)

Tom works for a factory which makes watches.

汤姆在一个制表厂工作。(which可以换成that)

(三)关系代词that的用法

that既可指人又可指物，在当代英语中大多指物，在定语从句作主语或宾语，作宾语时还可省略。例如：

Is she the girl that sells newspapers?

她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗?(that可以换成who)

Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?

放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了?(that可以换成which)

Is this the book that you want to buy?

这是你要买的那本书吗? (that可以换成which，在定语从句作宾语，还可以省略)

三、关系副词引导的定语从句

常用的关系副词只有三个：when, where, why，在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀：

the time when

the place where

the reason why

(一)关系副词when的用法

关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间，when在定语从句作时间状语。例如：

In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.

北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。(when先行词是months)

Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace?

你还记得我们第一次去颐和园的那一天吗?(when先行词是day， 当代英语里when可以用that替代，这时关系代词that就变成了表示时间的关系副词)

I haven’t seen her since the year when I left Tokyo.

自从我离开东京的那一年我就一直没见到过她。(when先行词是year，同样when可以用that代替)

(二)关系副词where的用法

关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点，where在定语从句作地点状语。例如：

During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.

春节期间，我回到了生我养我的家乡。(where的先行词是town)

This is the place where Li Bai once lived.

这是李白曾经生活过的地方。(where先行词是place)

上面这个句子不可以将where改为that，因为that不能作为表示地点的关系副词。试比较下句：

This is the place that Li Bai once visited.

这是李白曾经游览过的地方。(that的先行词同样是place，但这个that是关系代词，在定语从句中作宾语，可以省略，还可以用which替换)

(三)关系副词why的用法

关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因，why在定语从句作原因状语。例如：

The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.

我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。(why先行词是reason， 当代英语里why可以用that替代，这时关系代词that就变成了表示原因的关系副词，还可以将why省略)

This is the reason why he came late to school.

这就是他为什么上学迟到的原因。(why先行词是reason，why可以用that替代，还可以省略)

注意：如果上面的句子将the reason省略，那么这个句子就变成了(This is why he came late to school. )表语从句，句子意思丝毫未变。

四、特殊关系代词as引导的定语从句

as是个比较特殊的关系代词，一是用在某些句型搭配里，二是独立于主句之外。下面分别讲解。

(一)在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中，as引导定语从句

You may take as many books as you want.

你想要拿多少书就拿多少。(第一个as是副词，修饰many的;第二个as才是关系代词，代替先行词books，在定语从句中作宾语)

I have got such a computer as yours.

我有一台你这样的电脑。(as是关系代词，代替先行词computer，在定语从句中作表语，因为yours后省略了is )

I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin.

我从未见过像桂林那样美丽的地方。(as是关系代词，代替先行词place，在定语从句中作表语，因为Guilin后省略了is )

(二)独立于主句之外，as引导定语从句

As we know,

the earth turns around the sun. 正如我们所知，地球围绕太阳旋转。

As is known to us,

(As we know和 As is known to us均为定语从句，as分别作宾语和主语，替代后面的主句。)

Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China.

你知道，台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(关系代词as指代整个主句，在定语从句中作宾语。)

五、关系代词who, which与that的区别

(一)关系代词who与that的区别

1. 当关系代词用作主语时，多用主格who。例如：

He who loses hope loses all.

失去希望的人就失去一切。(先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时，多用who)

I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.

我遇见艾丽斯，她告诉我她在学汉语。(在非限制性定语从句中，用who)

2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时，用宾格whom，不用that。例如：

The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.

我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。(介词与关系代词紧密相连时，只能用宾格whom，不可用主格who)

注意：介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时，或者说介词放在句子后面时，这时可以用主格who，也可用that，还可以省略关系代词。因此，上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法：

(1) The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

(2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

(3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

(4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.

第4句简洁、自然，所以口语中用得最多。

3. 当关系代词泛指人时，多用that。例如：

He is a man that is never afraid of failure.

他是个从不怕失败的人。(that用来泛指人)

4. 当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时，应用that。例如：

Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?

