2015年英语六年级写作基础知识精选8篇 作文【19篇】

母亲节是美国法定的全国性节日。在每年5月的第二个星期日举行。为母亲过节最早源于古希腊的民间风俗。那时，古希腊人每年春天都要为传说中的众神之母、人类母亲的象征——赛比亚举行盛大的庆祝活动。但这时还未形成母亲节。

Mothers day in the United States legal a national holiday. Held on the second Sunday of May each year. Mother festival originated from the ancient Greek Folk customs. At that time, the ancient Greeks in spring every year as a symbol of the legend of the mother of the gods, human mothers -- Serbia held a grand celebration. But at this moment is not formed on Mothers day.

1906年，美国的安娜·贾维丝小姐遭受到母亲突然去世的强大打击，因为她太爱自己的母亲了。如何表达对母亲的怀念和感激呢?贾维丝小姐决定实现母亲生前渴望创立一个母亲节的遗愿。为此，她首先提出了设立母亲节的设想，并为此而四处奔走，历尽艰辛。同年，她还在家乡费城组织了第一次庆祝母亲节的活动。她还分别给国会议员、政府官员、教师以及新闻界写了上千封信，恳求帮助。她的热诚和努力，终于赢得了社会各界的普遍支持。1914年，美国国会通过决议，并由威尔逊总统亲自签署，将每年5月的第二个星期天定为母亲节。当时很多国家成千上万的欧战中阵亡将士的妻子、母亲正深陷在痛苦之中，美国母亲节的创立，使她们得到了极大的安慰，引起了强烈共鸣。母亲节的活动丰富多彩。节日这天，家庭成员都要做各种使母亲欢心的事情，并向她赠送礼品表示祝贺。

In 1906, the United States miss Anna Jarvis suffered a strong blow to the sudden death of her mother, because she loves her mother. How to express thanks and remembrance of her mother? Miss Jia Weisi decided to realize the mothers desire to create a mothers day wishes. To this end, she first put forward the idea of the establishment of mothers day, and this everywhere, experienced all kinds of hardships. The same year, she was at his home in Philadelphia organized the first mothers day celebrations. She also gave members of Parliament, government officials, teachers and journalists wrote thousands of letters to ask for help. Her hard work and dedication, won widespread support from all sectors of society. In 1914, Congress passed a resolution America, and by Wilson president personally signed, will be held on the second Sunday of May is mothers day. At a time when many countries of Europe in the memorials wife, mother is mired in pain, the creation of the United States Mothers day, so they are a great comfort, aroused a strong resonance. Mothers Day activity of rich and colorful. On this day, family members have to do to make mother happy things, and to congratulate her gifts.

各家的父亲在这天则主动管理家务和孩子，以便让妻子休息一天。美国加利福尼亚的芬德尔镇庆祝方式尤为独特，即在每年的这天都要举行为期一周的“活动雕塑比赛大会”。现在，世界上已有43个国家公认这一节日，可以说，母亲节已成为一个世界性的节日了。

The house and the children active management in this day the father, in order to let his wife one day of rest. California American fendall town celebration is particularly unique, in every year of this day will be held the week of "mobile game conference". Now, 43 countries in the world have recognized this holiday, it can be said, mothers day has become a worldwide festival.

The plan for the new term

Another new term comes again,so i should have a study plan to promot myself.

Firstly,i descide to finish my homework more carefully than

before.And pay more attention to the knowledge which i didnt know it clearly.

Secondly,i will do a lot of read to widen the range of my knowledge.and try to combine thoery to practice.

Finally,i will learn to adjust, to be more positive and more helpful.Thats what i plant to do in a new term.

[下半学期的计划英语阅读作文

(1)审清体裁(记叙文、应用文、说明文)。

(2)审清题材(人、物、事、景)。

(3)审清范围(时间、地点、人称、事件、对象具体限制)。(4)审清主题(中心思想)。

(5)审清其他要求(附加要求)。

2. 确定主题：“四要”：

(1)主题要正确(反应生活实际)。

(2)主题要集中(一个文章不能多个主题)。(3)主题要鲜明(明确表达自己对事物的态度和立场)。

(4)主题要深刻(深挖内涵思想)。

3. 选择材料：“四要”：

(1)围绕主题选择材料(多写与主题相关的内容)。

(2)选择真实的材料(真实可信，具有代表性和典型性)。

(3)选择新颖的材料(新人新事)。

(4)选择独有的材料(具有创新性)。

4. 编写提纲“五点”：

(1)拟好题目。

(2)确定主题。

(3)段落安排。

(4)每段的主要意思。

(5)重点段落的层次安排和内容。

5. 修改文章“五看”：

(1)是否切题。

(2)主题、思想是否明确、突出。

(3)看材料是否符合主题、内容是否具体、完整。

(4)看语言是否通顺、用词是否准确，有无错别字。

(5)看标点是否正确。

导语：软文与硬广告相比，软文之所以叫做软文，精妙之处就在它将宣传内容和文章有料内容完美结合在一起，好的软文是双向的，即让用户得到了他想需要的内 容，也让用户在阅读文章时候能够了解我们所要宣传的产品/品牌卖点。比如360手机卫士在做7周年品牌宣传时，为了体现“陪用户默默走了七年”、“7.0 版本上线”的产品和品牌特色，用葫芦娃为何是7只的有料解读进行了包装。

做为什么都得会的运营来说，难免会接到用软文做推广的任务(当然有的是自己想用的获取用户方式)，这个时候你可以有两种策略。一种是自己写软文然后 在渠道进行投放，在这种策略下则需要运营自己能够去挖掘产品卖点与撰写用户感兴趣的内容;另外一种是预算充足时的策略，直接找跟目标用户调性一致的营销 号，把挖掘的产品卖点告知他们，然后把软文撰写和投放都全部交由营销号负责。考虑到普适性，本文聊的是前一种选择，当运营打算自己做软文营销时该怎样写好 一篇软文。

软文的三要素：

一、在高中那会写论文，要想拿到作文高分，你得有出色的论点，然后足够新颖丰富的论据，其次是配上华丽的辞藻，可以说论点、论据、辞藻是组成一篇完整论 文的核心要素。软文跟论文一样，也可以简单的看成为证型的文章，它需要用足够多的论据(用户感兴趣的内容)说服用户使用产品，所以用论文对软文的话，它也 有着自己的核心要素：

1、产品卖点，你想通过软文重点包装的产品核心卖点。

2、软文主题，根据目标人群，找到戳人心的“痛点”、“high点”、“娱乐点”的同时能够完成对产品核心卖点的包装的主题。

3、内容素材，根据主题多维度的进行素材收集，让软文主题得到论证和具象化。

文字功底好的运营，把软文的三要素都码出来之后加以润色一篇软文基本成形了。如果你和我同是语文学渣，估计也得跟我一样多花些时间去雕琢软文里的措辞了。文字素养靠的是日常大量的积累，能够帮运营马上get到的是核心三要素的挖掘和撰写的技巧。

二、挖掘可植入软文的核心卖点

通常情况下软文的是用户感兴趣的“有料”内容作为主体部分，产品宣传内容只能是其中的一小部分，篇幅过多会影响软文的传播效果。建议可以采取鱼骨图 的方法，从产品的功能、内容、活动、用户四个方向层层剖析，寻找产品关键核心卖点。这里以小贤自己创建的运营知识型社群「运营研究社」为例做一个“为何加 入运营研究社”的卖点鱼骨图。

因为在产品卖点介绍上可以发挥的文字空间有限，所以运营只能抓产品的其中1-2个卖点进行软文包装，这个卖点越具体越独特越具体就越有可包装性。就像我们看到手机厂商在写软文时，基本就围绕像素高、性能号、高续航、机身薄..的其中一到两个卖点进行软文包装。

三、用于包装核心卖点的软文主题

写软文最难的地方在于怎样在文章里写完有料的内容后，非常自然的转到产品推介内容，为了不出现辛辛苦苦码了很久的文字到最后衔接不上产品想要传递的 卖点这种尴尬局面，运营在写软文前可以把这衔接部分也就是软文里的产品卖点包装部分先根据软文主题写出来，再去做软文主体(有料)内容的素材收集与编写。

就目前自己见过的软文来说，可以把常用的产品卖点包装的主题(方式)分为以下几类：鸡汤类、情感类、娱乐八卦类、干货类、热点类、癔症类、搞笑类、 表态类、生活场景类，其中传播度比较好的情感、鸡汤、娱乐八卦类主题软文，干货传播不会太广但比较适合写专业文章的自媒体去做给企业做产品软文植入。

另外，我在16年6月份观察了小红书周年庆时在“休闲璐、HUGO、深夜发嗤”等微信大号上做的软文投放，它们对周年大促这一“活动类型”的产品卖点上均采用的是表态类包装。

比如深夜发嗤的表态是「勇敢做自己」，然后文章主体采用徐老师特有的幽默和排版风格讲述了，一个不自信的人在学校(不敢向喜欢的妹子表白而)在工作 中的各种不勇敢的产生的遗憾，进而引出“人生苦短、路途复杂，想要啥就该伸手去拿。想要全世界的好东西?还是想要(睡)全世界最美的人?”嗯，就是这句话的过度，顺利的把广告的引了出来，后面就是周年庆的福利说明和参与方式。

一个是软文所宣传的产品卖点一定要介绍的简单清晰有质感。比如上面周年庆例子，详细地解释周年庆的福利和领取方式，再比如之前有一做文案的朋友给HeyJuice排毒果蔬汁写的软文，清晰地记录了该产品的外型和使用方法，很有说服力。

