英语作文开头段写作技巧有几种【20篇】

一、一线串珠

“一线串珠”就是围绕一个中心，多角度、多方面地展开记叙。这“一线”从文章的内蕴来说就是“中心”，从外在表现来说，它要借助实物、人物、事件、时间、地点以及作者的思想感情等，这就是线索。记叙文的线索是贯穿全文、将材料连起来的一条主线，它把文章各部分联结成一个统一的、和谐的有机体。如果说丰富而生动的材料是一颗颗珍珠，那么线索就是将珍珠串起来的一条线。所要注意的是，无论采取何种线索，都必须从表现文章的中心思想和体现材料之间的内在联系出发，灵活巧妙地确定。

下面来欣赏冰心的《笑》：

雨声渐渐的住了，窗帘后隐隐的透进清光来。推开窗户一 看，呀!凉云散了，树叶上的残滴，映着月儿，好似萤光千点，闪闪烁烁的动着。——真没想到苦雨孤灯之后，会有这么一幅 清美的图画!

凭窗站了一会儿，微微的觉得凉意侵人。转过身来，忽然眼花缭乱，屋子里的别的东西，都隐在光云里;一片幽辉，只浸着墙上画中的安琪儿。——这白衣的安琪儿，抱着花儿，扬着翅儿，向着我微微的笑。

“这笑容仿佛在哪儿看见过似的，什么时候，我曾……”我不知不觉的便坐在窗口下想，——默默的想。

严闭的心幕，慢慢的拉开了，涌出五年前的一个印象。

——一条很长的古道。驴脚下的泥，兀自滑滑的。田沟里的水，潺潺的流着。近村的绿树，都笼在湿烟里。弓儿似的新月，挂在树梢。一边走着，似乎道旁有一个孩子，抱着一堆灿白的东西。驴儿过去了，无意中回头一看。——他抱着花儿，赤着脚儿，向着我微微的笑。

“这笑容又仿佛是哪儿看见过似的!”我仍是想——默默想。

又现出一重心幕来，也慢慢的拉开了，涌出十年前的一个印象。——茅檐下的雨水，一滴一滴的落到衣上来。土阶边的水泡儿，泛来泛去的乱转。门前的麦垅和葡萄架子，都濯得新黄嫩绿的非常鲜丽。—— 一会儿好容易雨晴了，连忙走下坡儿去。迎头看见月儿从海面上来了，猛然记得有件东西忘下了，站住了，回过头来。这茅屋里的老妇人——她倚着门儿，抱着花儿，向着我微微的笑。这同样微妙的神情，好似游丝一般，飘飘漾漾的合了拢来，绾在一起。这时心下光明澄静，如登仙界，如归故乡。眼前浮现的三个笑容，一时融化在爱的调和里看不分明了。

这篇文章以“笑”串起作者对三幅微笑图景的追忆、描述，表达作者对人生理想境界——“融化在爱的调和里”的追求，抒发作者泛爱的思想感情。

二、镜头剪辑

“镜头剪辑”本是电影制片的工序之一。所谓“剪辑”就是按剧本结构和创作构思的要求，把拍摄到的镜头经过选择、删剪、整理、编排成结构完整的影片。镜头指影视所拍摄的一系列画面。镜头剪辑用于记叙文写作，指选取一组生动的画面来表现主题。这类文章是将所写的人物按照或故事、或画面、或片断，有序地写下来。其间的每一部分都可单独成文，组合起来又是一个完整的篇章。这种又被人们称为“冰糖葫芦式”结构，由于形式新颖，巧妙精致而受到好评。运用镜头剪辑要注意：(1)剪辑的镜头不能只停留在一个层面上，选材须多角度，具有代表性，力求立体、全方位的反映主题。(2)根据主题的需要，表达时，各片段在内容上须有所侧重，即从某一个侧面表现主题。(3)既要把完整的素材分割，又不能剪得支离破碎。留下来的一个个镜头应具有内在联系。(4)要善于选取大镜头。每个镜头都必须是内容充实的画面，具有典型性、代表性。(5)镜头之间要有空白，不要构成一组“连环画”，而应是具有跳跃性的。(6)一般来说有情节的事情，可以纵向剪辑;情节不太丰富，宜用横向剪辑。(7)剪接的镜头排列是有序的，或横向排列，或纵向排列，或按逻辑思维排列。

前面举到的冰心的《笑》，就围绕着“爱的调和”这一主旨横向剪辑了三个生活镜头，让读者在其是感受与深思。

三、时空交织

在记叙一件较复杂的事情时，在同一时间段中，先叙甲地的情况，再叙乙地的情况，转而再写甲地的人事，这就是“时空交织”的文章构制方法。它有利于结构紧凑，文字简练。

原来的高中课本上有这样一篇著名的通讯，题为《为了六十一个阶级弟兄》，说的是平陆县六十一个民工突然发生食物中毒事故。作者先写民工中毒的场面，接着写卫生部接到紧急求援电报，再写平陆医院抢救经过，转而写北京有关医药商店调运紧急药品的情况，如此轮留反复交织的叙述，构成了一曲动人心弦的凯歌。当然，采用这种方法有一定难度。

有时，在叙述一件事的过程中，作者运用插叙、补叙等手法，也可以构成“时空交织”的感觉，我们把这种谋篇方法也纳入“时空交织”中。

四、一波三折

“文似看山不喜平”，记叙文忌平铺直叙，忌记流水帐，若能尺水兴波，就能引人入胜。

下面我们来欣赏这样一篇记叙文：

选举风波

魏明湖

临近期末，要选优秀干部了，全班共四个名额，星期三下午由全班同学民主投票选举产生。本来是很简单的事，可第四名的张楠和第五名的王云选票一样，而王云又偏偏是班主任李老师的外甥，这下子，本来很简单的事变得复杂起来。我们推测，只好凭老师那一票来定乾坤了。

大家议论纷纷，究竟谁当选一下子成了全班的焦点话题。

“我看，应该选张楠，因为他无论那方面都比王云强。”

“就是的，我看最后一个名额非他莫属了。”

“那不一定，你们可要知道，王云可有个最大的优势，他是……”

同学们看着王云那洋洋得意的样子，都有些愤愤不平了。也不知是谁竟然组织起几个同学给老师写了一封“敦促书”，这样一来，本来就不平静的教室顿时沸腾起来。有的同学拍案叫绝，称赞写得好，有的同学诚惶诚恐，扯着嗓子喊：“还是别写了，这不是等着挨批吗。”还有的交头接耳，不知在议论什么。

第二天早晨，我走进教室，只见同学们三个一群，两个一伙地议论着，不知谁还煽风点火：“这下可有好戏瞧了，看老师怎么收场。”看着讲台上的信，我不由打了个冷颤。

上课铃响了，第一堂就是班主任的课。李老师踩着铃声走进教室，同学们的心一下子提到嗓子眼，教室静得有些叫人害怕。大家既希望老师看到那封信，又怕老师看到那封信，值得庆幸的是，李老师走到讲台前，放下提包和课本，正好压在那封信上。我松了一口气。开始上课了。同学们一个个缩着脑袋，用书挡着脸，看起来好像在读书，而注意力完全集中在老师的举动上。老师一面向黑板，同学们就从书缝里偷偷地打量着老师。老师一边领读课文，一边踱着步子走到教室后边，同学们的眼光也跟了过去。老师一抬头，同学们“呼啦”一下子又都转了过来，读书声也洪亮了。老师转过身往教室前面走，同学们听着老师的皮鞋声一点点逼近，自己却又不敢扭头看一眼，生怕老师从起伏不定的读书声里察觉到点什么。我的手心一阵冷汗。下课铃响了。同学们长吁了一口气，心里的石头好像落了地。可李老师并没马上走，开口打破了这寂静：“通过反复比较，慎重思考，我认为张楠的工作成绩突出，我的这一票给张楠。”同学们一下子都震惊了。既而是一片掌声。

“不好!”谁喊了一声。大家你看看我，我看看你，把目光一下子集中到讲台上。心里默默祈祷着：“千万不要让老师发现那封信。”但事情好像偏偏要和大家作对似的，就在老师拿起提包起身刚要走时，那封信随着提包带起的风飘到了地上，大伙刚刚松的弦一下子又绷紧了。李老师捡起信，打开看了看，笑着说：“有这么多人支持我的观点，我很高兴有这么多知音。” 我心里上下翻腾，不知是宽慰，是惊喜，是懊恼，是信任，还是敬佩……

这篇文章开头写评选的矛盾所在是李老师的那一票究竟投给谁，悬念顿生。同学们愤愤不平的议论和王云洋洋得意的神态掀起了波澜，预示着将要发生什么。同学们的“敦促书”将波澜推起，而课上老师竟然没发现精心设计的“敦促书”，大家收紧的心立即又松弛了下来。眼看就要风平浪静，谁知“敦促书”又飘到了地上。全文一波未平，一波又起。

一波三折，可用巧设伏笔、设计巧合、铺陈误会、着力突转、顺逆法等。

一波三折，“波折”要入情入理，让读者产生情理之中、意料之外的感觉，方能做到引人入胜。而脱离生活，故弄玄虚的“波折”非但不能吸引读者，还会适得其反。

五、欲扬先抑

“欲扬先抑”与“欲抑先扬”是相反的两种布局方法，先“抑”是为了后“扬”，“抑”是为了反衬“扬”。采用这种写作手法，要自然合理，切不可牵强生硬。我们来欣赏下面这篇文章：

我撕掉了扉页

海沉川

我和她相识不到几个月，就匆匆地分离了，她叫什么名字，我从未问过，也永远不想知道。因为记忆深处的回忆是不堪回首的——

我和她是在一次物理竞赛中认识的。她穿着一件红与黑相间的花格子外衣，戴着一副眼镜。说心里话，我并不喜欢她。可是，所有参赛的同学中只有我和她是同校，且同是女生，耐不得寂寞，我就和她聊了起来。尽管这种谈话方式并不高明，但我们毕竟成了“朋友”，这一次的相识，我竟忘了问她叫什么名字。几个月后的团员联谊会上，我和她又见面了。那是初夏的一个夜晚，她身着乳白色的连衣裙，腼腆地站在灯火辉煌的大厅中央，朗诵了她自己创作的一首小诗：“……我赞美雪的洁白，它有着清纯脱俗的美……”这诗，不由使早已厌倦摇滚歌曲的我为之动情。我第一次，也是最后一次感到她的美，文静有余。

我偷偷地记下了这首小诗，并把它抄在日记本的扉页上。

毕业前的两个月，是最紧张的。在物理提高班里，我第三次见到了她。那时，练习卷题目很难，我们提高班里的学生好多人不及格，我和她

也不例外。物理老师又出了一份练习卷。测试还未到结束的时候，我早已做完，不耐烦了，东瞧西望。猛地，我看见她腿上摊着一本书，她正紧张地翻着。

我彻底傻眼了，继而是充满内心的忿恨和鄙视。这一次见面，我和她疏远了。我不愿正视她的眼睛，我竭力回避着她，因为我知道多见她一次，就多一分难堪。

可造物弄人，在校辩论赛中，我又一次遇见她，她是参赛者。不可思议的是，她的演讲题目竟是——《谈考试作弊的危害性》。她依然是那身白色的连衣裙，依然带着几分腼腆，不同的是，这一次她更带有几分激动。望着她滔滔不绝地演讲，我感到一阵目眩。

“考试作弊，我以之为耻。靠这样得到的分数并不光……”这一个个带刺的字，如一只只嘲讽的眼睛向我无情地眨着。我乏力地坐着，无动于衷地望着她，心里却坚定了我的想法——“我看不起你!” 这次演讲她得了二等奖。

全场响起了热烈的掌声。唯独我没有拍手叫好。回家后我做的第一件事，就是把那张记着小诗的日记本的扉页撕碎了……

这篇文章对“她”的描写采用了“抑扬法”中“欲抑先扬”的手法。“我”和“她”之间形成了鲜明的“对比”关系。作者在一次试场上初识了她。后来看到她一身洁白如雪的连衣裙，再听到她朗诵的一首赞美雪的小诗，“我”对她产生了好感;但另一次物理考试，她竟作弊，使我对她产生了鄙视的情感，更令我憎恶的是她竟然在演讲中大谈作弊的可耻。言不副实，外表与内心不一致，我看不起她。作者把自己这一感情的变化寄托在一个细节上：把诗记在自己日记扉页上，尔后又愤怒地撕掉扉页，作者的情感变化，顺畅自然合理。

