高三英语应用文 写作训练【热门20篇】

The Cause of fire

As we all know, fire is one of the most terrible killers in our modern society.We know that fire is mainly caused by smokers, followed by defective insulations and children playing with matches.In 2002 ,thousands of fire happened all over the country, of which 50 percent was caused by smokers who left cigarette-ends everywhere.Those who smoke should make sure that the cigarettes are stubbed out before being thrown away.Also, smoking should not be allowed in public places.30 percent of fire was caused by defective insulation. Workers should know the importance of good insulation for people’s lives.At homes we must pay special attention to electric wires and make sure that they are safe.20 percent of fire are caused by children playing with matches. We should warn children of the danger of playing with matches.

No matter what type of the reason it was, there was one thing in common:carelessness.So if everyone in the country is careful enough, more fire could be avoided.

我们都知道火灾是现代社会最可怕的杀手之一。火灾主要是由吸烟者、绝缘不良和孩子玩火柴引起的。在2002年，全国发生了成千上万起火灾，其中50%是由于吸烟者随便扔烟头引起的。那些吸烟者应该在扔烟头前确保烟头已经被掐灭。而且，公共场所应该禁止吸烟。30%的火灾是由于绝缘不良引起的，工作人员应该懂得绝缘对人们的重要性。在家里时我们应该尤其注意电线，要确保它们的安全性。20%的火灾是由于孩子玩火柴引起的，我们应该警告孩子玩火柴的危险性。

不管是哪种类型的原因，它们都有一个共同点：粗心。因此如果国家中每个人都足够细心，那么更多的火灾是可以避免的。

导语：好的句子正确运用能给作文带来意想不到的效果，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. According to a recent survey， four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education， the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However， this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents， who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus， which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem： the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact， it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes： All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government， which is blind to this point， may pay a heavy price.任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays， many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately， for most young people， it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

一、应用文的概念

应用文是国家机关、企事业单位、社会团体以及公民在日常工作、学习和生活中办理公务或个人事务时所使用的、具有某些惯用格式的文章的总称。

二、应用文的种类 行政公文：如公告、通告、通知、通报 通用类 事务应用文：如计划、总结、会议记录

公务文体

法律应用文：如起诉书、自诉状

经济应用文：如经济合同

专用类

礼仪应用文：如欢迎词、欢送词、开幕词、祝词

应用文 涉外应用文：如涉外函电、备忘录

书信类：如证明信、推荐信、感谢信、申请书

私务文体 条据类：如借条、请假条

其 他

新闻文体：如新闻、消息、通讯

其 他：如论文

三、应用文的作用

1、规范和准绳作用

2、宣传和教育作用

3、交流和沟通作用

4、凭证和档案作用

四、应用文的一般特点

1、实用性 2、程式性 3、时效性 4、朴实性

导语：我们大家都知道，每个公民都有维护好自己权益的义务，所以日常生活中发生一些小摩擦我们当然要理智的去处理，那么投诉信是不是一个很好的办法呢?下面是yuwenmi小编为还在备考的同学整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Dear_______,

I am . (自我介绍) I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about_______.

The reason for my dissatisfaction is ______________(总体介绍). In the first place,_________________________(抱怨的第一个方面). In addition, ____________________________(抱怨的第二个方面). Under these circumstances, I find it ___(感觉) to ____________________________(抱怨的方面给你带来的后果).

I appreciate it very much if you could_______________________(提出建议和请求), preferably __________(进一步的要求), and I would like to have this matter settled by ______(设定解决事情最后期限).

Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply.

Yours sincerely

Li Ming

以下是短文写作中使用率最高、覆盖面最广的基本句式，每组句式的功能相同或相似，考可根据自己的情况选择其中的个，做到能够熟练正确地仿写或套用。

1．表示原因

1）There are three reasons for this

2）The reasons for this are as follows

3）The reason for this is obvious

4）The reason for this is not far to seek

5）The reason for this is that

6）We have good reason to believe that

例如：

There are three reasons for the changes that have taken place in our life

．Firstly，people’s living standard has been greatly improved．Secondly，most people are well paid，and they can afford what they need or like．Last but not least，more and more people prefer to enjoy modern life．

注：

如考生写第一个句子没有把握，

可将其改写成两个句子。

如：

Great changes have taken place in our life．

There are three reasons for this．这样写可以避免套用中的表达失误。

2．表示好处

1）It has the following advantages

2）It does us a lot of good

3）It benefits us quite a lot

4）It is beneficial to us

5）It is of great benefit to us

例如：

Books are like friends．

They can help us know the world better，and they can open our minds

and widen our horizons．Therefore reading extensively is of great benefit to us

3．表示坏处

1）It has more disadvantages than advantages

2）It does us much harm

3）It is harmful to us

例如：

However，everything divides into two．

Television can also be harmful to us．It can do harm to our health and make us lazy if we spend too much time watching television.