四、根据软文主题收集素材

这里的素材收集指的是收集好的内容来支撑你的观点，也就是有料的论据。软文主题可以天马心空的多样化，但落地到具体的写作就要能够自圆其说，为什么你要提议大家“勇敢做自己”、“做人对就要对自己好”、“不要恋后邋遢”、“坚决要做运营”…

有特长或者说有独特兴趣爱好的人，在素材收集方面就会比较有优势了，喜欢研究历史的运营在做素材收集时就可以找到各种历史事件来为论据，喜欢研究电影的则可以用电影大片里的剧情来做论据，喜欢研究情感问题的可以拿各种日常情感纠葛作为论据…

如果你跟小贤一样是什么兴趣特长都没有的话，其实还可以靠搜商来弥补，围绕产品卖点包装的主题通过搜索引擎收集一些素材，看看哪些能够用做主题的论据，虽然效率会慢点但是还是能够0基础的驾驭它。

下面是自己在15年底给FiLL耳机写的一篇软文，当时想给包装这款耳机的核心卖点是“史上最高颜值”，为了体现这个主题我想把各个发展阶段的耳机 样子扒出来做对比，这对于一个非耳机发烧友来说很难，但是通过在百度贴吧、知乎、百度图片、耳机论坛等地方进行关键词搜索还是可以做到的。我从这篇软文摘 取了一部分内容，大家可以感受下这些素材。

19世纪80年代，诞生了与音乐没有半毛钱关系的第一副耳机，当时重达几十磅，别说美观度了，它能够顺利发声就不错了。

五、软文的展示形式

谈完软文的三要素，现在再说一下软文的展示形式。现在见的比较多的有三种：纯文字类、图文并茂类、纯图片类。

个人感觉纯文字类适合一些比较深沉的主题，如情感、梦想、抉择的文章，这种类似的文字排版可以多学习下「咪蒙」用数字区隔来提升文章的逻辑性和可阅读性。图文并茂类是一种比较普遍的软文形式，可以通过PS、影视剪辑、搞笑图片的穿插，实现娱乐的效果。

纯图片类的软文代表「深夜发嗤」，图片类有利于做出有特色的排版，目前做图软文的应用也比较多。一种是微信、QQ对话框的截图，三言两语讲一个故 事，不用PS，准备小号就好了。多用于感情类、撕逼类软文。然后可以多关注一些微博上的“小野妹子学吐槽、娱乐圈扒姐、同道大叔、大尸兄漫画、找节操”等 营销账户。

最后还要再啰嗦一句，写软文是需要自己多阅读几遍软文并不断修改的，运营零基础写软文灵感来了同样也一天可以搞定，要是没感觉估计憋一周也是白倒 腾。另外如果自己所运营的产品不是消费级应用，还是不要期待软文这种形式能够有多好的提升销售/下载量的效果，因为本来就不是一个普适性的产品感兴趣的人 不会多。

1)We have (take) pleasure in informing you that......

兹欣告你方......

2)We have the pleasure of informing you that......

兹欣告你方.....

3)We are pleased (glad) to inform you that......

兹欣告你方......

4)Further to our letter of yesterday, we now have (the) pleasure in informing you that......

续谈我方昨日函, 现告你方......

5)We confirm telegrams/fax messages recently exchanged between us and are pleased to say that......

我方确认近来双方往来电报/传真,并欣告......

6)We confirm cables exchanged as per copies (cable confirmation) herewith attached.

我方确认往来电报,参见所附文本.

7)We learn from Messrs......that you are interested and well experienced in ......business, and would like to establish business relationship with us.

我方从...公司获悉,你方对...业务感兴趣且颇有经验,意欲与我方建立业务关系.

8)Although no communication has been exchanged between us for a long time, we trust that you are doing well in business.

虽然久未通讯,谅你方生意兴隆.

9)Although we have not heard from you for quite some time, we hope your business is progressing satisfactorily.

虽然好久没接到你方来信,谅业务进展顺利.

10)We have pleasure in sending you our catalog, which gives full information about our various products.

欣寄我方目录,提供我方各类产品的详细情况。

11)We are pleased to send you by parcel post a package containing...

很高兴寄你一邮包内装...

12)We have the pleasure in acknowledging the receipt of your letter dated...

欣获你方...月...日来信.

13)We acknowledge with thanks the receipt of your letter of...

谢谢你方...月...日来信.

14)We have duly received your letter of ...

刚刚收悉你方...月...日来信.

15)We thank you for your letter of ...contents of which have been noted.

谢谢你方...月...日来信,内容已悉.

16) Refering to your letter of ......we are pleased to ....

关于你方...月...日来信,我们很高兴...

17) Reverting to your letter of ...we wish to say that...

再洽你方...月...日来信,令通知...

18)In reply to your letter of ...,we...

兹复你方...月...日来函,我方...

19) We wish to refer to your letter of ...concerning

现复你方...月...日关于...的来信

20) In compliance with the request in your letter of ... we...

按你方...月...日来函要求,我方...

小编导语：如何写好高中作文，对于学生作文的写作基础也要好好的训练，话题作文的基本要求：话题作文还是要审题，所写内容必须在话题范围之内。“立意自定”，关键要读懂话题关键词的意旨，若给出导语提示，还应划出导语中包含归结的关键语词。一般初学者，首先要注意让这些关键词贯穿在自己作文的始终，统帅自己的文意。如何写好高中作文，对于学生作文的写作基础也要好好的训练,实际效果又发现学生完全没有一般思想认识的基础，真正可见现在所谓合格教育的成效，和高中教学要求的“架空作业”。下面小编就来说说话题作文的写作基础。

一、文章形式的革命——夹叙夹议

尽快脱离初中只重记叙，笼统归结的写法。高中的作文记叙只向最高水平开一条缝，你得复杂记叙，融情思与哲理于一炉，有最动人的细节和最精美的表达，巧妙蕴含深刻的思辨和无穷的回味，这不是一般人能做到的，更不是学不会议论抒情的同学的避难所。所以，比自己多练议论，远比固守初中记叙的窠臼要有前途。高中的记叙必须简约，只提炼能说明自己观点的内核，而尽量舍弃叙述的完整过程与细节。叙，惜墨如金;而起始学写议，应力求具体多点分析阐述。

二、文章立意的升华——深入浅出

叙完笼统归结是初中模式作文的又一通病，常常文章的结尾具有宽泛的普适性，而缺乏对文章应有之义作具体针对性的挖掘阐发，常常文章的“穿鞋戴帽”大到可以套在无数篇文章上，却没什么真正的思考。高中作文倘使还用夹叙夹议，也要对叙的材料反复推敲，找出几例可以统一在一个观点里的材料，就材料的不同侧面来评析议论，最后上升归结出恰当切题、言之有物的中心。

三、文章表达的提高——点睛生花

好的文笔追求更高效率、更多意蕴。描述中就渗透情思与评析，这是较高水平的表达。一般的叙议分段，也应注意所叙材料紧贴自己的议论，议论应采取逐层推进，前后分界，避免相互缠绕。但又必须前后连贯，形成一个整体。在文章中一定写好精心组织的关键议论，努力使文章多处呈现运用一定修辞的文采。

话题作文训练举例

话题作文的基本要求：话题作文还是要审题，所写内容必须在话题范围之内。“立意自定”，关键要读懂话题关键词的意旨，若给出导语提示，还应划出导语中包含归结的关键语词。一般初学者，首先要注意让这些关键词贯穿在自己作文的始终，统帅自己的文意。

规定“题目自拟”，一定不要用话题作标题。1、标题范围尽量要小，不要太大太泛;要合理出新，不落俗套。2、标题不能过长，可以采用副标题的方式对主标题加以限制。3、标题要含蓄，把思维蕴涵于形象的标题之中。

【摘要】考研英语作文的评分，首先关注的就是单词、句子、格式的正确性。因此，在作文的复习中，不能只关注高端句型，正确的格式也是不容忽视的。

写作格式错误主要包括题目的写法、文章的格式、大小写以及标点符号等四个方面。

题目的写法

题目是首先映入读者眼帘的，所以要注意题目的书写位置。一定要在试卷作文纸上的上方中间位置书写。同时还应在话题和正文之间留出一定的距离，即比正文行距稍宽一些。

其次，要注意题目的大小写，实词的首字母一定要大写。其它虚词如冠词、连词（但如连词的字母多于5个时则大写)和介词首字母不需要大写。比如：

跳动的心（例子）

误：Attitudes Toward Money

正：Attitudes toward Money

文章的格式

1、四边留空：卷面的四边一定要留出适当的空白。这样的文章才能整齐、美观，给人以清晰、明快的感觉。

2、空格：文章的每段的首行一定要有统一的空格（一般缩进4-6个字节）。

大小写方面的错误

在考研文章的评改过程中，有关大小写方面的错误层出不穷，这是考生的一个弱点。一般来说，大写规则有以下几条：

1、大写每句话的第一个字母和直接引语的第一字母

如：He said,He is going to Shanghai next week.

