2015年英语六年级写作基础知识精选8篇 作文（推荐20篇）

Love,It would have to be to you

[爱，它只属于你]

Softhearted is sick, but you are life.

心软是病，可你是命.

island is the scar of the sea

[岛是海的疤痕]

You ever far is my fixed lattice

(你永远是我的定格.)

The time that you are my most fatal.

时光深知你是我最致命的爱

Learn to sorrow blind eye.

[学会熟视无睹对于悲伤]

You dont laugh tears away.

[你别笑了眼泪都掉了]

I want to be your bride .

【 我想成为你的新娘 】

Lets make thing better.

(让我们做得更好)

Does not belong to me,I will let go

不属于我的 我会离开.

I am not greed but I envy.

我没有贪婪 我羡慕海枯石烂.

Let the time tell the truth.

任由时间说真话

Promises are often like the dust

承诺像尘埃

Everybody wants to be loved

谁都想被疼爱

I will always be, even if love pale.

我会一直在,纵使爱变苍白

The time that you are my most fatal

时光深知你是我最致命的爱人

Let me make you whole life youth

[愿我许你一生青涩年华]

You are my most adventure youth dream

[你是我年少时最冒险的梦]

If through time, through love

[倘若看透时光看透爱]

Who gives us meet but not concurrently give us forever.

是谁赐我们遇见 却不一并赠我们永远。

I think I will love you for a long time

我想我会爱你很久

Laugh Until You Cry; Cry Until You Laugh

笑到终于哭出来;哭到终于笑出来。

You were never mine to lose.

你从来就不属于我，谈不上什么失去

掌握应用文写作语言的特点，即语言的信实性、针对性、规范化和专门化，小编收集了应用文的写作基础知识，欢迎阅读。

一、语言的特点

掌握应用文写作语言的特点，即语言的信实性、针对性、规范化和专门化

作者运用语言的能力，主要体现在对各种文体语言的敏感和自觉把握、开拓上。应用文因其要交流业务、传递信息、宣传政策、一探讨问题，甚至需录存凭证的实用要求，其语言必然具有一些自身的特点：

1、信实性

要使各种信息得到读者的信任，其语言就应信实可靠，去伪存真，弃浮留实，不言过其实，在真实中获得自己的生命。要做到语言的信实必须做到以下几点：

(1)要掌握表述的分寸。在当用与不当用、偏高与偏低、偏大与偏小之间加以区分;事物的范围、性质要描述和归纳得恰如其分。要求表述的含义清楚，词语的内涵、外延明确，一切会导致歧义、多义和似是而非的象征、隐喻等等都应在排除之列，以免引起误解而致误导。如"成绩"与"成就"之分，"错误"与"缺点"之分，"大多数"与"绝大多数"的不同，"部分"与"大部分"的界限。

(2)表现要诚达。"诚"，就是要求有实实在在的内容，不能空话连篇，言之无物;不能装腔作势，哗众取宠;"达"，就是要求语言能原原本本地把内容表达清楚，忌浮言、假话。如介绍商品，性质、功能、售后服务、价格等都须实事求是，不吹嘘、不护短，才能在感情上取得顾客的信任。那些"王婆卖瓜，自卖自夸"的花言巧语，那种动辄"领导世界新潮流"、"誉满全球"的陈词滥调只会失信于读者，最终削弱商品的竞争力。

(3)数字要精确，字词运用要恰当。借助极富科学性和说服力的数字，发现问题、分析问题、解决问题。但应慎重，不能混用。如数字发生变化时表达要清楚，"增加了多少"与"增加到多少"并不一样;有关数字的词语要概念明确，比如"以上"、"以下"、"不足"、"超过"、"小于"、"大于"的用法不应给读者造成疑窦，如不要在"100公斤以上的"、"100公斤以下的"之后给读者留下"100公斤的"该怎么办的问号。

2、针对性

即看对象说话。许多应用文的语言，受客观环境和政策法规的制约，都应看准表述对象，因人、因事、因时、因地而异，不可千篇一律。给领导看的，要求语言庄重，文字简约;给群众看的，则要求深入浅出，语言通俗;介绍一件商品，要注意具体的对象、环境、内容和要求，做到随机应变，以获得最佳的传播效果。针对性强，就能使文章有的放矢，有助于解决问题。

3、规范化和专门化

应用写作的语言不同于其他写作，以书面语言为主。尤其在某些文种中，如命令等，只能用书面语言而不能掺杂其他语体，并大量使用规范化、专门化的词语。体现出以下特点：

(1)具有词语的稳定性与选择性的统一。所谓词语的稳定性，是指某些固定的词语相对稳定地使用于某些应用文。如介绍信的开头总以"兹有"开启下文，许多公文的结尾都以"特此"收束全文。所谓词语的选择性大多数的应用文都有一套比较固定的规范性习惯用语，供人们在写作时选用。这些习惯用语多用于应用文的标题、开头、引文、过渡与结尾处。例如：开头用语中的鉴于、为、为了、由于、遵照、按照、根据、随着、兹有、奉、近来等;结尾用语中的本、为荷、为要、为盼、此令、此复、希即遵照执行、希酌情办理、现予公布。特此函达、以上报告，请审核、当否，请批示、以上妥否，请指示等。

(2)具有句法的稳定性和灵活性的统一。所谓句法的稳定性，是指某些类型的句子在应用文中占有很大的分量。如总结中要汇报情况，请示时要阐述原因，求职信中要作自我介绍等，主要使用陈述句。应用文在有所陈述的基础上，往往要提要求，无论是上级对下级，还是下级对上级。如"以上通知，请遵照执行"，"以上请求，望领导批准为荷"等等。所谓句法的灵活性，是指在稳定性的基础上，适当地求新、求变。灵活恰当地选用句式，可使行文变化多姿，从而增强文章语言的表达效果，增强文章的外在美。例如，对事物下定义时宜用长单句、判断句;叙述事物时宜用短句;发号施令时宜用短句、单句、主动句。总之，选用什么样的句式，要根据表述内容灵活掌握。

(3)力求简洁，具有庄重感。应用文中，经常使用一些文言词语，如常用的有"经、业经、业已、兹、兹有、兹将、特、者、荷、取、于、而、则、为、为此、与之、依、逾、至、其、亦、以、尚、须、未、予、示、之……"，可增强文章的庄重感。

(4)用图式替代语言文字。图式包括图、画、符号、照片、表格、公式等。在应用文特别是科技应用文中大量使用，成为一种常见的辅助书面语言，从而形成应用文语言的又一大特色。

二、语言运用的要求

掌握语言运用的基本要求，即：语言要准确清晰、简洁明了、平实自然、得体妥帖、生动具体

1、准确清晰

准确，即用最恰当的词语和句子如实反映客观事物，表达作者思想。清晰，是指表达时要条理清楚，意思明白。具体应做到：

(1)用词造句要准确。用词准确是指能把握词语遣用的分寸感和合适度。应精选中心词，用准修饰语。能仔细辨析同义词、近义词的用法，对词义轻重。范围宽窄、程度深浅、感情褒贬、语体雅俗、词性差别等都能烂熟于心、姻熟于手。如："分散"和"涣散"都有"不集中"的意思，"涣散"是具有贬义性质的形容词;"分散"是具有中间性质的动词。"士气涣散"就准确，"士气分散"就不准确。另外，应用文常用数字说明问题，揭示事物之间的数量关系，所以数字运用要准确无误。