六、穿插流动

七、巧设悬念

把文章后面将要表现的内容，先在前面作一个提示，但不马上解答，以引起读者的好奇兴趣，产生急于看下去的迫切心情。这样的文章的开头，我们称为巧设悬念。它的好处是能避免结构上的单调，使文章的情节波澜起伏，引人入胜。下面我们来欣赏如下一篇文章：

石榴花开

倪 玲

石榴花开了，层层开满枝头……

暮色中，我拿着几朵刚盛开的石榴花如约来到了云的墓前……

记忆中，我和云的相识是在图书馆里。一切似乎是巧合，我和她同时拿起了那本《无名的裘德》，也几乎是同时，我们都做出礼让的动作，而后又彼此笑了一下。我说：“Lady first.”她说了声“谢谢”，便坐在我对面的桌子旁。接下来的几天，我们几乎天天都能在图书馆里遇见，相互也只是礼貌的笑笑，并无话语。突然有一天，她问我同情裘德还是哈代，我说两个都同情。她似乎是同意我的答案，微微点了点头，她接着问我是否看过《简·爱》，我说只是听说过，无缘拜读。她说她非常喜欢简·爱在庄园里说的几句话，并即兴为我表演了一番。第二天她给我带来了那本《简·爱》，并且在中间夹了一朵石榴花。她说她喜欢石榴花。那时我一直奇怪像她那样一个感花溅泪的女孩，怎会喜欢石榴花。我原本以为她应该喜欢栀子花、茉莉花那样的洁白、淡雅的。

可以说书籍使我们建立了深厚的友谊，我也开始慢慢地了解她了，至少我这样认为。一天午后，她邀我一起看狮子座的流星雨，我满口答应，也许是因为我也是狮子座的。那天晚上，她问我是否喜欢流星。我说虽然美丽，但却太短暂了。她说只要曾经拥有，夫复何求。谈话间一颗流星划破了夜空，她随即许了一个愿望。我说可否说来听听，她没有回答，只是问我如果有一天她如同流星般的逝去，我是否会流泪，我笑她太多愁善感了。接着便套用了一句台词送予她：山无陵，天地合，乃敢与君绝。那次她笑了，笑得特灿烂，如同那颗流星，也许更像一朵石榴花。

自从那次一起看流星后，就因为忙着考试，没有去图书馆。一天突然收到云的一封信，叫我去医院看她。我匆忙赶到医院，在血液病房里找到了她。她躺在白色的病床上，整个人显得非常的憔悴苍白，见了我似乎想挣扎着起来。然而事实上，她早已奄奄一息。我见势，急忙把她扶起来。我没有太多话，因为我不想她太累。许久，她要我帮她照顾她的石榴树，她说她很遗憾没能和我终身为友，但愿能变成来年后的第一只石榴。我噙着泪，默默地为她祈祷，祝愿她一切都会好起来……

我精心照顾着云的石榴树，看着它开第一朵、第二朵……并看着一朵朵不起眼的小花结出一只只火红的石榴。我想我已经完全了解了云，如果云活着，至少也会这样认为。

文章开头写了开满枝条的火红般的石榴花与一个女孩凄清的坟墓，两者色调窘异，造成情景上的反差，这是反差悬念。接着回忆与云的交往过程，这是倒叙悬念。感花溅泪的女孩，居然喜欢石榴花，使人感到奇怪，这是物件悬念。文章悬念叠生，却不知作者用意何在。最后读完全文，我们才猛然醒悟，云是喜欢那石榴般火红的生活，然而她却偏偏带着石榴花般的梦如流星似的离开了我们。她那种对生活炽烈的爱，对生命将逝的沉着平静，和她那石榴花般灿烂的笑容，永远留在了我们的记忆中。这里的意蕴是深远的，由石榴花造成的悬念贯穿全文，随物宛转，层层铺垫，清新活泼而又隐隐透出一丝凄婉忧伤，让人在悲喜中禅悟着生命的真谛。悬念的运用使文章产生了震人心魄的艺术效果。

八、曲径通幽

杨朔的散文《荔枝蜜》意在由蜜蜂而赞颂劳动人民的崇高品质，并表达自己向劳动人民学习的意愿。但文章并没有直接道出这一主题，而是通过展示作者对蜜蜂思想感情的变化，曲折有致地表达了主题。作者开头写自己对蜜蜂在感情上“疙疙瘩瘩”，接着写自己因吃了荔枝蜜而“想去看蜜蜂”，然后又写了蜜蜂的辛勤劳动与养蜂人的介绍。文章结尾写作者做梦“变成一只小蜜蜂”。由此可见，“曲径通幽”是指一种不是开门见山，直抒胸臆，而是曲折委婉逐步显现主题的谋篇手法。

运用“曲径通幽”法，要注意两点：(1)“曲径”是手段，“通幽”是目的，手段要为目的服务;(2)行文的曲折应适当有度，不要为曲折而曲折。

九、铺垫蓄势

铺垫也称铺叙衬垫，它是为了突出主要的人物或事物而铺叙另外的人物或事物以作衬垫，运用铺垫写法是为了蓄积气势，是为了突出文章主旨。

如杜牧的《阿房宫赋》第一段极力描绘阿房宫规模的宏伟和建筑的壮丽;第二段极力渲染阿房宫中美女之多和珍宝之富;第三段夹叙夹议，论述秦王朝统治者穷奢极欲，大营宫室，招致国家迅速覆亡、宫室一旦毁灭的必然结果;最后第四段作者以“呜呼”领起，发出深沉的议论慨叹，指出秦统治者要能爱天下之民，国家就不会败亡，表明秦之灭亡乃是一个深刻的教训。这篇赋，前两段的描绘渲染，是为后两段的议论铺垫蓄势，描绘渲染是议论的基础，议论则揭示主题，突出文旨，这正是铺垫蓄势的用意所在。

运用铺垫手法须注意两点：(1)注意写好铺叙的那一部分，只有将这部分写充分了，才能有效地蓄积气势。(2)运用铺垫要自然，如果为铺垫而铺垫，过多地堆砌，反会暴露出人为的痕迹，那效果就适得其反了。

十、以小见大

“以小见大”，就是在写作时选取细微的个性鲜明的事物，通过具体的叙述、生动的描写，揭示社会生活中某一方面的深刻本质，给人以认知、教育、启迪或趣味。郁达夫说：“一粒沙里见世界，半瓣花上说人情”，正可概括“以小见大”这一特征。下面来欣赏下面一篇高考作文：

生命的日历

浙江一考生

一张一张撕下来，一张一张寄托了你的希望。——题记

我不知道已经有多久没有去看她了。只是童年还有那模糊的痕迹，她的脸上有着看起来亮闪闪的银丝，有着岁月沉淀下来的痕迹。

“叮铃铃”，早晨的一声电话铃将我从睡梦中吵醒，挂上电话的刹那，我愣住了。感觉世界就在瞬间将我淹没——奶奶出车祸了。当我火速赶去医院时，她已经躺在了重症监护中心。泪水一刹那涌出。我带着爷爷的叮嘱，回老家拿换洗的衣服。

还是那幢老屋，载满了我童年的味道和记忆。踌躇着走上了阁楼。走进卧室，记忆里的味道一涌而出，是她的味道。一瞥眼，我看见书桌上有好几本大大的日历，被凌乱的撕成一张一张。走过去一瞧，日历的正面普普通通，有着普普通通的日期，而反面的字把我愣住了：“2003年2月，囡囡今天和父母回家。”“2003年5月，囡囡今天打电话来让我多穿点衣服。”“2004年7月，囡囡今天升学考。”“2005年2月，我今天看囡囡的照片了。”“2005年3月，囡囡已经三个月没回来了。”“2006年2月，囡囡已经很久没打电话给我了。”我发了疯似地翻动着所有撕下来的日历。上面是详细的日子和我与她之间发生的事，时间到时、分。我有些不敢相信，却又心痛地想起，在昏黄的灯光前，她是怎样带着老花镜在桌前写下这一点一滴的。自己多久没回来了，自己多久没打电话了，是学业的繁忙，还是成长的疏远与冷漠?而她，又怎样把希望寄托在这一张张日历上，期待着我重新做回小时候那个撒着娇的囡囡?

我收拾好这一张张的日历，这一张张载满了她希望的日历回到了医院。望着病床前那个头包白纱仍在昏睡的她，眼泪又一次决堤而出。我紧紧握住她的手，默默恳求老天不要将她从我身边带走。

床上的那张脸仍是小时候疼着我、爱着我的脸，亮闪闪的银丝，眉眼间的沉静。我悄悄将那张饱含我心愿的最后一张日历纸，塞进了她的手里，喃喃道：“奶奶，你快醒醒，囡囡来看你了，囡囡不会再让你数日历了，快醒醒……

这是一篇即小见大的文章，借助生活中感人的细节来表现爱这一宏大而深刻的主题，给人以深思与启迪。

下面是小编整理的初中生写作技巧：用典型事例打动人心，欢迎阅读。

作文时，你想过用什么来打动读者的心吗?也许你会说：用真挚的情感，华丽的语言，跌宕的情节，精巧的结构，深刻的主题……不过在这里，我要教你一招，还可以用典型的事例。有些同学的作文，总是显得平淡无奇，除了在情感、语言、情节、结构、主题把握外，还有一令人苦恼的因素——选材。要么是所选事例一般，要么事例的针对性不强，更有甚者，挖空心思，还是无话可说，这真是“巧妇难为无米之炊”那么如何才能突破选材这个难点，进而用典型事例打动人心?大家可以有以下几方面去尝试。

一、重观察、善寻找。生活之中，“处处留心皆学问”。只要做生活的有心人，你将会有许多重大的发现，你将会有许多可喜的收获，作为中学生，立足于学校，倾耳于家庭，放眼于社会，多听新闻，常看电视，留心于身边的生活，每天都有新鲜的事发生，每日都有许多精彩的节目上演。如校园的生活，家庭的风波，社会的大事等。正是这些事情和节目，激励着人们的喜怒哀乐，推动者我们的世界日新月异。苦心人，天不负，勤于观察，善于观察，生动感人，说服力强的事例何愁找不到呢?这样，我们便可以给自己的作文注入新鲜的血液，从而达到吸引读者的目的。

二、多浏览，巧借阅。中学生主要从事的是学习活动，人生阅历毕竟较为浅薄，这给学生作文时选择典型的材料带来了一定的困难，不要忘了，课外书籍里还有许多真实的、鲜活的、感人的事例。可以浏览适合中学生阅读的课外书籍，往往对写作文大有裨益。杜甫曾有“读书破万卷，下笔如有神”的诗句，道出了读书与写作的天机。在明确了主题的前提下，所选的事例又够充分时，不妨从课外书籍中巧借两三个相应的，有代表性的事例，缀连成文不也是一条成功的捷径吗?当然，这和胡编乱造、道听途说有本质区别。吴晗写作《谈骨气》一文时，为了表现“我们中国人事有骨气的”这一中心论点，就刻意选择了“文天祥拒绝降元，古代穷人不食嗟来之食，闻一多横眉冷对国民党的暗杀”这三个典型事例，很有说服力，有力的证明了这个中心论点。我们能够说，吴晗的成功与他的见多识广、引经据典没有关系吗?

三、筛材料、选典型。如果你平时收集了大量的素材，写作之前一定要围绕所表现的中心筛选一下，哪些材料是和中心相吻合的，然后将那些有代表性的，最能反映事物本质，最能打动人心，最能表现中心的材料，选定为典型材料。作家巍巍在创作《谁是最可爱的人》时，就从最初采访得来的一百多个事例中，选出二十多个事例来写，后来发现在着众多的事例中，有的味淡，有的雷同，有的中心不明确，便精简为五个事例，最终写成本文时，仅用了三个事例：松骨峰战斗，火海中救儿童，防空洞交谈这三个典型事例，从不同侧面反映出我志愿军战士的优秀品质，起到“以少胜多”、“以一当十”的作用。如此充分的表现力，自然使文章的中心更加突出，使读者的心灵更受感动。

总之，材料是表现中心的基础，更是成就文章的血肉。选材如何，直接影响着文章质量的高低，也关系着文章在读者心目中的分量。同学们，请热爱写作吧!认真观察、真切体验、善于积累、巧妙借阅、精心选择，就一定会找到典型事例的，再加以灵活运用，你的作文一定会打动人心、神采飞扬!

