2015年英语六年级写作基础知识精选8篇 作文推荐20篇

if a man deceives me once, shame on him, if he deceives me twice, shame on me.

上当一回头，再多就可耻。

if you make yourself an ass, don‘t complain if people ride you.

人善被人欺，马善被人骑。

if your ears glow, someone is talking of you.

耳朵发烧，有人念叨。

if you run after two hares, you will catch neither.

脚踏两条船，必定落空。

if you sell the cow, you sell her milk too.

杀鸡取卵。

if you venture nothing, you will have nothing.

不入虎穴，焉得虎子。

a cat may look at a king.

人人平等。

adversity makes a man wise, not rich.

逆境出人才。

a fair death honors the whole life.

死得其所，流芳百世。

a faithful friend is hard to find.

知音难觅。

a fall into a pit, a gain in your wit.

吃一堑，长一智。

a fox may grow gray, but never good.

江山易改，本性难移。

a friend in need is a friend indeed.

患难见真情。

a friend is easier lost than found.

得朋友难，失朋友易。

Chinese new year is a chinese traditional festival. we also call it the spring festival. it is on lunar january 1st.

on new year’s eve, all the people sit around the desk and have a big family dinner. there are some vegetables, some fish, some meat, some fruits and some drink like juice, coke, pepsi and some nice wine. overall, this is a good and delicious dinner. after dinner, we always watch tv new year progammes. we have a wonderful evening on new year’s eve.

on the first day of the spring festival, most of people get up early and say “happy new year” to each other. for breakfast, people often eat dumplings and baozi. after breakfast, people often make many delicious foods, and children often play cards, computer games and fireworks. on the second and third day, we visit friends and relatives.

everyone is busy on chinese new year, and everyone is happy, too.

春节是中国的传统节日。我们也称它为春节。它是在农历1月1日。

在新年前夕,所有人围坐在桌子上,有一个大的家庭晚餐。有一些蔬菜,一些鱼,一些肉,一些水果和一些喝果汁、可口可乐、百事可乐和一些不错的葡萄酒。总的来说,这是一个很好的和美味的晚餐。晚饭后,我们总是看电视节目。我们有一个美好的晚上在新年前夕。

在春节的第一天,大部分的人早起,说“新年快乐”。早餐,人们经常吃饺子和包子。早餐后,人们常常做出许多美味的食物,和孩子经常打牌,电脑游戏和烟火。第二和第三天,我们拜访亲戚、朋友。

在中国新年每个人都很忙,每个人都是快乐的,也是。

中考英语试卷写作的分数各个省市有所不同，一般在15-20分之间。下面从阅卷老师的角度分析一下中考英语作文的得分点和扣分点。2.字数：少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。中考英语作文要求60字以上，标点符号不算，少了就要扣分。

中考英语试卷写作的分数各个省市有所不同，一般在15-20分之间。下面从阅卷老师的角度分析一下中考英语作文的得分点和扣分点。

中考英语作文对考生的要求有四点：1、内容要完整。 2、语句流畅。3、没有语法错误。4、书写规范。能达到上述要求的作文，都会得到相应的高分。

一：先看一下扣分点：

1.内容方面：要点缺失，可酌情扣分。比如中考作文“I want to do something for my school”，若没有写一件具体的事情，是要扣3分以上的;若写的事情太过于虚幻，没有实际内容，也会扣1-2分。

2.字数：少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。

中考英语作文要求60字以上，标点符号不算，少了就要扣分。但是60字的作文能不能得高分?从我们拿到的实例作文来看，16分以上的作文，没有少于75字的，甚至少于80字的也少之又少。当然，也极少有超过100字的，因为中考试卷的短线格一共80个，在格子下面大约还有2行的空间，可以加20字左右，再多阅卷人就很难看清了，也会影响卷面的美观。所以，同学们如果想让作文得到高分，最好是让字数在75-100字之间。

3. 语法和拼写错误：每个扣0.5，重复错误不计;

4. 标点错误：每4个扣0.5.