(2)用词造句要通顺。指合乎语法，合乎逻辑。通顺也是实现语言准确的保证。

(3)要注意语意鲜明。有时由于特殊需要，还必须使用一些模糊语言，即用一些在外延上不确定、表意比较含糊，以及在运用上具有弹性的词语，如"近年来"、"各地"、"时有"、"大多数"。"有关部门"、"条件许可时"等。该类词语使用恰当，不仅能增加行文的灵活性，而且有助于准确地表达意思，但应谨慎使用。

2、简洁明了

(1)简洁。所谓简洁，就是用较少的文字清楚表达较多、较丰富的内容。要抓住问题的关键，把话说到点子上。主要应做好以下四点：

一要善于观察事物，深刻理解事物，明确认识写作对象，把握住问题的关键。

二要反复锤炼，提高概括能力，杜绝堆砌修饰语现象;适当使用缩略语，如"五讲四美"等。

三要删除一切套话、空话、意思重复的话，向繁冗开刀。克服繁琐冗长的毛病是语言简洁的前提。

四要适当地采用文言词语及短语。文言词语(包括成语、典故)行文简练，富有表现力，写作时适当采用，言简意赅。然而，"简"要得当，"简"得让人不明白或产生歧义也不行。绝不能为简而生造词语。乱缩略、滥用文言以及一概排斥某些行文必需的程式化语句。(2)明了。所谓明了，就是指明明白白、清清楚楚，一是一，二是二。要做到明了，一是要考虑周到，言尽意止;二是要注意用词通俗，不用生僻晦涩的字句;三是在运用数字的时候，只须写出计算的结果，而不须表述具体的计算过程。

3、平实自然

应用文用语应平易通俗，浅显流畅。说明事实、讲清道理即可。不搞"曲笔"，不作夸饰，不堆砌辞藻，不追求华丽，不矫揉造作，不用生僻词语，以明白、实在、自然为上。

4、得体妥帖

(1)得体。应用文实用性强，讲究得体。主要应做到以下三点：

一是要适合特定的文体。按文体要求遣词造句，用词、语气、语体风格应符合特定的要求。保持该文体的语言特色和语言风格。如公文宜庄重，调查报告须平实，学术论文应严谨，祝谢哀问需较浓的感情色彩，广告就常用模糊的语言，使用说明书则需具体实在，商业交际文书语言要委婉，合同书的语言则要精确，颁布政策法令应庄重严肃，报喜祝捷要热烈欢快，提出申请该委婉平和，分析问题须有理有据。

二是语言适用于所写的应用文体的需要，做到需要文雅时，决不粗俗;需要委婉时，决不直露;需要明确时，决不含糊;需要模糊时，决不精确。

三是要考虑作者自己的身份，阅读的对象，约稿的单位，写作的目的，甚至还要考虑到与客观环境的和谐一致、恰到好处。比如需要登报或张贴的，语言要通俗易懂;需要宣读或广播的，语言应简明流畅，便于朗读;书信的写作，要根据远近亲疏、尊卑长幼的关系使用相应的语言;公文的写作要根据不同的文种和行文关系而使用相应的语言，否则就不得体。(2)妥贴。语言的妥帖则是指语言要合乎语法的一般规范。

5、生动具体

生动，即言词形象、逼真、有活力，能吸引人。应用文中有些文种的语言也是要求生动的，如讲话稿、调查报告、总结等。选择词语(尤其是动词的运用)时要精心，恰当、传神地运用一些修辞手法，如引用、比喻、拟人、排比等。如某篇调查报告中写当今择偶观时说："婚姻的含金量增大了。"就十分传神。语言具体，可使文章内容有血有肉，说理深刻有力。其关键在于对事物的仔细观察和深入了解。

书信是日常生活中广泛应用的一种文体。它是一种特殊的实用文体。长期以来，它形成了自己独有的固定的书写格式：一般包括称呼、正文、结尾、署名、日期五部分。所以，如果你想要写好书信，那么，必须要掌握以下有关书信写作的基础知识。

称呼：第一行顶格写收信人的名字和称呼(或只写称呼)，有时还要加上“敬爱的、亲爱的”等词，表示对收信人的亲热和尊敬;接着加个冒号，表示下面的话是对他说的。

正文：另起一行空两格开始写正文，也就是书信的内容。正文部分通常先写问候的话。问候是一种礼节，问候语很多，有节日的问候，如“新年好”“春节快乐”等;有季节性的问候，如“夏安”“冬安”等。也有开头问候身体健康，工作和学习情况的，如“近来身体可好”“近来的学习好吗?”等等。问候语可以独立成为一个段落。

正文是书信的主体部分，是写信的目的之所在，写信人要说的话，要办的事都写在这里。正文的内容在问候语下一行空两格写起，转行时要顶格写起。如果要说的话，要办的事多，应该分段写，每段写一件事，写完一件事，再写另外一件事。每段开头都要空两格写起。

结尾：正文写完后，要写上表示祝愿、尊敬或勉励的话，也叫致敬语。致敬语要根据对象不同而不同。如果写给长辈，可以写“敬祝健康”等;如果写给平辈，可以写“祝学习进步!”等。而“此致敬礼”是比较通用的，适合一般人的结束语。结尾的“此致”“祝”等可以紧接正文写，也可以独占一行，空两格写。“敬礼”“健康”等祝愿之情，要另起一行顶格写。

署名：写在正文结尾后的右下方。可以根据信纸剩下的多少，决定署名与致敬语的距离。署名时根据与收信人关系的亲疏，可带姓，可不带姓。习惯上，还按与收信人的关系，在名字前面加上“孙”、“弟”“老朋友”等称谓写在名字的左上角，字体小一点。

日期：一般写在署名的下边。日期最好是把年月日都写出来，便于收信人了解写信时间。

人物描写的方法是很多的，每种方法各有千秋，下面是小编为大家整理的人物描写方法，希望能帮到您！

人物的描写是根据描写的对象，主要分为外貌（肖像、衣着、神态）、语言描写、动作描写、人物心理描写以及生活细节的描述。写人，可以直接写头发、画眼睛，使其栩栩如生，这叫直接描写；还有一种方法那就是间接描述，比如他人转述，通过别人来反衬，以景衬人等等。根据对对象的轻重，简略、着墨的浓淡，除此之外，人物描写还可归纳为白描、漫画式勾勒、浓墨重彩细描等等。

一、白描

利用言简意赅的文字，不加渲染烘托。不用色彩修饰，不借助比喻、比拟等修辞手法，最大限度的少用形容词，单纯的描出事物的形象。如：

“其时进来的是一个黑瘦的先生，八字须，戴着眼镜，胳膊下挟着一叠大小不一的书籍。”《藤野先生》——鲁迅

寥寥数语，变形象而又生动的描绘了他的简朴生活和对教学的治学严谨形象。

二、漫画式勾勒

用以极其夸张的手法、揶揄的口吻，把人物塑造为形态各异、千奇百怪、荒诞陆离的形象，以表达嘲笑、憎恶、同情等思想感情。如：

“他倘若低头看，断然是看不到自己的脚尖的，中间隆起的那个部位，会把视线挡住。稀稀拉拉的花白头发，整齐地朝后梳拢着，蘸了水，没有一根错乱的。白皙皙的脸上，看不见一条皱纹，像刚出锅的馒头。由于胖，鼻子、眼睛就显得特别小；由于小，就显得格外精采有神。”（王润滋《卖蟹》）

通过描写，塑造出“过滤嘴”的形象：老而胖，整洁考究，富态优裕，高人一等。在描写中渗透着作者的嘲笑。

三、浓墨重彩细描

即以生动、形象、传神的语言，多方位、多层次、多角度，细致全面地去刻画人物形象。如：

“……坐在南首的是一个瘦瘦的，五十上下的中国人；穿一件牙黄的长衫，嘴里咬着一支烟嘴，跟着那火光的一亮一亮，腾起一阵一阵烟雾。”

“他的面孔黄里带白，瘦得叫人担心，好像大病新愈的人，但是精神很好，没有一点颓唐的样子，头发约莫一寸长，显然好久没剪了，却一根一根精神抖擞地直竖着。胡须很打眼，好像浓墨写的隶体‘一’字。”

“黄里带白的脸，瘦得让人担心，头上直竖着寸把长的头发；牙黄羽纱的长衫；隶体‘一’字似的胡须；左手里捏着的一支黄色烟嘴，安烟的一头已经熏黑了。”（阿累《一面》）

这三处，作者通过全面而细致的描写，刻画出处于艰苦条件下的鲁迅的精神面貌，一位“越老越顽强”的伟大战士的形象，即赫然屹立在我们的面前。

I have a Chinese dream, is to let the earth is very clean, everyone was happy.