作文分数占了语文试卷的半壁江山，同学们需要引起足够的重视。下面是整理的2017年中考作文开头和结尾写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、“卒章显志”式的结尾——

这种结尾方式也叫“画龙点睛”式，也就是在结尾点明文章的中心思想。这是用得最多的结尾方式。而“点睛”的方式又可分为下面几种：

1、用抒情式点题结尾。如“老师，无论我走到哪里，我都走不出您的视野。感谢您的一路呵护，一路鼓励!”(《感谢恩师》)抒发了对老师的感激之情。

2、用希望式点题结尾。如“把理解带到人吧，尽量给别人减少一分病苦，增添一分快乐!”(《最爱的人，别伤他最深》)

3、用推理式点题结尾。如“有一颗感恩的心，会让我们的社会多一宽容与理解，少一些职责与推委;多一些和谐与温暖，少一些争吵与冷漠;多一些真诚与团结，少一些欺骗与涣散……”(《有一颗感恩的心》)。作者用“有一颗感恩的心，会……”的句式，点明了“要有一颗感恩的心”这个主题。

4、用表决式点题结尾。如“可以确定的是，无论前路阳光明媚，或是崎岖陡峭，我会坚定地——痛并快乐着。”(《痛并快乐着》)既点明主题，又回应文题，可谓一箭双雕。

5、用展望式点题结尾。如“我，我的未来不是梦!”(《我的未来不是梦》)

6、用感悟式点题结尾。如“她让我懂得了宽容，学会了宽容。”(《宽容》)

7、用比喻式点题结尾。如“诚信是诚实，诚信是守信，诚信是一句承诺，诚信是许诺后的行动，诚信是一根不屈的脊梁。”(《诚信——世间最美的》)把诚信比作脊梁。

8、用号召式点题结尾。如“友善的微笑可以压倒一切，无论来自亲人还是陌生人，关键在于真诚和友好。让我们以友善的微笑面对人生，面对生活，面对别人。那么，世界将会更美好的明天。”(《友善的微笑》)

9、用引用式点题结尾。如“请听一位名人关于学习的论述吧——当你感到痛苦悲哀的时候，最好是再学些什么东西，学习会使你永远立于不败之地……既然这样，我们何不去学习呢?”(《一首诗的启示》)引用名言。再如“让我们再背一遍何其芳的诗吧：”生活是多么广阔，生活是海洋，凡有生活的地方，就有快乐和宝藏。‘“(《乐就在平凡生活中》)引用现代诗句。还如”云南是云海，日月之行，若出其中，星汉灿烂，若出其里。“(《云南云》)引用古诗句。

10、用标题式点题结尾。如“21世纪的今天，不要再时时墨守成规。这个时代，要的是创造性的人才。朋友，记住：我创新，所以我生存!”(《我创新，所以我生存》)用自身的标题作结尾。

11、用议论式点题结尾。如“我们，这些初升的太阳，红色，橙色，金色，热力四射，正向全世界发出灿烂夺目的光彩。”(《我们是初升的太阳》)

12、用总结式点题结尾。如“感谢语文，是你不经意地从我身边走过，在不经意的回眸间，让我认识了安易，也了解了安易，欣赏了安易，在凄苦的经历中，不禁使人心生怜惜，疑虑而问，在那沉醉的旧途中，身世坎坷的女子是否找到了小路?”(《语文从我身边轻轻地走过》)既总结了上文内容，又点题。

13、用人言式点题结尾。即用文中人物自己的语言点题。如“又过了两年，他捧着中医学院针灸的毕业证书来向我爸爸报喜，他没有高傲的情绪，仍旧很谦虚。当谈到他的成长经历时他这样说：”黑暗中，我没有去捕捉那些东西，那些东西只会使我成为又瞎又聋的精神侏儒，而去探索真正的知识，学会自立的本领。现在的我已经很强大了，黑暗已彻底被我打败了。‘“(《黑暗中的探索》)用主人公自己的话，揭示了文章的主题。

二、“呼应开头”式结尾——

先看《战胜自己》的开头和结尾：

开头：善于战胜自己，这是我的长处。这个“自己”，是害怕困难缺少勇气的自己，成功时很得意洋洋的自己。

中间：……

结尾：善于战胜自己，这就是我的长处。困难前面不失掉信心，要有勇气战胜之：成功时不趾高气扬，要看到缺点，保持冷静的头脑。

这种结尾方式能使文章首尾呼应，结构完整，浑然一体。

三、“记叙事件”式结尾——

这种结尾方式能使文章显得含蓄，使读者有回味的余地。如《给我一个理由》的结尾：“我走出小店，看到太阳正对着笑。”含蓄地表达了善于微笑而得到了好的回报的主题。

四、“描写景物”式结尾——

这种结尾方式能对主题进行烘托突出的作用。例如《我经历的一次小波折》的结尾：“雨依旧下着，但变得温柔起来，天空明亮了许多，西方还出现了美丽的彩虹，我的心也轻松了许多。这次小小的波折我怎么能忘怀呢?”以美景衬托经过这场思想感情的雨水洗礼之后的“轻松之情”。

总之，结尾应像老虎的尾巴那样，漂亮而有力。

下面是由小编整理的高分英语作文技巧，欢迎阅读。

要点+结构+逻辑+语法+亮点

要点：实际上中考[微博]英语写作就等于两个字，翻译!因为中考英语写作一般会给出几个要点，要求必须在文章中有所体现。文章写的再好，只要缺少要点就会扣分。所以要点，也就是文章的第二段内容，要做到全，围绕中心。

结构：中考最流行的结构就是三段式，深受各地区中考英语写作阅卷老师的喜爱。为什么尼?因为这种结构十分清晰。“观点——要点——总结”让人一目了然。三段式的第一段：简单明了，开门见山，不超过2句话，如，我们想表达小强很强壮，第一段直接说XQis extremely strong。观点明确，这一句足矣。

第二段：分2-3点说为什么他强壮。1. 每天吃10顿饭，He has ten mealseveryday!详举吃的是什么。2. 每天运动2小时，He does exercise 2 hours a day!详举做了什么运动。

第三段：经过第二段的论证，可以得出结论。但请注意，不能完全照抄第一段，要有升华。也可以提出希望和建议等。如，Howstrong and robust XQ is!I hope to be him one day!

逻辑：这里的逻辑实际指的就是逻辑词。最常用的就是表示递进的，转折的，总结的逻辑词等。递进：除了first，second，third，finally等还可以使用高级点的，如first of all(首先)，in addition，whatsmore，moreover(都是另外的意思)，in a word，all inall(表示总结的)。转折：but，yet，however等。真正有经验的阅卷老师会很注意这些逻辑连接词，因为这些词体现了这个文章的思路。

语法：其他几点都不是硬性的要求，不那样做不能说是错，只能说是不好，但是语法却是硬性的。如，单词的使用，时态等。

亮点：当我们将前八个字都做得很完美的时候也只能得到一个二等文的上。要想得到一等文，最后两个字，亮点至关重要。大家设想如果我们是阅卷老师。有两篇写人美丽的作文摆在我们面前，都是结构清晰的三段式，要点都很全，都用了一些逻辑词，都没有语法错误，但是A篇只用了beautiful，good-looking，B篇却用到了attractive，charming，catching等，我坚信正常人都会给B篇高分的。这些高级一点的词汇，词组，句型便是我们得到一等文的最有力的绝招。所以，以后写英语作文要养成一般词汇限量用的好习惯。

1、organize your thoughts before writing: brainstorm、make an outline、etc。 下笔前整合思绪：脑力激荡，写出纲要等。

2、write clearly。 be concise。 avoid wordiness。写作清晰，务必精简，避免赘言。

3、use good grammar and write complete sentences。 使用好的文法，写出完整句子。

4、write simple sentences。 avoid a fancy style。 尝试简单句，避免花俏的句法。

5、avoid slang、cliche and informal words。 避免俚语、陈腔滥调和非正式用字。

6、avoid use of the first person (i。e。 i/me/my) unless necessary to specific piece。除非必要，避免使用第一人称：如“我/我的”。

7、writing naturally。 read it aloud。 does it sound natural? does it flow? 自然挥洒，大声朗诵。整篇文章听起来自然吗?通顺吗?

8、move logically from one idea to the next。 dont skip steps。 上下句意要合乎逻辑。别毫无章法乱跳。

[坚持八条英语作文的写作守则

1、individuals, characters, folks代替people ,persons。

2、positive, favorable, rosy(美好的),promising (有希望的),perfect, pleasurable ,excellent, outstanding代替good。

3、dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse(有害的)代替bad， 如果bad做表语,可以有be less impressive代替。

举例： An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms. When it approaches to graduation, as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.

4、(an army of; an ocean of; a sea of; a multitude of; many, if not most)代替many。

注：用many, if not most一定要小心,many后一定要有词。

举例：Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….同理用most, if not all ,代替most。

5、a slice of, quite a few ,several代替some。

6、harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that)替think。

因为是书面语,所以要加that。

7、affair ,business ,matter代替thing 。

8、shared代common。

9、reap huge fruits代替get much benefit。

10、for my part, from my own perspective代替in my opinion。

11、Increasing(ly),growing代替more and more(注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词,副词用increasingly)

举例：Sth has gained growing popularity. Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.

12、little if anything,或little or nothing代替hardly

13、beneficial rewarding代替helpful be beneficial of

14、shopper, client, consumer, purchaser,代替customer

15、exceedingly, extremely代替very

16、hardly unnecessary, hardly inevitable ...代替necessary, inevitable。

17、sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb代替sb take interest in

18、capture ones attention代替attract ones attention

19、facet, dimension, sphere代aspect

20、be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of代indicate, suggest ,fear

21、give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger代替cause

22、There are several reasons behind sth代替..reasons for sth

23、desire代替want。

24、pour attention into代替pay attention to。

25、bear in mind that代替remember。

26、enjoy, possess代替have。(注意process是过程的意思。)

27、interaction代替communication。

28、frown on sth代替be against ,disagree with sth。

29、to name only a few as an example代替for example。

30、next to/virtually impossible,代替nearly impossible。

导语：考场作文的评分依据不是唯一的，衡量一篇作文好坏的标准也不是唯一的，这就给我们考生平时的个性化选择提供了广阔的空间。

小编提醒大家，在考场作文中，以下这10种方式可以单独、可以综合几种一起使用，其实，考场作文独僻佳境的方式还远远不止这10种，所以希望同学们自己更好地举一反三，10种方法希望能够给大家带来一些帮助。

一、慧眼传神的标题

要在考场中取悦阅卷老师，先用传神的标题去构建作文的佳境，尝言：标题是眼睛。好作文就要有一双迷人的慧眼。现在我们训练了大量的话题作文，大量同学却把标题拟得老气横秋，或者干脆用话题作为文章的标题，让人一看就不愿给高分。所以作为考生的你要充分意识到阅卷老师的疲惫，用尽量新、雅、美的标题去引起老师的注意，标题拟好了，实际上也是在为考场作文创设景致，而独特的标题更是作文独僻佳境的最好体现，会让人为之一震。

二、一言九鼎的识见

对于中学生的作文，阅卷老师尤其看重学生的思想认识与观点见解。在阅卷的过程中，老师始终在留意或寻找考生作文中最能代表其识见的内容。因为任何一篇文章总是为表达一定的思想主题服务的，识见的水平如何，直接关涉到作文得分的高低，因此作为考生应该不断磨砺语言，砥砺思想，尽可能在作文中表达一言九鼎的识见。而实践证明，精要而有深度的认识与见解，会使本来很平常的作文内容为之境界全新，无眼之龙也会因为你的点睛之笔而畅游九天之外。

三、千描百绘的特写

考场记叙文，阅卷老师最看重有没有场面描写，看场面描写时，老师又最看重有没有特写镜头。因为写好特写镜头在阅卷老师看来，就是写好记叙文的最佳境界。什么是特写镜头，即考生借鉴电影艺术的表现手法，对人物、景物的局部特征加以浓墨重彩式的描写或精细刻画，从而凸现一个感人的形象，展示一个精彩的细节，使文章具有强烈的感染力的艺术手法。所以为了与一般平铺直叙式的记叙文境界有别，考生应该独辟特写的佳境，让考场记叙文因为特写而牵制住老师的眼球。

四、诗情画意的意境

考场散文的最高境界是诗情画意，有时即使寥寥几笔，也让阅卷老师如获至宝。意境就是作者的思想感情和客观事物的高度融合，就是作者所创造的那种情景交融、形神兼备的艺术境界。散文要富有诗意，就应有意捕捉优美的意象并寄托感情，形象一点说，就是要在写散文的时候，感到仿佛是在写诗和作画，要表达出情味、画面和韵致，同时要追求语言的诗化，主要表现在凝练含蓄、形象具体、音韵节奏等方面。要特别善于用精炼语句点染诗意，通过绘形绘色绘声的描写让阅卷老师生发丰富的联想和想象，从而满目生辉，满口溢香。

