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63高考写作的错误及规避技巧
全文共 1895 字
+ 加入清单一、审题——若即若离
虽然近年来高考作文多以“话题作文”或是“新材料作文”出现,题目宽泛,不设审题障碍,但也并不是想写什么就写什么,想怎么写就怎么写,依然要在所给话题、材料范围内进行审题写作,不可抛开话题、另辟蹊径地“信马由缰”。否则,就会不着边际,偏离话题。比如高考作文题《必须跨过这道坎》,就应该牢牢抓住“必须”“跨”“坎”等“题眼”进行审题,还要重点关注、开掘出“坎”的引申义、比喻义。
规避:要加强审题训练,针对题目“辨字析词”,盯准“题眼”,尤其对于哲理性命题,涉及辩证关系的,更要深入分析题目的深刻内涵。审题越细、越准、越透,立意的思路就越宽、越深、越广。
二、入题——千呼万唤
高考作文因字数、时间的限制,不可能写得太多,但有相当多的考生往往出现“入题慢”的弊病,废话很多,以一当十的内容却千呼万唤不出来。引用原材料或可有可无的内容占去了很大的篇幅,重点部分无法展开。
规避:多看名家精短美文,为我所用,在“实战”中寻找不足,总结经验。
三、扣题——蜻蜓点水
有的考生写作文,从头到尾没有出现话题、话题的关键词或与话题相近的表述,犯了扣题不紧的错误,看不出是就所给特定“话题”或是“新材料作文”而写的文章,这样得分自然不会理想。
规避:在行文时牢记“考纲”中对作文扣题一项的具体要求,依照标准去做,回想老师的相关叮嘱及传授的方法。
四、立意——平庸病态
见解独到、构思新巧、主旨积极的文章无疑是任何人都梦寐以求的。可惜的是,在考场上有的学生为了追求所谓的标新立异,甚至写出了令人匪夷所思的文章。如有的学生在《假如记忆可以移植》中这样写:“我要把爱因斯坦的大脑移植过来,为自己发财致富……”由于思想格调不高,不符合高考作文“思想健康”的要求,降低了作文品位。
规避:树立正确的人生观、世界观、价值观,突破定向思维、线性思维,走向逆向思维、发散思维,视角独特,出人意料又在情理之中。
五、选材——陈旧苍白
有的学生作文材料陈旧苍白,缺乏厚重感。要么记叙一件事,有骨架没血肉;要么议论一个道理,观点+例子+结论,缺分析少论证;要么连例子都没有,翻来覆去,空谈漫议,写到哪儿算哪儿,凑够字数为原则。
规避:积累材料。一是在高三这段时间里继续收集鲜活的材料,并选记一些名言警句;二是把长期以来的“库存”分门别类筛选一下,选择出可供用于写作的精品材料列出提纲。
六、语言——艰涩难懂
有的考生喜欢使用缩写、英文单词、网络语言,其实这是要冒一定风险的。有的阅卷教师对这类语言很反感,就会对考生有害无利。高考大纲对于作文的要求是语言通顺、用词贴切,文句有表现力。因此,考生应当尽量用优美、有内涵的语言来表情达意,要用最规范、最传统的语言来写作,最好不用或少用网络语言。
规避:平时写作时尽量不使用网络语言或少数人才知道意思的语言。
七、形式——千篇一律
考场作文,事关重大,不仅内容要出彩,形式上也应该不拘一格,使内容与形式相得益彰,完美统一,方可获得高分。但教师在批改作文中却发现,形式创新的寥寥无几,多为千篇一律、似曾相识的“老面孔”,这应当引起注意,尤其是写作能力强的学生,不要因为形式的“不适宜”而失去了本不该丢的分。
规避:运用题记、后记、演讲稿、采访记录、日记体、书信体、小标题等新奇的形式来诠释思想,表达意旨。
八、文体——似是而非
有的学生写的文章好像属于“四不像”的文体,因而阅卷老师难以读懂、把握这样的文章,判分就有争议。所以,一般说来,文体还是明朗为好。
规避:就高考作文而言,最好多使用记叙文(夹叙夹议)、散文(记事、抒情)、议论文三种常见形式,少采用或不用诗歌、戏剧、文言等体裁。
九、结篇——虎头蛇尾
有的学生由于没有分配好答题时间,以致在写作文时所剩时间不够了,有的考生来不及结尾,结果或用一句话硬断,或点上一串省略号,或干脆空在那儿。无论哪一种情况,都会被视为未完篇处理。因为阅卷老师衡量一篇文章的好坏,首先是看文章的整体,虎头蛇尾的文章是要被扣分的。
规避:考生平时要训练自己在大约45~60分钟内能够写出一篇完整作文的能力,最后交上的作文无论如何都应该是一篇结构完整的作文。
十、卷面——乱涂乱改
现在是电脑阅卷,字迹模糊、扫描不清就会丢失信息,老师看得吃力无疑会影响分数。我们都有这样的感觉:书写工整、卷面整洁的作文使人赏心悦目,印象分立即增加;而字迹潦草、涂改得难以辨认的答卷,无形中就会多扣几分。高考作文如果接二连三地出现错别字,就会被认为语文基础太差,得分也会大打折扣。2008年高考作文对错别字要求更高,有的省已经规定每错一字扣一分,应予以特别重视。
规避:养成好的书写习惯,不会的字、词要查字典、词典。
更多相似作文
篇1:2024中考书面表达写作指导:虚拟语气语法
全文共 4003 字
+ 加入清单1. 表示与现在事实相反或不可能发生:条件状语从句:一般过去时(虚拟语气中be→were)主句用:would(should, could, might)+动词原形。
If we had time now, we would read it again.
If I were you, I would work hard.
2. 表示与过去事实相反或不可能发生:条件状语从句:had+过去分词;主句:would(should, could, might)+have+过去分词。
If he had taken my advice, he would have succeeded in the test.
If I had known your telephone number then, I would have called you.
3. 表示与将来的事实可能相反或不可能发生:条件状语从句:①一般过去时②should +动词原形③were to+动词原形;主句:would(should, could, might)+动词原形。
If it should rain, the crops would be saved.
If it were to snow tomorrow, they would not go out.
P.S 虚拟条件句的特殊情况
(1). 混合/错综型虚拟语气
当条件状语从句表示的行为和主句表示的行为所发生的时间不一致时,称为‘错综条件句’,动词的形式要根据它所表示的时间作出相应的调整。
If you had followed my advice, you would be better now.(从句说的是过去,主句是现在)
If I were you, I would have taken his advice.(从句是现在,主句是过去)
(2)省略if的虚拟语气
如果从句中含有were/ should/ had时,则可以把这三个词置于句首,省略if.采用倒装语序。
If it should happen, what would you do? →Should it happen, what would you do?
If he had recognized me, he would have come over. →Had he recognized me, he would have come over.
(3) 含蓄虚拟条件句
有时候假设的情况不以if引导的条件从句形式表现出来,而是通过一个介词短语,连词或其他形式表示。常用的词或短语有:without, with, but for(要是没有), otherwise, or, but等。
Without your help(=If we had not had your help), we could not have succeeded.
But for electricity(=If there were no electricity, there would be no modern industry.
He felt very tired yesterday, or/ otherwise he would have attended the party.