I have a Chinese dream, is to make every school and every classmates are very friendly peace.

I have a Chinese dream, is to let each resident house not collapsed.

I have a Chinese dream, is to let each student textbooks and story books wont be broken forever and ever.

I have a Chinese dream, is to let all the bad guys to become a great great guy.

I have a Chinese dream, is to make the poor children can be the best on the school.

I have a Chinese dream, is to make the poor residents of planted land quickly take root, sprout, results.

Ah! I have a lot of Chinese dream!

我有一个中国梦，是让地球变的非常干净，每个人都很快乐。

我有有一个中国梦，是让每个学校和每个同学都很友好和平。

我有一个中国梦，是让每一个居民的房子不再倒塌。

我有一个中国梦，是让每个同学的课本和故事书永永远远不会再破。

我有一个中国梦，是让坏人全都变成一个非常好的大好人。

我有一个中国梦，是让穷的小朋友们都可以上最好的学校。

我有一个中国梦，是让穷的居民种下的土地快快的生根、发芽、结果。

呀!我有好多个中国梦啊!

【提要】英语四六级四级信息 : 20176月英语四级写作高分黄金句式【1】

▌列举法

列举法是四级写作中常用的方法，一般用first, second等一系列标志词引出原因或者可能的影响等。列举法常用的素材有：

引出列举

1. There may be a combination of factors which contribute to/are responsible for/can explain ______. 也许有一些因素造成/可以解释______。

2. There are probably three/many/several/a variety of reasons for this dramatic/significant increase/decline in ______.引起______显著增长/下降的原因有三个/许多/几个/很多。

3. Some reasons can explain this trend. 一些原因可以解释这一趋势。

4. Why ______ ?为什么______?

5. The causes of ______ are varied. They include______ , perhaps the main cause is ______. 造成______的原因有很多，包括______,主要原因可能是______。

6. The reason for this is not far to seek. 这一问题的原因不难发现。

7. It is no easy task to identify the reasons for this phenomenon which involves several complicated factors. 要找出这一现象的原因并非易事，因为它涉及若干复杂的因素。

8. There are numerous reasons why ______, and I would explore only a few of the most important ones here. ______的原因有很多，这里我只想探讨其中几个最重要的原因。

9. There are many reasons responsible for this phenomenon, and the following are the typical ones. 导致这种现象的原因有很多，以下是其中比较有代表性的。

10. There are many reasons explaining this case. As for me, I regard the following as the typical ones. 有很多原因可以解释该问题。就我而言，我认为以下原因比较典型。

11. A number of factors could account for/contribute to/lead to/result in the change of ______. 引起______变化的因素有很多。

分条列举

1. In the first place, ______. In the second place______ .首先，______。其次，______。

2. First,______ . Second, ______ . 首先，______。其次，______。

3. To begin with, ______. Secondly, ______. Last but not least, ______.首先，______。其次，______。最后但并不是最不重要的，______。

4. The first reason is that ______. The second one is ______. The third is ______. 第一个原因是______。第二个原因是______。第三个原因是______。

5. First of all, ______. Secondly,______ . Furthermore,______ .首先，______。其次，______。另外，______。

6. For one thing, ______. For another, ______.一方面,______。另一方面，______。

7. Firstly, ______. Secondly, ______. Thirdly, ______.首先，______。其次，______。再次，______。

8. Another reason why I disagree with the above statements is that I believe______.我不同意上述观点的另一个原因是我认为______。

▌对比法

对比法是指通过对比两种截然不同的观点来陈述其中的利弊，从而得出自己的结论。对比法常用的素材有：

1. The advantages gained in ______ outweigh/are much g

There is always a pile of smelly rubbish in front of the building we live. Everyone has to cover his nose with his hand while he passes by. One day, our teacher told us in class some good deeds done by Uncle Lei Feng. I was moved deeply by that. So after school, I started to clear the rubbish away. Now my neighbors dont have to cover their noses.

我们家住的楼前总是有一堆垃圾，天长日久都发出了恶臭。人们经过时都得捂着鼻子。有一次课堂上，老师给我们讲了雷锋叔叔助人为乐的故事，我被深深地感动了。于是我放学回家后就开始清扫那堆垃圾。现在我的邻居们就不必捂着鼻子进家门了。

在考研英语的小作文部分，历年考试大纲中都会列出多种应用文类型，投诉信、建议信、申请信、求职信、辞职信、求助信、感谢信、号召信、邀请信、道歉信等等，但是考生们回到具体的实践写作中，翻阅近几年考研英语真题试卷，常常发现这些归为一大类，终究是书信形式。既然书信写作如此重要，下面就为各位考生带来书信写作的攻克大招，让写作变得无比简单。

一、书信写作总体概述

1.首段

1)问候收信人

例：Dear Sir/Madam

2)解释来信原因

例：I’m writing for ……

2.中间段落

1)阅读题干要求，从中寻找名词或动词

例：Write a letter of application according to the following situation. You saw an advertisement in this morning’s newspaper .A company need’s a secretary and you are interested. Write an application letter to that company.

2)注意题目文字暗示，把名词具体化，把动词近义词化。

例：I am pleased to discover from Beijing Youth that your company is calling for a secretary……

3.结尾段落

例：I would appreciate your assistance in this matter. If you have any question , please don’t hesitate to contact me. I can be reached at...Look forward to your reply.

4.署名

在文章右下角署名，一般格式为：Yours sincerely……

二、书信写作分类讲解(写作脉络)

1.投诉信

投诉信通常包括：说明投诉原因并表示遗憾，实事求是阐述问题发生的经过，指出问题引起的后果，提出批评及处理意见，督促对方采取措施，提出所希望的赔偿及补救方式。

2.建议信

建议信即写给某个组织或机构，就改进其服务质量提出建议忠告;或写给个人，就某一重大事件提出自己的看法、建议及观点。

3.道歉信

投诉信通常包括：表示歉意、阐明表示歉意的具体原因，提出补救办法，再次表示致歉，并希望得到谅解，提供合适的补救办法。(要注意语言的诚挚)

4.感谢信

感谢信中通常带有浓厚的感情色彩，是所有书信中最带有“人情味”的，该书信内容通常包括：表达感谢之情并说明原因--提及自己曾受到对方的帮助--再次感谢并表达回报愿望。

在2018考研的战场上，一分意味着上线与下线，一分意味着录取与非录取，所以，拼尽全力才有可能取得最终的胜利。预祝大家金榜题名，取得理想佳绩!