五、生动形象的说理

考场论说文的最高境界是议论生动形象，阅卷老师特别害怕大段罗列高深理论，板着面孔说教，愿意看到考生把议论中抽象的，难懂的道理或见解，采用一定的方法和手段，使之变得具体、变得形象;把议论中冗长的客观的论述，采用一定的技巧，使之变得生动活泼，摇曳多姿。比如使用比喻论证，因为喻体的为人熟知，而本体与喻体之间又具有相似点，议论起来就会独僻蹊经，别开生面。而如若在议论中始终贯穿生动形象的说理，则自成妙境。

六、“听唱新翻”的境界

内容是由材料来完成的，考生常常觉得只有那些虽显陈旧却典型的材料才切合题意，因而写出来的文章就显得陈旧无新意。阅卷老师评改同一道作文题，若考生总是使用同几则材料而无新意，这样的作文无疑就会被打入冷宫。所以不妨“听唱新翻”，以另外全新的角度去驾驭材料，比如说到屈原，02年的一考生开篇一句就亲切的询问：“是你吗?”紧承而来是一连串的问话，似为不解之惑，实则屈原精神的再现，将屈原心灵的选择——爱国展现无遗。诸如此类的“新翻”，不仅会使阅卷者欣欣然，也会使自身的作文境界为之一新。

七、飞扬多姿的文笔

考场作文，语言和内容是阅卷老师最为看重的两个方面，也是体现考生写作潜能最重要的两个方面。在作文中，如果写景状物，绘形绘色;写人叙事，生动传神;议事言理，生动风趣。在语言上广采博学，遣词造句力求神韵，甚至广用修辞，文笔飞扬多姿，那么通篇就会文采洋溢，处处精彩，也就达到了文章的另一种境界与高度。语言“有文采”，可以弥补发展等级其他方面的不足，用语言的恣意挥洒来张扬考场作文个性化的境界，已是考场作文成功的最为公开的秘密。

八、溢出纸外的真情

构思是文章的骨架，内容是血肉，而情感则是神经。阅卷老师认为“文章不是无情物”，一篇好文章，就应该具有良好的情感态度，换言之，即使文章的内容很平实，但情感却足够真挚，就像朱自清先生的《背影》，同样也能憾人心魄。在考场作文中，写人记事发议论，心中饱藏真情，让现实生活的“境”与溢出纸外的真情相呼应，则自成佳境。没有情感的“境”，如同行尸走肉，令人生厌。用真情关照生活，虽一花一草，一人一物，也熠熠生辉!

九、精思巧构的设计

一篇作文最能体现佳境的是构思，而篇章的创意又最能体现构思的匠心。在佳境创意上求新，一是要有奇特的想象，二是要学会变换角度。首先通过奇特想象创设佳境。奇特的想象主要是指创造性想象，是作者按照自己的创见形成某种独立性想象的心理过程。在具体运思中，作者由命题去构造新的形象或建设新的理论。如果囿于一个观察点，庐山只能给你固定不变的老面孔;调整视角，“横”看“侧”眺，那么奇峰异岭就会迎面而来，获得“远近高低各不同”的审美愉悦。只有用创新的眼光审视话题，运思谋篇，佳境才会脱颖而出。构思时，机智地寻找“变异”点，形成变异式佳境;反弹琵琶、逆向思维、形成反向式佳境;避开由范例引发的“第一构思”，把目光投向“另类”，形成另类式佳境;避实就虚，以虚驭实，形成就虚式佳境等等，都会使文章创意不凡。

十、迷众勾魂的文面

在考场中，最能引起阅卷老师直观好感的就是文面。文面就是文章书写、标点符号、行款格式所构成的整体面貌。优美的文面应该是：书写规范，字体工整，整洁美观;标点符号使用正确规范;行款格式正确，卷面美观可人，这些也是考生语文能力的最直接的体现。文面能够迷众勾魂，有时即使也内容与语言有较大缺憾，阅卷老师也会爱屋及乌，给你一个满意的成绩。谁说绝美的文面不是一种作文成功的佳境呢?!

1.想像类的题目不要表现什么主题，只要写得有趣有益就行;

2.结尾段千万不能用议论或表决心，最后仍然是描写，与开头呼应，如果与开头基本相同，也很有特色;

4.语文大考时，起码要为文章留好一个小时的时间，基础知识的检查放在作文之后。修改时要使用标准的修改符号，并注意卷面的整洁。

5.认真的书写是成功的前提。阅读者会在第一眼就对你留下良好印象;

6.写作时，应在选材和形式上多加斟酌，表现出你的智慧、思想和追求，即使阅卷者也自愧不如;

7.文章中应充满强烈的感情secai，因为唯有强烈的情感才能打动人心;

8.对手中的素材加以小小的修饰，使之更感人，更鲜明和更富有美感，这不是虚假，而是美化;

9.写作中要加进至少一种新颖的尝试，这种尝试是你从未使用过的。唯有你自己都觉得新鲜的东西，别人也才会觉得新鲜;

10、以第一人称写作最适宜抒情，并增加文章的真实感和可信度。

11.考试前几日，可以有选择地翻阅一些高品质作文图书，以帮助打开思路;

12.考试作文的最低要求是文顺和切题，达到了这两个要求，基本分数就可以拿到;

13.考试时要不要打草稿，这要视各人情况而定，一般来说，因为费时，所以尽量免去;

14.一篇文章起码分有四段，在六七段最为适宜;

15.书写整洁极其重要，阅卷老师的第一好感来自于你的字迹;

16.开头第一段一定要全力以赴，用描写手法描写人物形态、事件过程或景物特色。成功的开头占据全文得分的50%;

17.遇到生冷的作文题，不要害怕，缩小其范围，发现其核心，即可行文;

18.如果考试题已经做过，那肯定是一件大好事，当然，需要你“更上一层楼”;

19.像叙述一个故事给好朋友听一样，口语化的语言就像录音，非常生动有趣;

20、语言幽默一些，增加趣味性，让阅卷老师也忍不住笑出声来，这样的文章一定能得高分;

1.While the inclination to procrastinate is common, one must fully consider the detrimental impact of unnecessary delays.

虽然拖延的倾向是普遍的，但是人们应该充分考虑到不必要的延误造成的有害影响。

2.The tendency to take things for granted is understandable, but the need for one to rationally evaluate the circumstances of any situation is absolutely essential.

想当然的倾向是可以理解的，但是，理智地估计任何情形的情况是完全必需的。

3.Most people are under the illusion that a college degree guarantees success. There is no such guarantee without hard work.

许多人错误地认为大学学位能保证成功。不努力工作就没有这样的保证。

4.Some stubbornly hold to the correctness of traditional practices, but in so doing they seem to totally ignore the fact that progress depends on change.

一些人固执地坚持传统做法的正确性，但是，他们这么做，似乎完全忽视了进步依靠变化的事实。

5.Generally speaking, previous parliamentary policy debates ignored the relevance of transparency.

总的来说，以前议会中针对政策的辩论忽视了透明度的重要性。

6.A precise definition of poverty is actually very difficult to determine. Where does one draw the line between those who are poor and those who are not?

对贫困的精确定义实际上是很难的。如何在贫穷和非贫穷的人之间划一条界限呢?

7.Admittedly, bribery and corruption are endemic to our political and economic systems, but it doesn’t necessarily follow that all politicians and business people resort to illicit behavior.

诚然，贿赂和腐败在我们的政治和经济系统中很流行，但这并不是说所有的政府官员和商界人士都采取违法行为。

8.There’s little doubt that a third World War is avoidable, but it is highly unlikely that regional conflicts will disappear in the foreseeable future.

毫无疑问，第三次世界大战是可以避免的，但是，在可预见的将来地区冲突消失是非常不可能的。

9.Some people assume that investing in stock is a safe pursuit, but their assumption fails to hold water when considering the substantial risk involved.

有的人想当然地认为投资股票是有把握的事情，但是，考虑到涉及的巨大风险，他们的想当然就说不通了。

10.Some people have called for accelerated across-the-board changes. Their approach quite frankly ignores the need for gradual but effective changes.

一些人要求更快速的全盘改变。他们的做法的确忽略了渐进而有效的改变的必要性。

范文一：

Recruitment Announcement

Do you want to be part of a high-level international conference? Do you want to have close contact with world-famous scholars? Here comes your opportunity: becoming a

volunteer for the 2010 international conference on globalization.

The conference will open in China on Feb. 28 and our university has been luckily selected as the host from 20 top Chinese universities. It will be a great honor and

also a challenge for us to organize such an important meeting, so in order to assure its success, 50 volunteers will be recruited from the students in our university.

If you possess basic English-speaking ability, good communication skills, and tremendous working enthusiasm, you will be the ideal candidate we are looking for.

What a great chance it is to display your talents! To seize such a marvelous opportunity, you just need to send your resume to our office in room 302 of the Teaching

Building 5 before Feb. 12, 2010. If needing more details, please contact us at our telephone number 12345678.

Postgraduates’ Association

范文二：

Volunteers Needed

January 9, 2010

To improve students’ ability and enrich extracurricular activities, the Postgraduate Association is recruiting volunteers for an international conference on

globalization to be held on December 9, 2010 in Beijing. To begin with, applicants should have Chinese nationality, a strong professional spirit, cheerful personality

and be aged under 35. In addition, candidates must have outstanding skills at English listening comprehension and the ability to speak Chinese and English fluently.

Finally, students with relevant professional experience are preferred. Those graduate students who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitor of

their classes before February 1, 2010. Everybody is welcome to join in it. (107)

Postgraduate Association

The Spring Festival, the most important festival to Chinese. Is China the biggest, the most lively, one of the most important ancient traditional festivals, is also unique to Chinese festival.

Festival, is the beginning of the lunar calendar, another name is called New Years day, Spring Festival is the biggest, the most lively, China one of the most important ancient traditional festivals, is also unique to Chinese festival. Is the most concentrated expression of Chinese civilization. Since the western han dynasty, the custom of Spring Festival continues today. The Spring Festival, generally refers to New Years eve and the first day. But in private, in the traditional sense of the Spring Festival is from the Greek festival of the day or month, 23 or 24 people, until the fifteenth, among them with New Years eve and the first day of the first lunar month. How to celebrate this holiday, in one thousand years of history development, formed some relatively fixed customs and habits, there are a lot of handed down also. During the traditional festival, the Spring Festival of the han nationality in our country and most of ethnic minorities have to hold various celebration activities, these activities are to worship deities, worshiping ancestors, blow away the cobwebs, meet jubilee blessing, pray for good harvest as the main content. Form rich and colorful, activities with strong ethnic characteristics. On May 20, 2006, "Spring Festival" folk have been approved by the state council listed in the first batch of state-level non-material cultural heritage list.

The origin of the Spring Festival has a legend, the Chinese ancient times have a kind of call "year" monster, head long feelers, fierce abnormalities. "Year" the elder deep in the bottom of the sea, every New Years eve just climbed out, swallowed cattle damage lives. Therefore, every New Years eve that day, the people of CunCunZhaiZhai could flee to the mountains, to escape the "year" animal damage. One NianChuXi, from the village outside a begging the old man. Folks a hurried panic scene, only the east village, an old woman gave the old man some food, and urged him quickly up the hill avoid "year" beast, the old man stroked his beard say with smile: "mother-in-law if let me stay overnight in the home, I must have" years "beast." Old woman continue to persuasion, begging the old man smiling without a word. At midnight, "nian" beast into the village. It found the village atmosphere unlike previous years, village east wifes husbands family, the door stick red paper, candle lit the room. "Year" beast was a shake, long a sound. Nearly the door, hospital suddenly spread "banging spluttered" Fried sound, "nian" shuddered, again dare not go up. Originally, "year" the most afraid of red, fire and exploding. At this time, her mother-in-laws door open and saw hospital a red-robed man laughed. "Year" frightened to disgrace, mess up. The next day is the first day, the people of refuge back very surprised to see the village safe. At this point, the old woman was suddenly enlighted, quickly spoke to the fellow villagers begging the old mans promise. This matter quickly spread around the village, people know driven "years" beast approach. (the legend of hakka) from then on, every year New Years eve, families paste red couplets, firecrackers; Household candle lit, keeping stay by age. Beginning in the early morning, still walk close bunch of congratulate friends say hello. This custom spread more widely, Chinese the most solemn of the folk traditional festival.

