初中生自我介绍英语作文精选20篇

积累丰富的作文材料是写好作文的首要条件，初中写作文的方法。许多文章高手文思敏捷，很重要的原因是他们脑子有一个丰富的材料库，写起文章来，就能得心应手，左右逢源。同学们要写好作文，也必须花大力气积累作文材料。作家秦牧说：“一个作家应该有三个仓库：一个直接材料的仓库装从生活中得来的材料；一个间接仓库装书籍和资料中得来的材料，另一个就是日常收集的人民语言的仓库。有了这三种，写起来就比较容易。”这段话中说的前两个仓库正是同学们写好作文应必备的。

1、积累“从生活中得来的材料”，最好的方法是坚持写观察日记。同学们写日记的通病是记流水帐，自己觉得没意思，也就懒得写了。建议你们照老舍先生教的方法写：“你要仔细观察身旁的老王或老李是什么性格，有哪些特点，随时注意，随时记下来……要天天记，养成一种习惯。刮一阵风，你记下来；下一阵雨你也能记下来，因为不知道哪一天，你的作品里需要描写一阵风或一阵雨，你如果没有这种积累，就写不丰富。”

|2、积累“书籍和资料中得来的材料”，一方面靠课内阅读，把语文课堂中的阅读和写作结合起来；另一方面还要靠课外阅读，坚持写摘录式的读书笔记。如果每段摘录用一张纸片，就是读书卡片。俗话说：“好记忆不如烂笔头”。记忆力再强，时间长了，要记的内容多了，总会遗忘一些。如果一边读书，一边把认为很精彩的内容摘录下来，不仅能避免遗忘，而且翻阅起来也很方便。

所谓值得摘录的“精彩内容”。与阅读者的兴趣、爱好、水平、需要等等因素有关，并无统一标准。一般来说，精彩警策的语句，生动形象的描写，新颖深刻的观点，活泼有趣的对话乃至优美的词语，都可以分类摘录，中学生作文《初中写作文的方法》。为了以后查阅方便，在摘录原文的后面注明材料的出处也是必要的。

不少同学写过摘录或读书笔记，但坚持写的不多。一项有益的工作半途而废是很可惜的。有人统计：马克思写《资本论》，写过“摘要”的书籍多达1500多种；列宁写《哲学笔记》，直接引用的哲学著作多达数十种。像革命导师那样，坚持写摘录式读书笔记吧，它能使你成为聪明、充实、富有的人，能使你今后写作时文思敏捷笔下生花。

二 要按循序渐进的规律训练

提高写作能力不是一朝一夕的事，要有长期打算，因此，要安排好作文训练的序列。怎样的序列是最合理的，从众多写作人才成长的过程中，我们看到了异彩纷飞的“序列”，还很难谈那一种是放之四海而皆准的真理。下面介绍“七先七后”的训练序列，也许是比较具有普通意义的一种，请同学们根据自己的情况，参考使用。

1 先练习写记叙、描写文章，后练习写说明、议论的文章。

2 先练习写自己亲身经历的事，后练习写别人转述的事

3 先侧重训练观察和积累，后侧重训练分析和表达。

4 先练习写单纯的事，后练习写复杂的事。

5 先不受写作“框框”的限制，放开胆子写；后按不同文章的基本要求及特点作规范训练。

6 先“模仿”，写依样画葫芦的文章；后“创造”，写新颖别致的文章。

7 先力求把文章写长，强调扩展与铺陈；后力求把文章写短，讲究简洁凝炼。

以上“七先七后”，与人们认识事物的规律，由具体到抽象，和能力培养的规律，由低到高、由拙到巧是一致的。至于以何时或达到何种程度作为先与后的界限，这又是个不能“一刀切”的问题，必须具体情况具体分析。如果有的同学将上述七先七后交替反复安排，如模仿创造再模仿再创造，也未尝不可。

三 要养成良好的写作习惯

同学们从小学进入初中后，作文训练踏上新的历程，要特别注意培养自己良好的写作习惯。从作文比赛获奖同学的写作经验中，我们总结出下面七条良好的写作习惯，供同学们参考。

1 “天天动笔，多少写一点”的习惯。不少获奖同学说他们的作文获奖，归功于他们坚持写日记，时间多则多写，时间紧则少写，哪怕少到几十个字，也从不间断。这的确是经验之谈。俗话说“拳不离手，曲不离口”，天天动笔，即能使笔头子练得更灵巧，还能积累许多作文素材。