[考研英语书信写作方法

英语作文虽然不像语文作文在考试

高三英语作文写作技巧：练习

“没有规矩，不成方圆，英语作文写作技巧。”对于一般英语学习者而言，写出优秀的文章有赖于后天习得，但并不意味着机械背诵、生吞活剥，或者照搬照抄、人云亦云。所谓研习，需要有独立思考和个人的判断，本着“他山之石，可以攻玉”的精神，汲取文章的精华部分加以研究。研习主要侧重两个方面，包括文章章法和语言表达。文章章法指文章的行文思路、布局谋篇、结构安排、逻辑顺序。许多学习者面对一个话题，可能存在两种不同的困惑，一是下笔千言，但离题万里;二是思绪万千，却无从落笔。导致两种困惑的根源皆在于欠缺思考问题、组织思路的恰当方式，以至于文章不得要领、章法紊乱。这就要求我们从全篇脉络角度多研习范文，之后领悟如何以演绎法行文、怎样用归纳法谋篇以及如何围绕特定话题拓展思路等等。此外，研习还要侧重于语言表达，包括遣词造句和句子、段落之间的各种衔接手段，以期在自己日后的写作中派上用场，因为英文写作皆通一理。只有善于借鉴，勤加研究，才会借他人的优势和长处，提高自己的写作水平。

高三英语作文写作技巧：背诵

背诵是提高写作的又一有效途径。要学好写作文，首先要处理好语言输入与输出之间的关系。前者是后者的前提条件。如果头脑空空如也，就根本谈不上写出像模像样的文章。只有读过大量东西，并且有意识地将其中精彩部分储存于记忆之中（commit the highlights to memory），才能保证下笔流畅、文通字顺。因此，背诵对于写作极为重要。但背诵不是机械记忆，而是有选择性的背诵，是有意义的记忆。因为机械背诵的结果要么是记忆很快就荡然无存、了无痕迹，要么是无法活学活用、付诸实践。背诵包括五个方面：重点词汇、常用套语、精彩句子、优秀段落、经典篇章。

高三英语作文写作技巧：重点词汇

美妙的用词及搭配皆在此列，像fall victim（受害），stand a fair chance（大有希望）这种地道的动宾搭配要勤加记忆。为了积累写作词汇，应将文中同属一个话题的用词汇总归纳，组成主题词族（topic family）。归类记忆可以使自己日后即写即用，得心应手。下文是一篇阐释爱心的优秀文章，多处用词精巧，现将文中关于爱心这一主题的词汇总结如下：

emotional strength 情感的力量

the noblest of human emotions人类最高尚的情感

no thought of gain不计得失

the lamp of love爱心之灯

help the victims of natural disasters支援自然灾害受害者

donate whatever they can倾囊相助

help their needy fellow citizens 帮助有需要的同胞

be ready to give a helping hand 随时准备伸出援手

—When we use the word "love"， we do not simply mean an attraction to a person of the opposite sex， which is a very narrow definition of the word。 Love is emotional strength， which can support us no matter how dark the world around us becomes。 In fact， throughout history people of many different cultures have regarded love as the noblest of human emotions。

As an example of the power of love， we should remember how the Chinese people of all nationalities respond to the call to help the victims of natural disasters every year。 Although their incomes are still low by international standards， people all over the country do not hesitate to donate whatever they can — be it money or goods — to help their needy fellow citizens。 Moreover， they do this with no thought of gain for themselves。

In my opinion， the best way to show love is to help people who are more unfortunate than we are。 We should always be ready to give a helping hand to those who are in trouble， no matter whether they are family members or complete strangers。 In this way， we can help to make the world a better place， for the darker the shadows of sorrow become， the more brightly the lamp of love shines。

当我们用“爱”这个词时，我们不仅仅指异性对一个人的吸引，这只是对这个词非常狭隘的解释，小学生作文《英语作文写作技巧》。爱心是一种情感的力量，不论我们周围的世界多么黑暗，爱心都能支撑我们。事实上，纵观历史，不同文化背景的人都把爱看成是人类最高尚的情感。

说到爱心的力量，我们马上就会想起每年中国各族人民是如何响应号召支援自然灾害受害者的。尽管按照国际标准他们的收入还处于低水平，全国人民毫不犹豫地倾囊相助——不管是钱还是物——帮助那些有需要的同胞。而且，他们这么做并不考虑自己的得失。

我认为，表达爱心的最好方式是帮助比我们更加不幸的人。我们应该随时准备向有困难的人伸出援助之手，无论他们是家庭成员还是素昧平生。这样，我们就能够助一臂之力把世界变成一个更美好的地方，因为，悲伤的阴影越黑暗，爱心之灯的光芒就越闪亮。

[高三英语作文写作技巧

话题作文的基本要求：话题作文还是要审题，所写内容必须在话题范围之内。“立意自定”，关键要读懂话题关键词的意旨，若给出导语提示，还应划出导语中包含归结的关键语词。一般初学者，首先要注意让这些关键词贯穿在自己作文的始终，统帅自己的文意。

规定“题目自拟”，一定不要用话题作标题。

1、标题范围尽量要小，不要太大太泛;要合理出新，不落俗套。

2、标题不能过长，可以采用副标题的方式对主标题加以限制。3、标题要含蓄，把思维蕴涵于形象的标题之中。

如何写好高中作文，对于学生作文的写作基础也要好好的训练,实际效果又发现学生完全没有一般思想认识的基础，真正可见现在所谓合格教育的成效，和高中教学要求的“架空作业”。

一、文章形式的革命——夹叙夹议

尽快脱离初中只重记叙，笼统归结的写法。高中的作文记叙只向最高水平开一条缝，你得复杂记叙，融情思与哲理于一炉，有最动人的细节和最精美的表达，巧妙蕴含深刻的思辨和无穷的回味，这不是一般人能做到的，更不是学不会议论抒情的同学的避难所。所以，比自己多练议论，远比固守初中记叙的窠臼要有前途。高中的记叙必须简约，只提炼能说明自己观点的内核，而尽量舍弃叙述的完整过程与细节。叙，惜墨如金;而起始学写议，应力求具体多点分析阐述。

二、文章立意的升华——深入浅出

叙完笼统归结是初中模式作文的又一通病，常常文章的结尾具有宽泛的普适性，而缺乏对文章应有之义作具体针对性的挖掘阐发，常常文章的“穿鞋戴帽”大到可以套在无数篇文章上，却没什么真正的思考。高中作文倘使还用夹叙夹议，也要对叙的材料反复推敲，找出几例可以统一在一个观点里的材料，就材料的不同侧面来评析议论，最后上升归结出恰当切题、言之有物的中心。

三、文章表达的提高——点睛生花

好的文笔追求更高效率、更多意蕴。描述中就渗透情思与评析，这是较高水平的表达。一般的叙议分段，也应注意所叙材料紧贴自己的议论，议论应采取逐层推进，前后分界，避免相互缠绕。但又必须前后连贯，形成一个整体。在文章中一定写好精心组织的关键议论，努力使文章多处呈现运用一定修辞的文采。

知识是无限的，是永远也学不完的。而知识给我带来了许多的快乐，因为我完全进入了知识的领地。

这个暑假，我常常到书店去看书。有的书让我“开怀大笑“，有的书让我“面带愁容“，有的还让我“泪流满面“，还有的书让我懂得了许多道理。

让我们来了解一下各种书的精彩内容吧!就说>，一册就有八本。第一本就是关于动物的，第二本就是关于日常生活。反正本本内容都精彩。但最精彩的要数第七本和第八本，各讲诉了关于宇宙的知识和恐龙灭绝，火山爆发，地震等知识。如果我看得出了神，不一口气把书看完是不会罢休的，店要关门了，我都还舍不得走呢!