二：加分点

除了这些扣分点，还有一些得分点：比如说作文的组织结构分，就是根据学生使用复杂句型、单词和谚语、俗语的情况来加分。

只要文章中有1个亮点，基本就可以争取到1分(3分的文采分是很难全部拿到的)。而这1分的亮点，是可以提前准备的。例如，有一些“万金油”式的复杂句型，例如强调句型、only相关的倒装句等，只要同学们多操练几次，几乎是一定能用到作文当中，从而为自己争取到这1分。

其次就是卷面分

很多家长[微博]和同学，尤其是部分书法并不是十分整洁的同学，都会关心是否真的有“卷面分”的存在。虽然在阅卷标准里面并没有卷面分这一项，但是这个分数却真切地反映在了同学们的分数里面。

据阅卷老师的经验，在阅卷的时候并不是按这3个部分逐项打分的，而是在第一遍读完全文之后，心里已经形成了一个“印象分”，然后再细读第二、三遍，把印象分分配到各个打分部分。因此，这个“印象分”就非常重要，而同学们的书法，也正是在这个环节，影响到了自己的分数。所以初三的考生，如果书法不好，一定要注意。所谓的书法并不需要写的很漂亮，符合3个简单的标准即可：没有斜体、没有连笔、涂改较少。

看图作文是以图画或图表来提供目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等情景，要求作者借助图画，通过联想将一组画面的直观内容转换成传神达意的文字形式，用于反映图中所表现的思想内容。

从写作体裁上看，可说明介绍，可叙事记人、可写景状物，也可以发表议论。

1.仔细审题、弄清题目要求

看图作文主要考查考生的观察能力、分析能力、想象能力、创造能力和语言表达能力。

想写好看图作文，必须遵循以下步骤：

首先，必须通读试题中的每一个字，认真观察所给的每一幅图画，正确理解提示所提出的各种要求，从而明确作文的中心思想，判断文章的类型、特点，了解文章的重点内容，力求切中题意。

2.审好图，确定要素

认真观察图中的故事发生于何时?何地?图中的人物为何人?他们做了什么事情?结果如何?

3.考虑用恰当的词语、句型和时态

弄懂了图上的大意后，在内心构思一个基本的框架，考虑用什么样的句型、词语、时态来充分表达文章的内容，尽可能用你熟悉的词语或句型，力求语言准确、意思明了。

4.列出要点，组织语言

在认真审题、弄清题意的基础上，我们应逐个完整无误地把内容要点列出来，我们可以在每幅图画的旁边用简单的词语标出其所表达的要点，这样，既可以提醒自己不要漏写了要点，又能防止过分发挥。接着就可以将内容要点译成英文词语或句子，以便下一步组织语言，形成短文。要注意使用适当的连接词或过渡性语句，以使上下文更为连贯，过渡自然。

5.详细得当

对一些细节方面的内容，如果是文章必不可少的细节，在写作时不可将这些细节忽略;如果是可有可无的细节，则可视具体情况进行增删。因此，我们在审图时，一定要注意各图中的一些细节内容，看其是否影响文章的内容。

6.仔细检查、修改

文章写完后，应进行必要的检查、修改，力求全文内容表达准确、完整，并最大限度减少错误。

具体从如下做起：

(1)核对图中要点是否有遗漏;

(2)时态、语态是否正确;

(3)文章句、段、篇是否连贯;

(4)用词是否得当、词数是否符合要求;

(5)单词大小写、拼写、标点是否准确无误。

最后提醒大家：一篇好的作文不但要内容写得好，字迹也要美观、工整、漂亮。

The relationship of knowledge and ability is a long-term domestic questions among home and aboard.In the argument put forward different views ,of which there are two opposing views.

One view is that knowledge is the basis of ability.There is no ability to master the knowledge without knowledge.Therefore,knowledge is more important than the capacity-building.

Another view is that in todays technological revolution,the era of knowledge explosion,to teach him to fish,it is better to teach him to fish.Ability is more important than knowledge.Although holding these two views of the people can use a lot of reasons to demonstrate a positive view of their own,it is difficult to negate each others point of view effectively.How to recognize the ability to impart knowledge and develop the relationship between?It is considered to be a consensus the following areas generally :

(1) To acquire knowledge (including skills) is the basis for the development of the students on the basis of ability to understand the more profound knowledge,grasp the more solid.More skilled the appropriate skills,the better capabilities.If you talk about leaving the grasping of knowledge development ability,the ability to become a river without water,without trees.That is,a relatively rich knowledge may have a stronger ability to not leave the ability to impart knowledge to develop.

At the same time,capacity development is an important prerequisite to knowledge.If there is no certain cognitive abilities (such as perception,memory,thinking ability,etc.),you will not be able to acquire knowledge.

Therefore,the ability and knowledge are interrelated and mutually reinforcing.Both of them are the basic tasks of teaching.They are important and should not have the severity of the other.The two should be simultaneous.

(2) There are differences between knowledge and ability.The so-called difference is the knowledge and ability are two different concepts.They can not be equated.Knowledge is that people do things and a general understanding of the law objectivity.It is summed up in the social practice and is the experience of mind system/.It is also an objective law of reflection in mind.It is formed in practice and is the level of psychological development.