2 “通篇构思，写作文提纲”的习惯。写作文切忌写了上段还不知道下段写什么，一定要通篇构思，并且用提纲的形式把构思的作文“框架”固定下来。长期从事写作的人动笔前也是有提纲，不过有的把提纲藏在肚子里，名曰“腹稿”罢了。

3 “默诵文章初稿”的习惯。古代写诗，有“吟”和“哼”的习惯，因为有很多毛病是“看”不出问题来的，念出声。如果是在考场上，就只能默读，才能发现句子是否顺通，语气是否连贯，文脉是否流畅，音韵是否和谐。

4 “认真修改”的习惯。古人云：“文章不厌百回改”，这是写好文章的金玉良言，也是所有文章高手的经验。如果没有这个习惯，要写好文章几乎是不可能的。

5 “不说假话”的习惯。凡是好文章，一定是作者真情的流露，任何一点虚假都骗不过读者的眼睛。如果同学们初学写作就染上无病呻吟的绝症，作文的前途几乎就没有好起来的希望了。

The computer is a very useful machine. It is the most important invention

in many years. People use it widely today in many ways.

Most computers have memories. People can store information in them and take

it out at any time. Computers are getting smaller and smaller, and working

faster and faster.

Computer can do many kinds of work. Now in many large factories there are

very few people. Computers do most of the work. They really help a lot.

我爱运动的英语作文篇一

I love sports. I love all kind of sports.

I can’t stay inside the house for a long time.

When I have spare time, I will go out to play sports.

If it is convenient, anyone asks me to go out to play sports, I will say yes.

I often go hiking, running, swimming, play basketball, football, volleyball, table tennis and so on.

All of them are my favorite. And because of them, I have a good body.

我爱运动的英语作文篇二

I love sports and athletics. Sports and athletics are not just building our bodies but also refueling our spirits.

They give us energy to continue our work and studies as well as incentive and momentum to create.

They help us maintain a positive attitude towards life and stay competitive whenever facing any challenges.

Without sports and athletics, we should definitely be in a tedious world living a tedious life.

我爱运动的英语作文篇三

Taking exercise is good for our health. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

By taking exercise, we can relax our body and mind.

At the same time, we can harden our muscle and have a good figure.

If we dont take exercise for a long time, we may easily fall sick.

I enjoy several outdoor sports.

Swimming in the sea is my favorite.

Because there are too many people in a swimming pool and the water is always dirty, I prefer to swim in the sea.

Playing badminton is also fun.

I can always find a place in the park for playing badminton.

Besides, I enjoy jogging in the morning.

Sometimes, I jog with my parents in the park.

China has always had a splendid traditional culture, and there are Dragon Boat Festival, qingming festival, National Day... I like the Spring Festival best.

The streets are full of lanterns, people are busy buying couplets, the annual goods, the arrival of the Spring Festival

Every time Chinese New Year, we young children wear new clothes, wear new hats, the adults face a satisfied smile. Its been a great year for people to eat family reunion dinner. In the evening, the grown-ups are playing mahjong, playing poker, and eating melon seeds, chatting and talking. Children like to set off fireworks. The bold children go to the fire, the timid children look behind. Fireworks are colorful... Just play and play! Have fun!

It was a long time before I left my friends to go home. I thought to myself, "I wish I could spend the Spring Festival every day."

Love is sweet in the beginning,but sour in the end. 爱情先甜后来酸。

All roads lead to Roma.条条大道通罗马。

As you make your bed,so you must lie in it.自食其果。

Don′t count your chickens before they are hatched.切莫过于乐观。

Don′t judge a person by the clothes he wears.不能以貌取人。

Failure is the mother of success.失败是成攻之母。

It′s easy to be wise after the event.事后诸葛亮。

Labour is lihgt where love doth pay. 爱情付报酬，劳苦也轻松。

Learn to walk before you run.循序渐进。

Love is a sweet tyranny,because the lover endures his torment willingly. 爱情是可爱的虐政，情人们甘受它痛苦的折磨。