(4) 在if it were( had been )not for ….句型中的虚拟语气
虚拟语气也常用于‘if it were/(had been) not for ….’句型中,意为‘要不是由于…’。
If it were not for peace, we could not be living a happy life today.
If it had not been for your timely help, I would have gone bankrupt.
二.虚拟语气用在名词性从句中
1.主语从句中的虚拟语气
这种虚拟语气主要用在it is+形容词(名词,过去分词)+that+主语+should+动词原形(should可以省略)这种结构中。
常见的这类形容词有:advisable, anxious, better, desirable, surprising, natural, necessary, strange, important, regretful.
常见的这类过去分词有:decided, demanded, recommended, requested, desired, required, ordered, suggested.
常见的这类名词有:duty, pity, no surprise, no wonder, regret, shame.
It was suggested that he(should)join the club activities.
It is strange (surprising, disappointing) that she (should) not have been invited.
It is a pity that he (should) refuse to accept the offer.
2. 宾语从句中的虚拟语气
①wish 后面所跟宾语从句谓语动词用虚拟语气(意为要是,但愿…就好了),其形式主要有三种:
表示对现在情况的虚拟:wish后接一般过去时的从句
表示对过去情况的虚拟:wish后接过去完成时/should,could have done
表示对将来情况的虚拟:wish后接would,could+动词原形
Iwish it were spring all year round.
I wish it would be fine tomorrow.
She wished she had stayed at home.
②在表示建议,命令,要求等动词后的从句要用(should)+动词原形。此类动词有:suggest, advise, propose, demand, require, insist(要求), order, prefer, command, ask, request.
The teacher ordered that all the books (should) be handed in on time.
P.S. 当suggest表示‘暗示,说明’之意;insist表示‘坚持认为,坚持说’之意时,从句不用虚拟,用正常的陈述语气。
The man insisted that he had never stolen the money.
The smile on his face suggested that he was satisfied with life.
3. 表语从句和同位语从句中的虚拟语气
在表示建议,命令,要求的名词后的表语从句或同位语从句中的谓语动词要用(should)+动词原形。常见名词有:advice, desire, request, demand, proposal, suggestion, preference, requirement, order.
He gave orders that the guests (should) be hospital entertained.
His proposal is that we (should) get rid of the bad habits.
三.虚拟语气在其他情况中的使用
1.在as if/ as though引导的状语从句中,若从句与事实相反,则要用虚拟语气。其形式如下:
主语+as if/ though +主语+一般过去时(从句的动作与主句同时发生)
主语+as if/ though +主语+would/could+动词原形(从句的动作相对主句来说在将来发生)
主语+as if/ though +主语+过去完成时(从句的动作先发生于主句动作之前)
He talks as if he knew all about it.
She speaks English well as if he had studied in America.
He learns English so hard as if he would go abroad.
2.在it is (high) time that …句型中也用虚拟语气,从句常用过去式,有时也用should +动词原形,表示早该做而没做的事,含建议的意味。
It is time that we went home.
P.S.此句型中,注意与‘It/This is the +序数词+time that+现在完成式的区别。
This is the first time that I have been here.
3.would rather后接动词原形,但接从句时要用虚拟语气(宁愿,但愿)。
Would rather +主语+一般过去时(表示与现在或将来相反)
Would rather +主语+过去完成时(表示与过去相反)
I’d rather he didn’t go now.
I’d rather you hadn’t done it.
4. if only后接从句也用虚拟语气,其形式与wish的用法一致。
5. 动词hope, intend, mean, plan, want, think等词用过去完成的形式,表示的意思为‘本想,本打算,本认为’
He had meant to buy the furniture last week, but it rained.
(他上周本打算去买那件家具,但却下雨了)
篇2:雅思小作文写作方法
全文共 2227 字
+ 加入清单要做到短期内拿下雅思小作文
一、寻觅小作文需要表达的重点
见到图形表达题,你心中就需要思考这个图形题需要表述的重点在哪里。作答时先说明再梳理数据。切不可将文章写成账本式的文字,否则,你就会得到很低的分数。
例如:The graph shows how the amount of water used worldwide changed between 1900 and 2000. Throughout the century, the largest quantity of water was used for agricultural Purposes, and this increased dramatically from about 500 km to around 3,000 km in the year 2000.
文章的主句应该对文章要表达的趋势,量的大小作出说明,相关的数据则补充在后面。雅思小作文考察的精髓还是查看考生的英文表达能力,精简凝练。你的描述要让阅卷者脑海中浮现出图形的样本,数量和趋势等等相关变量。如果你能达到以上这些要求,那么小作文本身也就基本上合格了。
二、了解图形的分类规律
图形描述题,按照标准图形来分,可以分为line graph (curve), bar chart, pie chart以及table,按照表达重点来分,分为趋势类和大小类,分类依据于题中的时间列表。一般来说,出现时间段的图形题都是以描述数据变化趋势为主。
三、准备必要的表达方式
1. 与趋势有关的词语:
上升(动词):increase, rise, climb, ascend, surge, shoot up
下降(动词):decrease, decline, drop, fall, descend, plunge
持平(动词):remain stable, keep constant, level o第一文库网ff, flatten out
波动(动词):fluctuate, wave, go up and down
快速(形容词/副词):considerable/considerably, significant/significantly,substantial/substantially,remarkable/remarkably, dramatic/dramatically
稳步(形容词/副词):steady/steadily, stable/stably, moderate/moderately, modest/modestly
缓慢(形容词/副词):slight/slightly, minimal/minimally, marginal/marginally
顶点(名词 /动词):peak
趋势 (名词):trend/ tendency
2. 与大小相关的词语:
Outnumber (动词):在数量上超过The demonstrators were outnumbered by the police
Exceed (动词):在数量上超过
Triple (动词):变成三倍The figure has tripled.
Double (动词):变成两倍The price of houses has virtually doubled over the past few years.
Mount to (动词):达到
Counterpart (名词):对应的另一方,比较的另一方 this product is better than its counterparts
此外,建议考生还应考虑一下题中数据和百分比有没有联系,如果有的话还应添加一些数据所占百分比的语句。
3. 相关词语:
百分比(名词):proportion, rate, percentage, share
占据 (动词):occupy, comprise, constitute, account for, represent.