(3) The conversion between the knowledge and ability of certain conditions need to have mastery of knowledge and it is an indispensable prerequisite for the formation of capacity.However,the development of student ability is not in the process of imparting knowledge spontaneously carried out.The idea that learning the knowledge to develop the ability naturally,or with the natural ability to grasp the knowledge of the views are not realistic.Conversion between the knowledge and ability is the need to have certain conditions.

Therefore,when teachers are grasping the "double base" teaching,they should also create a variety of effective ways to impart knowledge and develop the ability to unify to enable students to become a new generation of knowledge and wisdom.

The Great Wall of China is a Chinese fortification built from the 5th century BC until the beginning of the 17th century, in order to protect the various dynasties from raids by Hunnic, Mongol, Turkic, and other nomadic tribes coming from areas in modern-day Mongolia and Manchuria. Several walls, also referred to as the Great Wall of China, were built since the 5th century BC, the most famous being the one built between 220 BC and 200 BC by the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang; this wall was located much further north than the current wall built during the Ming Dynasty, and little of it remains.

The Great Wall of China was originally a project of Qin dynasty designed to keep out the nomadic Xiongnu invaders from the north. Some of the wall was built during the Qin, but most of it that we see today was constructed during the Ming dynasty.

The Great Wall is the worlds longest man-made structure, stretching over a formidable 6,352 km (3,948 miles), from Shanhai Pass on the Bohai Sea in the east, at the limit between "China proper" and Manchuria (Northeast China), to Lop Nur in the southeastern portion of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region . Along most of its arc, it roughly delineates the border between North China and Inner Mongolia.See List of largest buildings in the world

Great Wall is all the Chinese pride!!!

中国的长城是中国建造防御工事从公元前5世纪到17世纪初,为了保护的各个朝代Hunnic突袭,蒙古,突厥语和其他游牧部落来自现代蒙古和满洲地区。一些墙壁,也被称为中国的长城,自公元前5世纪建造,最著名的是一个建于公元前220年和公元前200年中国的第一个皇帝,秦始皇;这堵墙位于比当前更北墙建于明朝,和小尚。

中国的长城最初是秦朝的项目旨在抵御来自北方的游牧民族匈奴入侵者。建造这堵墙是在秦,但大多数我们今天看到建于明朝。

长城是世界上最长的人造结构,伸展在一个强大的6352公里(3948英里),从山海关在渤海东部,“中国的”之间的限制和满洲(东北),罗布泊的新疆维吾尔自治区东南部的部分。沿着它的大部分弧,北部边境中国北部和内蒙古。看到世界上最大的建筑

长城是中国人的骄傲! ! !

1、认真观察。生活的绚丽多彩，来自于它的复杂组合与瞬息万变，抓住这些，是学会感悟的基础，而抓住的前提是认真细致的观察。首先，观察不是泛泛地"看看"，而是仔细地"审视"。其次，观察需要投入，投入又必须是诚心的、积极的和认真的，这种投入不光是形式上的参与，更是心理距离的缩短、思想情感的融通和语言行为的协调。

2、深入思考。思考就是在感悟，感悟包含了体验、咀嚼、顿悟。思考必须专注，感悟更当用心。学会思考，就是要克服这些不足，摈弃这些有碍于表达真情实感的成分。思考，实际上就是一个不断地问为什么，然后回答出"是因为这个"的过程。由此，小事情可以写出大主题，小人物可以表现得很丰满，小角度可以展现全局，小细节可以尽显本质。

3、以情悟情。感悟的主观性，决定了它活动过程中的情感性，情感是由人的思想道德所决定的。所以，无论是观察还是思考，都必须有一个正确的思想标尺、情感标尺，一方面来度量自己的对与错，另一方面来检验生活的是与非。以充沛的感情去体验生活，就会感受到生活中的真情实感。

不管做什么是，找对技巧很重要。下面语文迷网整理了英语六级的写作技巧，供大家阅读参考。

一、 长短句原则。

工作还得一张一弛呢，老让读者读长句，累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar. 如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉?牢记!

强烈建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短;在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

二、 主题句原则。

国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事!

特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句). Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

三、 一 二 三原则。

领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1)first, second, third, last(不推荐，原因：俗)

2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐，原因：俗)

3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐，原因：俗)

4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐，原因：俗)

5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)

6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)

7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)

8)most important of all, moreover, finally

9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)

10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)

建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚!