Love makes all hard hearts gentle. 爱情把一切冷酷之心变成温柔。

Love makes obedience easy. 爱情使服从变为易事。

Love makes one fit for any work. 爱情使人适合任何工作。

Love makes the world go round. 爱情使世界运转。

Love me little and love me long. 不求情意浓，但愿情义长。

Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌。

Love needs no teaching. 爱情无需教导。

Love not at the first look. 切莫一见钟情。

Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。

When love puts in,friendship is gone. 爱情进入，友情完结。

Ching Ming festival is a traditional Chinese festival, has a history of two

thousand five hundred years; Its main traditional cultural activities are:

grave, outing, cockfighting, swing, play mat, pull hook, tug-of-war), etc. The

members (the grave), is very old. Tomb-sweeping day, as a traditional culture,

it is a full of mysterious colorific festival, on this day, the pedestrians on

the road are missing people who died, to express their respect and grief!

Ching Ming festival, in hainan many locals call it the "qingming festival".

Middle age the qingming festival is very important, if not as a legal holiday,

they will also take time to go home "qingming festival". This suggests that the

qingming festival has become a culture, become a man of the late express a way

of missing loved ones.

Qingming festival, is a kind of Chinese traditional culture recognition and

respect. Qingming festival is very important in the ancient tradition of a

festival, is also the most important festival of festivals, was the day of

ancestor worship and the grave. This grave, the shrine of the dead an activity.

The han nationality and some minority are mostly in the tombs. According to the

old tradition, the grave, people to carry goods such as especially fruit, paper

money to the grave, will be food for offering in the family tomb, then paper

incineration, new soil up to the grave, fold a few branches pale green branches

ed in the grave, and then salute kowtow worship, finally eat especially home.

The tang dynasty poet tu mus poem "qingming" : "rains fall heavily as qingming

comes, and passers-by with lowered spirits go. Restaurant where? Boy pointed

apricot blossom village." Write the tomb-sweeping day is special atmosphere.

Until today, tomb-sweeping day ancestor worship, mourning the late relatives

customs still prevail. And the more brought to the attention of the people.

Chinese is influenced by its culture, make clear the Chinese memorial

ancestors festival. Ancestor worship in qingming festival people are back, this

is a kind of culture, a kind of habit.

my name is . i am from . there are people in my family. my father works in a computer company. he is a computer engineer. my mother works in a international trade company. she is also a busy woman. i have a older sister and a younger brother. my sister is a junior in national taiwan university. she majors in english. my brother is an elementary school student. he is 8 years old.

hello,everyone. my name is giffer and im 12-year-old .i am very pleased to be admitted to the xicheng foreign language school. my favourite subject is chinese and english. my hobby is blown flute and reading. there is also a very good orchestra here. the school orchestra and this will allow me to learn a lot of knowledge in this three years. i want to study well. to give our parents and ourselves a satisfactory answer at this holiday. i took part in the training of the orchestra. participated in the torch relay task. i will learn a lot and i hope that i can learn more knowledge at this secondary school.

参考译文:

大家好，我叫giffer，今年12岁。很高兴今年考上了西城外国语中学。我喜欢的科目是语文、英语、我的爱好是吹长笛、看书。在这里也有一个很好的管乐团.这个学校和这个乐团能让我学习到很多知识.在这三年里。我要好好学习，给自己和家长一个满意的答卷，在这个假期，我参加了管乐团的训练，参加了火炬传递的任务，学到了很多东西，我希望我能在这所中学学到更多的知识。

It is known to all that Newton got the great inspiration from the falling

apple as he was walking pass a tree. This apple changed and promoted the social

civilization. Many people play the joke that if the apple hits on their heads,

maybe they can be the next Newton. Actually, apple is just the stimulation to

help Newton to figure out his thoughts. If it hits on other peoples heads, it

is just the ordinary incident and nothing special. The meaning of life is to

keep searching. Everyone can make a difference if they keep thinking, and

inspiration will come sooner or later. At that time, the success will be at

hand.

Different people have different career outlooks. Some people want to become

civil servants; some people hope to start their own business; some people dream

of being freelancers, and so on.

However, my ideal job is teaching. Firstly, I’m told that teachers have a

high income. With the high income, I can open a training school to help the

children in poor families with their education. Secondly, teachers always have

summer and winter holidays, thus I will have more free time to relax myself.