用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁?(避免重复使用who，以免造成误解或语义含混不清)

To see a world in a grain of sand. And a heaven in a wild flower. Hold infinity in the palm of your hand. And eternity in an hour

从一粒沙子看到一个世界,从一朵野花看到一个天堂. 把握在你手心里的就是无限,永恒也就消融于一个时辰.

Life is a chain of moments of enjoyment, not only about survival

生活是一串串的快乐时光,我们不仅仅是为了生存而生存

Lets write that letter we thought of writing one of these days.

曾打算有那么一天去写的信,就在今天写吧.

I love you not because of who you are, but because of who I am when I am with you .

我爱你,不是因为你是一个怎样的人, 而是因为我喜欢与你在一起时的感觉.

To the world you may be one person, but to one person you may be the world.

对于世界而言,你是一个人;但是对于某个人,你是他的整个世界.

Never frown, even when you are sad because you never know who is falling in love with your smile.

纵然伤心,也不要愁眉不展,因为你不知道是谁会爱上你的笑容。

Dont waste your time on a man/woman, who isnt willing to waste their time on you.

不要为那些不愿在你身上花费时间的人而浪费你的时间.

开题：描述的方式来引出要议论的主题。

以叙代议 常见：

As we can see , has become a very important problem in the rapidly developing world.

Adimttedly,  has attracted more and more attention from people.

As we know. Bring us many b123fits and conviences.

Judging from that fact, it is very obvious thathas become part of our everyday life to some extent.

The emergence of  is really worth our respect in history while it still remains meaningful to us now.

个人描述：以个人的亲身经历来引起要议论的问题。

Once, I had the experience of

I can never forget the experience of

Personally, at first sight of this topic, I could not help thinking about the

引用名言式：用一个相关的谚语、术语、名言或名人实例来引题。

Just as the saying goes,

The saying that comes to me at the first sight of this topic.

在引题时要注意不要照抄原题， 而且篇幅不宜过长，在引题之后，迅速进入自己所支持的观点，或表态，并引起下文。

论述L详细阐述分支观点的部分，在开题首段的第二句一般是文章的主旨句所在，而在论述部分的理由段中，各个分论点应该放在首句的位置，开门见山。

俗话说“千里之行始于足下”。英语书面表达能力的形成不是一日之功，必须从平时的课堂学习一点一滴抓起，持之以恒。

一篇优秀的英语作文在内容和语言两方面应是一个统一体，任何一方面的欠缺都会直接影响到作文的质量。然而，很多考生在写作中或者由于粗心大意，或者由于基本功不扎实而经常出现名词不变复数、第三人称单数不加s，前后不一致，以及时态语态、句子完整性等方面的错误。

1. 审题不清

如2004年中考作文要求写一项最喜欢的课外活动，有些考生将作文的主题定位为“我最喜欢的活动”，偏离了“一项、课外活动”这一主题。依据作文的评分原则，若文章内容不切题，则不管语言如何规范、用词如何准确，都会被判为零分。

2.拼写错误

拼写是考生应该具备的最起码的基本功，但在考生的作文中却经常能发现很多拼写错误。有拼写错误的作文肯定会被酌情扣分，而且有大量拼写错误存在的作文不仅体现出语言基本功差，同时也直接影响内容的表达，通常会降低作文的档次。

3.名词单复数问题

误 my father and my mother is all teacher。

正 my father and my mother are both teachers。

[中考英语作文写作常见的三个错误

要回答这一问题，首先应该从雅思主办者的地域思维特征谈起，英国人思考缜密，性格稳重，对待问题讲究客观公正，与美国人热情奔放，追求自我个性有着较大的差别。这些也同时体现在雅思考试的作文评分标准上，雅思相较于托福而言，更倾向于考察学生对于问题的全面把握与客观理解，因而从历年的雅思写作真题和其范文上分析，关于辩论型题目考官还是更青睐双边讨论型的写作方式，大多数高分作文都具备这一特点。

放下分析解决型文章不谈，辩论型文章的任务要求一般有以下几种：

1 To what extent do you agree or disagree with this opinion?

2 Discuss both these views and give your own opinions.

3 To what extent do the benefits outweigh the drawbacks? (措辞有时略有不同,但主要意思不变)

4 What is your opinion?

中国学生常常陷入对第一个指令的认识误区，错误以为只能从同意或不同意的单一角度去分析问题，一些培训机构有时也会在这些方面上误导学生。实际上，这个问题并不仅仅就是个单项选择，而是可以从正反两方面多角度去分析的，例如2008年3月13日的这道大作文考题：

People should look after their health as a duty to the society they live in rather than personal benefits. To what extent do you agree or disagree?