4．表示重要、必要、困难、方便、可能

1）It is important（necessary，difficult，convenient, possible）for sb．to do sth．

2）We think it necessary to do sth．

3）It plays an important role in our life．

例如：

Computers are now being used everywhere，whether in the government，in schools or in business．

Soon, computers will be found in every home，too．

We have good reason to say that computers are playing an increasingly important role in our life and we have stepped into the Computer Age．

5．表示措施

1)We should take some effective measures．

2）We should try our best to overcome（conquer）the difficulties．

3）We should do our utmost in doing sth．

4）We should solve the problems that we are confronted（faced）with．

例如：

The housing problem that we are confronted with Is becoming more and more serious．Therefore，we must take some effective measures to solve it．

6 ．表示变化

1）Some changes have taken place in the past five years．

2)A great change will certainly be produced in the world’s communications．

3）The computer has brought about many changes in education．

例如：

Some changes have taken place in people’s diet in the past five years．The major reasons for these changes are not far to seek．Nowadays，more and more people are switching from grain to

meat for protein，and from fruit and vegetable to milk for vitamins．

7．表示事实、现状

1）We cannot ignore the fact that．．．

2）No one can deny the fact that．．．

3）There is no denying the fact that．．．

4）This is a phenomenon that many people are interested in．

5）However，that’s not the case．

例如：

We cannot ignore the fact that industrialization brings with it the problems of pollution．To solve these problems，

we can start by educating the public about the hazards of pollution．

The government on its part should also design stricter laws to promote a cleaner environment．

8．表示比较

1）Compared with A，B．．．

2）I prefer to read rather than watch TV．

3）There is a striking contrast between them．

例如：

Compared with cars ,bicycles have several advantages besides being affordable．Firstly，they do not consume natural resources of petroleum．Secondly，they do not cause the pollution problem．Last but not least，they contribute to people’s health by giving them due physical exercise．

9．表示数量

1）It has increased（decreased）from．．．to．．．

2）The population in this city has now increased （decreased）to 800，000．

3）The output of July in this factory increased by 15％compared with that of January．

例如：

With the improvement of the living standard,the proportion of people’s in some spent on food has decreased while that spent on education has increased．

再如：From the graph listed above,it can be seen that student use of computers has increased from an average of less than two hours per week in 1990 to 20 hours in 2000．

10．表示看法

1）People have（take，adopt，assume)different attitudes towards sth．

2）People have different opinions on this problem．

3）People take different views of（on）the question．

4）Some people believe that．．．

Others argue that．．．

例如：

People have different attitudes towards failure．Some believe that failure leads to success．

Every failure they experience translates into a greater chance of success at their renewed endeavor．However ,others are easily discouraged by failures and put themselves into the category of losers．

再如：

Do“lucky numbers really bring good luck？

Different people have different views on it（注：

一个段落有时很适宜以问句开始，考生应掌握这一写作方法。）

11．表示结论

1）In short，it can be said that ．．．

2）It may be briefly summed up as follows．

3）From what has been mentioned above,we can come to the conclusion that ．．

例如：

From what has been mentioned above，we can come to the conclusion that examination is necessary，however，its method should be improved．

12．套语

1）It’s well known to us that ．．．

2）As is known to us．．．

3）This is a topic that is being widely talked about．

4）From the graph

（table，chart）listed above，it can be seen that ．．．

5）As a proverb says，“Where there is a will，there is a way．

例如：

As is well known to us，it is important for the students to know the world outside campus．

The reason for this is obvious．Nowadays,the society is changing and developing rapidly，and

the campus is no longer an“ivory tower.As college students，

we must get in touch with the world outside the campus．

Only in this way can we adapt ourselves to the society quickly after

we graduate.