2、大写专有名词，或用作专有名词的部分普通名词，通常是缩略形式

如：DrG .G . East

3、大写缩写字母

如：MPA ,MBA ,BBC

4、文章标题要大写

5、头衔在专有名词前要大写，在专有名词后就小写

例如：Captain SmithSmith, the captain；Uncle GeorgeGeorge ,my uncle

标点符号

考生在写文章时，一定要注意正确使用标点符号，切忌从头到尾只用逗号的现象。一定要熟练掌握常用标点符号的基本用法，尤其要正确使用逗号和分号。

三段式作文注意事项

1、作文卷面要保持整洁，不要连笔，不要涂改，这是获取印象分的重点。很多考生由于在考场过于紧张导致作文的单词老是写错，这是致命伤啊，会直接让你越写越没感觉就越没信心了，所以平常要加强练笔！

2、全文的第一句和各段的第一句必须是文章的中心句，最好能用复杂句表达。这是因为阅卷老师一般没有那么多的时间去看作文，所以只能大概浏览下各段的首句，这是获得高分的关键。

3、全文结构布局：全文分为三段，第一段3句，第二段5句，第三段4句，可根据具体情况调整。段落中，第一句是topic ，第二三句是detail ，第三句是conclusion 。

另外为了方便大家学习，提高复习的效率。小编为广大学子整理了考研技巧和考试大纲，更有历年真题提供测试等等。针对每一个科目进行深度的探讨和技巧挖掘。欢迎各位考研的同学进行了解和资讯。考研的痛苦是难免的,不要丧失信心,坚信苦尽甘来。预祝各位学子取得成功！

[考研英语作文常见的四个写作格式错误

撰写毕业论文必须坚持理论联系实际的原则。小编收集了关于毕业论文的写作基础，欢迎阅读。

一、坚持理论联系实际的原则

撰写毕业论文必须坚持理论联系实际的原则。理论研究，特别是社会科学的研究必须为现实服务，为社会主义现代化建设服务，为两个文明建设服务。理论来源于实践，又反作用于实践。科学的理论对实践有指导作用，能通过人们的实践活动转化为巨大的物质力量。科学研究的任务就在于揭示事物运动的规律性，并用这种规律性的认识指导人们的实践，推动社会的进步和发展。因此，毕业论文在选题和观点上都必须注重联系社会主义现代化建设的实际，密切注视社会生活中出现的新情况、新问题。

坚持理论研究的现实性，做到理论联系实际，就必须迈开双脚，深入实际，进行社会调查研究。这也是我们正确认识社会的基本途径。人们只有深入到实际中去，同客观事物广泛接触，获得大量的感性材料，然后运用科学的逻辑思维方法，对这些材料进行去粗取精，去伪存真，由此及彼，由表及里的加工制作，才能从中发现有现实意义而又适合自己研究的新课题。在我国改革开放的实践中，新情况、新问题、新经验层出不穷，需要研究的问题遍布社会的方方面面，只要我们对现实问题有浓厚的兴趣和高度的敏感性，善于捕捉那些生动而具有典型性的现实材料，通过深入的思考和研究，就能从中引出有利于社会主义现代化建设的规律性认识，提高毕业论文的价值。当然撰写毕业论文可选择的课题十分广泛，并不只限于现实生活中的问题，也可以研究专业基本理论，中西方比较研究等。但无论选择什么研究课题，都必须贯彻理论联系实际的原则，做到古为今用，洋为中用，从历史的研究中吸取有益于现实社会发展的经验教训，从对外国的研究中，借鉴其成功经验和失败的教训，或为我国的对外政策提供某些依据。

贯彻理论联系实际的原则和方法，必须认真读书，掌握理论武器。李瑞环同志指出：“强调联系实际，绝不意味着否定读书的重要，恰恰相反，更要认真地读，反复地读，深钻苦研，做到真正读懂弄通。否则，没有掌握理论，怎么谈得上理论联系实际?”(《求是》杂志1989年第24期)认真读书包括两个方面的内容，一是学好专业课，具备专业基础知识。这是写好毕业论文的前提和必要条件。经验告诉我们，只有具备了相应水平的知识积累，才能理解一定深度的学术问题;同时，也只有具备了某一特定的知识结构，才能对某学科中的问题进行研究。正如黑格尔所说，在讨论学术问题之前，必须“先有具备某种程度的知识”，否则，“没有凭借作为讨论出发的根据，于是他们只能徘徊于模糊空疏以及毫无意义的情况中”。(小逻辑》第三版序言)二是要认真学习马克思主义的基本原理，学会运用马克思主义的立场、观点和方法分析问题、解决问题。马克思主义正确地揭示了自然界、人类社会和思维发展的最一般规律，成为无产阶级和革命人民认识世界和改造世界的强大思想武器。马克思主义作为伟大的认识工具，虽然并不直接提供解决各种具体问题的答案，但它对我们如何正确地发现问题，分析和解决问题提供了正确的立场、观点和方法，因此，大学毕业生在撰写毕业论文时，应当努力学习和掌握马克思主义基本理论，自觉地用马克思主义的立场、观点和方法来指导毕业论文的写作。

二、立论要科学，观点要创新

(一)立论要科学

毕业论文的科学性是指文章的基本观点和内容能够反映事物发展的客观规律。文章的基本观点必须是从对具体材料的分析研究中产生出来，而不是主观臆想出来的。科学研究作用就在于揭示规律，探索真理，为人们认识世界和改造世界开拓前进的道路。判断一篇论文有无价值或价值之大小，首先是看文章观点和内容的科学性如何。

文章的科学性首先来自对客观事物的周密而详尽的调查研究。掌握大量丰富而切合实际的材料，使之成为“谋事之基，成事之道”。

其次，文章的科学性通常取决于作者在观察、分析问题时能否坚持实事求是的科学态度。在科学研究中，既不容许夹杂个人的偏见，又不能人云亦云，更不能不着边际地凭空臆想，而必须从分析出发，力争做到如实反映事物的本来面目。

再次，文章是否具有科学性，还取决于作者的理论基础和专业知识。写作毕业论文是在前人成就的基础上，运用前人提出的科学理论去探索新的问题。因此，必须准确地理解和掌握前人的理论，具有广博而坚实的知识基础。如果对毕业论文所涉及领域中的科学成果一无所知，那就根本不可能写出有价值的论文。

(二)观点要创新

毕业论文的创新是其价值所在。文章的创新性，一般来说，就是要求不能简单地重复前人的观点，而必须有自己的独立见解。学术论文之所以要有创新性，这是由科学研究的目的决定的。从根本上说，人们进行科学研究就是为了认识那些尚未被人们认识的领域，学术论文的写作则是研究成果的文字表述。因此，研究和写作过程本身就是一种创造性活动。从这个意义上说，学术论文如果毫无创造性，就不成其为科学研究，因而也不能称之为学术论文。毕业论文虽然着眼于对学生科学研究能力的基本训练，但创造性仍是其着力强调的一项基本要求。

当然，对学术论文特别是毕业论文创造性的具体要求应作正确的理解。它可以表现为在前人没有探索过的新领域，前人没有做过的新题目上做出了成果;可以表现为在前人成果的基础上作进一步的研究，有新的发现或提出了新的看法，形成一家之言3也可以表现为从一个新的角度，把已有的材料或观点重新加以概括和表述。文章能对现实生活中的新问题作出科学的说明，提出解决的方案，这自然是一种创造性;即使只是提出某种新现象、新问题，能引起人们的注意和思考，这也不失为一种创造性。国家科委成果局在1983年3月发布的《发明奖励条例》中指出：“在科学技术成就中只有改造客观世界的才是发明，……至于认识客观世界的科学成就，则是发现。”条例中对“新”作了明确规定：“新”是指前人所没有的。凡是公知和公用的，都不是“新”。这些规定，可作为我们衡量毕业论文创造性的重要依据。

根据《条例》所规定的原则，结合写作实践，衡量毕业论文的创造性，可以从以下几个具体方面来考虑：

(1)所提出的问题在本专业学科领域内有一定的理论意义或实际意义，并通过独立研究，提出了自己一定的认识和看法。

(2)虽是别人已研究过的问题，但作者采取了新的论证角度或新的实验方法，所提出的结论在一定程度上能够给人以启发。

(3)能够以自已有力而周密的分析，澄清在某一问题上的混乱看法。虽然没有更新的见解，但能够为别人再研究这一问题提供一些必要的条件和方法。

(4)用较新的理论、较新的方法提出并在一定程度上解决了实际生产、生活中的问题，取得一定的效果。或为实际问题的解决提供新的思路和数据等。

(5)用相关学科的理论较好地提出并在一定程度上解决本学科中的问题。

(6)用新发现的材料(数据、事实、史实、观察所得等)来证明已证明过的观点。

科学研究中的创造性要求对前人已有的结论不盲从，而要善于独立思考，敢于提出自己的独立见解，敢于否定那些陈旧过时的结论，这不仅要有勤奋的学习态度，还必须具有追求真理、勇于创新的精神。要正确处理继承与创新的关系，任何创新都不是凭空而来的，总是以前人的成果为基础。因此，我们要认真地学习、研究和吸收前人的成果。但是这种学习不是不加分析地生吞活剥，而是既要继承，又要批判和发展。

三、论据要翔实，论证要严密

(一)论据要翔实

一篇优秀的毕业论文仅有一个好的主题和观点是不够的，它还必须要有充分、翔实的论据材料作为支持。旁征博引、多方佐证，是毕业论文有别于一般性议论文的明显特点。一般性议论文，作者要证明一个观点，有时只需对一两个论据进行分析就可以了，而毕业论文则必须以大量的论据材料作为自己观点形成的基础和确立的支柱。作者每确立一个观点，必须考虑：用什么材料做主证，什么材料做旁证;对自己的观点是否会有不同的意见或反面意见，对他人持有的异议应如何进行阐释或反驳。毕业论文要求作者所提出的观点、见解切切实实是属于自己的，而要使自己的观点能够得到别人的承认，就必须有大量的、充分的、有说服力的理由来证实自己观点的正确。