More importantly, teachers are angels to students, who can pass on the knowledge

to students as well as help them develop their hobbies and interests. I can’t

imagine how happy I will feel when I see my students become elites.

In order to be a qualified teacher, I should read more books to acquire

more knowledge, and train my patience and improve my communication and

handwriting abilities.

Shopping online is quite popular in our daily life now. It is a new way of shopping. Many things are offered and wait for your choosing. Convenience is the most important advantage. You can buy anything as you like. You don’t have to queue with other shoppers. Meanwhile, it is often open for 24 hours a day.

However, there are many disadvantages about shopping online. You can’t actually see the real products. So you may be cheated easily. Also, many people will miss the best opportunity to get along well with their friends and share the joy of shopping.

In conclusion, we should make proper use of the internet shopping.

译文

网上购物在我们的日常生活中很受欢迎。这是一种新的购物方式。很多东西都提供了，等待你的选择。方便是最重要的优点。你可以随意买任何东西。你不必和其他购物者排队。同时，它通常每天开放24小时。

然而，网上购物有许多缺点。你真的看不到真正的产品。所以你可能很容易受骗。同时，许多人会错过与朋友相处的好机会，分享购物的乐趣。

总之，我们应该好好利用网络购物。

Chinese New Year starts with the new moon on the first day of the new year

and ends on the the full days later. In china,people regard Spring Festival as

the most important thing.People studied and worked throughout the year.No matter

how far and how busy, they must do their best to go back home.Thats a tradition

and now becoming a habit. During this time,transport is extremely busy.Although

the way is difficult,it cant reduce the urgent feeling of going home.I cant

describe this feeling,only the people that experienced it can

understand.Actually,on one hand,people miss their family,and they need to get

comfort in the family.On the other hand,getting together is a symbol of

blessedness and auspiciousness.People in other country dont have this

consciousness that going home is necessary.For example,American could celebrate

the Christmas in everywhere they like or with anybody.This diversity is

occasioned by different culture between two countries.

On Spring festivals eve,the whole family prepare the dinner.Of

course,dumplings is essential.In the

evening,family members always sit at the television and watch Spring

Festival Gala.At 0:00,people set off firecrackers and fireworks,at the same

time,children pay New Year,s call to old people.The old people give money to the

children as a lunar new year gift.Usually,people stay up late or all night.

On lunar New Years Day, the Chinese family eat vegetarian dumplings which

imply they will plain and neat in this year. People change their new

clothes,this stands for a new beginning.Next,people visit relatives with some

gifts.The second day is son-in-laws festival,the husband and married women

visit their side of the family.In a word,Chinese attach great importance to

Spring Festival.

As the only child in my family, I know how much effort my parents put upon me, therefore I want to do something for my parents .I can give them hugs and kisses when they get home after a day of hard work. Then, I will take their slippers for them. I cant cook, but I can always help my mather wash the dishes. I cant read that much words, but I can always fetch my father his glasses whenever he needs them. In the evening I will make beds for them before they go to sleep.

Once a child asked such a question: What can I benefit from being "a good

child"? Among the many answers he received one ran like this: "A good child" is

the most precious gift God gives to you. And the same can be said for being

honest. It pays to be honest.

Yes, its true that dishonesty exists almost everywhere in the society.

Consumers often found themselves being blackmailed by those merchants selling

shoddy products; and there are students

Cheating in order to pass the exams or get high marks; moreover, we are not

short of examples that many rich professionals evade the taxes by sacrificing

the interests of government.

But havent we seen their results? "A fall into the pit, a gain in

customers wit", which would surely drive those dishonest merchants out of

business. Regret of wasting time yet being

Empty-handed would accompany those dishonest students all their life. On

the contrary, we could have all they lost, especially a good reputation and a

clear conscience, which are the best qualities of human beings. Thats why we

say "It Pays to Be Honest".

Do you want to live in the city or the country?

I like to live in the country that the sun rises in the morning with the first golden light & the first sound from the cock.. All the animals & plants begin their life from this moment on and some of the animals begin their sleeping the new day. This is a very beautiful beginning in the world that you just can see all these in the country not in the city.

And for people , the people in the country are kind although they are ungrace-ful .that is not important that you will feel what is the realest in the friendship of people.

Are people kinder in the city or the country?