专家认为，对于该题，完全可从健康作为社会责任和个人利益时的优劣两个角度去讨论，兼顾两方面，从而可以达到写作分析阐述上的客观，避免有过于偏颇片面的看法。这在雅思作文考试中是应时刻注意的一点。

类似的思路还应用在第三个指令上，该要求的目的并非要求考生一定要得出一个“利大于弊”或“弊大于利”的狭隘观点，然后针对这一方面进行分析；而应在论述过程中，对有益和不利方面均要涉及，一同阐明，最终得出一个客观公正的结。在如2008年2月23日这道考题：

In some countries, it is now possible for people to buy a wide variety of foods transported from all over the world. To what extent do the benefits of this development outweigh the drawbacks?

人们在本国就可以买到来自于世界各地的食品，该题目要求对这一现象进行利弊的比较和讨论，考生理应要对两方面都进行阐述，才符合题目的要求。

对以上两个指令的回应很好地表明了双边讨论文章正确的立意和思路----要么从某一个问题的正反角度去比较，或者在不同事物之间寻找参照进行评述，简而言之，要尽可能客观而全面地分析讨论而不是简单地妄下定论。

相比之下，第二个指令的要求则十分明确，即讨论两方面的论点然后据此得出自己的看法，这类题目的背景往往是不同的人对于同一问题的态度，或者相互抵触，或者偏重不同领域。无论考生最后得出的结论是中立，还是偏向于某一观点，论述过程都应是兼顾两方面的。专家分析发现，仅从2008年考过的题目看来，这一类型的文题就占了40%以上，由此可见其在雅思作文出题思路所占的比重。

Some people think international cooperation has brought benefits to world environment protection, while some people think more benefits has been brought to international business. Discuss both views and give your own opinion.

如例选自2008年7月26日的考试，考生就需要就题目中不同人群对国际合作在不同领域所带来的好处的看法进行论述，一个是环保方面，另一个是国际商务方面，这正好印证了双边作文类型之一，即对不同观点进行分析。

最后一个任务指令往往是要求考生自己给出观点，乍看上去发挥的自由度很大，但双边态度仍应作为一个基本准则在前期的构思阶段及后期的写作中注意。毕竟，可以得出“一边倒”的结论的题目在雅思考题中是少之又少的。

当然除了对于题目指令的正确把握之外，双边态度还应体现在行文的各个方面，如让步状语从句的使用，在承认一方存在合理性的同时，强调另一方的优点，而避免过于片面的看法。

本文中，专家仅涉及到雅思写作中很小的一部分，想要真正在雅思写作考试中取得理想的成绩，考生还应在平时多加练习。毕竟，纸上谈来终觉浅，绝知此事要躬行。

[双边态度在雅思作文写作中的运用分析

假设你的文章字数是400字，那么你大概要写40～50个句子。把这40～50个句子，排成编号，从第1个到第40个，也就是从文章的第一句话到最后一句话，你都知道要写什么，并且知道怎么写，甚至每个句子你都掌握了2～3个漂亮的句式，这样你还担心自己拿不到高分吗?再假设，这40～50个句子，你有50%都已经是固定句式了，也就是成了自己的写作套路，那么你还愁文章写不完么?比如说，我总是喜欢在文章最后一句 话 说 ：In a word， it is rather superficial to simply say that……+观点，给个真题例子：In a word， it is rather superficial to simply say that parents are the best teachers。用一句话说，简单地认为父母是最好的老师是相当肤浅的。大家想一想，任何事情simply say都可以说是相当肤浅的。因此这句话就是一句比较万能的结束语。这句话怎么来的呢?这是官方题库里的第2篇，是我和大家在课上积累来的。只要大家一起努力，我们一定会成功提炼出自己的高分模版。