还有>和>。它们把我带进金色的童话中：我感觉自己好像在和美丽的白雪公主还有可爱的小矮人们玩耍。好像在和爱丽丝探索美丽的大自然和天堂的仙境。真是快乐极了!

总之，知识是永远也也学不完，看来有许多书在等着你哦!一定要好好学，长大之后成为栋梁之材!

“民以食为天”，这说明食品对于我们来说是多么的重要!不过，你在饮食过程中有没有注意饮食卫生呢?如果你不注意，卫生就可能因为一点儿小小的疏忽而丢失宝贵的生命。

"Hunger breeds discontentment", this shows how important it is for us the food! However, in the process of eating you have pay attention to food hygiene? If you do not pay attention to health, may be because of a little careless and lost the precious life.

虽然我还是一个小学生，可我懂得的关于食品安全的知识可不少呢!比如说不能在小摊上买东西、不能在没有卫生许可证的餐厅吃饭、不能吃过期、变质、“三无”食品、不能吃未煮熟的东西等等。我还知道在购买小食品时，注重查看以下几个方面情况：一是要选择信誉好、质量稳定的知名品牌;二是要注意查看产品包装上的厂名、厂址、食品生产日期和保质期，拒绝购买“三无”产品;三是检查食品和合格、所含的营养成分、色泽新鲜程度;四是注意质价相符，对超低价格的小食品不要购买;五是注重检查该食品的食品商标标志等等。

Although I am still a pupil, but I know a lot about food safety knowledge! For example, cant buy anything in the stalls, do not eat without a hygiene licence expired, metamorphic restaurant can not eat, "three noes" of the food, not eating undercooked things and so on. I also know that in the purchase of food, pay attention to check the following several aspects: one is to choose a good reputation, quality and stability of the well-known brand; the two is to pay attention to see the product packaging factory name, the site, food production date and shelf life, refused to buy the "three noes" products; three is to check the food and conformity, the nutritional ingredients, fresh color degree; four is to pay attention to quality and price match, the purchase of the ultra low price small food not; five is to pay attention to check the food logo etc..

大家看吧，我们吃食物时一定要选择好的食物，否则就有可能给我们带来生命危险。

You see, we eat food must choose good food, otherwise it may cause danger to us.

我们已经谈到通过人物传记和分别从三个方面来研究人物关系的人物创作的基础了。小编收集了电影剧本写作基础，欢迎阅读。

我们已经谈到通过人物传记和分别从三个方面来研究人物关系的人物创作的基础了。

现在该怎么办呢?

你怎样才能把对一个人物的零碎和杂乱无章的想法变成为一个活生生的、有血有肉的人物呢?怎样才能把他变成你能与之结为一体的人物呢?

你如何给你的人物“注入生命”?如何去构成你的人物呢?

这是有史以来的诗人、哲学家、作家、艺术家、科学家和教士们反复思索的问题。至今没有确切的答案。它是创作过程之所以具有神秘感和魔力的一个重要因素。

关键的词是“过程”。需要一种途径去实现它。

首先，要创作人物的来龙去脉(context)。然后把内容注入其中。来龙去脉和内容——这些抽象的原则是你创作过程中珍贵的工具。它们构成一个概念。书中将要经常用到。

这就是来龙去脉：

比如说一个空杯子。向杯子里面看，杯子里是一个空间。这个空间里盛着咖啡、茶、牛奶、水、热可可、啤酒或其它液体。这些液体就是杯子的内容。

这个杯子盛着咖啡。杯子里盛咖啡的空间就是来龙去脉。

想着这个，我们往下讲这个概念就清楚了。

让我们从来龙去脉的角度来探讨构成人物的过程吧。

首先，确定人物的需求。

在剧本的过程中，你的人物想要达到什么目的或得到什么东西呢?

想要一百万元钱?抢劫曼哈顿银行吗?要打破以上竞速纪录吗?要象乔·沃伊特那样到纽约去成为“午夜牛郎”吗?要象《艾丽斯不再住在这儿了》中的艾丽斯那样去实现到加利福尼亚的蒙特雷当一名歌手的长期梦寐吗?要象理查德·德莱福斯(Richard Dreyfuss)在《第三类接触》中那样去搞清楚“究竟发生了些什么”吗?这些全都是人物的需求。

可问你自己——你人物的需求是什么?

然后，做出人物的传记。正如前面所建议的，你写上三到十页，多写点也行，弄清你的人物是谁。为了有一幅清晰的图景，你可能想从人物的祖父写起。别管写几页稿纸，你所开始的这个过程在创作的准备阶段中还要继续增长和发展。人物传记是为你自己写的，根本无需摆进剧本中去。它只是供你用来创作人物的工具。

人物传记完成之后，就可以进入人物的外在生活部分了。你要从人物生活的职业的、个人的和私生活的等因素分别加以考虑。

来龙去脉——这就是起点。

现在让我们来探讨什么是人物的问题。

什么是人物呢?

人都有什么共同之处?我们都是一样的，你和我——我们都有同样的需求、同样的愿望、同样的恐惧和不安全感。我们都希望被人爱，希望得到人们的喜欢，希望能成功、幸福和健康。我们在本质上是一样的。某种东西把我们联系在一起。

可是什么东西把我们区分开来呢?

把我们区分开来的是我们的观点——我们怎样看待世界。人人都有自己的观点。

人物就是观点——即我们看待世界的方式。这是一种来龙去脉。

你的人物可以是作父母的，因此就有“作父母的”观点。他可以是一名学生，那就会用“学生的”观点来看待世界。你的人物可以是政治活动家，就象《朱莉娅》(Julia)中的范尼莎·雷德格雷夫(Vanessa Redgrave)。那是她的观点，她为之献身。家庭主妇有其特殊观点。罪犯、恐怖主义者、警察、医生、律师、富人、穷人、妇女——解放了的或反之——全都会表现出个人的和独特的观点。

你的人物的观点是什么?

你的人物是自由党人还是保守党人?他(她)是环境论者呢?还是人道主义者?或是种族主义者?是相信命运、天数或占星术的人吗?是相信医生、律师、《华尔街日报》或《纽约时报》的人吗?或者是相信《时代周刊》、《人民报》和《新闻周刊》的人吗?

你的人物对自己的工作持什么观点呢?对婚姻呢?他是否喜欢音乐?如果喜欢，喜欢的又是哪一种音乐呢?这些因素都成为你的人物的独特而有机的组成部分。

我们都具有某种观点——要保证你的人物具有个人的和独特的观点。你创造了来龙去脉，内容就随之而来了。

例如，你人物的观点可能是认为不加限制地捕杀鲸鱼和海豚的行径是道德上的错误。他通过捐赠，提供志愿服务，参加集会，参加示威请愿，穿印有“救救鲸鱼和海豚”字样的汗衫等活动来支持这种观点。鲸鱼和海豚是地球上智力水平最高的两种动物。有的科学家推测它们可能“比人更精明”。科学资料证明海豚从未伤害或攻击过人类的任何成员。还有许多关于海豚保护第二次世界大战中落海的飞行员和水兵免受鲨鱼的凶猛攻击的故事。必须有一种方式去解救这些智力发达的生命形态。你的人物可能会以拒绝购买金枪鱼来抗议商业渔民滥捕鲸鱼和海豚。

要想办法使你的人物以行动来支持自己的观点并使之戏剧化。

人物还是什么呢?

人物还是一种态度。这也是一种来龙去脉，是展现人物观点的一种感情和行动的方式。人物的态度是高傲的?还是卑下的?是个正面人物?还是反面的?乐观的还是悲观的?

对生活和工作充满热情还是意志消沉的呢?