The people live in the country is kinder than the people live in the city . this is so sure that I just feel all this from my grandparents . My grandpatents both are country people. Their family is poor that they even do not have more money after they finish all their meals.but my mother was so so interested in studying. My grandparents got five children & gave the choice to study to allof them .

Hello, everyone! My name is BaiXinyu. My English name is Amy. I’m 13 years

old. I am in Class 7, Grade 7 in the 29 Middle School. I love my new school, it

is very big. I have big, black eyes, short hairs. I am very tall and slim. I’m a

sunny、friendly girl. My teachers and classmates all like me. There are three

people in my family: my father, my mother and me. I have a dog, he is white. He

is so lovely and simple. Oh, he’s a poodle. I love him very much. I have a lot

of hobbies. Such as drawing pictures, reading books, doing exercises……I like

reading, because it called me lots of about would. I am good at swimming, and I

like water, it is very cool! But I don’t like skiing, it’s difficult with me.

This is me, do you know?

你好，每个人!我的名字叫BaiXinyu。我的英文名字叫艾米。我13岁。我在课堂上7，在29中学7年级。我爱我的新学校，这是非常大的。我有大，黑色的眼睛，短头发。我非常高又苗条。我是一个阳光明媚的，友好的女孩。我的老师和同学都喜欢我。我家里有三个人：我爸爸，我妈妈和我。我有一只狗，他是白色的。他是如此可爱和简单。哦，他是贵宾犬。我非常爱他。我有很多爱好。比如画画，看书，做练习……我喜欢阅读，因为它给我很多的。我擅长游泳，我喜欢水，它非常酷!但我不喜欢滑雪，和我是很困难的。这就是我，你知道吗?

Chapter one：self-introduction

Tips:

名字和年龄：My name is peter, I am six years old.

兴趣：My hobby is playing basketball.

个性：I am a talkative person.

My name is peter. I am six years old. I am from Taiwan. Many people ask me about my Chinese name because they think the meaning of it is very interesting. But I hope my friends can remember my English name rather than my Chinese one. My hobby is playing basketball. I usually play it with my friends after school, and I believe playing basketball will bring me good health. I am a talkative person. It is very difficult for me to keep quiet. Now I am studying in English, so I hope everyone can speak English to me. Otherwise I will feel very bad if I keep quiet.

With the progress of the times, we have made a great change in China, and the night dinner is a good witness.

The words at the end of twentieth Century, on every new years Eve every family all at home with a big "blessing" word, in a small square table placed on delicious food, a family of three sat at the table, eating reeky meals, laughing and talking. "Its another year, Im going to be a year old again!" One wearing glasses, wearing a white tunic grandfather holding a cigarette said with a smile. The opposite wearing flower jacket grandmother holding chopsticks, answered: "yes, my son grow up, we are old." "Dad, mom, you are still young, not so fast..." After only listening to a young man in a black suit, the two old men laughed. Dont look at this years night meal simple, simple, in fact it is very warm. This is a warm years dinner.

The evening meal in the early twenty-first Century was quite different from that in the past. This time they came to the hotel, and hotel, there is a lively scene. Look, a bright ribbon hanging on the wall, a large "Fu" word in the middle. A pair of couplets is especially attractive: Happy Spring Festival and auspicious new year. Hengpi: good luck in everything. Look at the table again, and the delicacy is full of the table. Two men, the father and son, sit at the round table and raise their glasses. The son says, "Dad, Ill give you a cup and wish you health." Dad laughed and said, "good, good." After talking about his neck, he drank the wine at one breath, and the son drank the glass too. The wife holds the little baby in the middle of the sleep. Look, the little guy is asleep in her mothers arms. My mother stood beside my father, smiled and said: "Oh, today is really happy ah!" Oh, this is a happy dinner.

Todays night dinner is simply not the same as before. Son drove white to "fly", carrying on elderly parents, wife and children have grown up, smiling. The son said, "Dad, mom, now living conditions are good, high technology everywhere." Mom and dad nodded frequently and said, "yes, yes!" Under the "flying number", it is a high building with different shapes, triangular and rectangular shapes. Oh, this is a high tech years dinner.

The day and night, the better and better, reflects the change of our China and wishes China more prosperity and prosperity.