四、短语优先原则。

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。

其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如：I cannot bear it. 可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it. I want it. 可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it. 这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。

五、多实少虚原则

原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。

比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospitable 之类的形象词。

再比如： 走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room 但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room 小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room 小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room 老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room 所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩!

六、 多变句式原则。

1)加法(串联)都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：I enjoy music and he is fond of playing guitar. 如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 其它的短语可以用：besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

2)转折(拐弯抹角)批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition. The coat was thin, but it was warm. 更多的短语：despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

3)因果(so, so, so)昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!The snow began to fall, so we went home. 更多短语：then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4)失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重)有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。举例：This is what I can do. Whether he can go with us or not is not sure. 同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：When to go, Why he goes away…

5)附加(多此一举)如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他;或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine. I don’t enjoy that book you are reading. Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going. 其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。

6)排比(排山倒海句)文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势!Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you. Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides. We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. (气势恢宏) 要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可!

七、挑战极限原则。

既然十挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀!原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills. Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China. 如果你可以写出这样的句子，不得高分才怪!

导语：我们大家都知道，每个公民都有维护好自己权益的义务，所以日常生活中发生一些小摩擦我们当然要理智的去处理，那么投诉信是不是一个很好的办法呢?下面是yuwenmi小编为还在备考的同学整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Dear_______,

I am . (自我介绍) I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about_______.

The reason for my dissatisfaction is ______________(总体介绍). In the first place,_________________________(抱怨的第一个方面). In addition, ____________________________(抱怨的第二个方面). Under these circumstances, I find it ___(感觉) to ____________________________(抱怨的方面给你带来的后果).

I appreciate it very much if you could_______________________(提出建议和请求), preferably __________(进一步的要求), and I would like to have this matter settled by ______(设定解决事情最后期限).

Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply.

Yours sincerely

Li Ming

The laba festival, commonly known as "laba", namely the lunar December 8, the ancients worship our ancestors and gods, pray for harvest auspicious tradition, some areas have the tradition of drinking laba rice porridge.Legend has it that day and the Buddha sakyamuni into way, known as the "magic festival", is one of the grand festival of Buddhism.

Somehow called "la" end of the month at the age of three: the meaning of the "la, also", combine the meaning of a new era (sui, etiquette volunteers record);The "la with hunting", and refers to the good hunting for the beast ancestor worship to god, "la" from the "meat", "the winter" is to use meat;Spring-heralding "three yue" la, pursuit of epidemic diseases, and the tradition of "Buddha into a festival, is also a" tao ", actually is the origin of December eighth day for LaRi, so to speak.

腊八节，俗称“腊八” ，即农历十二月初八，古人有祭祀祖先和神灵、祈求丰收吉祥的传统，一些地区有喝腊八粥的习俗。相传这一天还是佛祖释迦牟尼成道之日，称为“法宝节”，是佛教盛大的节日之一。

何故岁终之月称“腊”的含义有三：一曰“腊者，接也”，寓有新旧交替的意思(《隋书·礼仪志》记载);二曰“腊者同猎”，指田猎获取禽兽好祭祖祭神，“腊”从“肉”旁，就是用肉“冬祭”;三曰“腊者，逐疫迎春”，腊八节又谓之“佛成道节”，亦名“成道会”，实际上可以说是十二月初八为腊日之由来。

2008年的五月十二日，发生了一场惊天动地的大地震，是中国由史以来规模最强的一次地震，当时我们全家都吓得魂飞魄散。

In 2008 May 12th, an earthquake shaking heaven and earth, is an earthquake China by scale in history the strongest, at that time we were all scared Stigmata.

隔天我们看新闻才知道，这次天然灾害的灾情最为严重的地方是汶川。

The next day we watch the news to know, the natural disaster is the most severe place is Wenchuan.

这次地震，汶川的桥梁断落、房屋倒塌、花草树木折断，许多住户因为和家人分散或亲朋好友死亡，而痛哭失声，有许多人出钱、出力、捐血，来帮助灾民，使灾民恢复正常的日子，真是好心。

The earthquake, Wenchuan bridge broken, houses collapsed, trees and flowers break, many residents and their families because of the dispersion or relatives and friends die, and cried, many people have money, output, blood donation, to help the victims, the victims to resume normal life, is really good.

我觉得生命真是太可贵了，所以我们要珍惜在世界上生活的每一分每一秒，那些出钱、出力和捐血的人，是如此的热心助人，这是我们该学习的地方。

I think life is too precious, so we want to cherish the life in the world every minute and second, those who invest in, output and blood man, was so helpful, this is our place of study.

another new term comes again,so i should have a study plan to promot myself.

firstly,i descide to finish my homework more carefully than before.and pay more attention to the knowledge which i didnt know it clearly.

secondly,i will do a lot of read to widen the range of my knowledge.and try to combine thoery to practice.

finally,i will learn to adjust, to be more positive and more helpful.

thats what i plant to do in a new term.