春节，中国人最重要的节日。是中国最盛大、最热闹、最重要的一个古老传统节日，也是中国人所独有的节日。

节，是农历的岁首，春节的另一名称叫过年，是中国最盛大、最热闹、最重要的一个古老传统节日，也是中国人所独有的节日。是中华文明最集中的表现。自西汉以来，春节的习俗一直延续到今天。春节一般指除夕和正月初一。但在民间，传统意义上的春节是指从腊月初八的腊祭或腊月二十三或二十四的祭灶，一直到正月十五，其中以除夕和正月初一为高潮。如何过庆贺这个节日，在千百年的历史发展中，形成了一些较为固定的风俗习惯，有许多还相传至今。在春节这一传统节日期间，我国的汉族和大多数少数民族都有要举行各种庆祝活动，这些活动大多以祭祀神佛、祭奠祖先、除旧布新、迎禧接福、祈求丰年为主要内容。活动形式丰富多彩，带有浓郁的民族特色。2006年5月20日，“春节”民俗经国务院批准列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。

春节的来历有一种传说，中国古时候有一种叫“年”的怪兽，头长触角，凶猛异常。“年”长年深居海底，每到除夕才爬上岸，吞食牲畜伤害人命。因此，每到除夕这天，村村寨寨的人们扶老携幼逃往深山，以躲避“年”兽的伤害。有一年除夕，从村外来了个乞讨的老人。乡亲们一片匆忙恐慌景象，只有村东头一位老婆婆给了老人些食物，并劝他快上山躲避“年”兽，那老人捋髯笑道：“婆婆若让我在家呆一夜，我一定把‘年’兽撵走。”老婆婆仍然继续劝说，乞讨老人笑而不语。 半夜时分，“年”兽闯进村。它发现村里气氛与往年不同：村东头老婆婆家，门贴大红纸，屋内烛火通明。“年”兽浑身一抖，怪叫了一声。将近门口时，院内突然传来“砰砰啪啪”的炸响声，“年”浑身战栗，再不敢往前凑了。原来，“年”最怕红色、火光和炸响。这时，婆婆的家门大开，只见院内一位身披红袍的老人在哈哈大笑。“年”大惊失色，狼狈逃蹿了。第二天是正月初一，避难回来的人们见村里安然无恙十分惊奇。这时，老婆婆才恍然大悟，赶忙向乡亲们述说了乞讨老人的许诺。这件事很快在周围村里传开了，人们都知道了驱赶“年”兽的办法。(客家人的传说)从此每年除夕，家家贴红对联、燃放爆竹;户户烛火通明、守更待岁。初一一大早，还要走亲串友道喜问好。这风俗越传越广，成了中国民间最隆重的传统节日。

"I like honest men of all colors."我喜欢所有诚实的人。

"I start out by believing the worst."我凡事先做好最坏的打算。

"It requires more courage to suffer than to die."茍活比牺牲需要更多的勇气。 。

"I have made all the calculations; fate will do the rest."我已做了所有的打算，其余就交给上帝了。

"Our hour is marked, and no one can claim a moment of life beyond what fate has predestined."生死有命，没有人能要求多活一秒钟。

"If I had not been born Napoleon, I would have liked to have been born Alexander."如果今天我不是拿破仑的话，我想成为亚历山大。

"The great proof of madness is the disproportion of ones designs to ones means."一个人的计划与实践存在太大的落差即是疯狂的表现。

"The stupid speak of the past, the wise of the present, and fools of the future."聪明的人谈现在，愚蠢的人谈过去，傻子才谈未来。

"We must laugh at man to avoid crying for him. "与其后来替一个人婉惜，不如先嘲笑他算了。

"When you set out to take Vienna, take Vienna."一旦你着手要攻下维也纳，就把她拿下吧﹗

"What I did is immense. What I had decided to do, and what I had projected werestill more so"我所做的是大事业，而我当初的决定与计划亦是如此。

"The word impossible is not in my dictionary."在我的字典里找不到「不可能」这个字。

"I wished to found a European system, a European Code of Laws, a European judiciary; there would be but one people in Europe."我想建立一个整合的欧洲体系，包含了法律，法庭，与人种。

"The French complain of everything, and always."法国人终其一生都在抱怨所有的事。

"He who fears being conquered is sure of defeat."害怕被征服的人，注定要失败。

"Victory belongs to the most persevering."坚持必将成功。

"Adversity is the midwife of genius." 逆境造就天才。

"Circumstances? I make circumstances!" 英雄造时势。

"Men take only their needs into consideration, never their abilities."人们常只想到自己的需要，而没考虑自己的能力。

"Men are moved by only two levers: fear and self interest."恐惧和兴趣能激励人。

文体写作理论知识应由定义出发，定义中的要素可以衍生出写作的各种要求和方法。但是，不论诗歌，还是散文，传统认识集中体现在一般写作教材上，对其定义的认识既不准确统一，又片面地强调社会属性。不合乎文体本质属性的传统文学体裁定义在本书中一概不提。需要的是最终表现作者个体生命本真的文体定义。散文是一种作者写自己经历见闻中的真情实感的灵活精干的文学体裁。

作者在散文中的形象比较明显，常用第一人称叙述，个性鲜明，正象巴金所说“我的任何散文里都有我自己”，总之可以说是表现自我。这就需要大胆无忌。正如鲁迅所说“任意而谈，无所顾忌”，他还推崇曹操及魏晋散文的“力主通脱”。又如刘半农所说，散文要“赤裸裸地表达”。还如一些人所说，“我是怎样一个人，就怎样写”，“心口相应，信口直说”，“反正我只是这样一个我”。写真实的“我”是散文的核心特征和生命所在。这是定义的最大要素。

散文语言十分重要。首要的一条是以口语为基础，而文语(包括古语和欧化语)为点缀。其次是要清新自然，优美洗练。此外，还可以讲究一些语言技法，如句式长短相间，随物赋形，如多用修辞特别是比喻，如讲音调、节奏、旋律的音乐美等。

必须明确一个散文写作观念，这就是散文的唯一内容和对象是作者的感情体验。所有教材都提出了散文要写感情，但却是作为一种必备因素和一种内在线索。应当强调指出，感情不是片面的因素，也不仅仅是线索，而是散文的对象。散文写人写事都只是表面现象，从根本上说写的是感情体验。感情体验就是“不散的神”，而人与事则是“散”的可有可无、可多可少的“形”。朱自清的《背影》不是要记录回家和父子离别的琐事，而是要吐露一种对父亲及失败了的父辈的怜惜和敬爱。刘真的《望截流》，重点不是顺理成章的工程本身或建设者业绩，而是一种回归历史进步主流的内心感受。散文一开始就使自己沉浸在一种突如其来的悲喜交集的感情体验中，由此生发联想——小时候跟着妈妈赶集差一点丢失，四十年代初一度离开部队，“文革”中被迫放下笔等。最后又面对横江截流的宏伟场面，激情满怀。感情体验，是散文的内在结构。有了它，就可以天马行空地起草。这一点，不能不明朗和确定。有了散文的内在结构——感情体验，只要再明确外在结构的核心就可以写好散文。外在结构的核心是细节。

散文和小说一样，建立在细节的描写和叙述的基础上，但细节的排列组合方式不同。可以说，小说组合细节是“以盘盛珠”，而散文则是“以线穿珠”。小说的“盘”是一个社会的横切面，具备冲突，各种阶层、力量的人物或隐或显。而细节只能在这样的“盘”中有机地展开。散文的“线”，就是感情体验，或多或少，随手拈来，任情挥洒——以感情体验的表现为准。由此，我们说散文(应称艺术散文)，是最自由的文体，散漫如水，手法灵活。只要弄清以上四点，写真实自我及由此生发的个性口语、感情体验和细节描写，就掌握了散文写作的要领，什么意、章法(如文眼)、意境等等一般化认识都不必过于拘谨地学习，其它文体理论知识和写作基础理论都会讲到。

散文可以主要分为记叙散文和抒情散文(仍按传统的不明确的说法)两种。下面将两种散文的模式列出，供初学者和高等教育应试者选择使用。

一、记人散文模式

【开头】①感情化语言概括叙述。我和该人，重点在后。介绍该人，如肖像描写。②两者关系及该人精神特质的议论。

【中间】▲一种情况：一件事。从开头、发展到结尾，细致叙述和描写。

▲另一种情况：几件事。每件事即每层次前，可以用对该人精神特质的一个因素领起。以对该人的感情体验及整体议

二、论来贯穿几件事。

【结尾】①重申特质，照应开头。②深化感情关系，发出感慨。

三、抒情散文模式

【开头】1叙述自己与景物的关系。2议论景物和自己。

【中间】1描写景物，分出层次，细致动人。2联想发挥，更大意义。

【结尾】感慨

四、散文写作——构思、联想、语言

散文，往往通过生活中偶发的、片断的事象，去反映其复杂的背景和深广的内涵，做到“一粒沙里见世界，半瓣花上说人情”。要达到这种境界，构思是关键。

构思，是作者对一篇作品的整个认识过程，从他对外界事物的最初感受到成篇的全过程。就是进入下笔阶段，也仍然在思考，在探索，在继续认识所要描写的对象，深入发掘其底蕴和内涵。这是一种复杂的、艰辛的、严肃的精神活动，是对作家人格、修养、功力的考验。由于事物间的联系是深邃而微妙的，作家要善于由表及里，从纷繁错综的联系里，发现其独特而奥妙的联系点，才能够从“引心”到“会心”，由“迎意”到“立意”。

构思的奥妙，不同的作家有不同发现。于是就出现了种种不同的构思方法。秦牧的构思方法，有人叫做“滚雪球”。他写散文，起初的感受只是一点点，如一片小雪花，随着题材的增加，体会的深入，联想的开展，那感觉一步步膨胀起来，就象滚雪球一样。这里可贵的是最初的感觉，照秦牧的话说，它是事物的“尖端”部分，最富有“特征”的部分，一旦被作家抓住，就象一粒饱满的种子，落到肥沃的土壤里，作家用思想、感情的阳光雨露恩泽它，使它萌发成丰富的果实。这是一个核心，越滚越大，形成统一的构思。他的名篇《土地》、《社稷坛抒情》就是很好的例子。

徐迟的构思方法，叫“抓一刹那”。这“一刹那”他认为是事物的“精华”部分，最有“光彩”部分。抓住这“一刹那”，就抓住了头绪，抓住了中心，零散杂乱的材料才得以集中，才有了归宿。如他的《在湍流的涡漩中》的创作，正反两方面的教训都可以说明这个问题。

下面是由语文迷网小编精心为大家整理的英语写作高分技巧，供大家阅读参考。

一、要善于模仿

一些同学的办法往往是背一堆范文，然后再到考场上进行一个“剪切”、“粘贴”的工作，真正的模仿重点永远要放在一定的句式结构上，而非个别的词汇。有一个句式说：“…for the simple reason that…”表示某种现象的原因是什么，用在高考(课程)写作中，我们就可以拿来解释为什么自行车在中国如此的流行：“The bicycle is very popular in China for the simple reason that…”。然而，很多同学一谈到原因仍然是“…because…”。如果要表示“总是能够”的概念，很多同学提笔就会写can always，但理想的句子应该是用双重否定表示强烈的肯定，用never fail to。

二、要灵活变通

在批改过上万份同学们英语(课程)作文中，经常能发现一些将中文生硬地翻译成英文的表达法。有一句话叫做“立志如山，行道如水”，写英文作文，一定要有决心把它写好，有信心把意思表达清楚，这是“立志如山”;但关键是遇到问题时要有个灵活的态度，能像流水一样变通解决问题。有个翻译界的故事说：在某大型国际会议的招待会上，一道菜是用鸡蛋做的。与会的客人问翻译：“What is it made of”本来是非常简单的一个问题，结果翻译太紧张，忘了“egg”这个词，但是他急中生智，回答：“It is made of Miss Hen’s son.”这里，就是一个灵活变通的范例。绕道表达，是写作中应该常常运用的一种方法。

三、要细心观察

注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。比如在正式文体的写作中，很少用 “it isn’t”这样的略缩形式，而往往是一板一眼地写作 “it is not”。同理，在正式文体中的日期一般不缩写，阿拉伯数字一般会用英文表达(特别长的数字除外)。

许多同学在写作文时，习惯于把 “since” “because” “for”这样的词放在句首引导原因状语从句。事实上，在我们见到的英语报刊杂志文章中，这样的从句一般都是放在主句之后的。另外, “and”也常常被误放在一句话的开头，表示两个句子之间的并列或递进关系。其实，经常留心地道的英语文章能发现，如果是并列关系，完全可以不用连词;如果是递进关系，用 “furthermore” “what is more”更为普遍。