雅思考试中写作作为文字输出最多的一个部分，不仅考察了同学们的英语写作能力，而且很多细节语法只是的掌握程度也很能在雅思写作中体现出来，而从以往的雅思写作考试来看，扣分的点往往不是那些有难度的语法，而是一些最基础的语法知识。

一、such as与for example的混用

我们知道，在表示举例子的时候，such as与like是完全等同的，如：Wild flowers such as/like orchids and primroses are becoming rare。

但是同学们对于Such as、for example 的把握还是不够准确。我们都知道，后者接句子前者接词语表示举例子。于是就有了下面的写法：

There is a similar word in many languages， such as in French and Italian。

这里的such as改为for example为好，因为in French and Italian其实是there is a similar word in French and Italian的简化，所以要用for example来引出例证。再来看几个类似的例子：

It is possible to combine computer science with other subjects， for example physics。

二、assume 及claim 使用不够准确

我们知道， think，assume，claim是议论文中常用引出观点的动词。在实际作文中，同学们往往认为几个词的意思是一样的，完全可以代换，所以拿过来就用。甚至还有同学把consider也拿过来与之混用。我们首先还是从定义来看这几个词的不同：

以下这些常见同义词替换主要用于大作文写作，不必非要选择生僻词汇或是难词才能显示自己的水平，只需要将自己一些经常反复使用的词汇多多替换，一般来说就可以起到一定的效果。

1解决: Solve, deal with, cope with, handle, resolve, address, tackle

2损害： Damage, hurt, injure, harm, impair, undermine, jeopardize

3给与：Give, offer, render, impart, provide, supply, afford

4培养：：Develop, cultivate, foster

5优势：Advantage, merit, virtue, benefit, upside, strength

6 缺陷：Disadvantage, demerit, drawback, downside, weakness

7 使迷惑：Puzzle, bewilder, perplex, baffle

8 重要的：Key, crucial, critical, important, significant, vital, substantial, indispensable, imperative

9 认为：Think, believe, insist, maintain, assert, conclude, deem, hold, argue, be convinced, be firmly convinced, be fully convinced

10 保护：Protect, conserve, preserve

11确保：Assure, ensure, guarantee, pledge

12 有害的： Bad, baneful evil, harmful, detrimental

13 要求 ：Request, demand, needs, requisition

14 消除 ：Eliminate, clear, remove, clear up, take away, smooth away

15 导致： Lead to, bring about, result in, cause, spark off, conduce to, procure, induce, generate

16 因此：So, therefore, thus, hence, consequently, as a consequence, accordingly, as a result, because of this, as a result of this

17 增长至：Grow to，rise to，increase to，go up to，climb to，ascend to，jump to，shoot to

18降低至：Dip to，fall to，decline to，decrease to，drop to，go down to，reduce to， slump to，descend to，sink to，slide to

19保持稳定：Level out，do not change，remain stable，remain still，remain steady，be stable，maintain the same level，remain unchanged，be still，remain the same level，stay constant，keep at the same level，level off，stabilize，keep its stability，even out

20 急剧地：Dramatically，drastically，sharply，hugely，enormously，steeply，substantially，considerably，significantly，markedly，surprisingly，strikingly，radically，remarkably，vastly，noticeably

21平稳地：Steadily，smoothly，slightly，slowly，marginally，gradually，moderately，mildly

22 宣称：Allege, assert, declare, claim

23 发生：Happen, occur, take place

24 原因：Reason, factor, cause

25 发展：Development, advance, progress

26 有益的：Useful, helpful, beneficial, profitable, rewarding， advantageous

27 影响：Influence, impact, effect

28明显的：Clear, obvious, evident, self-evident, manifest, apparent, crystal-clear

29占：Comprise, take up, account for, constitute, consist of, make up, occupy, hold, compose

30与…相比：Compared with，compared to，in comparison with，in comparison to，by comparison with，by comparison to

31对比而言：By contrast，in contrast，on the other hand，on the contrary=，conversely