其论文写作过程和结构基本，同样需要经过：命题，开题，正文写作，定稿等几个重要的步骤。小编收集了2016年事业单位考试论文的写作基础知识，欢迎阅读。

首先，论文具有几下几项特征：

①科学性，即选题科学，研究方案合理;数据准确无误;结果与讨论的数据依据充分，具说服力，不出现无数据和现象支持的主观臆断的结果和结论。

②创新性即新颖性;即有别于他人(它文)的本质特征;刻意阐明创新点;应用研究着重实验设备、测试分析技术、工艺方法等方面的更新或改进;基础研究着重理论上的新见解，计算方法的另辟新径;

③学术性，即透过对所研究的客体外象的观测，分析探讨其内在本质，将感性认识进行理论上的深化;切忌将一连串现象无分析归纳的无序堆砌，而将论文写成实验报告或工作总结。

④真实性，即错误、虚假、失实将导致论文科学性和学术性的丧失，甚至可能涉嫌有剽窃行为;不凭主观臆断和好恶随意舍取数据和素材 ，引证他人成果必须给出出处，但只提取与文章密切相关的重要信息用以引证。

⑤标准化和规范化，即书写格式的标准化和规范化，是要按规定的格式书写，即符合信息传递与交流、科技文献管理、以及电子化、数字化等方面的要求。

论文写作的相关依据主要来自国家标准局的文件《科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文的编写格式》。按照该格式，论文主要分为主体部分和前置部分。

1.前置部分。主要包括①封面——报告、论文的外表面，提供应有的信息，并起保护作用;②封二——可标注送发方式，包括免费赠送或价购，以及送发单位和个人;版权规定;其他应注明事项;③题名页——对报告、论文进行著录的依据;④分类号——中图分类号是按照《中国图书馆分类法》;⑤题目(可加副标题)——以最恰当、最简明的词语反映报告、论文中最重要的特定内容的逻辑组合;⑥署名——姓名、工作单位;⑦摘要——报告、论文的内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述，是独立的短文，概括文章主要信息。⑧关键词——为了文献标引工作从报告、论文中选取出来用以表示全文主题内容信息款目的单词或术语。⑨目次页——长篇报告、论文可以有目次页，短文无需目次页;⑩插图和附表清单——报告、论文中如图表较多，可以分别列出清单置于目次页之后。

2.主体部分。主要包括①引言——(绪论/导论/引论)简短介绍研究的目的、意义、方法、范围、背景等;②正文——实事求是、合乎逻辑、结构严谨、层次分明、论证充分、表达规范、行文流畅;③结论——文章的研究成果，准确、完整、明确、精炼;④致谢——可以在正文后对进行方面致谢;⑤引文——所引用的他人的研究成果(观点、理论、数据等);⑥注释——注明引文的出处;⑦参考文献——写作中所参考、借鉴的重要文章和著作(作者、文章标题，期刊/著作名、出版社、年份、页码等详细情况);⑧附录——作为报告、论文主体的补充项日，并不是必需的。

一、审题的“精确性”

在上篇中，笔者已经介绍了部分考题中的“绝对性”的应对措施，而根据专家对于过去2年独立写作考题的分析，发现有90%以上的题目属于“支持/反对”型：

2011.01.30

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement?

Because the change of the society is so rapidly, people are less happy or less satisfied with their life than people did in the past time.

而剩下的则是由“对比论述型”构成的：

2011.03.13

Some people think children should spend most of their time in studying and playing while others think they should help their parents with the household chores. What’s your opinion?

在审题时，考生必须首先把题目通读1-3遍，彻底把握题目主旨后，方可进行段落布局。在这里，笔者结合自己的经验给考生们一些建议：首先，判断题目是否包含“绝对”含义的词，若有，则按照上篇讲过的建议布局，若没有，则对于同意或者反对的理由进行快速的brain storming, 然后根据分论点的数量及论点的可延展性来敲定立场：

Some people think that human needs for farmland, housing, and industry are more important than saving land for endangered animals. Do you agree or disagree with this point of view? Why or why not? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

Disagree:

1) Endangered animals are valuable because of their limited quantities

2) Environment balance

3) Endangered animals sometimes stand for the country, so they are more valuable than farmlands

Agree:

1) life quality is the top priority

2) endangered animals can be raised in the zoos

经过一番考量，假如考生得出了上述的一些分论点及想法，这时候，主体段的布局基本就可以敲定大方向了。第一种就是完全反对题目的说法，采用五段式结构布局，每个主体段论证上述三个分论点中的一个;第二种也是反对题目的说法，采用五段式结构布局，但是前2个主体段从三个分论点中选二个去论证，而第三个主体段从“同意”的二个分论点里去选一个，最后的结论还是倾向于反对的。第三种是采用四段式结构布局，即第一个主体段从三个反对意见中选择二到三个分论点去写，而第二个主体段则从赞同的分论点里去选择，数量上比前一段少一个即可，最后结论还是倾向于反对多一点。这样说是不是有些同学看了会有点“晕”呢?那下面笔者就再举个简单点的例子吧：

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Television, newspapers, magazines, and other media pay too much attention to the personal lives of famous people such as public figures and celebrities. Use specific reasons and details to explain your opinion.

Disagree:

1) Most people are common, so they want to know something about famous ones

2) Famous people stand for some fashion

3) Constrain the public figures

4) Celebrities can improve the national cohesion and unity

又经过了几分钟思考，我们得出了上述的四个分论点，但是一时半会赞同的理由实在是想不出。若考试的时候遇到这种情况，千万别犹豫不决，马上从已经想好的观点里面进行挑选。于是，这个题目我们就采用完全反对的立场，以五段式结构布局全文，主体段的分论点从上述四点中挑选三个展开论述即可。这样一来，大家是不是明白一点了呢?

Do you agree or disagree with the following statement? Parents or other adult relatives should make important decisions for their older (15 to 18 year-old) teenage children. Use specific reasons and examples to support your opinion.

Agree: Parents make decision for children.

1) Parents have more experience

2) 15-18 years old children are not adults, so they cant take responsibility

还有一种情况就是我们只能想出两个分论点，这时候考生应该果断采用四段式布局，而这一次，两个主体段都分别论述一个同意的理由，而在结尾时，可以顺便提一些反对的理由，这样也不失为一种灵活的方法，希望考生们可以借鉴。

二、分论点的排列原则

专家提醒考生们，在布局的时候我们不是随意编排分论点的先后顺序，而是需要有一定的逻辑性和合理性。一般说来，五段式的三个主体段，若都是同意或者都是反对的理由的话，一般这些分论点有两种逻辑顺序，即第一种按照“重要性”来排，将你认为最主要的理由放在第一个主体段中详细论证;第二种是按照“小到大”的原则，即个人方面的理由先写，然后再是家庭，公司，最后再是社会，国家等。倘若所有的论点都是在一个范围内的，比如都是属于个人的论点，则这个时候要看这些分论点后续的论证内容的多少，比如某一个分论点你既举得出例子，又可以进行对比或者因果论述的话那肯定应该先写这个分论点，若某一个分论点后续能够阐述的理由只有一句话的时候那就应该果断地将其排在后面写。若文章是四段式的结构，则在一个主体段中的排列顺序和前面讲的原则是一致的。

During the winter vacation, nothing is different for my life. I wake up 11 o’clock Am everyday, after a washing, I have a good lunch with my parents. Next I play computer games till the time to have supper. After have dinner. I go on playing till 2 o’clock Am, and then go to sleep with tired. This is one dull day of my winter vacation.

寒假期间，我的生活没有什么不同。每天早上十一点我醒来，洗后，我和我的父母有一个很好的午餐。然后我玩电脑游戏，直到吃晚饭的时间。晚餐后。我继续玩到凌晨二点，然后去睡觉了。这是我寒假无聊的一天。

But I haven’t bored all the time. Sometimes I read the books, sometime I listen to the music or the radio in the bed，because it was very cold outside and snowy all the day. And I also meat some of my good friends during the vacation ,we have a very long talk about the life of each other in the past year and play table tennis tegether .And I watched the spring festival party of the CCTV in the last seconds of the 2004 year! I think this is the thing most people of china doing at that time.

但我还没有厌倦所有的时间。有时我读的书，有时我听音乐或收音机在床上，因为外面很冷而且整天下雪。我还肉我的一些好朋友在假期，我们在过去的一年里对彼此的生活很长的谈话和打乒乓球。我看了中央电视台春节晚会在2004年最后一秒!我认为这是中国的大多数人当时做的。

That’s all, all my dull, coldly and snowy winter vacation.