毕业论文的论据要充分，还须运用得当。一篇论文中不可能也没有必要把全部研究工作所得，古今中外的事实事例、精辟的论述、所有的实践数据、观察结果、调查成果等全部引用进来，而是要取其必要者，舍弃可有可无者。论据为论点服务，材料的简单堆积不仅不能证明论点，强有力地阐述论点，反而给人以一种文章拖咨、杂乱无章、不得要领的感觉。因而在已收集的大量材料中如何选择必要的论据显得十分重要。一般来说，要注意论据的新颖性、典型性、代表性，更重要的是考虑其能否有力地阐述观点。

毕业论文中引用的材料和数据，必须正确可靠，经得起推敲和验证，即论据的正确性。具体要求是，所引用的材料必须经过反复证实。第一手材料要公正，要反复核实，要去掉个人的好恶和想当然的推想，保留其客观的真实。第二手材料要究根问底，查明原始出处，并深领其意，而不得断章取义。引用别人的材料是为自己的论证服务，而不得作为篇章的点缀。在引用他人材料时，需要下一番筛选、鉴别的功夫，做到准确无误。写作毕业论文，应尽量多引用自己的实践数据、调查结果等作为佐证。如果文章论证的内容，是作者自己亲身实践所得出的结果，那么文章的价值就会增加许多倍。当然，对于掌握知识有限、实践机会较少的大学生来讲，在初次进行科学研究中难免重复别人的劳动，在毕业论文中较多地引用别人的实践结果、数据等，在所难免。但如果全篇文章的内容均是间接得来的东西的组合，很少有自己亲自动手得到的东西，那也就完全失去了写作毕业论文的意义。

(二)论证要严密

论证是用论据证明论点的方法和过程。论证要严密、富有逻辑性，这样才能使文章具有说服力。从文章全局来说，作者提出问题、分析问题和解决问题，要符合客观事物的规律，符合人们对客观事物认识的程序，使人们的逻辑程序和认识程序统一起来，全篇形成一个逻辑整体。从局部来说，对于某一问题的分析，某一现象的解释，要体现出较为完整的概念、判断、推理的过程。

毕业论文是以逻辑思维为主的文章样式，它诉诸理解大量运用科学的语体，通过概念、判断、推理来反映事物的本质或规律，从已知推测未知，各种毕业论文都是采用这种思维形式。社会科学论文往往是用已知的事实，采取归纳推理的形式，求得对未知的认识。要使论证严密，富有逻辑性，必须做到：(1)概念判断准确，这是逻辑推理的前提;(2)要有层次、有条理的阐明对客观事物的认识过程;(3)要以论为纲，虚实结合，反映出从“实”到“虚”，从“事”到“理”，即由感性认识上升到理性认识的飞跃过程。

此外，撰写毕业论文还应注意文体式样的明确性、规范性。学术论文、调查报告、科普读

高考微作文也可以成为小作文，小作文虽〝小〞，但在写作中，学生经常出现错误，且错误颇多。以下在实际教学中的一些经验或许可用以指导学生的写作。

一、注意语言的简洁

这一点体现在两方面。其一，小作文字数一般是100┄300字，受篇幅限制，语言要求简洁明了。其二，如果是写应用文，则语言也一定要简洁，因为语言简洁是应用文写作的最基本要求。

二、注意审题

小作文的审题(即审读材料)很重要，决定着文章的成败。因为一个小作文的材料中，往往隐含了若干个写作要求，如不细心审读，抓不到这些隐含的要求，就很容易出现错误。例如：

一个孩子乘母亲不在，将家里的小闹钟拆了，母亲见后……

要求;根据上面的材料，展开想象，如果你是母亲，如何处置这个事情。请写出一个200字左右的处置过程。

这个小作文便隐含四个要求：(1)〝母亲见后〞，时间上必须要从母亲看见闹钟被拆之后写起;(2)〝如果你是母亲〞，行文中写作者必须是小孩的母亲，必须以小孩子母亲的身份出现，不能这样写：〝如果我是这位母亲，我会这样处置……〞;(3)〝200字左右〞，字数限定在200字左右;(4)〝处置过程〞，内容只能写处置的过程，而不能写结果和其他。

三、力求结构完整

小作文是片断性作文，而非篇章。虽如此，但不能一味忽略结构的完整性。一篇小作文如果能够做到结构完整，则效果会更好。例如：

在你的身边有许多可亲可爱的事物，请你任选其中一种，以《我眼里的___________》为题写一篇200字左右的短文。

有位学生在叙写完一只小猫的伶俐乖巧后，篇末一句〝我非常喜爱我家的小猫〞独句成段，这样，既抒发了情感，又收束了全文，使短文结构完整，比那些一味描写小猫的文章要好得多了。

要做到结构完整，可运用以下的结构方式：前后照应式、篇末点题式、总分总式(包括总分式和分总式)等。

四、注意表达方式的运用

受文体的制约，一篇文章总以某种表达方式为主，同时兼用其他表达方式为主。小作文也应注意这一点。如江西省2002年中考语文小作文题为二选一，(1)通过某一情景或场面，描写你最喜欢的色彩。(2)就你最喜欢的色彩，发表议论。无论选哪一题，或描写、或议论，总得以一种表达方式为主。但如果能兼用其他表达方式，如兼用议论和抒情，表达自己对某种色彩的某中看法和喜爱之情，则能使短文大为增色。

五、注意直接入题，不必铺陈

为表现中心，大作文可以大肆渲染、铺陈，好比助跑跳远，通过助跑可跳得更远。而作为片断作文的小作文，则不必铺陈。小作文好比立定跳远，不能助跑，站定就跳，它的写作必须围绕中心按要求直接写中心内容。如小作文〝请用200字左右的文字描写学校升国旗的场景〞，写作时就必须围绕中心内容〝场景〞直接描写，与这一场景无关的内容全都不能写。

六、注意时空的局限性，不能任意发挥和联想

有些小作文受篇幅影响，写作内容在时间和空间上受到很大限制。一般来说，只能写材料要求所制约的某一特定的时间和空间内的人或事，不能超出这一时空范围，不能不受时空限制而任意发挥和联想。再以〝描写学校升国旗的场景〞为例，空间上只能是校园内，不能超出范围。否则，势必使字数过多，内容不集中而不符合要求。

七、注意漫画类小作文的写作

要写好漫画类小作文必须做好以下三点。首先，必须认真审读漫画内容。有些漫画附有揭示该漫画所蕴涵的意图的词句，这类漫画易于读懂;而有些则只有图画没有文字。对此，考生要认真审读画面的每一个细节，任何一处都不能忽略。

其次，必须正确领会漫画所隐含的意图或问题，力求避免误解和错解。漫画的意图或是为了反映社会生活中的某一个问题，或是为了揭示某中道理，它总是隐含的。学生就要通过审读图画，联系现实生活实际，正确领会漫画的意图。

第三，写作时必须注意写作内容与漫画内容的联系，二者不能相互脱离。否则，所写的东西便成了无源之水，无本之木

另外，在写作时，必须要有使漫画与写作内容相联系的语句。这样的语句可以在开头，在中间，或在结尾。如在开头可写：〝这幅漫画告诉我们一个道理;……〞。结尾可写：〝……。这幅漫画给了我们这样的启示。〞有了这样的语句，便使漫画内容与写作内容联系了起来。

八、注意拟题

许多小作文并没有要求自拟题目，这时，学生可以不拟题目而直接写。这样既可以减轻写作难度，又可以节约时间。

如果要求自拟题目，则必须拟题。而为了琢磨一个恰当的题目，有时让人半晌难以下笔，焦急万分，此时不妨先把正文写好，而当正文一写好，再行拟题时，往往会出现柳暗花明、豁然开朗的喜人情景。

This morning I went to the English corner which is in the park near my home. It is three years since it was founded. Many middle school students as well as college students and foreigners take part in the activity. People there practice speaking English by talking about something interesting. People also exchange the experience in English Learning. I think it is a good chance for me to use what I have learnt in my English class. I felt very cool after I got back home. I’ll try my best to learn English better, for it is so widely used in the world.