数字:number, amount, data, figure
比例:rate, proportion, percentage, share
大约:roughly, about, nearly, approximately, a little less than, slightly more than
各自地:respectively, for each,severally
四、注重连词的使用
连词在语句中起着承上启下的作用,添加连词,可以增加文章的逻辑感,使得文章更加严谨,同时,文章中连词的使用也要讲究一定的形式,我们在文章中一般称之为形连。
五、Integrity and Perfection
文章有了恰当的表达方式,还需要进行一些细节方面的修饰,添加数据时,形式要整齐划一,有不随便删除和添加数量单位,增加连词的使用,加强文章的严谨度,采用一些多样化的数据添加方式,是文章看起来有理有据,中心思想贯穿全文。
主要数据添加方式有:
1. 利用标点,如括号和破折号
2. 利用介词,如with, at, to, by等
3. 利用分词或从句,倒装句
考生在备战雅思小作文的过程中,考生应按照以上的基础因此分析相关的真题和范文,多多总结经验,找出思想上的共性和有亮点的语句,并且进行模仿练习。我们有理由相信,同学们通过专门的训练,一定能在雅思小作文写作中取得好成绩。
篇3:雅思写作满分准备方法2:“栽赃法”
全文共 200 字
+ 加入清单如果不能保证文章的质量,可以从数量入手,记住我在课上讲过的托福写作黄金法则“the longer, the better”!新东方的学员中曾经有位写作30分的获得者,独立写作30分钟写了600字,拿了满分。当然他肯定有一些不足和错误,可是仍然不影响满分。可见如果不能把文章写得很漂亮,不能写出亮点,那就多写点吧,字数多也是亮点。只要大家按照我上课讲授过的方法来扩充论据,写出“长篇大论”是很容易的事。
篇4:英语作文中常见的典型语法错误分析
全文共 1669 字
+ 加入清单语言是评判作文的一个极其重要的因素。在实际的阅卷过程当中,语法错误,尤其是较为严重的错误,是阅卷人员的主要“照顾点”,有时甚至是惟一的点;当然那样处理是有道理的,大家可以设想一下,一篇语法上漏洞百出、严重影响表达的作文又会有什么样的好内容呢?如果因为语言上的错误而导致失分,那将得不偿失。因此,认清各种各样的语法错误,尽可能地避免少犯,对于提高作文分是有极大的帮助的。现将我们在阅卷过程当中所发现的大量语言错误逐一归类,抽出其中的典型错误,以警示大家,供参考。
1。句子成分残缺不全
we always working till late at night before taking exams。(误)
we are always working /we always work till late at night before taking exams(正)
we should read books may be useful to us。 (误)
we should read books which may be useful to us。 (正)
2。句子成分多余
this test is end, but there is another test is waiting for you。 (误)
one test ends, but another is waiting for you。 (正)
the driver of the red car was died on the spot。 (误)
the driver of the red car died on the spot。 (正)
3。主谓不一致
someone/somebody think that reading should be selective。 (误)
some think that reading should be selective。 (正)
my sister go to the cinema at least once a week。 (误)
my sister goes to the cinema at least once a week。 (正)
4。动词时态、语态的误用
i was walking along the road, and there are not so many cars on the street。 (误)
i was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street。 (正)
we have little time to read some books which we interest。 (误)
we have little time to read some books in which we are interested。 (正)
i am a student who has studying in the college for two years。 (误)
i have been studying in the college for two years(正)
5。词类混淆
it is my point that reading must be selectively。 (误)
in my opinion, reading must be selective。 (正)
honest is so important for everyperson。 (误)
honesty is so important for everyone。 (正)
the old man was hit by a car when he across the street。 (误)
the old man was hit by a car when he was crossing the street。 (正)
篇5:20个雅思写作基础作文题目集锦
全文共 3904 字
+ 加入清单1。
You are an university student who are living in the accommodation at the campus。
One day you find something wrong with your accommodation。
So you write a letter to the House Officer to tell them what happened, the reason you think, what you decide to do, and whether if it is right。
2。
It is wrong that our government pay more money to the artist projects, for instance, there are more and more paintings and sculptures appearing at the public places, because there are more important thing to do。
Whats you opinion? Do you agree or disagree with it?
3。
writing to an English speaking college about qualification, accommodation, fee, what courses do you want to choose and why。
4。
Participating in a sport is as important for psychological health as it is for physical condition and social development。
5。
You have left college。
But you didnt say goodbye to your friend who live in the room with you because he had a course at that time。
Write a letter to him to appology and tell hem how you spend that days before you leave and how you get home。
Then invite him to visit you。
6。
Some people say the parents should except school to conduct their childrens behavior and tell them what is right or wrong。
Others say schools should take this responsibility。
Please give your point about it。
7。
Write to the agency officer and complain about the rent car which has sth wrong。
Tell them the problems of the car you rent from the agency and your requiring。
8。
As the developing countries and the third world countries, there are a funds, how to use it? Invest in the basic education or in the high-technology, for instance, computer? Whats your opinion?
9。
You are a foreign student。
Write to the Student Union, introduce your hobbies and interests and ask information of clubs and societies。
You want to join a club or society enjoy your time when you study there。
10。
Fast food is developing more and more popular。
It replaces other traditional food。
Some people think it is good, some people disagree with it。
Whats your opinion about it。
Give some reason of your opinion。
11。
A friend will visit Beijing。
You will meet him at airport。
But for some reason, you have to be late。
Explain the reason。
Since you havent meet each other, tell the friend where you will meet and how to recognize each other。
12。
More and more childrens writing math ability are affected by computers and calculators。
We should limit the use of those tools。
Disagree or agree。
13。
you have broke your leg and have to stayed in hospital。
you received many cards and letters from your classmates。
write a letter to tell them your detail of your position and thank them at the same time。
14。
some people say that it is impossible for women to be an effective women and to be a good mother in home at the same time。
they also suggest that the government should give the salary to mothers who stay at home to take care of their children。
15。
Your friend write to you and tell you that he is hesitating to chose computer or history as his major in university。
Write to him and tell him your opinion。
16。
Participating in a sport is as important for psychological health as it is for physical conditions and social development。
17。
You live in a room in college which you share with another student。
You find it very difficult to work there because he or she always has friends visiting。
They have parties in the room and sometimes borrow your things without asking you。
Write a letter to the Accommodation officer at the college and ask for a new room nest term。
You would prefer a single room。
Explain your reason。
18。
Who has responsible for our old people?
19。
Write to the agency officer to complain about a rent house by them。
Tell them the problems of the house and your requiring。
20。
You read an ad about a sale of a shop in the local newspaper, when you came to buy the goods you wanted, you find the sale had ended。
Write to the shop manager and complain about this。
Require for the compensation。
篇6:2024最新雅思写作实用句子汇总
全文共 3206 字
+ 加入清单1. It seems certain that they have made a series ofexperiments.
2. It is said that bats have been using radar formillions of years.
3. To tell the truth , many mistakes we made could havebeen avoided.
4. As we know, it was not until recently that the problemwas solved.
5. It must be admitted that you havent done what youpromised to do.
6. It is a common saying that man who has a settledpurpose will surely succeed.
7. It is clear that the enemy has no desire for peace.
8. It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to worktwenty hours each day.
9. Its hard to say whether the plan is practicable.
10. There is no doubt that you will be helped by othersif you have any difficulties.
11. The oceans do not so much divide theworld as unite it.
12. There is no denying the fact that the new managementmethod has greatly increased the production.
13. There is no denying the fact that the new managementmethod has greatly increased the production.
14. Upon hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprisedthat he couldnt utter a word.
15. As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficultfor one who sets his mind to it.
16. In my opinion, this computer is different from thatone you saw.
17. It is certain that we have a long way to go.
18. All this shows that nothing can prevent us fromreaching our aims.
19. As far as we know, it took him more than a year towrite the book.
20. It has been proved that every substance, no matterwhat it is, is made up of atoms.
21. It must be pointed out that it is one of our basicState policies to control population growth while raising the quality of thepopulation.
22. It is (has been) estimated that the worldspopulation could reach 6 billion by the end of the century.
23. It must be kept in mind that there is no secret ofsuccess but hard work.
24. It can be seen from this that there is no difficultyin the world we cannot overcome.
25. As is known man is the product of labour.
26. Our goal must be attained. Our goal canunquestionably be attained.
27. Noting can prevent us from realizing the fourmodernizations.
28. Now in China, more and more families can afford tobuy high-grade goods, such as washing machines, TV sets, videocorders.