这一切，我所有的乏味，冷冷地和冬季度假。

My father likes fishing。 He always goes fishing with his friends in Autumn。

One day， he took me to fish， too。 In autumn， fish have grown up。 It is the best season to fish。 First， we chose a good place。 Then my father helped me put an earthworm onto the fishhook。 Afterwards， I threw the fishhook into the river。 I waited for a long time。 Suddenly， I saw the float sink。 I was very happy。 I pulled it out of the water but I only saw half of the earthworm。 The fish played a trick on me。 I was very angry。 But my father said to me， “it takes time。 You need to be more patient。” I tried again。 A few minutes later， I caught a big fish and I showed it to my father。 My father praised me， “what a good angler you are！”

我爸爸喜欢钓鱼。他总是和他的朋友们在秋天去钓鱼。

一天，他带我去钓鱼，太。在秋天，鱼长大了。这是最好的季节鱼。首先，我们选择了一个好地方。然后爸爸帮我把鱼钩上的蚯蚓。后来，我把鱼钩到河里。我等待了很长一段时间。突然，我看到了浮沉。我很高兴。我把它从水里拔了出来，但我只看见了一半的蚯蚓。那条鱼在我身上起了个圈套。我很生气。但我父亲对我说：“这需要时间。你需要有更多的耐心。”。几分钟后，我钓到一条大鱼，我把它拿给我爸爸看。我父亲表扬了我，“什么是一个好的钓鱼者你！“

记叙文是写人物的经历和事物发展变化的文章，因此，一篇记叙文常常要具备时间、人物、地点、事件的起因、经过、结果这六要素。写作记叙文时，要注意把自己的见闻和经历、对生活的真切感受，通过生动、形象的语言，描述出来，展示给读者。一般来说，叙述和描写是记叙文的主要表达方式，而精当的议论和抒情，也常常成为一篇记叙文的点睛之笔、精彩所在。

写作记叙文要做到：

第一，要素具备。无论写人记事，还是写景状物，一般都要交代清楚时间、地点、人物，事件的起因、经过、结果，否则文章内容或结构就显得不完整。

第二，线索清楚。虽然观察的角度、记叙的方式可以不同，但每一篇文章都应当有一条统贯全篇的中心线索，否则文章就会显得松散无序。

第三，人称一致。无论用第一人称“我”记述，还是用第三人称“他”记述，都要通篇一贯，一般不宜随意转换，否则就容易造成思路上的混乱。

第四，记叙文虽以叙述为主，但往往也间有描写、抒情和议论。它是一种形式灵活、写法多样的文体。

We are going to the science museum tomorrow. There is an old thing show in the Museum. Do you know how we can get to the science museum?

我们明天要去科学博物馆。在博物馆有一个古物展览。你知道我们要怎么去科学博物馆吗？

The science museum is next to the People’s Park. It isn’t far from our school. So we can go there on foot .Walk straight to the west from our school, next turn left at the post office and walk for about 5 minutes, then turn right at traffic lights. You can find the People’s Park on the right . Walk straight, and you’ll see the science museum.

科学博物馆在人民公园旁边。它离我们的学校并不远。因此我们可以步行去那里。从我们学校向西直走，接着在邮局左转，步行大约5分钟，然后在红绿灯右转。你可以发现右边是人民公园。直走，你会看到科学博物馆。

纵观历年的高考书面表达，其文体题材各异，有书信、口头通知、简介、日记、自我介绍、记叙文、描写文、说明文、看图作文等，不同的体裁需要考生应用适当的篇章结构，将题目所提供的信息清晰、明了、准确，逻辑合理地表达出来。

篇章结构在语言表达中起着非常重要的作用，同样的信息点会因为不同的表达顺序传达出不同的信息。层次分明，逻辑合理的篇章结构会让读者在很短的时间内获得并准确理解题目所规定的信息;而叙述顺序混乱，前言不搭后语的篇章则让人一头雾水，不知所云何物。当然，后者是失败的表达，即使作者在写作的过程中使用了再漂亮的词汇和句型，混乱的文章结构也不会让读者准确领悟作者的意图。

记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。

记叙文的写作要素：

1 要交待清楚五要素的内容，即where, when, what, who ,how，给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。

2. 事情的叙述可以按时间或空间的顺序叙述，让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联，从而理解文章主题。

3. 时态通常使用与过去有关的时态，如一般过去时。

记叙文的篇章结构：

开头 the beginning——交待必要的背景。如：时间、地点、人物等。

中间 the middle——交待故事情节(事情的主体)。如：事件的发生、发展和前因后果。(可以使用表示时间或空间的连接词，使文章连贯。 如：at first…then…few minutes later…)