老师是一本厚厚的书，里面有看不完的知识；老师是一把钥匙，为我们打开智慧的大门；老师是一艘船，带我们驶向成功之岸。我们班来了一位英语老师。他个子高高的，帅气的短发，乌黑的眉毛总会皱一下，大大的眼睛清澈得像两汪泉水，高挺的鼻梁，小麦色的皮肤构成了我们的英语老师。

他上课严肃，一丝不苟，回答同学问题时他耐心讲解。九月二日那天，当英语老师踏进门的那一刻，同学们个个坐好闭住了刚才还滔滔不绝的嘴。英语老师做了简单的自我介绍，就开始上课了。他一开口就把我给震住了，他说的真标准，一点也不逊色于外国人。由于老师教的太快了，我听得似懂非懂，其他同学也半懂半不懂。这一节课就这样稀里糊涂的上完了。我们的老师也很自恋。有一次他说：”你们用英文说我最喜欢的老师是英语老师。“我们就齐声说道：”My favorate teacher is my English teacher！“他笑开了花，说：”我知道你们最喜欢我！“怎样？我们的英语老师有意思吗？其实我们也真的很喜欢他！

1。

You are an university student who are living in the accommodation at the campus。

One day you find something wrong with your accommodation。

So you write a letter to the House Officer to tell them what happened， the reason you think， what you decide to do， and whether if it is right。

2。

It is wrong that our government pay more money to the artist projects， for instance， there are more and more paintings and sculptures appearing at the public places， because there are more important thing to do。

Whats you opinion？ Do you agree or disagree with it？

3。

writing to an English speaking college about qualification， accommodation， fee， what courses do you want to choose and why。

4。

Participating in a sport is as important for psychological health as it is for physical condition and social development。

5。

You have left college。

But you didnt say goodbye to your friend who live in the room with you because he had a course at that time。

Write a letter to him to appology and tell hem how you spend that days before you leave and how you get home。

Then invite him to visit you。

6。

Some people say the parents should except school to conduct their childrens behavior and tell them what is right or wrong。

Others say schools should take this responsibility。

Please give your point about it。

7。

Write to the agency officer and complain about the rent car which has sth wrong。

Tell them the problems of the car you rent from the agency and your requiring。

8。

As the developing countries and the third world countries， there are a funds， how to use it？ Invest in the basic education or in the high－technology， for instance， computer？ Whats your opinion？

9。

You are a foreign student。

Write to the Student Union， introduce your hobbies and interests and ask information of clubs and societies。

You want to join a club or society enjoy your time when you study there。

10。

Fast food is developing more and more popular。

It replaces other traditional food。

Some people think it is good， some people disagree with it。

Whats your opinion about it。

Give some reason of your opinion。

11。

A friend will visit Beijing。

You will meet him at airport。

But for some reason， you have to be late。

Explain the reason。

Since you havent meet each other， tell the friend where you will meet and how to recognize each other。

12。

More and more childrens writing math ability are affected by computers and calculators。

We should limit the use of those tools。

Disagree or agree。

13。

you have broke your leg and have to stayed in hospital。

you received many cards and letters from your classmates。

write a letter to tell them your detail of your position and thank them at the same time。

14。

some people say that it is impossible for women to be an effective women and to be a good mother in home at the same time。

they also suggest that the government should give the salary to mothers who stay at home to take care of their children。

15。

Your friend write to you and tell you that he is hesitating to chose computer or history as his major in university。

Write to him and tell him your opinion。

16。

Participating in a sport is as important for psychological health as it is for physical conditions and social development。

17。

You live in a room in college which you share with another student。

You find it very difficult to work there because he or she always has friends visiting。

They have parties in the room and sometimes borrow your things without asking you。

Write a letter to the Accommodation officer at the college and ask for a new room nest term。

You would prefer a single room。

Explain your reason。

18。

Who has responsible for our old people？

19。

Write to the agency officer to complain about a rent house by them。

Tell them the problems of the house and your requiring。

20。

You read an ad about a sale of a shop in the local newspaper， when you came to buy the goods you wanted， you find the sale had ended。

Write to the shop manager and complain about this。

Require for the compensation。

新闻必须是新近发生和新近发现的事实;新闻所报道的事实必须是有价值的;新闻必须是对事件的“报道”。下面是小编为你带来的 最新新闻写作基础知识 ，欢迎阅读。

把新闻作为一门科学进行研究，从1845年德国学者普尔兹所著《德国新闻事业》算起，迄今不过一百多年。若以美国新闻教育和研究事业的兴起为标志，也仅为一个世纪左右。我国的新闻学研究迟于欧美国家，于二十世纪二十年代开始进行。由于该学科作为一门专门的研究对象起步较晚，所以，我们在学习新闻的过程中，有时会发现一些著作的提法或者分类并不统一，但它们的基本要求和基本原理都是相通的。我国的新闻理论主要借鉴了西方国家的新闻学理论，但又有所不同。

(一)新闻的定义

新闻有很多定义，在不同的国家，不同的研究者对它有不同的定义。比如，在西方，对新闻的严肃定义有：“新闻就是变迁的记录”——英国《泰晤时报》，“新闻就是新鲜报道”——英国《牛津字典》等等，在国外对新闻的幽默定义也有许多，比如:“狗咬人不是新闻，人咬狗才是新闻”——美国《纽约太阳报》博加特等。

我国学者对新闻也有一些定义，比如：“新闻就是广大群众欲知、应知而未知的很重要事实”——范长江;“新闻的定义，就是新近发生的事实的报道”——陆定一。

我们一般指的新闻，可以理解为：新闻是对新近已经发生和正在发生、或者早已发生却是新近发现的有价值的事实的及时报道。

这一定义体现了三个要点：新闻必须是新近发生和新近发现的事实;新闻所报道的事实必须是有价值的;新闻必须是对事件的“报道”。

新闻都是以事实为依据，真实性是新闻的生命，也是第一要素。

凡是新闻文体，不论消息报道，还是通讯、特写，在写作上都应当做到新、快、短、活。

(二)新闻的分类

新闻按体裁分类，大致可以分为：消息、通讯、新闻特写、以及新闻边缘体裁。新闻边缘体裁主要包括：报告文学、调查报告、采访札记、工作研究、来信等。

新闻分广义的新闻与狭义的新闻，上段的分类是按广义的新闻进行分类的，它们是报纸、广播、电视等媒体中常见的报道体裁。狭义的新闻专指消息，又称电讯(通过电报、电传、电子计算机传输的消息)。它是报纸上最经常、最大量运用的一种新闻报道体裁，也是最直接、最简练、最迅速地向读者传播新闻信息的报道方式。

(三)新闻的六要素

新闻要素，是指新闻构成的主要因素。交待新闻要素，是把事实报道清楚的起码条件。一般来讲，在传统的新闻学讲义中，我们常提到的是五要素，所谓五个W(When，Where，Who，What，Why——何时，何地、何人、何事、何故)。在西方新闻学有一个观点，认为新闻学除了五个W外，还应增加一个H(How——怎么样，何果)，也称新闻六要素。新闻六要素近年来在国内一些教材中得到认可。

(四)新闻语言

在写新闻时，有的作者常用写散文或者写评论的方式写新闻，其实，它们之间的语言要求是不一样的。文学语言是艺术的语言，评论语言是说理性语言，新闻语言则是表述事实的语言。

新闻语言作为一种独立的书面语体，它服务于事实的报道，具有质朴、实用的语言形态，明快而富有表现力的语言风格，讲求信息的运载量，使之适宜于社会的广泛传播。

新闻语言的特色可以概括为：客观、确切、简练、朴实和通俗。

1、客观。新闻语言的主要功能用于表达客观事实，而主观认识和感情的强烈外露，势必干扰读者(听众、观众)对事情原貌的了解和把握。比如说，我们讲某某员工工作认真，某某领导身先士卒，则不如用一些事情把它反映出来，让读者去品味，而不一味去下结论。

新闻语言的客观性，通常表现为：

1)中性词多于褒贬词，即客观地描述，而不随便下结论，或者评论;新闻中一般不使用评议性的语言，即使是评述性消息，作者的评述语言也极少，多讲究分析对比，然后自然将极其精练的评述语言自然落笔。

2)修饰语的限制性多于形容性，举例：昨日气温已开始回暖，最高温度已达15℃，这是用数字进行限制;如果写成：昨日气温已开始回暖，大家感到比前些日暖和很多，这就成了形容词性，不宜用作写新闻。

3)句子的陈述口气多于感叹口气。把一些事件或者现象以第三者身份客观描述出来，而不是以第一人称或第二人称去下结论或发表感叹。

2、确切。确切，就是准确，贴切。在新闻语言的使用上，要求精确性较高，力除消除语言的含混性，但并不完全排斥语言的模糊性。新闻的模糊语言不是语言含混不清，而是相对于精确语言来说，其精确度较低，但又不失之确切。比如，“近200吨”比“几百吨”，“30多厘米”比“几十厘米”要精确。

3、简练。新闻以简练为贵，以烦冗为病。新闻语言应简洁、洗练，干净利落，切忌拖泥带水。正如鲁迅说过，“简洁的文字，有着穿透读者心胸的力量”。写新闻提倡写短句，说短话，强调简捷直叙，少曲迂回，尤其忌语言杂质，不要让复杂的结构和修辞手段、表情语言淹没事实。比如，“在……的大好形势下，在……鼓舞下，在……的基础上”等等繁冗的句子都应避免。

4、朴实。质朴无华，具体实在，这是新闻语言的又一特色。新闻语言讲究朴实，就要“有真意，去粉饰，勿卖弄”。

5、通俗。新闻语言的通俗，要求从读者(听众、观众)的认识水平出发，运用群众熟悉的语言形式，即接近口语的书面语。在写新闻时，用语不以作者的认识标准为准，也不以行业内的认识为标准，而应是最广大的读者认识为标准，对一些特殊用词，或者专有名词，应加必要的注释。

题目：请以“My Class Teacher”为题，写一篇不少于60个单词的作文。

My Class Teacher我的班主任

My class teacher is Mr. Wang. He is strict but kind. He has taught us Chinese for two years.我的班主任是王老师，他是一个要求严格而亲切的老师。他已经教了我们两年语文。

He always tells us to study hard but not all the time. Sometimes he plays with us. He says, "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." I think he is a good class teacher.他总是告诉我们要好好学习，但不是时时刻刻学习。有时他会和我们一起玩。他说：“只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。” 我觉得他是个很好的班主任。

点评：这篇文章取材的是身边熟悉的人，作者也有东西可写，更具有可读性。另外，写人时把主语稍作调整，读起来轻松多了。

I am a 15-year-old girl. My name is [ename]Cherry[/ename]. Now I am studying in the middle school. I want to be an actress because I think it is a funny and exciting job...