戏剧就是冲突。要还住：你越能清楚地确定人物的需求，就越容易给这些需求制造障碍。这样就产生了冲突。这有助于你创作一条紧张而富于戏剧性的故事线索。

这在喜剧中也是一条卓有成效的规律。尼尔·西蒙的人物一般都具有一个能激发矛盾的简单需求。在《告别了的姑娘》(The Goodbye Girl)中，理查德·德莱福斯扮演一个从芝加哥来的演员，他从一个朋友手里转租了一套纽约公寓套房，当他到那里时，发现房间被朋友原来的同房(玛莎·梅森Marsba Mason饰)和她的年轻女儿(奎恩·库明斯Qui-nn Cammings饰)占了。他想住进去，但她就是不搬。她声称这套间是她的，占有在法律上总是占上风的。这一冲突是他们关系的开端，它基于双方各自都认为自己是“对的”。

《亚当的肋骨》(Adams Rib)则是另一种情况。在迦逊·卡宁(Garson Kanin)和路斯·高顿(Ruth Gordon)所写的这个剧本里，史宾塞·屈塞(Spencer Tracy)和凯瑟琳·赫本(Katherine Hepburn)主演两个律师。他们是夫妻，同时又是法庭上的对手。屈塞对一个被控向丈夫开枪的妇女(裘迪·霍莉黛Judy Holliday饰)进行起诉，而赫本则为她辩护。这是一个有关男女“权利平等”这一基本问题的出色的喜剧情场。这部影片摄于1949年，它预示了女权

斗争运动，至今仍是一部经典的美国喜剧电影。

确定人物的需求，然后针对这一需求制造障碍。

你对你的人物知道得越多，在故事结构中创作的尺度就越宽。

人物还是什么呢?

人物还是个性。每个人物从视觉上都显示出一种个性。你的人物是欢快的?幸福的、伶俐的、机智的或外向的?还是严肃的?腼腆的?内向的?是举止可爱，还是难以接近的、

邋遢的、死心眼儿的、呆头呆脑的或缺乏幽默感的?

你的人物具有什么样的个性?

她是为人冷谈的、凶悍的，还是恶作剧的?这些都是人物的个性特征。它们都反映着人物。

人物还是行为。人物的实质就是动作——什么样的人干什么事。

行为是动作。比如说一个人从高级轿车中走下来，锁上车后穿过马路。他看到路边水沟里有一个镍币——那么他怎么办呢?如果他四下看看，见没有人瞧着就弯腰去拾起那个镍币。这个行为向你揭示了这个人物性格的某些方面。如果他四下看看，见有人瞧着他，就没有捡起那个镍币。这也向你揭示了这个人物性格的某些方面。他的行为把这个人物性

格戏剧化了。

如果你是在一个戏剧性情境中设置你的人物的行为，就可能引导读者和观众深入审视自己的生活。

行为向你揭示很多东西。我的一个朋友得到一次飞到纽约去接洽工作的机会。去还是不去，她的心情是复杂的。这次去谈的正是一项她很想做的既有地位工资又高的工作，可她拿不定主意是否下决心搬到纽约去。她为此斗争了一个多星期，最后还是决定去了。她收拾起行装开车到飞机场去，可当她把车停在飞机场时，“不小心”把钥匙锁在车里，而发动机还开着。这是行为动作展现人物的一个完善例子。这件事向她揭示了她内心始终明白的事——她并不想去纽约。

这样的一个场景可以说明人物的许多东西。

你的人物动不动就生气吗?他是象马龙·白兰度(Mar-lon Brando)在《欲望号街车》(A Streetcar Named Desi-re)中那样生起气来就乱扔东西吗?还是象马龙·白兰度在《教父》中那样虽然怒火中烧，却只是阴险地冷笑，并不表露呢?你的人物赴约总是迟到、早到还是准时呢?你的人物对官方的反应是象伍迪·艾伦(Woody Allen)在《安妮·霍尔》中那样当着警察的面撕毁司机的驾驶执照吗?建立在独特的性格特征基础之上的每一个动作和话语都可以扩大我们对你的人物的认识和理解。

如果你在剧本中写到某处时不知道你的人物在这种情境下该怎么做的话，那就到自己的生活中去找吧。看你在类似的情况下会怎么办。你自身就是最好的材料来源。好好练习。

你既然提出了问题，你就能解决它。

在我们日常生活中同样如此。

一切取决于你对人物的了解。在剧情发展过程中你的人物想达到什么目的?是什么驱使他努力去达到目的?或者没有达到?在你的故事中，他的需求或目的是什么?为什么他

们在那里?他们要得到什么?读者和观众对你的人物感觉如何?这是你作为作家的任务—在真实的环境中创作真实的人物。

人物还是什么呢?

人物还是我所谓的启示。在故事进程中我们了解到人物的一些事情。比如在《秃鹰的三天》中，罗伯特·雷福德在邻近的一家饭馆叫午饭吃。我们知道他有文化，是个“收集了世界上最全的一套退稿信”的作家。然后，我们极富于戏剧性地接受了他适应新情况的那种态度。这新情况就是有人要杀他，而他还不知道是谁和为什么。小劳伦佐·杉波尔

(Lorenzo Semple)和大卫·雷菲尔(David Rayfiel)的紧凑的剧本向我们展现了罗伯特·雷福德这一人物的某些东西。

剧作家的职责是把人物的不同方面展现给读者和观众。我们必须对你的人物有所了解。在剧情进展中，人物往往和观众同时了解到他在故事中的困境。这样人物就和观众一起

寻找那个支持戏剧动作的情节点。

同一性也是人物的一个方面。“他就好象我认识的某人”，这一识别因素是作家所能得到的最大的赞誉了。

动作即是人物!一个人的所为，而不是他的言谈，表明他是一个什么样的人。

上述所有的性格特征——观点、个性、态度、行为——在构成人物的过程中都是互相关联并且会互相重叠的。这样你就有了选择的余地;你可以选用这些性格特征的全部或部分，也可完全不用。但是知道了它们是什么，你就能得心应手地掌握构成人物的过程。

这一切都来自人物的传记。从人物的过去可以得出观点、个性、态度、行为、需求和目的。

在写作过程中，写到二十页到五十页纸.你才会发现人物开始向你说话，告诉你他们要做什么，说什么。一旦你和他们有了接触，和人物建立了联系，他们便自为了。让他们

做他们想做的事。要相信你有能力在“白纸黑字”的阶段选择动作和方向。

有时你的人物可能改变故事线索，而你也可能拿不定主意是否让他们做下去。那你就让他们做下去，看看会发生什么事。最糟也不过是你花几天时间认识到自己犯了个错误。犯错误也是很重要的。出事故、犯错误也会带来意外的收获。如果犯了错误，只要重写这一部分，一切就又重回正轨了。

我的一个学生来找我。他告诉我他正在写一出戏。这出戏要有不幸的“悲剧性”结尾。但在第三幕开始的时候，他的人物开始变得“滑稽”了。不断出现插科打浑的对话，而且结局也变得滑稽、不严肃了。每当他坐下来写的时候，幽默不停地涌现出来;他无法制止。他变得灰心丧气，最后因失望而放弃了。

他几乎是找我来认错的。他开诚布公地解释说，他已束手无策。我建议他坐下来再写.就让字和对话听其自然地写出来。如果是滑稽的，就让它滑稽好了。那么他就能看到写

出来的结果。如果它一直是滑稽的，而他又不喜欢，那最多把它锁到抽屉里存放起来就完了。然后再回过头来按他最早的设想重写第三幕。

他照办了，果然灵验。他扔掉了第三幕的喜剧方案，然后按他早先严肃的方案写了一稿。这个喜剧是他不得不写的;但又是必须摆脱的。这是他回避“完成”剧本的一种方式。作家常常在一个作品接近完成时，坚持写下去而没有写完。完成之后你还有什么可干的呢?你是否读过一本书而不愿读完它呢?我们都曾有过。只要承认它是一种自然现象就

行了，不必为此担心。

如果你遇到这种情况，那你怎样想就怎样写，看看结果如何。写作总是要冒风险的，你很难知道结果如何。最糟也不过是你再花几天时间重写那些行不通的东西!