结尾 the ending——事情的结果或感想、愿望等。(所表达的感想或愿望应与所记叙的内容有关系，起到扣题或点题的作用，使文章结构紧凑)。

例如NEMT2000

假设你是李华，正在美国探亲。2000年2月8日清晨，你目击了一起交通事故。警察局让你写一份材料，报告当时的所见情况。请根据下列图画写出报告。

注意：1. 目击者应该准确报告事实

2. 词数100左右

3. 结尾已为你写好

1. In general, I don’t agree with

2. In my opinion, this point of view doesn’t hold water。

3. The chief reason why… is that…

4.There is no true that…

5. It is not true that…

6. It can be easily denied than…

7. We have no reason to believe that…

8. What is more serious is that…

9. But it is pity that…

10. Besides, we should not neglect that…

11. But the problem is not so simple. Therefore…

12. Others may find this to be true, but I believer that…

13. Perhaps I was question why…

14. There is a certain amount of truth in this, but we still have a problem with regard to…

15. Though we are in basic agreement with…,but

16. What seems to be the trouble is…

17. Yet differences will be found, that’s why I feel that…

18. It would be reasonable to take the view that …, but it would be foolish to claim that…

19. There is in fact on reason for us so believe that…

20. What these people fail to consider is that…

21. It is one thing to insist that… , it is quite another to show that …

22. Wonderful as A is , however, it has its own disadvantages too。

23. The advantages of B are much greater than A。

24. A’s advantage sounds ridiculous when B’s advantages are taken into consideration。

Winter vacation we eyas holiday team organized an activity, location is the Shanghai science and technology museum. We visited a whole day, is very impressive to me.

Early in the morning, I start to set point. 9 o clock in the morning, we arrive at the Shanghai science and technology museum. Shanghai science and technology museum is the important public welfare social cultural projects invested by Shanghai municipal government, with an area of 98000 square meters, is a by 12 exhibit areas, 4 big theater of science and technology, 6 big media theater, two relief art gallery and a spider pavilions together build up and the modernization of science and technology park.

We visited the light of wisdom, childrens science and technology park, the robot world, audio-visual park pavilion, etc. Im impressed with the electromagnetic gun. This gun does not need to use the rockets, thats amazing! Game is: put a small arguably in the hole, aimed at the red area on the wall, the press of a button can be fired, but the force that press a button with the power of artillery. My team and the classmate say: "we three hair a man who shot a quasi, shot in most times,?" "Good." We replied in unison. I in hair are the first two goals. The last round, in my heart "plop plop" hopping, I at the target, press the button hard, "bang" sound, shells fired out. "Yeah!" I shout, Im hit! Next to the administrator of the elder sister also clapped. Im not the strongest, a classmate more cattle, he actually even in three hair! How time flies, the sun has west oblique, we went home reluctantly.

Shanghai science and technology museum with "man and nature, science and technology" as the theme, by way of learning, let us in the interactive experience of and pleasing to the eye, the benefit of the influence of the modern science, technology and art. I love Shanghai science and technology museum!

寒假里我们雏鹰假日小队组织了一次活动，地点是上海科技馆。我们整整参观了一天，令我印象非常深刻。

一大早，我就出发，前往集合点。上午9点，我们准时到达上海科技馆。上海科技馆是上海市政府投资兴建的重大公益性社会文化项目，面积 9.8万平方米，是一座由12个主题展区，4大科技影院，6大媒体剧场，2个艺术浮雕长廊和1个蜘蛛展馆共同构筑起来的现代化科技乐园。

我们参观了智慧之光、儿童科技园、机器人世界、视听乐园等展馆。最令我印象深刻的是电磁炮。这种炮不需要用火箭，真是太神奇了!玩法是：把一个小银球放进洞里，瞄准墙上的红色区域，按动按扭就可以发射了，但是按动按扭的力道跟炮弹的力量有关联。我和小队的同学说：“我们一人三发，看谁射的准，射中的次数最多，怎么样?”“好啊。”大家异口同声地说。我头两发都里目标差一点。最后一发了，我的心“扑通扑通”地跳着，我瞄准目标，用力按下按扭，“砰”一声，炮弹发射了出去。“耶!”我欢呼着，我打中了!旁边的管理员姐姐也鼓起掌来。我还不是最强的，一位同学更牛，他竟然连中三发!时间过得真快，太阳已西斜，我们就依依不舍地回家了。

上海科技馆以“人，自然，科技”为主题，以寓教于乐的方式，让我们在赏心悦目的互动体验中，接受现代科学、技术和艺术的熏陶。我爱上海科技馆!