写人的常见句式如：

This is my friend, Mary.

She is... years old.

She is a teacher/ an artist/ a singer...

She/ He gets up at 6/5... / early/ late.

She/ He has sports at school.

She/ He likes...

She/ He is strong/ fat/ slim/ kind/ thin/...

She/ He looks like...

She/ He is good at English/ maths/ Chinese/ physics...

我有一个形影不离的好朋友，每当对方有困难的时候，我们都会相互帮助，这个朋友就是我的同班同学——金x。

金x很瘦，就像一根黄瓜，所以，她是典型的“黄瓜型”。她的学习在班里是中上等的，一些作业她很快就能完成。平常，我们会在一起交流学习心得，我们一起学习、一起进步、共同成长。

记得刚上一年级的时候，我在班上只认识和我在一个幼儿园的同学有：宋玉坤、白浩玉和严德轩，后来知道，在幼儿园里我的两个朋友黄颜如玉和李可欣都分在三班，我每天下课以后都找她们一起玩。之后，我想多交朋友，扩大朋友圈，当我看到金晶和杨晶晶在一起快乐地玩耍时，我走过去，胆小又害怕地问：“我可以和你们玩吗？”“欢迎你加入！”她们微笑着向我伸出手来，我感到很温暖。每天下课就凑在一起玩，渐渐地，我们成了好朋友。

在星期六和星期日里，我和金晶写完作业，就相约去一个地方玩：去看风景时会拿一个漂亮的小本子，在上面写许许多多的笔记，这样，不仅能提高我们的写作能力，还可以让我们的生活更加精彩。

在学校，当我玩着玩着，突然一滴血滴在地板上，金晶就知道，我流鼻血了，她急忙帮我洗还不住地起我，“你怎么样了？”、“你好些了吗？”等话语，虽然我嘴上说“没事。”但心里充满了温暖。后来，有一次金晶上体育课时，鼻血突然“哗哗”地流，我很紧张：“你怎么也流鼻血？一会别跑步了。”她挥挥手，朝我笑笑，“没事的。”听到她没事，我就放心了。

在我发烧不能上学时，金晶就经常把发下来的新书或卷子一样一样地送到我家，我被这种友谊感动了，泪花在眼里骨碌碌地转。每天放学以后，她还打电话告诉我作业，然后，我们一聊，就是好长时间，她每次都关怀地询问我的情况，我心里很是感激，为拥有这样一个好朋友而自豪。

在课堂上，我们比着谁的学习好；在生活中，我们比着谁最孝顺；遇到困难，我们比着谁先解决。我们是学习上的好伙伴，我们是生活中的好朋友。我让我们之间的友情永远保持下去，伴随终身。

想要写好一篇作文，对于写作基础，就应该要有所了解，下面小编为大家带来了写作基础知识，欢迎大家阅读，希望对大家有所帮助。

一、表达方式：记叙、描写、抒情、说明、议论?

二、表现手法：

象征、对比、烘托、设置悬念、前后呼应、欲扬先抑、托物言志、借物抒情、联想、想象、衬托（正衬、反衬）

三、修辞手法：比喻、拟人、夸张、排比、对偶、引用、设问、反问、反复、互文、对比、借代、反语?

四、记叙文六要素：时间、地点、人物、事情的起因、经过、结果

五、记叙顺序：顺叙、倒叙、插叙?六、描写角度：正面描写、侧面描写?

七、描写人物的方法：语言、动作、神态、心理、外貌

八、描写景物的角度：视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉?

九、描写景物的方法：动静结合（以动写静）、概括与具体相结合、由远到近（或由近到远）?

十、描写（或抒情）方式：正面（又叫直接）、反面（又叫间接）

十一、叙述方式：概括叙述、细节描写

十二、说明顺序：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序

十三、说明方法：举例子、列数字、打比方、作比较、下定义、分类别、作诠释、摹状貌、引用?

十四、小说情节四部分：开端、发展、高潮、结局

十五、小说三要素：人物形象、故事情节、具体环境

十六、环境描写分为：自然环境、社会环境

十七、议论文三要素：论点、论据、论证

十八、论据分类为：事实论据、道理论据

十九、论证方法：举例（或事实）论证、道理论证（有时也叫引用论证）、对比（或正反对比）论证、比喻论证

二十、论证方式：立论、驳论（可反驳论点、论据、论证）

二十一、议论文的文章的结构：总分总、总分、分总；分的部分常常有并列式、递进式。

二十二、引号的作用：引用；强调；特定称谓；否定、讽刺、反语

二十三、破折号用法：提示、注释、总结、递进、话题转换、插说。

[写作基础知识

今天，天气转凉，大家都披上了大衣，来到了美丽的校园，小鸟似乎变少了，小草开始掉发了，大叔开始掉牙了，这意味着一年即将过去了，一眨眼十月已经过半，一年还有最后的三分之一，一天跟光速一般，在这光是的日子里发生了许多有趣的事情，在中学的每一节可我都听得非常认真听从老师指挥和安排，也在每一节课里紧紧抓住每一个知识点，虽然上课很死板，但有几堂课却让我记忆犹新，比如今天的英语课……

“叮铃铃”上课铃响了，我静静的坐在位子上等待老师上课，在我看来英语课有时有趣，有时却非常无聊，而今天这堂英语课让我改变了对它的看法，我相信这样有趣的课堂老师也一定发了不少心思来准备这堂课，在上课时老师突然给我们来了个对抗游戏，男生VS女生哪一方选手问题回答的多，那方就获胜。

比赛开始了，男生，女生都不甘示弱，勇于站起来回答问题，外面狂风大作，里面却是这番热闹的情景，一分钟过去了，二分钟过去了，三分钟过去了男生和女生之间出现了距离，眼看第一大题就要结束，我们男生非常着急，想挽回局面，正当我们要开始翻盘时，第一大题居然就这然结束了，不过还好，还有第二大题，谁赢谁输还不一定呢？第二大局开始了，经过一番调整的我们，又开始追逐了紧张又激烈的气氛依旧未停，男生们依然努力的追赶着分数，能追一分是一分，女生好像有点骄傲了，回答的人越来越少，我们分数渐渐多了起来，直到最后一题是我们只差女生两分了，当我们认为胜负已定时，老师突然说最后一题回答对加两分，这是我们脸上又有了笑容，因为班长把自己的手举得高高的，他是我们最后的一线希望了，你是男生唯一的靠山了，当老师在黑板上花了两个大星星后就意味着我们的努力没有白费，我们终于胜利了！

今天的这节有趣的英语课给我们打来了许多欢乐和笑声！

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

笔者曾翻阅过许多诗词研究者的著作，真是百家争鸣`百花齐放。小编收集古诗词的写作基础，欢迎阅读。

1 孕育阶段

大家都知道，工厂生产产品都有个产前准备阶段，即原材料供应阶段，恰好诗词创作也有准备阶段，我们把它称之为孕育阶段，这个阶段有两方面的内容要向大脑这个加工厂供应。

一是情感。诗属于那种浪漫的抒情文学，诗生于情，情成于诗。情是诗的源泉，没有情哪来的诗。而情又借助于诗，把豪壮和凄婉等情绪发挥的淋漓尽致，使人体会到那种喜怒哀乐的情感。因此可以这样说，没有情的诗不能算是真正意义上的诗。情感的产生又是通过外界事物对大脑各种各样的刺激产生的，作为我们来说。就要主动接受外界(生活)供应的素材，孕育出或喜或悲的情感，为诗词创作做好产前准备。

二是灵感。灵感是经过长期实践积累，突然间爆发出的具有创造性的思维(智慧)。这与文化层次和阅历(经验)成正比关系，文化越高，阅历越丰富，爆发灵感的机会就越多。一般艺术家的灵感都与艺术形式有关，如画家可能是构图和色彩;舞蹈家可能是动作和造型;小说家可能是情节与结局;而诗词人则是字词和语句。灵感创作往往是精华，它体现了艺术家的风采和光芒。灵感不可能时刻伴陪你，但它却隐蔽在灵魂的某个角落，一旦激发，势不可挡。灵感的特点是稍纵即逝，所以当来了灵感时，一定记载下来以备后用，否则就会踪影全无，后悔不迭。

2 执笔阶段

这就和工厂中加工产品一样，要进行加工生产了，这也是诗词创作的执笔阶段。这个阶段大致分三个步骤：

一是选材。就是选择什么样的体裁，最适合你的诗词创作。诗词的体裁的确名目繁多，有古诗词和现代诗;诗和词;绝句和律诗;还有各种词谱的选择等等不一而足。这就需要看作者喜欢什么体裁，什么样的体裁最适合表达出作者的思想和感情，还要取决于情感内容的多少。这些都需要量体裁衣，根据作者的实际需求来选择。

二是动手。选好体裁后，就按着诗词格式的要求去写就行了。最好是按着你的习惯和方式去创作，是白天还是晚上，是一气呵成还是多天完成。最基本的条件就时，采取何种习惯和方式更适合激发你的灵感，你就采取哪种。