29. No matter how difficult English may be, you should doyour best to learn it.
30. It can be said that without knowledge of science andtechnology, it is impossible to build socialist modernizations.
31. It has been decided that we are going to build arailway whose base must be completed within this year.
32. It is obvious (evident) that the success of theinnovation depends on our concerted efforts.
33. To be frank, whether you like it or not, you have noother choice.
34. It is natural that one may have trouble expressingcomplicated ideas in simple English.
35. What is more important, the agreement they havenegotiated is being carried out.
36. We will be successful as long as we persevere.
37. Frankly speaking, what you call the truth may notapply to things happening here.
38. It is true that we must redouble our efforts;otherwise we cannot catch up with the developed countries.
39. I take it for granted that they will support thisidea.
40. In a certain sense, a successful scientist is aperson who is never satisfied with what he has achieved.
篇7:关于雅思如何准备写作之基础篇
全文共 1060 字
+ 加入清单对绝大多数学生来说,写作是雅思4门考试中最难的。很多同学从来就没有用英文写过文章,但写作反应一个人的综合英语水平,它又是4门中最重要的。对于基础班的同学来说,他们最大的问题是词汇和语法,而语言恰恰是写作的评分标准之一,没有好的语言,思路和结构再好也没有用。所以提高语言运用的准确性是第一个要解决的问题。我最近刚开始教一个基础班,第一次不限字数让学生写一个印象最深的人。交上来的文章出现最大的问题就是语言表达。他们的思路很好,内容也比较充实,但是语法错误通篇都是,词汇量也很小。
对于这种情况,首先要做的就是帮助他们梳理语法结构。因为这些学生有一定的英语基础但是很不扎实,语法虽然知道但是漏洞很多,我给他们讲解语法时尽量简单,比如讲到动词不定式的复合结构作主语的情况时,必须要用形式主语来表示。学生会觉得这些理论知识很难记,这时我就让他们背这样一个一般结构:It is +adj+for sb. to do sth. 写作的最终目的是要写出准确的句子,所以在讲语法时给学生总结一些句型比单纯的讲语法会更容易让他们接受。又如,在讲到当动词不定式作定语时,一般与被修饰词有动宾关系,如果动词不定式为不及物动词,则在动词不定式后加上相应的介词。很多学生刚听这个会觉得很抽象,我就举了这个例子:Please give the child a pen to write with. 在判断到底要不要在动词后面加介词时,只要把to后面的动词和相应的宾语做一个动宾搭配,看意思是否正确即可,因为只能说write with a pen(用笔写),而不能说write a pen(写笔)。
语法的问题解决了,下面就是词汇量的问题了。我曾经给一个基础班的同学作过练习,发现他们的词汇量不算特别少,但是却很少会用一些固定搭配和句型。写作光有单词不行的,所以在强调词汇量的时候一定要突出词组和句型的重要性。对于一些基本的词组搭配可以参考四六级,有时候也要做些总结,如在讲到prefer这个字是,我要求学生熟记它的三个用法:prefer A to B;prefer doing A to doing B;prefer to do A rather than do B.不少学生一直搞不清prefer怎么有时候可以加to do, 有时候又能加doing, 光解释一致性原则他们还是会用错,所以就让他们记住这三个固定用法吧,所有人都会用了。在基础词组掌握了之后,可以补充一些和大小作文相关的词汇,让他们逐渐熟悉起考试的一些固定用法,为将来正式写作打下基础。
篇8:雅思写作同义词
全文共 1602 字
+ 加入清单导语:雅思写作同义词需要积累,小编为大家准备了以下一些同义词,让你告别单一重复
1.important =crucial (extremely important),significant(amount or effect large enough to be important)
2.common=universal, ubiquitous(if something is ubiquitous, it seems to be everywhere)
3.abundant=ample(enough and usually extra), plentiful(enough for peoples needs and wants)
4.stick=adhere, cling(hold on something tightly)
5.neglect=ignore.(difference: neglect means someone has not paid enough attention to something; ignore means no attention.)
6.near=adjacent(twothings next to each other), adjoin(the same as adjacent)
7.pursue=woo(man woos woman, old-fashioned), seek(if you seek sth, you try to obtain it. FORMAL)
8.accurate=precise(precise is exact and accurate in all details), exact(correct in every detail)
9.vague=obscure(unknown or known by only a few people)
10.top=peak, summit
11.competitor=rival, opponent(especially in sports and politics)
12.blame=condemn(if you condemn something, you say it is very bad and unacceptable)
13.opinion=perspective, standpoint(means looking at an event or situation in a particular way)
14.fame=prestige(describe those who are admired), reputation
15.build=erect(you can erect something as buildings, FORMAL), establish
16.insult=humiliate(do something or say something which makes people feel ashamed or stupid)
17.complain=grumble (complain something in a bad-tempered way)
18.primary=radical (very important and great in degree), fundamental
19.relieve=alleviate (alleviate means you make pain or sufferings less intense or severe)
20.force=coerces into(coerce means you make someone do something s/he does not want to),compel
篇9:英语作文中常见的典型语法错误
全文共 228 字
+ 加入清单语言是评判作文的一个极其重要的因素。在实际的阅卷过程中,语法错误,尤其是较为严重的错误,是阅卷人员的主要“照顾点”,有时甚至是惟一的点;当然那样处理是有道理的,大家可以设想一下,一篇语法上漏洞百出、严重影响表达的作文又会有什么样的好内容呢?如果因为语言上的错误而导致失分,那将得不偿失。因此,认清各种各样的语法错误,尽可能地避免少犯,对于提高作文分是有极大的帮助的。现将我们在阅卷过程中所发现的大量语言错误逐一归类,抽出其中的典型错误,以警示大家,供参考。
篇10:雅思写作软肋的方法
全文共 693 字
+ 加入清单1. Task Response:在这个方面最重要的是字数和审题。所以练习速度至关重要,考前一定要有限时写作的体验。审题方面,一定要看清题目的问题,可以把历年考题拿出来做专门的审题训练。
2. Coherence and Cohesion:段落划分和连接词训练。在段落方面,一定要用符合英美写作习惯的topic sentence + supporting sentences, reason + example的方式来写作,连接词方面,特别是转折、因果、举例有关的连接词,要做专项的练习。
3. Lexical Resource和 4. Grammatical Range and Accuracy这两点都与考生的英语基本功有关,短期内很难有实质性突破。很多考生采取背单词和看语法书的方法,但因为非常枯燥也坚持不了多久且没有什么成效。这里给大家的建议是第一,通过作文习作并让有经验的老师批改,找出属于自己的在语法和词汇方面的问题,发现一个问题解决一个问题,并在老师的指导下配合相关的有针对性的语法和词汇学习。第二,一定要摈弃用大词、难句的强迫心态。记住:Although you should aim for varied sentences and vocabulary, clear, simple structures are better than more complex but inaccurate sentences. Do not think that phrases you have learned can freely apply to any situation.