四、要心有全局

英文写作如果结构意识良好，应试写作就简化成为一个填空的过程了，适当地填入观点、素材，文章就自然而然立起来了。

一、描述图画

图画作文对图画的描述应在第一段进行，且最好在首句即开始。此类作文大部分是一幅图，也会有两幅图出现的情况。如果出现两幅图，则很有可能是突显对比的情况。

图画上可能没有任何文字，也可能在上面出现了一句话，也可以单个人物说话或两个人物对话，也可能在图画外写了总结性的一句话。大家注意，这一句话或两句话一般是非常重要的，应予译出。

一般说来，对图画的描写不必过长，应以简练、准确为标准。

二、图画类作文结构分析

我们想象中的最典型最理想的图画题提纲应该是下面这样：

1. 描述图画

2. 推导绘画者的意图

3. 做出评论

对于这一提纲我们来做具体分析，其中第三点更要细致研究。首先由图画引出一种社会现象或社会问题，可以是好的，也可以是不好的。在推导绘画者的意图时多是展开说此现象或问题的表现，以证明其引人注目。还有一种可能性是说此现象或问题产生的原因，提纲可直接列出，或还用上述提纲。这时可把简单意图推导直接放到第一段描述图画之后，而在第二段中说原因。

第三段做出评论，有可能只是简单评论、深化主题就结束，但这种可能性越来越小了。这一部分很可能说的是办法，不好的事情就是如何解决的办法，好的事情就是如何进一步发展的方法。

通过上述列表，我们可以看出，多年以来，真实的提纲是怎样一步步地向我们想象中的理想模式靠近的。对于提纲里面出现的变化和规律，我们来分析一下。

我们仔细分析，会发现历年考研真题基本上都呈现"现象或问题——原因解释——解决办法"这样的模式，但变化非常多。因为我们谈论的既可以是一件值得弘扬的好事，也可能是一个令人忧心忡忡的社会问题;针对后者我们极有可能需要提出做法;而对于前者，可能解释一下就结束了，也可能要写出相应的做法。

综上所述，可以看出，比起图表作文来，图画作文要更灵活，更富于变化。我们一定要多练习，以达到一看到图画(含图中和图边文字)和提纲(有时有文章标题)就能有效地审题解题，构造出合理的具体段落的目的。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

想要在写作上取得高分，需要掌握一些写作的技巧！下面是小编为大家整理的提高写作的技巧，欢迎阅读！

阅读优秀的作品：这是显而易见的，但立竿见影的方法。如果你不读更多的好作品，你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始，接着开始模仿，最后超越他们，形成自己的风格。尽可能的多读名著，在看内容的时候，更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。

尽可能多的写：每天都写，如果可能话，每天写几次。你写得多了，也就写得好了。学习如何写作和其他的学问道理是一样的，熟能生巧。写写你自己，写写博客，向出版社投稿。只是写，全情投入的写，练得越多，你的写作水平就提升得越快。

随时随地记下你的灵感：随身带一本小笔记本，当你对你构思的小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来。当你听别人谈话时的只言片语而所有顿悟时，或看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，都可以马上当他们记下来。灵感总是转瞬即逝，你及时的记录下来，便可以成为你写作的素材。我的习惯是，为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单，不断的补充它。

专门的写作时间：每天找一个没有任何打扰的时间段作为专门的写作时间，让这成为习惯。对我而言，清晨的时间是最佳的，午饭，傍晚，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。无论你是做什么工作的，把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。每天至少写半个小时，当然有一个小时更好。若你同我一样，是一个全职的作家，那么你需要写更多的小时，请你不要担心，这只会让你写得更好。

随便涂鸦：面对整张的白纸，整版的白屏，无从开始，肯定恐怖。你会想：我还是看看邮件或是小憩一会了吧！先生，千万别这样。马上开始写，马上打字，你写什么没有关系，只是让我听到你敲键盘的声音吧。只要你开始写了，什么都好办了。像我的话，我喜欢先敲上我的名字和文章的标题，这应该不难吧，然后再慢慢的展开情节，全身心地融入进去…关键是：开始可以随便写写，随便涂鸦，但是尽快开始写正文。

集中精神：写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境或是同时干着别的事情，是不可能写好的。写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。即使是最低要求，你也需要在全屏的条件下，使用WriteRoom， DarkRoom，Writer这些写作软件，不受打扰的写作。关掉邮箱，关点MSN和Gtalk，关掉电话和手机，关掉电视，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。清除与写作无关的一切杂念，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子里，在没有任何打扰下进入写作状态。

先计划，再写： 这好像和“随便涂鸦”有些矛盾，实际上不是这样。在坐下来正式写之前，先做个计划或是脑子里先预演一下，这是非常管用的办法。每天跑步的时候想想要写的东西，或是散步的时间来个头脑风暴；然后把想到的记下来，做一个扼要的提纲；等真正准备好开始写了，可以很快的展开，因为思路和想法都有了。这里，有一个构思小说的三部曲，可以参考这个：Snowflake Method.

创新： 你需要模仿名家，这并不意味你要跟他们写得一模一样。你可以试试新的写法，从这里学一点，从那里学一点。渐渐地，你就会有了自己的风格，自己的文体，自己的思路。试试一些不一样的表达，或创造一些与众不同的表达方式，每一方法你都可以尝试，看看它到底怎么样，不好就不用呗。

修改： 你开始构思你的文字，然后试着写，让故事情节展开，最后你需要回过头再看看你都写了什么。这点很重要，很多写手一旦写好就不想修改，已经费时费力地写好了，还要再花时间修改，实在是一件吃力不讨好的活。但如果你想写得更好，你就要学会如何修改。好的作品是经过反复的推敲和修改而成的，这会让你的作品从平庸中脱颖而出。看看你写的东东，不仅仅是那些拼写和语法错误，还有那些无意义的词，混乱的结构，和让人搞不懂的句子。修改的目标是：更清晰，更直接，更鲜活。

简明扼要： 这是你在修改的过程中，最重要的一件事情。一句句，一段段的修改，把无关主题的统统都删掉。一个短句比一段冗长的废话更具说服力，大白话比晦涩的专业术语更受欢迎。记得：简单就是力量。

富于感染力的句子：在短句中使用富有感染力的动词，当然，并没有要求每一句都是这样，你需要变化。但是，多试试能够吸引人的句子。而且，你没有必要等到你要修改的时候再用，你刚开始写的时候就要考虑这个问题。

获取别人的反馈： 闭门造车不会有任何进步，让别人读读你的文章给你回馈，最好有经验的作家和编辑。他们见多识广，会给你很中肯和有见地的建议。认真的听，即使是一些批评，也接受它，忠言逆耳，这样只会让你写得更好。

是骡子还是马，拉出来溜溜：就你而言，你需要让别人读到你的作品。你的作品不是你想谁看谁就看的，让所有的人都读到你的文章。你就要出版自己的书，发表自己的短篇小说和诗歌，给出版社供稿。如果你已经开始写博客了，恭喜你，这是一个好的开始。若现在还没有人浏览过，你就需要把它放到流量更大的博客服务网站上去，让读者给你留言，给你提出建议。所有的人都会看你写东西，也许刚开始时会是件伤脑筋的事情，但这是每一位作家成长的必由之路，马上发表你的文字吧。

采用对话式的文体： 很多人的写作都很正式，但是我发现像我们说话一样写作会使文章更流畅。这样一来，读者看起来会更舒服。刚开始这么写并不容易，你需要坚持这么做。也许，会带来另一个问题，为了读起来更口语化，你需要打破一些语法规则。因为如果生搬硬套语法，会让你的文章看起来很不自然。若没有其他原因，就不要破坏语法规则。你需要知道你在做什么和为什么这样做。

好开头和结尾： 开头和结尾是文章的重点。特别是开头。如果你不能在故事的开始就吸引读者，那他们就很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。所以投入更多的时间去考虑怎么写好开头，读者一旦对你开头感兴趣，他们会想知道得更多...写好开头后，再弄一个精彩的结尾，这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇佳作。

苏东坡的名句："横看成林侧成峰，远近高低各不同"，告诉我们善于变换角度，会见到不同的景象。文章的"变脸"在于根据题意在视角上做到寻找与选择的问题。首先是要寻找感觉和记忆，选取那些能激起写作冲动的材料。其次是选择角度，如果你对每个视角以及具体内容都掌握了，那么就可以从中选一个最适合的，反之选择的范围就极有限。

例文《头发之美》是写母爱的伟大，这类文章已有许多人写过了。但本文作者却寻找与选择了母亲头发的视角来作描写与渲染，写出了新意。你看，母亲的头发散发出柠檬草的清香，但随着岁月的流逝，黑发中冒出了白发，就如自己成长的烙印，那头发之美就蕴含在母亲是帮着撑起我世界的人，那头发间柠檬草的香味依然迷人。读罢全文，母爱的伟大是多么富有震撼力和感染力。由此可见，抓住人物的某个特征来变换视角，其表情达意的效果会迥然不同。

看图作文是以图画或图表来提供目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等情景，要求作者借助图画，通过联想将一组画面的直观内容转换成传神达意的文字形式，用于反映图中所表现的思想内容。

从写作体裁上看，可说明介绍，可叙事记人、可写景状物，也可以发表议论。

1.仔细审题、弄清题目要求

看图作文主要考查考生的观察能力、分析能力、想象能力、创造能力和语言表达能力。

想写好看图作文，必须遵循以下步骤：

首先，必须通读试题中的每一个字，认真观察所给的每一幅图画，正确理解提示所提出的各种要求，从而明确作文的中心思想，判断文章的类型、特点，了解文章的重点内容，力求切中题意。

2.审好图，确定要素

认真观察图中的故事发生于何时?何地?图中的人物为何人?他们做了什么事情?结果如何?

3.考虑用恰当的词语、句型和时态

弄懂了图上的大意后，在内心构思一个基本的框架，考虑用什么样的句型、词语、时态来充分表达文章的内容，尽可能用你熟悉的词语或句型，力求语言准确、意思明了。

4.列出要点，组织语言

在认真审题、弄清题意的基础上，我们应逐个完整无误地把内容要点列出来，我们可以在每幅图画的旁边用简单的词语标出其所表达的要点，这样，既可以提醒自己不要漏写了要点，又能防止过分发挥。接着就可以将内容要点译成英文词语或句子，以便下一步组织语言，形成短文。要注意使用适当的连接词或过渡性语句，以使上下文更为连贯，过渡自然。

5.详细得当

对一些细节方面的内容，如果是文章必不可少的细节，在写作时不可将这些细节忽略;如果是可有可无的细节，则可视具体情况进行增删。因此，我们在审图时，一定要注意各图中的一些细节内容，看其是否影响文章的内容。

6.仔细检查、修改

文章写完后，应进行必要的检查、修改，力求全文内容表达准确、完整，并最大限度减少错误。

具体从如下做起：

(1)核对图中要点是否有遗漏;

(2)时态、语态是否正确;

(3)文章句、段、篇是否连贯;

(4)用词是否得当、词数是否符合要求;

(5)单词大小写、拼写、标点是否准确无误。

最后提醒大家：一篇好的作文不但要内容写得好，字迹也要美观、工整、漂亮。

说明文写作的目的就是要告诉读者某个事物或某个事物的某方面的知识。小编收集了初一说明文写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

说明文的说举例科学说明文和一般说明文一样，也是以“说明”为主要表达方式，以传授科学知识为根本任务，介绍事物，阐明事理，说明事物运动、变化、发展规律的。因此，阅读此类文章，自然也应该抓住说明的对象及其特征，看看它是如何来“说”的。例如第六单元《奇妙的克隆》一文，我们就不妨来个这样“三读”——

一读抓纲——整体把握说明点

说明文写作的目的就是要告诉读者某个事物或某个事物的某方面的知识。而作者传达的这个知识，就是说明点，也就是说明文的中心思想。那么怎样把握它呢?方法主要有三：

首先可抓住文章的标题明确说明点。俗说“标题是文章的眼睛”，说明文的标题往往揭示了说明的中心。先看总标题：《奇妙的克隆》，可知是有关神奇的克隆技术的知识介绍，以揭开“克隆”的秘密;再看内容，全文用了四个小标题：克隆是什么、克隆鲫鱼出世前后、克隆绵羊“多利”、克隆技术造福人类。你只要浏览一下课文的小标题，就会对课文内容有个大体的了解。

其次可抓住文章的结构归纳说明点。一般说明文往往都会围绕一个主要问题或内容进行说明，而有的说明文则需要我们把小说明点归纳起来，构成全文的说明点。例如《奇妙的克隆》采用的是并列式结构，从不同的侧面说明克隆，除了我们前面说的抓小标题外(或者假如像有的文章那样就没有小标题)，我们也可以根据四部分的内容结构把它归纳出来。即克隆的含义、实验、发展与好处等。