三是修改。诗不厌改，越改越好，越改越精。一首诗写好后，最好是放置几天后再改，因为马上修改时你还没脱离当时思路，还存在一定的思维定式，效果不会太好。修改时从三个方面入手：一个是进一步调整情感，修正偏颇不妥之处;另一个是进一步匡正格律，修复差错不适之处;再一个是进一步锤炼字句，修改疏忽大意之处。

3 发表阶段

这和工厂生产的产品需要销售到客户手里，被用户所接受一样，作品是要发表给别人看的。一般有有两个含义：一是让别人理解你的思想感情;二是便于别人批评指正，提高自己的写作水平。当然如果是精品，还会起到宣传教育的重大作用。

下面就从诗词的基础知识开始讲解：

二 五言古绝押韵简介

范例：

鹿 柴 作者：王维

空山不见人，

但闻人语响。

返影入深林，

复照青苔上。

解释：

五言古绝即古体绝句的简称。每首四句，每句五言(字)。

初学古诗词的朋友，我建议最好是从五言古绝入手。这是因为它不用严格的讲究格律，限制也少，容易学习和掌握。最大特点是句中字没有平仄要求，只对句末字有平仄要求。而且语句短小精炼，极易成文。文风自然古朴，含义深刻。

五言古绝最主要的要求是合乎押韵，二`四句押韵，第一句多不押韵。仄声韵和平声韵都可以用，但一般不混押。须注意的是第三句句尾平仄应与相邻的二`四句相反。见范例：二`四句韵脚响和上字，押的是江阳韵，都是仄声韵，第一句没押韵。第三句尾林字是平声字，与二`四句仄声字相反。

常用格式(每句尾字)：

1 = ， (+) 。 - ， (+) 。

2 + ， (=) 。 / ， (=) 。

3 (+) ， (+) 。 - ， (+) 。

4 (=) ， (=) 。 / ， (=) 。

注释：

- ：平

/ ：仄

() ：押韵

+ ：仄可平

= ：平可仄

还有拗格，因不常用，这里就不举例了。有需要的朋友可和我说。

朋友们可从五言古绝试做起，这个并不繁杂，也不困难。只要这个入门了，其他的也就快了。各位朋友快发帖作诗，千万别不好意思，只有迈出第一步，以后才会有提高和创新。我一定认真评点，相互学习，共同提高。

三 五绝平仄简介

范例：

听筝 作者：李端

鸣筝金栗柱，素手玉房前。

欲得周郎顾，时时误拂弦。

解释：

李端(?~?)字正己，唐朝赵州(今河北赵县)人，大历进士，授秘书省校书郎，官终杭州司马。“大历十才子”之一。喜作律体。有《李端诗集》。这首小诗写一弹筝女子为取宠故意出错的情态，写的惟妙惟肖，委婉细致，富有情趣。

五绝指五言律诗，即律体绝句，它是唐代建立的新诗体，有着较为严格的格律，也称近体诗。它讲究平仄交替配合，有较强的节奏感和韵律感。律诗一般把上下两句称一联，前一句叫出联或出句，后一句叫对联或对句。一个要求是联内上下两句相应的字必须平仄相对，但在实际应用中，偶数(2`4`~~~)字平仄相对即可。另一个要求是相邻两联中，前一联的对联里的偶数字，和后一联出联里的偶数字必须平仄相同(想粘),。就如范例中的第2句“手”和“房”与第3句的“得”和“郎”都是平仄相同，也可参考笔者发的《送海云霞》一帖。违反了这两条，就叫“失对”和“失粘”。五律基本平仄格式：

1 仄起，首句不入韵。

+ / - - / ，- - / / (-) 。

= - - / (/) ，+ / / - (-) 。

2 平起，首句不入韵。

= - - / / ，+ / / - (-) 。

+ / - - / ，- - / / (-) 。

3 仄起，首句入韵。

+ / / - (-) ，- - / / (-) 。

= - - / / ，+ / / - (-) 。

4 平起，首句入韵。

= - / / (-) ，+ / / - (-) 。

+ / - - / ，- - / / (-) 。

注释： - ：平 / ：仄 () ：押韵 + ：仄可平 = ：平可仄

五绝一般是仄起，首句不入韵。最后再强调一下，律诗一定要严格按照格律要求创作。

否则就不能称之为律诗。笔者用几个字把其主要要求概括一下：一是要押韵;二是讲平仄;

三是须对仗;四是有诗意。

还有一点要解释的是，按理说古律诗应按古声`古韵写作，但现代人已经极少按这个要求去做了。为了使初学者朋友方便学习，我们在本论坛一律采取今声今韵。

欢迎朋友按格律发表作品!四 七绝变格简介

范例：

凉州词 作者：王之涣

黄河远上白云间，一片孤城万仞山。

羌笛何须怨杨柳，春风不度玉门关。

讲解：

王之涣(688~742)字季陵，唐朝晋阳(今山西太原)人。官文安县尉，后辞官远游边塞山水，可以说是盛唐时期的著名边塞诗人，所作之诗在当时“传乎乐章，布在人口”，可惜传世之作仅六首，且都是热情洋溢的佳作。这首诗为出塞远征将士所写，道出了将士在雄奇而苍凉的境地中，凝重深沉地对遥远故乡的一种思念。用“春风不度玉门关”的佳句来暗喻朝廷恩泽不及边塞，却又不失豪迈悲壮之气。

七律(四句)也称七绝，也是近体诗的一种，可以看作五绝字句在量上的增加(变形)。在五绝每句前加上与前二字平仄相反的二字即成七绝，七绝首字可平可仄，第三字和五绝的平仄是相同的。七绝有如下平仄格式：

1 平起，首句入韵。

= - + / / - (-) ，+ / - - / / (-) 。

+ / = - - / / ，= - + / / - (-) 。

2 仄起，首句入韵。

+ / - - / / (-) ，= - + / / - (-) 。

= - + / - - / ，+ / - - / / (-) 。

3 平起，首句不入韵。

= - + / - - / ，+ / - - / / (-) 。

+ / = - - / / ，= - + / / - (-) 。

4 仄起，首句不入韵。

+ / = - - / / ，= - + / / - (-) 。

= - + / - - / ，+ / - - / / (-) 。

注释：

- ：平 / ：仄 () ：押韵 + ：仄可平 = ：平可仄参考。

七绝通常是首句入韵，不入韵的少见。它的写作特点是：语浅情深;句绝意广;音在弦外;遐思无限，好多古诗人的七律(四句)都具备这个特点，各位朋友可参考。

另外，仄仄脚的五`七言律诗还有一种较常见的变格句型，就是句末倒数第二字的仄声，与句末倒数第三字的平声对换, 形成变格句式，而且变格后倒数第五个平可仄字，就不允许变化了。 如：

五言 七言

正常 = - - / / + / = - - / /

变格 - - / - / + / - - / - /

五 律诗拗救简介

范例：

1 夜宿山寺 李白

危楼高百尺，手可摘星辰。

不敢高声语，恐惊天上人。

2 江南春 杜牧

千里莺啼绿映红，水村山郭酒旗风。

南朝四百八十寺，多少楼台烟雨中。

解释：

李白(701~762)，字太白，好青莲居士。唐朝陇西成记(今甘肃天水附近人),生于中亚碎叶。诗风雄奇豪放，想象丰富多彩，语言流畅自然。善于从民歌`神话中吸取营养和素材，构成其特有的瑰伟绚烂的色彩和富有积极的浪漫主义精神。有《李太白集》。

杜牧(803~852)字牧之，唐朝京兆万年(今陕西细长安)人。进士出身，后来做过几任刺史，观终中书舍人。诗文中多指陈时政之作，多清丽生动。有《樊川文集》。

在律诗中，仄平脚句型(- - / / - ;+ / - - / / -)中，五言的第一字和七言的第三字必须用平声，如用仄声就被认为是拗(不顺畅)。前人谓之“孤平”，意即孤单单的一个平(韵脚和七言首字+除

外)，这也是犯了古今诗人之大忌，把孤平视为洪水猛兽，唯恐避之不及。那么既然是大忌，最好还是回避为妙，办法有两个：

一是避免出现孤平。即在仄平脚的律诗中，五言第一字`七言第三子必须使用平声字。

二是想办法救孤平。如果此处用了仄声，那就在孤平后面的邻字(五言第三子`七言第五字)改用平声作为补救，这就是常说的孤平拗救，也算合律。格式为：

五言 七言

正常 - - / / - + / - - / / -

拗救 / - - / - + / / - - / -

如范例一末句的“天”字救“恐”字;笔者《五绝 谋生》末句的“情”字救“哪”字。

另外拗救字不但可以救本句的孤平，还可以救上句相同位置的仄拗和其后一字(上句倒第二字)仄拗。如范例二末句的烟字救上句的“八”和“十”字;笔者《月中歌舞》常字救上句的“夜”和“挽”。

拗救处的字使用时也是比较灵活的，不救拗时也常有用平声的现象，就不举例说明了。另外律诗的平平脚(句尾两字)句型和仄仄脚句型的倒数第三字，忌讳再用平或仄声字，以避免出现三连平和三连仄现象。这都不是太常见的，也就不细说明了。

笔者在这里只是简单的把拗救间介绍一下，其实你只要按正常格式写诗，就不会出现拗救的麻烦的。所以对于初学朋友来讲，最好是正格协作，熟练后因排字遣句的需要，再适当地使用拗救`变格及其他。