篇11:雅思写作满分准备方法3:提炼自己的模板
全文共 491 字
+ 加入清单假设你的文章字数是400字,那么你大概要写40~50个句子。把这40~50个句子,排成编号,从第1个到第40个,也就是从文章的第一句话到最后一句话,你都知道要写什么,并且知道怎么写,甚至每个句子你都掌握了2~3个漂亮的句式,这样你还担心自己拿不到高分吗?再假设,这40~50个句子,你有50%都已经是固定句式了,也就是成了自己的写作套路,那么你还愁文章写不完么?比如说,我总是喜欢在文章最后一句 话 说 :In a word, it is rather superficial to simply say that……+观点,给个真题例子:In a word, it is rather superficial to simply say that parents are the best teachers。用一句话说,简单地认为父母是最好的老师是相当肤浅的。大家想一想,任何事情simply say都可以说是相当肤浅的。因此这句话就是一句比较万能的结束语。这句话怎么来的呢?这是官方题库里的第2篇,是我和大家在课上积累来的。只要大家一起努力,我们一定会成功提炼出自己的高分模版。
篇12:雅思写作偏题原因分析及解决方法
全文共 632 字
+ 加入清单雅思写作偏题原因有哪些?在考生写作之前,审题是必须要操作的步骤,而且也是关乎作文分数最为关键的一环。最重要也是最基本的要求就是:写作要紧扣主题符合题意,否则,即使观点再精彩、语言再优美、论据再充实,作文也无法得到高分。本文将着重对生词原因进行分析,并指导考生该如何应对。
雅思写作偏题原因:生词
生词,是考生审题出现偏差最普遍的问题。一方面,雅思考生越来越低龄化:很多考生年龄小,大多数词汇量非常少,有的考生能够认识的单词甚至还不到1000个。另一方面,雅思的大作文考题尤其是学术类的,话题偏重于社会话题,语言偏书面化,因此有很多考生,其中不乏许多大学生,都会有此感慨:题目有单词不认识啊。
对策
①积累话题核心词
1.何谓题干核心词
雅思议论文题目虽多,但是会有一些出现频率比较高的实意词即为:题干核心词。
2.学习题干核心词的方法
对于题干核心词的学习,建议考生从写作机经入手,找出题干中出现的实意词并作积累。
●请看以下雅思真题:
1. International travel often leads people to have someprejudicesrather than broad-mind. What are the main reasons of this phenomenon? What do you think people can do to get better understanding of the countries they visit?
篇13:雅思写作模板介绍雅思考试大作文用词和句法的技巧
全文共 1397 字
+ 加入清单本文来自雅思作文网《介绍雅思考试大作文的用词和句法技巧》。 西方人有一句话说:Your boss has a big vocabulary than you have,that is one good reason why your boss is your boss. 这句话翻译过来就是说:你老板的词汇量比你大,这是他之所以是你老板的一个很好原因。可见词汇量大不但对一个人的工作起着决定性作用,而且也是获得雅思写作高分最有力的武器之一。
(一)词汇运用的层次
通过对雅思写作评分标准,官方范文以及考生所写的文章的分析,考生在用词方面可以分为以下几个层次:
1. 正确(Correct):表达你想表达的意思,对于同一个意思可能有好几个词,那么同义词基本上都是正确的。
2. 合适(Appropriate):在不同语境下要使用不同的词,比如在肯定的语义中要用褒义词,而在否定的语义中要使用贬义词。
3. 精确(Exact):要联系上下文,尽可能用词到位,因为有些词是不够精确的。比如: allocate part of the fiscal revenue,allocate是分配,不能用divide来替换。
4. 灵活(Smart):英语本身就有很多约定俗成的表达方法,用我们的话来说,就是有很多潜规则。因此,我们要注意培养地道英语表达,还要注意词汇的固定搭配。
(二)词汇的变换技巧
在写作评分标准里有明确的关于词汇的标准: Lexical Resource: 词汇资源。它考察词汇的运用是否多样恰当且准确。词汇的多少并不能决定文章的好坏,但用词精确性是可以加分的。一般来说,词汇的准确表达可以通过两个方面达到,一是在用词的难度上拔高,二是在近义词的多种表达上提升。值得提醒的是,不要过分堆积华丽的,会给考官留下华而不实的感觉。
1. 使用同义词进行替换
使用同义词的好处在于首先可以向考官展示考生词汇量的丰富,其次也可以使文章富有变化。因此,同义词的运用是衡量考生英语水平的一个很有力的标准,考官认同你的同时,自然也会给你高分。请看下面的例子:
School teachers used to be the source of information. However,some people argue that teachers are not as important as before because there is an increasing variety of information resources. What is your opinion? (08年4月24日考题)
2. 使用各种形式的同根词进行替换
.html 雅思写作模板介绍雅思考试大作文的用词和句法技巧
英语里面有很多同根词,通过单词的变换来吸引阅卷者眼球并获得高分是一个很好的办法。一些单词通过添加前缀或者后缀的方式可以衍生出很多新的词汇。而使用这些词汇可以避免重复原文当中的词条,也可以向阅卷者展示你变化词汇的技巧。
比如写作中我们经常会用到“知道”这个概念,我们可以用know这个词以及它的其他形式和它们的同义词来表示“知道”这个意思。
感谢您阅读出国雅思频道()为您提供的《介绍雅思考试大作文的用词和句法技巧》一文.
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[雅思写作模板介绍雅思考试大作文用词和句法的技巧
篇14:微电影剧本写作基础:剧本写作常犯的错误
全文共 1579 字
+ 加入清单要写好微电影剧本,掌握剧本写作的一些基础知识是必备的,小编收集了微电影剧本写作基础,欢迎阅读。
首先明确一点,剧本区别于任何一种文体形式,我经常看到有的朋友把剧本写成了小说或人物传记,这是不对的,至少是不专业的。剧本有自己专署的格式,写剧本从某种程度上说是个技术活。
写剧本也不是什么很崇高的艺术创作,这只是一个普通的工种,剧作家和清洁工人没什么区别,都是很普通的工作而已,所以每个人都可以写剧本,每个人都可以当导演。当然,既然是一个工种,就有自己的规范。这些规范也许不会让你迅速变成一个专家,但至少能使你看上去像一个专家。或者,不至于让你糟糕的格式成为审稿人枪毙你稿子的理由。因为一个审稿人每天要看三到四篇稿子,如果你的剧本格式看上去不怎么专业的话,他完全有理由翻上几页就把你的剧本扔在角落里凉快。
先来看看剧本写作常犯的错误:
1:把剧本写成了小说刚刚上面提到有的朋友把剧本写成了小说,不是不可以,但那个是文学剧本,根本不能用来指导拍摄和制作。举个例子,你可以在小说里花几页的笔墨来写一个人的身世,背景,家庭组成,或是用几页的笔墨来描写主角的心理斗争过程,但这些东西是无法表现在电影屏幕上的。你的剧本就是一个屏幕,你所要表现的是电影屏幕上能被观众直接看到感受到的东西。像心理活动这类东西是无法很好的表现出来的。加旁白?当然可以,除非你能忍受主角的画外音在一动不动的镜头里读几页小说。电影*画面表达情绪,你的剧本就是电影画面,要通过摄像机的角度来写,这可能引起第二个问题。
2:不必要的摄象机标注如果你这样写剧本:在5号升降台,用盘纳为升70型相机,60mm镜头,由8.5m摇至2m对焦…………如果你这样写,就算过了审稿人这一关,你的剧本也会被导演扔掉。你不需要教他怎么拍,这不是你的事。你在写剧本的时候完全不用担心相机的事。但是不是剧本就不要考虑相机了呢?也不是,你需要考虑相机的关系而不是位置。剧本里有自己的专用相机术语,多多使用这些术语,能让你的剧本很专业,至少看上去很专业。
1.Angle on 角度对准:比如BILL走出便利店,相机对准BILL。
2.Favoring 主要表现:BILL在一个大广场,人很多,但主要表现BILL。
3.Another angle 另一个角度:换个角度的相机表现BILL在大广场玩的很开心。
4.Wilder angle 更宽的角度:先表现BILL在广场的一角喝可乐,然后镜头拉远,表现BILL所在的广场。
5.New angle 新角度:换个角度表现BILL喝可乐,使镜头丰富。
6.POV 视点:从BILL的视点看东西。就是第一人称视角。
7.Reverse angle 反拍角度:BILL和SALLY在一起跳舞,先拍BILL看到的SALLY,再拍SALLY看到的BILL,通常是两人的POV互反。
8.Over shoulder angle 过肩镜头:相机越过BILL的肩头看到SALLY,BILL的肩头能把画面自然的分割,很常用的类型。
9.Moving shot 运动镜头:包括跟拍,摇移,追随等等,反正镜头是运动的,至于具体怎么动,还不是现在考虑的问题。
10.Two shot 双人镜头:BILL和SALLY在边喝可乐边交谈,这种镜头的相机不要随意移动,防止“越轴”。把BILL和SALLY两人连起来有一条轴线,相机只能在轴线一侧运动,如果越过这条轴线,在画面上BILL和SALLY的位置就会左右互换,引起观众视觉上的逻辑混淆。
11.Close shot 近景:强调SALLY美丽的眼睛,但一般少用为妙。
12.Insert 插入镜头:某物的近景,比如天色已晚,SALLY问BILL几点了,BILL抬起手来,接下来可以接一个BILL手表的特写,当然你还可以用此种镜头来换景,比如BILL移开手表时摄象机里看到的已经是夜晚的舞会了。
篇15:雅思写作复习1.研习
全文共 413 字
+ 加入清单没有规矩,不成方圆。对于一般英语学习者而言,写出优秀的文章有赖于后天习得,但并不意味着机械背诵、生吞活剥,或者照搬照抄、人云亦云。所谓研习,需要有独立思考和个人的判断,本着他山之石,可以攻玉的精神,汲取文章的精华部分加以研究。研习主要侧重两个方面,包括文章章法和语言表达。文章章法指文章的行文思路、布局谋篇、结构安排、逻辑顺序。许多学习者面对一个话题,可能存在两种不同的困惑,一是下笔千言,但离题万里;二是思绪万千,却无从落笔。导致两种困惑的根源皆在于欠缺思考问题、组织思路的恰当方式,以至于文章不得要领、章法紊乱。这就要求我们从全篇脉络角度多研习范文,之后领悟如何以演绎法行文、怎样用归纳法谋篇以及如何围绕特定话题拓展思路等等。此外,研习还要侧重于语言表达,包括遣词造句和句子、段落之间的各种衔接手段,以期在自己日后的写作中派上用场,因为英文写作皆通一理。只有善于借鉴,勤加研究,才会借他人的优势和长处,提高自己的写作水平。
篇16:通过雅思写作练就英式思维的方法
全文共 4267 字
+ 加入清单如果说有什么方法可以提高雅思写作成绩,我想从根本上提高的唯一办法就是转变思维方式,也就是把中式思维向英式思维靠拢,只有这样才能符合雅思考官的喜好,才能得高分。本文中,将具体介绍一下中式思维和英式思维的区别,以及怎样才能写出更符合雅思考官要求的作文。
事实上,如果脑袋里有一个中文的概念或者想法,要用英文来表达的时候总是免不了紧张,因为由于中英两国的文化不同,很多东西无法表达----非常可能不是因为考生的语言问题,而是因为这个中国的概念在英文里面根本就不存在。有数字统计过中英两国语言的词汇量只有40%能互通(所谓的equivalent),而这就意味着剩余的60%的表达肯定是和原文有很大出入的。甚至很多我们生活中经常使用的语言,不假思索就能说出的概念,在英语文化里很可能根本就没有对应的表达,例如热闹这个词,考生们可以试试能否在英文单词中找到让你满意的对得上号的词。这个地方很热闹这句话,根据语境可以有不同的翻译,但是总体而言,热闹作为一个词来说,在英文里几乎是没有对应的。
正因为如此,我们才强调,写英语作文,说英语口语,要用英语思维,不要用中式思维。这对于很多人来说是个很空洞的概念,只有当你真正用英语与外国人交流的时候才会体会到英式思维的重要性。
这的确很难,因为我们在中式思维里面扎根的太深了。事实上,这也和两国语言本身的特点有关。鲁迅就说过,中文和外文比,吃亏就吃在不够精确,具体到单词水平,就是词汇量少。因为词汇量少,因此中文特别讲究上下文,一个模糊的词只有在一个特定的语境里面才能让读者感到一个特定的意思。相比而言,英文在这方面就不是这样,具体的说,大部分英语词都是有着非常确定的意思的,因此,那些在中文里面需要联系上下文才能端倪出的细微差别,也许在英文里面只是另一个单词而已。记住这点,笔者下面所说的也许会对诸位有用,在这里,笔者提供一个方法,就是如果你脑袋中有一个想法的话,仔细想想你到底想精确说的是什么意思。比如,当你想说某一个命题错误的时候,你最好想清楚它到底错在哪里,illogical, irresponsible, biased, prejudice, fallacy, untrue这些词之间都有着或大或小的差别,所以主要想看你到底想说的是什么。
所以,诸位想锻炼写作的话,建议要做的第一样功课,就是求精细。只有你自己求精细了,才能发现报刊、书籍中对相近的概念的不同表达法的精妙之处,才会由衷地为某篇文章的一个用词会心一笑。写作就是思维表达的一种形式。西方人直线式的思维方式体现在语言上就是西方人说话写文章喜欢开门见山,把关键性的话放在开头,然后再论及其它次要的内容。
而写作涉及到语言的方方面面,从语言的结构上来说最基本的因素包括遣词、造句和篇章。螺旋与直入的思维差异就会影响到这些方面,具体包括修饰语与中心词、句子和篇章。
一、修饰语与中心词
英语的修饰语,如介词短语、动词不定式、分词、定语从句等皆放在被修饰语的后面;而汉语的修饰语无论长短、繁简,皆置于被修饰语的前面。体现了直入与螺旋的不同的思维方式。例如:
1. The scientists everywhere in the world are looking for the efficient methods to make the air clean and protect it from the pollution by all kinds of industrial harmful waste gases.