另外可抓住说明的顺序弄清说明点。事物事理的本身是有其顺序的，人们认识事物事理也有一定的顺序，因此理清了文章的顺序，也就有助于弄清说明的中心。例如这篇课文主要是阐述事理的，无疑采用的是逻辑顺序：先写克隆的含义，接着写克隆实验，再写克隆的发展，最后写克隆对人类的造福和对克隆的思考。行文脉络十分清楚，说明事理步步推进，文章的中心也就一目了然。

二读精析——细部研讨方法点

要想把事物事理说清说透，就肯定离不开说明方法。因此阅读说明文，就应当抓住主要的说明方法，并搞清楚各种说明方法的联系和作用，这样才能比较准确地把握说明的内容和文章的结构。我们不妨从以下两方面入手：

一是可以先从全文上提领各部分的说明方法。不妨列出表格，以一览无余。

二是可以抓住重点段落，精要分析具体的说明方法。例如：在“克隆是什么”一小节里，作者为了说明“克隆”，运用了三种说明方法：举例子、释义和引用。举例子：列举植物、动物界当中的人们比较熟悉的例子来说明，把艰深的科学知识说得简明易懂;释义：对克隆一词进行溯源并作出解释;引用：引入《西游记》中孙悟空拔一把猴毛变出一大群猴子的故事，生动形象地说明了“克隆”是怎么一回事，把科学技术写得富有趣味。

三读品味——捕捉咀嚼情感点

与其他文体一样，说明文中也同样“说”着作者的情感态度，而这也正是我们理解课文所不可或缺的。《奇妙的克隆》是生物学家谈家桢写的一篇科普文章。学习这篇课文，既要了解克隆这一科技成果，更要从中学习科学家在科学的道路上锲而不舍、不断攀登的精神，还要在此基础上，对科学这把“双刃剑”有一个初步的认识。

为了说明什么是“克隆”，作者精心组织材料，把“克降是什么”“克隆技术的发展脉络”“克隆羊多利的诞生”“克隆技术如何造福人类”介绍得清清楚楚。但是作者又不限于一般性的知识介绍，而是融入自己的赞赏之情和严肃思考。具体地说，本文既向我们介绍了克隆科学知识，又展现了包括我国科学家在内的“科学精神”，同时又引领读者全面地看待科学技术的发展。阅读时，我们就要从课文中找出能表现科学家严谨、求实、锲而不舍的态度与精神的句子，加以体味。

例如：(1)“用鲫鱼囊胚期的细胞进行人工培养，经过385天59代连续传代培养后，用直径10微米左右的玻璃管在显微镜下从培养细胞中吸出细胞核。”(2)“在189个这种换核卵细胞中，只有两个孵化出了鱼苗，而最终只有一条幼鱼度过难关，经过80多天培养后长成8厘米长的鲫鱼。”(3)“……依靠高超的外科手术从爪蟾蝌蚪的肠上皮细胞、肝细胞、肾细胞中取出核，并把这些细胞的核精确地放进已被紫外线破坏了细胞核的卵细胞内。”(4)“经几百次灰、黑、白这样的操作以后，白色小鼠终于生下了三只小灰鼠。”(5)“经过247次失败之后，他们在1996年7月得到了一只名为‘多利’的克隆雌性小绵羊。”(6)“……用极细的吸管从卵细胞中取出核。……立即送入取走核的‘苏格兰黑面羊’的卵细胞中。……然后，将胚胎巧妙地植入另一只母羊的子宫里。”(7)“可以期待，许多生物学家，特别是那些从事无性繁殖研究的科学家，将会严肃地考虑它的含意，并展开科学讨论，用以教育世界人民。”这些句子，无一不体现出神圣的“科学精神”。

说明文是以说明为主要表达方式来解说事物、阐明事理而给人知识的文章体裁。它通过揭示概念来说明事物特征、本质及其规律性。

说明文虽然是以说明为主要表达方式的一类文种，但若没有其他表达方式(如叙述、议论、描写等)的恰当配合，则无法圆满地完成向读者介绍事物、解释事理的任务;而从学习写作说明文的角度讲，如果能确切了解表达方式的综合运用在说明文中的重要作用，注意准确使用叙述、议论等方式来辅助说明，说明文就能写得有声有色，文采斐然。(节选自《应用写作》杂志2000年第3期《说明文中表达方式的综合运用》)

说明文实用性很强，它包括广告、说明书、提要、提示、规则、章程、解说词、科学小品等。

说明文一般介绍事物的形状、构造、类别、关系、功能，解释事物的原理、含义、特点、演变等。

文艺性说明文是通过文艺的形式介绍科学知识的说明文。

初中说明文阅读技巧 说明文主要考查考生从文中准确获取信息的能力，设题主要围绕准确认读、准确理解、准确筛选来考虑。

考题常设置干扰性因素：(1)增减扩缩，就是对原文的句子加以改动，通过增加某些字或减少某些词语的办法，扩大或缩小说明范围。(2)鱼目混珠，就是用似是而非的词语或句子来替代正确的，造成歧意。(3)颠三倒四，是指设置选项时，有意将原文的句子关系打乱，造成理解的难度，如颠倒因果关系，搅乱先后次序。(4)无中生有，就是利用考生的思维惯性，诱考生用想当然代替清醒的理性思考。

解题的程序，有句顺口溜：“先读原文通大意，再读题干做标记，找出范围对应句，比较选项看差异。”

先读原文，完成3个任务：(1)了解文章大意，即说明的对象，各段之间的联系，作者的见解及相关材料。(2)给段落标上序号。(3)给重要句子和关键词语做上记号。

其次，读题干很重要，要给重要词语做上标记。如1999年卷第1题，可做如下标记：“本文第一自然段提出了一种假说，对这种假说理解不正确的一项是”3标记。第一处是命题点所在的位置，第二处是试题考查的内容，第三处是选择答案的标准。

第三，找出答题的范围和对应句是答题的实质性阶段。一般来说，答案的检索区间应在命题点的附近，如第1题答案在第1段或第2段。找对应句更重要了，可以说找到了对应的句子，就基本上找到了答案。比较选项找出差异是最后一步，即完成答题。如第1题B项说：“比起人类来，冬眠的哺乳动物在更宽的范围里发生了变化。”漏了“调节性”几个字，与文章原意不合。

说明文阅读题都是单项选择题，选择正确选项方法有三：直选法、排除法、类推法。

直选法，即直接选出正确答案。这种方法适用于一目了然的题目，有的答案自己一下子能够确定。也适用于“选非题”，如选出“不正确的一项”、“不符合文意的一项”。

排除法，可适用于一切类型的选择题。它通过排除不合题目要求的选项，将正确的答案显露出来，提高答案准确性。用排除法要找准“第一知识点”，即首先要排除的选项被排除的依据，须具备2个特征：一是判断得最准确，二是最有价值，确定这个知识点后可排除较多的选项。

类推法，适用于部分选择题。根据合理推断，迅速排除某些选项，或根据已知情况推断未知情况，迅速确定答案。

一、分类

1、从说明对象的角度：事物性说明文、事理性说明文。

2、从说明文语言特征：平实的说明文、生动的说明文。

二、说明的顺序

时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序

逻辑顺序的具体分数：主——次、原因——结果、现象——本质、特征——用途、一般——个别、概括——具体、整体——局部。

典型考题：本文使用了什么说明顺序?有何作用?

标准化答题格式：本文使用了__________的说明顺序对__________加以说明，使说明更有条理性。(第一空应该填具体的说明顺序，第二空应该填写具体的事物名称或说明的事理。如果是事理性说明文，但又不能准确表述，可用“事理”、“科学事理”等模糊性的语言表述。)

三、说明的方法

1、常见的说明方法有：举例子、分类别、下定义、摹状貌、作诠释、打比方、列数字、列图表、引用说明。

2、常见说明方法的作用：

①、举例子：通过举具体的实例对事物的特征/事理加以说明，从而使说明更具体，更有说服力。

②、分类别：对事物的特征/事理分门别类加以说明，使说明更有条理性。

③、作比较：把__________和__________加以比较，突出强调了事物的特征/事理。

④、作诠释：对事物的特征/事理加以具体的解释说明，使说明更通俗易懂。

⑤、打比方：将__________比作__________，从而形象生动地说明了事物的特征/事理。

⑥、摹状貌：对事物的特征/事理加以形象化的描摹，使说明更具体形象。

⑦、下定义：用简明科学的语言对说明的对象/科学事理加以揭示，从而更科学、更本质、更概括地揭示事物的特征/事理。

⑧、列数字：用具体的数据对事物的特征/事理加以说明，使说明更准确更有说服力。

⑨、列图表：用列图表的方式对事物的特征/事理加以说明，使说明更简明更直观。

⑩、引用说明：引用说明有以下几种形式——

A、引用具体的事例;(作用同举例子)

B、引用具体的数据;(作用同列数字)

C、引用名言、格言、谚语;作用是使说明更有说服力。

D、引用神话传说、新闻报道、谜语、轶事趣闻等。作用是增强说明的趣味性。

(引用说明在文章开头，还起到引出说明对象的作用。)

四、说明文的语言品析

1、对整篇文章语文的品析，一般从二个角度谈：A、准确;B、形象生动或简明平实。

A是一般说明文的共同特点。B是针对不同语文风格的角度谈。做这种评析整篇文章语言特点的题目，一定要结合文章具体内容谈，比如可以选择一句话为例子。

规范性的答题格式如下：这篇文章充分体现了语文准确/生动形象/简明平实的特点，如“……”一句，就准确/生动形象/简明平实地说明了事物“……”的特征/事理，像这样的例子文章中还有很多。

2、对具体篇/句/词的评析

篇/句的作用基本同上。

字词作用有以下考查形式：

A、加点字词有何作用?B、能否替换为另一个词语?C、加点词语能否删去?

这种题目往往要结合说明语言的准确性(有时是体现语言生动性)的特点答题。第二种题型还要在答题中比较二者的区别。第三种题型还要加上“删去后不符合人们认识客观事物的规律或与客观事实不符合”之类的表述。

五、说明文写法分析

1、结合说明方法谈

规范性的答题模式如下：

这篇文章主要运用了……的说明方法，说明了……(内容：事物特征或事理)，使说明……(作用：参考前面说明方法，明确其作用)

2、结合修辞手法谈

规范性的答题模式如下：

这是一篇生动地说明文，大量地使用了各种修辞手法，说明了……(内容)，使文章的说明形象生动。

3、结合表达方式谈

记叙、描写使说明更具体形象;抒情、议论使说明更有感情。那么，从这个角度分析说明文的写法，答题的规范性格式如下：

这篇文章综合运用多种表达方式，除了说明外，还有……(从“记叙、描写、说明、议论”根据内容选择)，如……(具体举例)，就是……(表达方式)的运用，使说明更具体形象/充满感情。

六、说明语段的作用

这种题目答题的角度有三：

(1)、结构、内容作用：引出下文、承上启下、总结全文/前文。

有时在文章开头，还起着引出说明对象/说明事理的作用。

(2)、结合说明方法谈。

通过……的说明方法，说明了……(事物特征或事理)，使说明……(作用)。

想要想好的作文，就要有好的技巧，小编收集了2017年小升初写作指导：作文的九大技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、作文成绩看字迹，得分要素是第一

这一点，所有的同学们一定要掌握明白了。任何形式的作文考试，阅卷老师打分时，第一眼，看的是字迹。因此，写作文必须要把字写好。记住，考作文考的是内容，而不是书法，切忌字迹潦草。

二、考试作文五六段，干净整洁看卷面

考试作文中，要注意及时分段，三四个段落显得少了，八九个段落，显得琐碎了些。除非有特殊情况，段落以五六个段落为好。此外，卷面一定要整洁，不要涂改得乱七八糟。我的看法是，考试作文每段最好别超过5行，顶多是5行半。切忌一段都八九行，写成“大肚子作文”。一旦给阅卷老师视觉上的疲劳，影响他的心理，分数就受影响。如果有必要，死拉硬拽也要注意分段。

三、开头结尾要简练，最好首尾两行半

除了切忌大肚子作文外，“大头作文”也要不得。建议考生在写作文的时候，开头结尾占两行半的卷面。顶多也不能超过三行半。想想看，一个开头就占太多的空间，阅卷老师的视觉又会有瞬间的疲劳，也会影响阅卷老师的情绪。