只是别指望你的人物从第一页就开始跟你讲话。这样是行不通的。如果你作了创造性的研究工作，并熟知你的人物，那么你就会体验到某些阻力，然后才能有所突破，和你的人

物发生接触。 你的全部工作、研究、准备工作和思考时间的最后结果将是那些真实、生动、可信的人物——真实环境中的真实人物。

这是我们共同的目的。

1、建安文学的代表作家是曹操、曹丕、曹植父子，合称“三曹”。

2、“老骥伏枥，志在千里，烈士暮年，壮心不已”是曹操《龟虽寿》中的名句，表现了英雄人物老当益壮的胸怀。

3、蔡琰，字文姬，是建安时期的女诗人。她的五言《悲愤诗》表现汉末政治动乱所造成的人民疾苦。

4、阮籍是正始时期文学成就最高的作家，有五言诗八十二首，总名为《咏怀诗》。

5、陶渊明，东晋(公元317---420年)大诗人。他的诗表现田园恬淡宁静的生活情景，被人们称为“田园诗人”。

6、陶渊明较晚时期所写的《桃花源诗并记》标志着他思想和艺术的新高度，诗人在这里提出了“世外桃源”的社会理想。

7、抒情长诗《西洲曲》代表了南朝(公元420——589年)民歌在艺术发展上的最高成就。

8、“天苍苍，野茫茫，风吹草低见牛羊”是北朝民歌《敕勒歌》中的诗句，描写了北方大草原的风光。

9、《木兰诗》是北朝民歌的杰出代表作，描写了女英雄花木兰代父从军的动人故事。

10、南朝诗人谢灵运是山水诗派的开创者。

11、干宝的《搜神记》是魏晋南北朝志怪小说的代表。

12、刘义庆编写的《世说新语》是纪录魏晋南北朝时期一些人物言行和趣事的小品文，生动活泼，文笔简洁。

13、《文心雕龙》是一部评论文学的著作，对后代文学评论有很大的影响。

14、锺嵘的《诗品》是一部评论诗歌的著作，对后代诗歌评论有很大的影响。

15、唐代(公元618——907年)的诗歌、散文和小说都十分发达，尤其是唐诗的成就最高。

16、唐代出现了很多的伟大诗人，象李白、杜甫、白居易、刘禹锡、李商隐等等。

17、唐代文学家韩愈和柳宗元发起了古文运动。

18、唐代诗歌发展一般分成四个阶段：初唐、盛唐、中唐、晚唐。

19、流传到今天的唐诗有5万多首，是这以前诗歌总和的两三倍。

20、唐代诗歌分古体和近体。古体句数不限，每句的平仄也较自由。近体分律诗、绝句两种。律诗格律较严，每首四联八句，中间要对仗。律诗、绝句平仄都有规定。古体、近体都有五言、七言之分。

今天，天气转凉，大家都披上了大衣，来到了美丽的校园，小鸟似乎变少了，小草开始掉发了，大叔开始掉牙了，这意味着一年即将过去了，一眨眼十月已经过半，一年还有最后的三分之一，一天跟光速一般，在这光是的日子里发生了许多有趣的事情，在中学的每一节可我都听得非常认真听从老师指挥和安排，也在每一节课里紧紧抓住每一个知识点，虽然上课很死板，但有几堂课却让我记忆犹新，比如今天的英语课……

“叮铃铃”上课铃响了，我静静的坐在位子上等待老师上课，在我看来英语课有时有趣，有时却非常无聊，而今天这堂英语课让我改变了对它的看法，我相信这样有趣的课堂老师也一定发了不少心思来准备这堂课，在上课时老师突然给我们来了个对抗游戏，男生VS女生哪一方选手问题回答的多，那方就获胜。

比赛开始了，男生，女生都不甘示弱，勇于站起来回答问题，外面狂风大作，里面却是这番热闹的情景，一分钟过去了，二分钟过去了，三分钟过去了男生和女生之间出现了距离，眼看第一大题就要结束，我们男生非常着急，想挽回局面，正当我们要开始翻盘时，第一大题居然就这然结束了，不过还好，还有第二大题，谁赢谁输还不一定呢？第二大局开始了，经过一番调整的我们，又开始追逐了紧张又激烈的气氛依旧未停，男生们依然努力的追赶着分数，能追一分是一分，女生好像有点骄傲了，回答的人越来越少，我们分数渐渐多了起来，直到最后一题是我们只差女生两分了，当我们认为胜负已定时，老师突然说最后一题回答对加两分，这是我们脸上又有了笑容，因为班长把自己的手举得高高的，他是我们最后的一线希望了，你是男生唯一的靠山了，当老师在黑板上花了两个大星星后就意味着我们的努力没有白费，我们终于胜利了！

今天的这节有趣的英语课给我们打来了许多欢乐和笑声！

英语写作的开头结尾是写作的重点。下面语文迷为大家带来了经典的句型，供大家阅读参考。

一.开头句型

1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言

2.It goes without saying that... 不言而喻，...

3.It can be said with certainty that... 可以肯定地说......

4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到，...

6.Its generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...

7.Its likely that ... 这可能是因为...

8.Its hardly that... 这是很难的......

9.Its hardly too much to say that... 它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是

11.Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that... 更重要的是…

二.衔接句型

1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...

2.As is often the case...由于通常情况下...

3.As stated in the previous paragraph 如前段所述

4.But the problem is not so simple. Therefore 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……

5.But its a pity that... 但遗憾的是…

6.For all that...对于这一切...... In spite of the fact that...尽管事实......

7.Further, we hold opinion that... 此外，我们坚持认为，...

8.However , the difficulty lies in...然而，困难在于…

9.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样，我们要注意...

10.not(that)...but(that)...不是，而是

11.In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势

12.As has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的…

13.In this respect, we may as well (say) 从这个角度上我们可以说

14.However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is... 然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 …

三.结尾句型

1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…

2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…

3.All things considered,总而言之 It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......

4.Therefore, in my opinion, its more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…

5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…

6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，....