汉语全世界的科学家,修饰语在前,中心词在后,而英语则是中心词在前,修饰语在后。净化空气、防止空气受到各种有害工业废气污染的有效方法同样是修饰语在前,中心词在后,而英语则相反。
2. We appreciate your words about the relations between our two countries.
汉语有关我们两国关系的谈话,修饰语在前,中心词在后,而英语则是中心词在前,修饰语在后。有关我们两国关系,同样是修饰语在前,中心词在后,而英语则相反。
3. The hungry boy ate up everything he could have his hands on from the refrigerator.
他从冰箱里所能拿到的吃的东西,修饰语在前,中心词在后,而英语则是中心词在前,修饰语在后。
4. The problem arose of how to fairly distribute the world natural resources.
比较而言,该句主语太长,谓语太短,构成了不连续性修饰语,不过还是有些突兀,但修饰语还得后置。而汉语怎样合理分配世界自然资然的问题仍是修饰语在前,中心词在后。
二、句子
英语句子开门见山,其主谓结构是全句的纲,其余成份是目,一般先下结论,后叙事,从近到远,新近发生的事先出现,重心落在句首。汉语句子一般以逻辑关系和时间的先后顺序排列,一般先叙事,后下结论,由远及近,重心落在句尾。这种差异体现了直入与螺旋的不同的思维方式。
中国学生在英语写作时往往会受汉语思维的影响,写出下面的句子:
1. When I stayed in Guangzhou last month, you helped me. I am grateful for that.
2. Toms mother died when he was only two years old, so he did not remember her.
3. After we left China in 1959, the natural calamities happened one after another for three years in the country. While we read about it at home, we had been dismayed.
4. It looked rain that evening, yet Dad came all the same. That made us very joyful.
如果按英语直入的思维方式,以上几句要改写成:
1. I am very grateful for your help to me during my stay in Guangzhou last month.
2. Tom did not remember his mother who died when he was only two years old.
3. We had been dismayed at home while reading of the natural calamities that happened one after another for three years after we left China in 1959.
4. It looked rain that evening, yet to our great joy, Dad came all the same.
这种思维方式的转换要是更复杂一点,对中国学生来说,是需要操练的。例如:
1. 我认为如果他们初次相识时,她很穷,他未必会爱她。这位女性由于对他有好感而帮助他,使他心存感激,这种感激之情很容易发展成为真挚的爱情。
I do not suppose he would have loved her if she had been poor when he first knew her, but the gratitude which he felt for the help which he owed to her kindly interest in him easily developed into a sincere affection. (条件关系和多层因果关系的转换)
2. 她去深圳参加一个会议,会议结束后,她就到香港去购物,昨天才回来。
She came back yesterday from Hong Kong where she had gone shopping after the meeting in Shenzhen.(时间顺序的转换)
三、段落篇章
这里篇章包括段落和全文。总体而言,英文篇章,一般都采用直线型的形式,尤其是说明文和议论文,更是一般具体式的。英语篇章是a writer-responsible pattern, 即作者在篇章中有责任、有义务向读者交代其主旨或目的。为使读者省时高效,英语篇章开门见山,一开头就直接点明段落的主题句 (topic sentence) 或全文的中心思想 (thesis statement), 即亮明作者的观点、态度、看法等;或者以引言开门,即首先用一个熟悉的事实、观点、故事、引言等开头,然后直接见到作者全文的观点思想。
由以上分析可知,西方人的直线式思维和中国人的螺旋式思维存在明显的差异,体现在语言中,几乎渗透到语言的各个单位,包括词汇、句子、段落和全篇。当然,笔者无意说思维模式孰好孰坏,正如我们不能断言文化模式孰好孰坏一样。但作为学英语的中国人,学原汁原味的语言是我们要达到的最高境界。自然,这里的语言也应包括discourse或text。因此考生们要知道,一种思维是一种文化长期的积淀,它已进入该民族的潜意识,根深蒂固,如果只学语言本身,不会知其所以然,一旦到了使用语言时,汉语思维自然突现,写出Chinglish, 浑然不知。此外,建议考生多背诵和模仿英语经典文章,如《新概念英语》第三册上的文章,笔者认为皆为语言的精华,不但文词优美,每课都是一篇范文,原汁原味,多读这样的文章,一定会有所启发。由此看来,老生常谈而又令人费解的学会用英语思维,倒不如换个说法学会英汉思维转换,即懂得英汉思维的差异,在平时读书的时候去真实地领悟,久而久之,就能写出地道的英文来,至少不会写出那么多的Chinglish。
综上所述,想要取得雅思写作7分甚至更高的分数,单靠所谓的模板和复杂的句式是做不到的,只有从写作思维模式上进行改变,才有可能取得好的写作成绩。而中式思维的根深蒂固必定会对正确的英语写作思维产生阻力,因此,临摹英式思维的文章以及阅读海外学术著作对于转变写作思维有着至关重要的作用。
篇17:2024雅思作文写作基础知识大全
全文共 1705 字
+ 加入清单1.经济的快速发展the rapid development of economy
2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard .
3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology.
4.面临新的机遇和挑战be faced with new opportunities and challenges.
5.人们普遍认为It is commonly believed/ recognized that…
6.社会发展的必然结果the inevitable result of social development
7.引起了广泛的公众关注arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention.
8.不可否认It is undeniable that…/There is no denying that …
9.热烈的讨论/争论a heated discussion/ debate
10.有争议性的问题a controversial issue
11.完全不同的观点a totally different argument
12.一些人…而另外一些人… Some people… while others…
13.就我而言/就个人而言As far as I am concerned, / Personally,
14.就…达到绝对的一致reach an absolute consensus on…
15.有充分的理由支持be supported by sound reasons
16.双方的论点argument on both sides
17.发挥着日益重要的作用play an increasingly important role in …
18.对…必不可少be indispensable to …
19.正如谚语所说As the proverb goes:
20.…也不例外…be no exception
21.对…产生有利/不利的影响exert positive/ negative effects on …
22.利远远大于弊the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages.
23.导致,引起lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in
24.复杂的社会现象a complicated social phenomenon
25.责任感/成就感sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement
26.竞争与合作精神sense of competition and cooperation
27.开阔眼界widen ones horizon/ broaden ones vision
28.学习知识和技能acquire knowledge and skills
29.经济/心理负担financial burden / psychological burden
30.考虑到诸多因素take many factors into account/ consideration
31.从另一个角度from another perspective
32.做出共同努力make joint efforts
33.对…有益be beneficial / conducive to…
34.为社会做贡献make contributions to the society
35.打下坚实的基础lay a solid foundation for…
36.综合素质comprehensive quality
37.无可非议blameless / beyond reproach /above (或beyond) reproach
39.致力于/投身于be committed / devoted to…
40.应当承认Admittedly
篇18:雅思大作文写作类型
全文共 876 字
+ 加入清单雅思task 2一共有两种类型,第一种为Argumentation, 第二种为Report。
Argumentation:
1)给出一种观点-------Do you agree or disagree?
Nowadays computer are widely used in education. As a result, some people think teachers no longer play important roles in classrooms.
To what extent do you agree or disagree?
2)给出两种对立的观点-------Discuss both views and give your own opinions.
Some people argue that there are no basic differences between the way men and women approach academic study. Others insist that there are big differences in areas such as organization, attitude and ambition.
Discuss both views and give your own opinion.
3)分析优缺点-------Do you think the advantages/ benefits outweigh its disadvantages/ problems?
Some people agree to adopt a new language (Such as English) that can be used by people all of the world for international communication.
Do you think the benefits of this would outweigh the problems?
篇19:2024中考书面表达写作指导:定语从句语法
全文共 4822 字
+ 加入清单定语从句(attributive clause),顾名思义,就是一个句子作定语从属于主句。定语一般是由形容词充当,所以定语从句又称作形容词从句。另外,定语从句是由关系代词或关系副词引导的,故又称作关系从句。
定语从句一般放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后,这种名词或代词被称作先行词。请看示例:
The woman who lives next door is a teacher.