四、动笔之前要拟题，漂亮标题如美女

考试作文中，一般都是由考生自己来拟定题目，题目不宜太长和太短。怎么拟题呢?对于成绩一般的考生，应该采取特别措施了。拟题的办法有2个，一是你去百度上搜索一下作文拟题目，可以找到作文老师讲述的类似技巧。二是考生家长或考生，赶紧去翻阅最近一年的读者和青年文摘的合订本，根据题材，选择几十个比较精彩的标题，背下来，考试的时候可能比葫芦画瓢地就能采用到。

五、作文首尾要打眼，丰富多彩出靓点

考试作文的开头方法很多：六要素开头法、题记开头法、悬念开头法、引名句开头法、排比句开头法、拟人式开头法、设问式开头法、对偶式开头法、博喻加对仗开头法，合用修辞开头法、巧述典故开头法，解题式开头法、名人问答开头法、诗文引用开头法。希望考生们准备好一些关于道德、学习、礼仪、爱国、美德等方面的典故、名人名言，到时候就用得上。至少，你看到作文的时候，脑子里会闪现出上述前七八个开头方法。

结尾也很重要。一般来说，结尾是总结全文。如果是记叙文，要注意抒情。如果是议论文，则要注意归纳。无论如何，最好要扣准标题。怎么扣呢?如果你实在拿不准，就在结尾段的第一句，把题目说一下，然后归纳全文观点就是了。

六、动笔之前不要慌，想了题目列提纲

上面说了好几种技巧，其实在具体操作的时候，列提纲很关键。譬如，写记叙文要设计好开头结尾，同时要把你叙述的事情分成几个层次，一个层次是一段，中间如果能设置好一个过渡句或过渡段更好。列提纲的时候，一定要把开头结尾写详细写，中间各段，穿插哪些精彩的话语或名言俗语、诗词典故，要写准。一个合格的学生，列提纲，大约5分钟到8分钟。时间要掌握好，如果时间紧张，提纲就要简练些。

七、想好主题和文体，非驴非马不可取

写作文，要么是记叙文，要么是议论文。一般来说，多是“总—分—总”结构。记叙文的结尾要注意抒情和总结哲理，议论文最好是“1—3—1”或者“1—4—1”结构，中间的3或4，是分层解题。当然也可以灵活采用夹叙夹议的手法。但是注意，千万别议论文说了那么多事例却不归纳主题，千万记叙文忘记说事却议论过多。因此，写考试作文，事先要想好了，我写的是什么文体，就按相应文体的写法来写。

八、适当克隆和“抄袭”，考前备料攒信息

考试前，建议考生翻阅大量的范文，积累一些考试作文的结构。如果写记叙文，最好翻阅《读者》和《青年文摘》，其中的一些散文，结构是很好的，可以把写作的梗概和套路归纳出来。到考试的时候，你采用别人的“筐”，把自己的东西向里面装就可以了。关于感情、爱国、人生之类的优美语言，可以分别背个三五句，到时候直接抄上去就行了，这不算抄袭。关于国家大事，时事政治和要闻什么的，也要注意搜集一下。譬如，去年有奥运，今年是建国60周年，还有汶川地震的感人事迹等，都可以做考试作文的题材。

此外也有一些不太规范的方法，譬如别家的感人事迹，可以搬到自己家。这在考试的时候要灵活慎重运用。

九、篇幅争取要写满，多写一点是一点

一般来说，小升初作文要求都不低于500-600字。如果要求是600字左右，那就顶多写到700字。如果是不低于多少字，建议考生，争取合理安排卷面，把给的卷面写满到95%左右，留下最后一两行。作文老师一看你写得那么多，肯定觉得你的作文相对熟练，作文打分就趋高不趋低。

面对材料作文，不少考生因未能真正吃透材料，熟练掌握审题立意、观点提炼的方法，时常造成所提炼的观点与材料若即若离、似是而非，差之毫 厘、失之千里，甚至南辕北辙、风马牛不相及的重大失误——即使你的文章结构再严谨、论证再充分、事例再丰富、语言再优美，也只能是“瞎子点灯白费蜡”了。 可见，材料作文的观点提炼，至关重要。

那么，如何方能吃透材料，紧扣材料`，选好角度，确立一个具有相当新意、深意的观点呢?以下方法谨供参考。

一、主旨领悟法

这是材料作文最为常用且最为稳妥的审题立意方法。如果能准确地领悟材料的中心，并以之为文章的主旨，那么，所写文章定能既切题又有深度。

示例

《华尔街日报》报道：海湾战争前夕，该报记者到驻沙特的美国陆战队采访时，惊奇地发现，在沙漠的帐篷里，待命的军舰上，美国的官兵正在争相研读中国的《孙子兵法》。陆战队司令格雷将军指令：《孙子兵法》为陆战队官兵必读书。

综观材料，我们不难发现，美国官兵之所以学习中国的《孙子兵法》，是用以指导他们的战术，材料的主旨十分清晰，据此，可提炼“他山之石可以攻 玉”之类的观点。当然，这是显性的;从隐性看，外国人尚且如此重视对我国文化遗产的学习，那么作为中国人的我们，则更应“重视祖国文化遗产的传承”，而这 在某种意义上更具深意。

二、关键把握法

关键词句往往是“文眼”，蕴含着材料的主旨。因此，可将其作把握材料、选择立意角度的突破口。在材料作文的材料中，关键词句常常是命题者或材料中的人物的评议性语句。

示例

巴西足球名将贝利在足坛上初露锋芒时，一个记者问他：“你哪一个球踢得最好?”他回答说：“下一个!”而当他在足坛崭露头角，已成为世界著名球王，并踢进一千多个球后，记者又问道：“你哪一个球踢得最好?”他仍然回答：“下一个! ”

这“下一个”三个字，既体现出永不满足的进取精神，又蕴含着艺无止境、不断创新的哲理，闪耀着人格、智慧、精神的光芒。抓住了这个关键词，便抓住了材料的灵魂实质。

三、由果溯因法

事物都是互相联系的。比如，有很多事物就是以因果关系的联系形式存在的。写材料作文，审题时如果能由材料中列举的现象或结果推究出造成所列现象或结果的本质原因，往往能找到最佳的立意。

示例

某胶粘剂公司研制成强力万能胶水，在推向市场之前，别出心裁地将一枚价值可观的大金币，用该胶水粘在该公司的大理石柱上，并称谁能将其取下而不 损坏门柱，金币归谁。一时间，门前人头攒动，不少人纷纷一试身手，结果力气耗尽，金币却岿然不动。人群中爆发出热烈掌声，各色人等称赞有加，消息不胫而 走。新产品一上市，厂家即获得巨大效益。

材料中新产品一上市，之所以“获得巨大效益”，一是因为该强力万能胶水粘后能“岿然不动”的有目共睹的过硬质量，二是由于公司采用了非同寻常的 营销宣传策略，于是，我们便能顺理成章地分别得出 “事实胜于雄辩”、“酒香还需巧吆喝”的结论。相比之下，后者更富有时代气息。

四、寓意揭示法

对于一些寄寓性材料，如寓言、童话、漫画等，须透过材料的表象，进行“由物及人”、“由物及事”的联想，即由材料中的物联想到人，进而联想到与材料内容相类似的人生哲理、社会现象等，挖掘其真正的内涵，从而确立论点。

示例

驴子驮盐渡河，它滑了一下，跌进水里，盐溶化了，它站起来时轻了许多。这件事使它很高兴。又有一天，它驮了海绵走到河边，故意一滑，跌进水里，那海绵吸了水，驴子站不起来，终于淹死了。

这则寓言告诉我们，一切应从实际出发，情况变化了，我们的思想和工作方法也应随之变化，如果墨守成规，或盲目套用，必将招致失败。写作时要透过驴子驮盐和海绵的表象，把握并取其寓意作为文章的论点。

五、细节切入法

示例

郑板桥的书法，用隶书参以行楷，非隶非楷，非古非今，俗称“板桥体”。他的作品单个字体看似歪歪斜斜，但总体感觉错落有致，别有韵味，有人说“这种作品不可无一，不可有二”。

从局部细节来看，大致有以下思路：

郑板桥书法，“用隶书参以行楷，非隶非楷，非古非今”，启示人们要“善于借鉴”，学会融合;“作品单个字体看似歪歪斜斜，但总体感觉错落有致， 别有韵味”，提示我们要注重个体与总体、局部与整体关系的和谐，即“和谐就是美”;而“这种作品不可无一，不可有二”，则揭示出任何事物唯有 “彰显个性”，具有鲜明的个性特色，方能体现其价值、立于不败之地的真理。

六、倾向揣摩法

面对材料作文，不少考生因未能真正吃透材料，熟练掌握审题立意、观点提炼的方法，时常造成所提炼的观点与材料若即若离，甚至南辕北辙，即使你的文章结构再严谨、论证再充分、事例再丰富、语言再优美，也只能是“瞎子点灯白费蜡”了。可见，材料作文的观点提炼，至关重要。

那么，如何才能吃透材料，紧扣材料，选好角度，确立一个具有相当新意、深意的观点呢?

七、多向发散法

有些材料作文的材料比较散。对于这样的材料，审题时可以采用多向发散的思维方法，围绕材料展开多角度立意。

示例

薛潭学讴于秦青，未尽秦青之技，自谓尽之。遂辞归。秦青弗止，饯于郊衢。抚节悲歌，声振林木，响遏行云。薛潭乃谢求反，终身不敢言归。

从薛潭角度，我们可抓住他 “学讴”、“未尽秦青之技”就“辞归”，得出“要谦虚”的启示;也可从他意识到自己远未学到老师的本事而 “谢求反”，总结出“要知错即改”的道理。从老师秦青的角度，我们可从他面对学生的自以为是，并未发怒，而是“弗止，饯于郊衢”，且“抚节悲歌，声振林 木，响遏行云”的不一般的举动中，受到启发：“教育要讲究方法”。

然而薛潭 “终身不敢言归”的做法值得商榷。倘若学生真的将老师的本事全部学到家的话，那又何必 “终身不敢言归”呢?我们完全可以理直气壮地另行拜师，博采众长。当然，提炼出多个观点后，应择优而作。

八、舍次求主法

有些材料作文的材料往往会牵涉许多人和事。因此，审题时要明确哪些是材料的主要人物或事件，哪些是次要人物或事件，并舍弃次要人物或事件，从主要人物或事件的角度审题立意。

示例

公交车靠站停稳后，车站上一位妇女为抓紧时间，抱起原先站着等车的小孩上车。车上一青年乘客主动起身让座。抱小孩妇女谢过对方，放下小孩，笑笑 说：“小家伙刚会走路，还是让他自己站吧。”此刻，见两人互相谦让，无人入座，一旁的时髦少妇眼明手快，一屁股坐下，并大声招呼道：“囡囡，妈妈帮侬抢到 座位了。 ”

材料中共出现了三个“人物”。无论从让座青年角度提倡 “要助人为乐”，还是从抢座位的时髦少妇方面提出“要文明礼让”，似乎均无不可。然而从整个材料的重心、指向来看，应舍弃后两个次要人物，着眼点放在主角抱小孩的妇女身上，宜立意“尽早让孩子自立”。

九、求同存异法

此法对组合性材料作文尤为适宜。如果提供的组合性材料内涵是一致的，可以抽取其共同的、本质的内容，提炼出一个论点;如果提供的材料之间内涵不一致，甚至相差很远，那么应摒弃相异的面，寻找交叉、重合的点。

示例

丹麦人去钓鱼会随身带一把尺子，钓到鱼，常常用尺子量一量，将不够尺寸的小鱼放回河里。他们说：“让小鱼长大不更好吗? ”两千多年前，我国孟子曾说过：“数罟不入洿池，鱼鳖不可胜食也。 ”

一中一外、一古一今的两材料，告诉我们的是同一个道理：在急功近利、异常浮躁的当今社会，务必“要有远见卓识 ”。

十、互补完善法

示例

①佛罗伦萨诗人但丁的名言：“走自己的路，让别人去说吧! ”

②波兰谚语：“常问路的人不会迷失方向。 ”

材料①“走自己的路”强调要有坚定的信念;材料②“常问路的人不会迷失方向”是讲走路时要有虚心求教的精神，要听从他人指导。两者孰是孰非?两 者具有很强的互补性，若将两者结合起来，就既全面又合理。因此，可以提炼这样的观点：只有既有“走自己的路”的坚定信念，又有“常问路”的虚心精神，才能 走好自己的人生之路。

当然，材料作文审题立意的方法还有很多，而各种方法也并非孤立的，可能互有交叉。若在具体的审题立意过程中能灵活地综合运用，效果则更佳。