I have a lot of friends but Amy is my best friend.He is a boy. Both of us are good at English, so we often have a chat in English in our spare time. After school, we often play football together on the playground. He runs so fast that I can not catch up with him. He is an excellent student. He not only gets good marks in all subjects but also is very kind and modest. He loves popular songs and also classical music.

New Year Party

On New Year#39;s Eve，our class had a party. The atmosphere was good. It was out of the ordinary from the very begining. The boy student from one bedroom gave an unusual performance. We saw a boy named Li Xinmin turn off all the lights in a sudden snap. Then with three resounding(响亮的) crow of a cock echoing in the hall，the hall was again brightly lit in a snap.

Then，the representative of the bedroom Zhu Guozhang asked us to guess a line of a poem related to the above situation. He added that Li Xinmin alone was born in the year of the dog and the other three were all born in the year of the chicken. They left us all in confusion. And it was our monitor who was quickwitted(机智的). He shouted our， "The day breaks as the cock crows three times at dawn." The hall After that，they had another item. This time Li Xinmin was placed in the middle of the circle. While he was standing there，the other three stood around him，each bowing down to him at an angle of 120 degrees. It was an idiom. This time I got it right："The dog stands out among a group of chickens."

暑假期间我经常去看望我的爷爷奶奶，他们都已经70岁了，住在乡下。夏天的乡下非常漂亮，我可以在那里做很多有趣的事情。我习惯一大清早起床，呼吸新鲜空气，聆听鸟儿欢唱，欣赏绿树红花和门前的小河。我还喜欢跟伙伴们一起钓鱼。夜幕降临时，我就坐在树下，听奶奶讲动听的故事。我也会给她讲一些城里的新鲜事。每次该回城时，我总是恋恋不舍。我确实喜欢乡下的生活。

I often go to see my grandma and grandpa during my summer vacation.They are both seventy years old and live in the country happily. Summer view of the countryside is very beautiful. I can do many interesting things there. I am used to getting up early in the morning, breathing the fresh air,listening to the birds singing, and enjoying the green trees, red flowers and the river. I like fishing with my friends. When night comes, I sit under the tree with my grandma, listening to her telling me many funny stories. And I tell her some new things happening in the city. When I have to go back,I am always reluctant to go. I really feel happy living in the country.初中作文

自从猪八戒保护师傅到西天取经回来，就一直吃喝玩乐，无所事事。

这天，猪八戒听说大师兄孙悟空在花果山开了家武术管，招了很多学徒，钞票大把大把地往口袋里收，羡慕极了。他想，我也找点事做吧，要不，猴哥老瞧不起我。可是，我能做什么呢?开饭店吧，我只会吃，没那手艺;开服装店吧，又没那本钱。猪八戒左思右想，硬是想不出辙来。突然，他一跃而起，拍拍脑袋，说：现在的人都很爱美，我可以开家美容店啊!可是，他一起身，看到镜子里的自己，又泄气了，我这模样，谁敢来呀?

于是，他又倒头大睡。睡着睡着，就进入了梦乡，他梦见自己是一个白马王子，正和一个美艳无比的姑娘结婚呢!梦醒后，猪八戒决定自己去整整容。可他又犯愁了，到哪儿去整呢?谁会接纳他呢?猪八戒想了好久好久，突然，他灵机一动，哎呀!差点忘了，我可以用仙术把自己变成美男子呀!

于是，猪八戒摇身一变，变成了一个英俊潇洒的大老板。猪八戒来到凡间，看到好多人为了把自己变美，有的打针，有的做手术，效果都不满意，有的还比以前更丑了，猪八戒决定用自身的仙术来帮助他们。不久，猪八戒的美容店在一条小街开张了，第一个顾客是一位满脸都是痘子的小伙子，猪八戒仔细看了看他，悄悄在心里念了几句咒语，顿时，顾客的脸上，一个痘子也找不到了，整个人变得十分精神。那位顾客十分满意，惊讶地问：你是怎么做到的?猪八戒笑了笑，说：这是祖传秘方，不便外传。后来，这个顾客把自己整容的经历告诉了很多人，猪八戒生意可好了，每天都忙不过来，晚上还不能按时上床睡觉，要数大把大把的钞票。他数啊数啊，竟然迷迷糊糊地睡着了。

叮铃铃，闹钟响了，猪八戒从梦中惊醒，嘴边流了好些口水。