先行词 定语从句
在所有的从句中,算定语从句最难掌握,因为汉语里没有定语从句,汉语里只有定语,而且总是放在名词之前来修饰名词。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词代替前面的先行词,并且在定语从句中充当句子成分,可以作主语、宾语、定语等。常见的关系代词有:who, that, which。它们的主格、宾格和所有格如下表所示:
格
先行词 主格 宾格 所有格
人 who whom whose
物 which which whose of which
人、物 that that —
(一)关系代词who, whom和 whose的用法
who代替人,是主格,在定语从句中作主语。例如:
An architect is a person who designs buildings. 建筑师是设计房屋的人。
I will never forget the teacher who taught us chemistry in the first year of my senior middle school. 我将永远不会忘记在高一时教我们化学的那位老师。
Anyone who wants to apply for this job must send us the resume by email first. 想应聘这个职位的任何人都必须先通过电子邮件向我们发送简历。
whom代替人,是宾格,在定语从句作宾语,在非正式英语常可省略。例如:
Do you know the gentleman whom we met in the school library yesterday? 昨天我们在学校图书馆里遇到的那位先生你认识吗?
This is the student whom my father taught ten years ago. 这是我爸爸十年前教的学生。
The girl who I saw is called Mary. 我见到的那个女孩名叫玛丽。(在非正式英语中,主格who代替了宾格whom,亦可省略)
whose一般代替人,有时亦可代替物,是所有格,在定语从句作定语。例如:
The girl student whose father is a senior engineer used to study abroad. 其父是一位高级工程师的那个女学生过去在国外留学。
Do you know the name of the hotel whose window we can see here? 我们这儿能看到窗户的那个宾馆叫什么名字,你知道吗?(关系代词whose指代先行词hotel,正式用法应该用of which。whose window=the window of which,意思 是:the window of the hotel。)
(二)关系代词which的用法
which代替物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。例如:
I do not like stories which have unhappy endings.
我不喜欢有不幸结局的小说。(which可以换成that)
Tom works for a factory which makes watches.
汤姆在一个制表厂工作。(which可以换成that)
(三)关系代词that的用法
that既可指人又可指物,在当代英语中大多指物,在定语从句作主语或宾语,作宾语时还可省略。例如:
Is she the girl that sells newspapers?
她是卖报纸的那个女孩吗?(that可以换成who)
Where is the ice-cream that was in the fridge?
放在冰箱的冰激凌哪儿去了?(that可以换成which)
Is this the book that you want to buy?
这是你要买的那本书吗? (that可以换成which,在定语从句作宾语,还可以省略)
三、关系副词引导的定语从句
常用的关系副词只有三个:when, where, why,在定语从句中充当时间、地点和原因状语。它们的用法大家不妨记住一个口诀:
the time when
the place where
the reason why
(一)关系副词when的用法
关系副词when代替的先行词表示的是时间,when在定语从句作时间状语。例如:
In Beijing July and August are the months when it rains very often.
北京的七月和八月是常下雨的月份。(when先行词是months)
Do you remember the day when we first went to the Summer Palace?
你还记得我们第一次去颐和园的那一天吗?(when先行词是day, 当代英语里when可以用that替代,这时关系代词that就变成了表示时间的关系副词)
I haven’t seen her since the year when I left Tokyo.
自从我离开东京的那一年我就一直没见到过她。(when先行词是year,同样when可以用that代替)
(二)关系副词where的用法
关系副词where代替的先行词表示的是地点,where在定语从句作地点状语。例如:
During the Spring Festival I went back to the town where I was brought up.
春节期间,我回到了生我养我的家乡。(where的先行词是town)
This is the place where Li Bai once lived.
这是李白曾经生活过的地方。(where先行词是place)
上面这个句子不可以将where改为that,因为that不能作为表示地点的关系副词。试比较下句:
This is the place that Li Bai once visited.
这是李白曾经游览过的地方。(that的先行词同样是place,但这个that是关系代词,在定语从句中作宾语,可以省略,还可以用which替换)
(三)关系副词why的用法
关系副词why代替的先行词表示的是原因,why在定语从句作原因状语。例如:
The reason why I am phoning you is to ask you whether you have got my email.
我打电话给你的原因是想问问你是否收到了我的电子邮件。(why先行词是reason, 当代英语里why可以用that替代,这时关系代词that就变成了表示原因的关系副词,还可以将why省略)
This is the reason why he came late to school.
这就是他为什么上学迟到的原因。(why先行词是reason,why可以用that替代,还可以省略)
注意:如果上面的句子将the reason省略,那么这个句子就变成了(This is why he came late to school. )表语从句,句子意思丝毫未变。
四、特殊关系代词as引导的定语从句
as是个比较特殊的关系代词,一是用在某些句型搭配里,二是独立于主句之外。下面分别讲解。
(一)在固定搭配as…as, so…as, such…as, the same…as中,as引导定语从句
You may take as many books as you want.
你想要拿多少书就拿多少。(第一个as是副词,修饰many的;第二个as才是关系代词,代替先行词books,在定语从句中作宾语)
I have got such a computer as yours.
我有一台你这样的电脑。(as是关系代词,代替先行词computer,在定语从句中作表语,因为yours后省略了is )
I have never seen so beautiful a place as Guilin.
我从未见过像桂林那样美丽的地方。(as是关系代词,代替先行词place,在定语从句中作表语,因为Guilin后省略了is )
(二)独立于主句之外,as引导定语从句
As we know,
the earth turns around the sun. 正如我们所知,地球围绕太阳旋转。
As is known to us,
(As we know和 As is known to us均为定语从句,as分别作宾语和主语,替代后面的主句。)
Taiwan is, as you know, is an inseparable part of China.
你知道,台湾是中国不可分割的一部分。(关系代词as指代整个主句,在定语从句中作宾语。)
五、关系代词who, which与that的区别
(一)关系代词who与that的区别
1. 当关系代词用作主语时,多用主格who。例如:
He who loses hope loses all.
失去希望的人就失去一切。(先行词为代词he, they, any, all, one等时,多用who)
I met Alice, who told me that she was learning Chinese.
我遇见艾丽斯,她告诉我她在学汉语。(在非限制性定语从句中,用who)
2. 当关系代词用作介词后的宾语时,用宾格whom,不用that。例如:
The man to whom our headmaster talked just now is our English teacher.
我们校长刚才与他谈话的那个人是我们的英语老师。(介词与关系代词紧密相连时,只能用宾格whom,不可用主格who)
注意:介词与关系代词不是紧密相连时,或者说介词放在句子后面时,这时可以用主格who,也可用that,还可以省略关系代词。因此,上面的这句话还可以有如下四种说法:
(1) The man whom our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
(2) The man who our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
(3) The man that our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
(4) The man our headmaster talked to just now is our English teacher.
第4句简洁、自然,所以口语中用得最多。
3. 当关系代词泛指人时,多用that。例如:
He is a man that is never afraid of failure.
他是个从不怕失败的人。(that用来泛指人)
4. 当关系代词出现在who开头的疑问句时,应用that。例如:
Who is the girl that is talking to Tom in English?
用英语同汤姆交谈的那个女孩是谁?(避免重复使用who,以免造成误解或语义含混不清)