六 五言律诗对仗简介

范例：

春日忆李白 杜甫

白也诗无敌，飘然思无群。

倾心庾开府，俊逸鲍参军。

渭北春天树，江东日暮云。

何时一尊酒，重与细论文。

解释：

杜甫(712~770)，字子美，唐朝襄阳(今湖北)人。曾屡考进士不中，曾在朝廷为官，但不大。后弃官，在成都营建杜甫草堂。晚年携家出蜀，病死湘江途中。其诗见证了唐由盛至衰的过程，被后人称为“史诗”。以古体`律诗见长，风格多样，而以沉郁为主。有《杜工部诗集》。《春日忆李白》描写了对友人李白的一缕相似，字里行间表达了对李白的感佩和爱慕之情。

五言八句律诗简称五律，组成四联，依次称为首联`颔联`颈联`尾莲(或承首`颈`腹`尾联)，为了方便好辨认，我们就依次称为1`2`3`4联吧，中间的2`3联必须队仗(对偶)(请参考《诗词韵律简介》二—2对仗一节)。它的平仄格式是：

1 仄起，首句不入韵。

+ / - - / ， - - / / (-) 。

= - - / (/)， + / / - (-) 。

+ / - - / ， - - / / (-) 。

= - - / (/)， + / / - (-) 。

2 平起，首句不入韵。

= - - / / ，+ / / - (-) 。

+ / - - / ，- - / / (-) 。

= - - / / ，+ / / - (-) 。

+ / - - / ，- - / / (-) 。

3 仄起，首句入韵。

+ / / - (-) ， - - / / (-) 。

= - - / / ， + / / - (-) 。

+ / - - / ， - - / / (-) 。

= - - / (/)， + / / - (-) 。

4 平起，首句入韵。

= - / / (-) ， + / / - (-) 。

+ / - - / ， - - / / (-) 。

= - - / / ， + / / - (-) 。

+ / - - / ，- - / / (-) 。

注释：

- ：平 / ：仄 () ：押韵 + ：仄可平 = ：平可仄

五言律诗通常是首句不入韵，一般时仄起。

对仗往往起着律诗的画龙点睛之作用，而且也是对联格式的主要来源，所以初学朋友，一定要好好掌握。律诗对联的基本要求，可参考《楹联的基本要求》一帖，基本内容差不多，这里就不重复了。

这里简单介绍一下工对和宽对的概念，工对就是样样都符合对仗的要求，对的严丝合缝。宽对则可以避小就大，如名词这个大类中包括时间`地名`人物`动物方位等等小项，大项对了不管小项，这就是宽对。

另外律诗对仗还有一大忌讳。就是一定要避免

记叙文是以记叙人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体。它是写作训练中最普遍、最基本的一种。一般说来，它大致分为三类：

一是以记人为主的记叙文，即以人物为中心组织材料，围绕这个人物可以写一件事，也可写几件事;写人的文章理解的时候要看这篇文章写了几件事，要表现人物什么样的思想性格，什么样的精神、品质，在这上面来理解。因为落脚点就是通过事来表现人。如果这篇文章写了三件事，但是是通过这三件事表现人物的精神品质性格，这就是一篇写人的文章。

二是以写事为主的记叙文，即以事件为中心组织材料，围绕中心事件可以写一个人，也可以写几个人;如果说这篇文章也记叙了三件事，通过这三件事告诉我们一个道理，或者给我们一个启示，这就是写事的文章。

三是以写景状物为主的记叙文。

但应注意的是，在一篇记叙文中，写人、写景、写事往往是交织在一起的，不能截然分开，应各有侧重。

【基本要求】

1. 交代清楚人物、时间、地点、事由。2. 按故事或事件发生的时间先后依次叙述。

3. 主题鲜明，内容清楚。文章中的故事应有头有尾，要写出事情的发生、发展、变化及结束的过程。 确切地说，在记叙时要把与一件事物有关的时间、地点、人物、原因等因素交代清楚，才能给人一种完整的认识和印象。4. 层次分明，有条有理。 记叙时，要有开头，正文及结尾。有时涉及几个人或几件事，一件事往往牵涉到相关的次要事情;有时一件大事中还包括小事，这就要对记叙的事情做出分析，分清主线和副线，围绕主线安排副线。5. 详略得当，主次适宜。记叙事情时，要注意主题鲜明突出，清楚具体，内容感人深刻。写人时，要抓住典型事例、典型行动和表现。对中心事件和最能表现中心思想的地方，要详细叙述;次要的东西，就少写或不写。

【注意事项】

1. 仔细审题，确定主题。文章的目的、内容、结构层次以及语言的运用，都要围绕主题进行。

2. 根据情景提示和主题，安排文章的结构层次，用每段的首句即主题句来指明段落的中心思想。安 排好关键的主题句，就会使中心更加突出，眉目清楚。

3. 要进行审题，初写时，多模仿句型写简单句，循序渐进，逐步深化。

4.写作前最好有个简明扼要的提纲，使自己的写作有章可循。审题后要先写出草稿，经过修改之后， 再正式成文。

记叙顺序

顺叙，倒叙，插叙，补叙，分叙。

表达方式

叙述，描写，议论，说明，抒情。

人物描写

外貌，语言，神态，动作和心理描写。

环境描写

自然环境和社会环境描写。

记叙文的写法

1。时间

2。地点

3。人物

4。事件与事件背景

5。反映的道理(主题)

6。自己在这个事件中的顿悟，体会，感想。

这些都同样重要，如果没有其中一点，就不是记叙文了。

常用修辞

1.比喻

根据事物的相似点，用具体的、浅显、熟知的事物来说明抽象的、深奥的、生疏的事物，即打比方。作用：能将表达的内容说得生动具体形象，给人以鲜明深刻的印象，用浅显常见的事物对深奥生疏事物解说、帮助人深入理解。比喻的三种类型：明喻、暗喻和借喻。 明喻 甲像乙 出现 像、似的、好像、如、宛如、好比、犹如 如： 那小姑娘好像一朵花一样 暗喻 甲是乙 出现 是、成为 如：那又浓又翠的景色，简直就是一幅青山绿水画 借喻 甲代乙 不出现 无 如：地上射起无数的箭头，房顶上落下万千条瀑布。

2.拟人

把物当做人写，赋予物以人的言行或思想感情，用描写人的词来描写物。 作用：把禽兽鸟虫花草树木或其他无生命的事物当成人写，使具体事物人格化，语言生动形象。 如：桃树、杏树、梨树、你不让我，我不让你，都开满了花赶趟儿。

3.夸张对事物的性质，特征等故意地夸张或缩小。 作用：提示事物本质，烘托气氛，加强渲染力，引起联想效果。 类别 特点 例句 扩大夸张 对事物形状、性质、特征、作用、程度等加以夸大 柏油路晒化了，甚至铺户门前的铜牌好像也要晒化 缩小夸张 对事物形象、性质、特征、作用、程度等加以缩小 只能看到巴掌大的一块天地 超前夸张 把后出现的说成先出现，把先出现的说成后出现 她还没有端酒杯，就醉了。

4.排比 把结构相同或相似、语气一致，意思相关联的句子或成分排列在一起。 作用：增强语言气势，增强表达效果。 如：他们的品质是那样的纯洁和高尚，他们的意志是那样的坚韧和刚强，他们的气质是那样的淳朴和谦逊，他们的胸怀是那样的美丽和宽广。

5.对偶 字数相等，结构形式相同，意义对称的一对短语或句子，表达两个相对或相近的意思。 作用：整齐匀称，节奏感强，高度概括，易于记忆，有音乐美感。 如：横眉冷对千夫指，俯首甘为孺子牛。

6.反复 为了强调某个意思，表达某种感情，有意重复某个词语句子。 反复的种类：连续反复和间隔反复，连续反复中间无其他词语间隔。间隔反复中间有其他的词语。 如：山谷回音，他刚离去，他刚离去。(连续反复) 好像失了三省，党国倒愈像一个国，失了东三省谁也不响，党国倒愈像一个国。(间隔反复)

7.设问 为了引起别人的注意，故意先提出问题，然后自己回答。 作用：提醒人们思考，有的为了突出某些内容。 如：花儿为什么这样红?首先有它的物质基础。

8.反问 无疑无问，用疑问形式表达确定的意思，用肯定形式反问表否定，用否定形式反问表肯定。 如：我呢，我难道没有应该责备的地方吗?

9.引用 引用现成的话来提高语言表达效果，分直接引用和间接引用两种。 如："虚心使人进步，骄傲使落后"，我们应该记住这一真理。

10.借代 用相关的事物代替所要表达的事物。 借代种类：特征代事物、具体代抽象、部分代全体、整体代部分。 如：不拿群众一针一线。 先生，给现钱，袁世凯，不行么?

11.反语 用与本意相反的词语或句子表达本意，以说反话的方式加强表达效果。有的讽刺揭露，有的表示亲密友好的感情。 如：(清国留学生)也有解散辫子，盘得平的，除下帽来，油光可鉴，宛如小姑娘的发髻一般，还要将脖子扭几扭，实在标致极了。

12. 对比 对比是把两种不同事物或者同一事物的两个方面，放在一起相互比较的一种辞格。 例如： 有的人活着，他已经死了;有的人死了，他还活着。(臧克家《有的人》)

运用对比，必须对所要表达的事物的矛盾本质有深刻的认识。对比的两种事物或同一事物的两个方面，应该有互相对立的关系，否则是不能构成对比的。