7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

SCI论文，即为被SCI索引收录的期刊所刊登的论文，小编收集了SCI论文写作基础结构，欢迎阅读

标题：SCI论文写作的标题必须符合文章内容而简明、准确表达论文的性质和目的。文题要相扣、标题通常由名词性短语构成，如果出现动词，多为分词或动名词形式。标题不能太长，一般希望一篇论文标题不要超过100个英文字符。

摘要：SCI论文写作的的摘要重在说明全文通过什么样的方法取得什么样的结果，资料数据，提出有意义的结论(包括阳性及阴性)。具体按四要素来书写中、英文摘要：目的、方法、结果、结论。结论中、英文内容要一致。摘要以200-300字为宜。关键词5条。英文摘要也应包括文题、作者姓名(汉语拼音)、单位名称、所在城市名等。作者应列出前3位，3位以上加序言：过去研究的情况、方法、目的和所获得的主要成果或特点。此处不宜超过100～200字。

引言：SCI论文写作的引言部分提出课题背景，总结前人研究成果、现实情况及存在问题，采取适当的方式强调本人在本次研究中最重要的发现或贡献。

材料和方法：这是SCI论文写作的执行科研的关键之处，对于要进行的研究工作，必须按照实际情况，在事先选择好适合一定条件、数量的研究对象采用的特定实验、诊断或治疗方法(包括实验步骤、方法、器材试剂、药品)，经过一定时期的观察，相同条件下的对照组，与他人结果比较并综合分析。如果审稿者认为实验材料和方法有缺陷，则该论文的设计也有缺陷。其结果是该论文被拒绝，其重点在于完整的描述。

结论：将原始资料全部集中起来，随机、客观地加以分析，不用特意地加以挑选。对于一些阴性结果，不必全部列出。尽量组织严密，符合逻辑、进行对比观察，在检验过程中不一样地方加以修正、补充。SCI论文写作在结论的问题中避免以假设来证明假设，以未知来说明未知，并依次循环推论。

讨论：SCI论文写作的精髓，主要是研究结果的解释和推断。概述实验条件的优缺点，本人结果与其他学者结果的异同，突出新发现、新发明;解释因果关系，说明偶然性与必然性;急需研究的方向和存在的主要问题。说明研究局限性对结果的影响。

致谢：SCI论文写作的致谢部分主要表明该研究是什么资金或基金资助的情况下完成的并对参与人员和单位表示感谢即可。

参考文献：所列参考文献的目的，在于引证资料(观点、方法等)的来源，不可随意转抄。一般要求引用文献者必须用阅读过的重要的、近年的文献为准。论著10条左右，论著摘要5条，综述20条左右，参考文献的引用要根据收录参考文献的原则。

SCI论文写作基础结构内容由“辑文编译”整理，转载请请注明出处!

广州辑文汇聚了来自全球著名100多所顶尖高等教育学府的600多名各专业博士团队的雄厚学术力量，主要为非英语国家科研工作者提供SCI论文写作发表﹑医学论文润色编辑和各类科研设计相关服务。

SCI journal editors to teach you how to write SCI thesis

SCI paper, how to write? General can be divided into the title, abstract, introduction, materials and methods, results, discussion, acknowledgements, references eight parts.

Title: the nature and purpose of SCI writing title must conform to article content and concise, accurate expression of the. The title of the paper to buckle, the title is usually composed of noun phrases, if the verb, participle or a gerund form for. The title can not be too long, generally want a paper title not more than 100 English character.

Abstract: the abstract is writing SCI papers by what kind of method to obtain what kind of result, data, put forward meaningful conclusion (including positive and negative). According to four to have written, English Abstract: objective, method, result, conclusion. The conclusion, English content should be consistent. Abstract of 200-300 words. Keywords 5. English abstract should also include the title, author name (Pinyin), unit name, city name. The author lists the top 3, 3 plus Preface: main achievements or past research situation, method, purpose and the. Here is more than 100 ~ 200 words.

Introduction: SCI the introduction of writing this topic background, summing up the results of previous studies, the reality of the situation and the existing problems, take appropriate means to emphasize my most important in this research discovery or contribution.

Materials and methods: This is a key point to SCI thesis writing research, for to carry out the research work, must be in accordance with the actual situation, in a good choice for certain conditions, the number of subjects with specific experimental, diagnostic or therapeutic methods (including pre experiment steps, methods, equipment, reagents, drugs), after observation of a certain period of time, the control group under the same conditions, and other results and analysis. If reviewers that the experimental materials and methods have drawbacks, then design the defective. The result is the thesis is rejected, the focus is to complete description.

Conclusion: will concentrate all the original data, random, objective analysis, dont have to choose. For some negative results, not all. As organized, logical, were observed and compared, in the inspection process is not the same place revision, supplement. SCI thesis writing in order to avoid the assumption that assumption in the conclusion of the unknown, to illustrate the unknown, and in turn circular reasoning.

Discussion: SCI thesis writing essence, is to interpret and infer the results. The advantages and disadvantages of the experimental conditions, the similarities and differences of himself with other scholars results, highlighting the new discovery, new invention; explain the causal relationship, the contingency and inevitability; urgent research direction and the main problems. The effect of limitations on the results.

Acknowledgements: SCI thesis writing acknowledgements part mainly shows the research is funded what funds or funds under the condition of complete and expressed thanks to the participation of personnel and units.

Reference: the column reference purposes, in the citation data (point, etc.) sources, can not be copied. General requirements cited references must be used to read important, recent documents shall prevail. On the 10 or so, on the 5, in about 20, for reference according to the included reference principle.

The above content by text compiled finishing, reprint please indicate the source! Series Guangzhou Wenhui together strong academic strength from the world famous more than 100 top institution of higher education, more than 600 professional doctoral team, mainly for non English speaking countries, scientific research workers to provide SCI thesis writing medical papers published, Polish editing and all kinds of scientific research design service.

导语：对标点符号的正确运用是写作的基础功，但是有一部分人对引号的使用产生了疑问，下面我们通过一个问答来给大家说说。

问：“啄木鸟舌头又细又长，尖端生着不少‘钩子’。”这句话中的“钩子”这个词加了引号，下面又说“伸出带钩子的舌头”，“钩子”没有加引号。同样一个词为什么一个加引号，一个不加?

答：《标点符号用法》规定，引号除了用来表示直接引用的话以外，还可以用来标明具有特定含义的词语。上面句子中的“钩子”，不是一般的铁钩、木钩，而是生在啄木鸟舌头上的类似钩状的东西，为了说得通俗形象，把它叫做“钩子”，是具有特定含义的词语，所以加了引号。下面再出现“钩子”这个词语时，读者已经了解了它的特定含义，不致感到费解，有了前面的语言环境就可以把它当作一般词语使用了，所以不必再加引号。

1. 审清题意：“五审”：

(1)审清体裁(记叙文、应用文、说明文)。

(2)审清题材(人、物、事、景)。

(3)审清范围(时间、地点、人称、事件、对象具体限制)。

(4)审清主题(中心思想)。

(5)审清其他要求(附加要求)。

2. 确定主题：“四要”：

(1)主题要正确(反应生活实际)。

(2)主题要集中(一个文章不能多个主题)。

(3)主题要鲜明(明确表达自己对事物的态度和立场)。

(4)主题要深刻(深挖内涵思想)。

3. 选择材料：“四要”：

(1)围绕主题选择材料(多写与主题相关的内容)。

(2)选择真实的材料(真实可信，具有代表性和典型性)。

(3)选择新颖的材料(新人新事)。

(4)选择独有的材料(具有创新性)。

4. 编写提纲“五点”：

(1)拟好题目。

(2)确定主题。

(3)段落安排。

(4)每段的主要意思。

(5)重点段落的层次安排和内容。

5. 修改文章“五看”：

(1)是否切题。

(2)主题、思想是否明确、突出。

(3)看材料是否符合主题、内容是否具体、完整。

(4)看语言是否通顺、用词是否准确，有无错别字。

(5)看标点是否正确。

hello! i’m he baoyi. we have three new teachers this term. but my favourite teacher is english teacher. who is she? yes, she’s linda.

do you want to know her? linda is very beautiful. look! she has a round face, two small black eyes, a straight nose, a big mouth and two small ears. her hair is very long. she is not tall and not short. she likes wearing a white dress. she looks like an angle. linda works very hard every day. and she is strict to us. but she is kind. her class is so much fun. really? yes. in class, she is our good teacher. after class, she is our good friend.

her favourite food is tofu. it ’s very very healthy. she is not only good at pingpong, but also good at singing. she likes talking with us. we all like her.