一、认真审题，切中题意

《中考考试说明》指出，书面表达要切中题意。看到考题后，先不要急于动笔，要仔细看清题目要求的内容，在自己的头脑中构思出一个框架或画面，确定短文的中心思想，不要匆匆下笔，看懂题意，审清格式、体裁、人物关系、故事情节、主体时态、活动时间、地点等。

二、围绕中心，拟定提纲

书面表达评分原则有四条：(1)内容要点;

(2)运用词汇和结构的数量;

(3)运用语法结构和词汇的准确性;(4)上下文的连贯性。

由此可见，要点是给分的一个重要因素。为了防止写作过程中遗漏要点，同学们要充分发挥自己的观察力，把情景中给出的各个要点逐条列出。注意短文字数不要低于或超过规定的字数太多。

三、语言通顺，表达准确

(1)避免使用汉语式英语，尽量使用

自己熟悉的句型。几种句型可交替使用，以避免重复和呆板。

(2)多用简单句型，记事、写人一般都不需要复杂的句型。可适当地使用陈述句、一般疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。不用或少用非谓语或情态动词等较复杂的句型。

(3)注意语法、句法知识的灵活运用。(4)描写人物时，要生动具体，例如：①外表特征：tall，short，fat，thin，strong，weak，ordinary-looking等;②内心境界：

glad，happy，sad，excited，anxious，interested等;③感情描写：love，like，hate，feel，laugh，cry，smile，shout等;④动作描写：come，go，get，have，take，bring，fetch等。

(5)上下文要连贯。上下文的连贯性也是评分的一条原则，同学们应注意下面过渡的用法：①表示并列关系的过渡词：and，aswellas，or等;②表示转折关系的过渡词：but，yet，however等;③表示时间关系的过渡词：first，andthen，

finally，after，before，atlast，atthattime，later，inthepast，immediately，inthe

meanwhile等;④表示空间关系的过渡词：near(to)，far(from)，inthefrontof，beside等;⑤表示比较关系的过渡词：inthesameway，justlike，justas等;⑥表示对照关系的过渡词：but，still，yet，however，ontheotherhand等;⑦表示递进关系的过渡词：also，and，then，too，inaddition，moreover，again等;⑧表示因果关系的过渡词：because，since，then，thus，otherwise，so，therefore，asaresult等;⑨表示解释说明的过渡词：forexample，infact，inthiscase，for，actually等。

四、不会表达，另辟蹊径

中考作文给分是以要点和语言准确度而定，不以文采打分。造句越简单准确越好，造复合句容易出错，容易被扣分，阅卷场上有句话：“错误面前人人平等，文采好不加分。”如遇到个别要点表达不出来或难以表达，可采用变通的办法，化难为易，化繁为简。总之，所造句子要正确、得体、符合英语表达习惯。

五、锦上添花，量力而行

如果你还有时间和精力，想把书面表达写得更好，那么，请注意以下几点：(1)句型多样化，不要i(we)……到底，使人觉得乏味;(2)适当使用一些并列句或主从复合句;(3)进一步描绘人或事物时，适当使用定语从句;(4)适当使用分词或分词短语，烘托谓语动词;(5)偶尔使用一下倒装句，增加新鲜感;(6)适当调换一下状语在句子中的位置，使句子不雷同;(7)上下句子紧接时，其中完全相同的成分可以省略，以节省篇幅。

六、书写工整，卷面整洁

字迹要清晰，让阅卷人看得清楚，不可字迹潦草，难以辨认，要保持卷面的整洁。

七、检查错误

检查错误应从以下几个方面入手：(1)格式是否有错;(2)拼写有无错误;(3)语言是否用错;(4)时态、语态错误;(5)标点错误;(6)人称是否用错。

总之，只要平时同学们多练习写作并有意运用上述方法和技巧，合理分配时间，在中考时一定能写出高质量的作文，得到令人满意的考分。

一.开头用语：

良好的开端等于成功的一半.在写作文时，通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求，点出文章的中心思想。

1.议论论文：

A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.

B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.

C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...

D. Opinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside.

E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.

F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.

2. 书信：

A. I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar.

B. I read an advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the job...

C. Thank you for your letter of May 5.D. How happy I am to receive your letter of January 9.

E. How nice to hear from you again.

3. 口头通知或介绍情况：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please. I have an announcement to make.

B. Attention, please. I have something important to tell you.

C. Mr. Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introduce Mr. Wang to you.

4. 演讲稿：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balance Diet and Health.

B. Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest.

二.并列用语：

as well as, not only…but (also), including,

A. Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily life.

B. All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture.

C. He speaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French as well.=He speaks not only English but also French.

D. E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.

三.对比用语：

on one hand ,on the other hand, on the contrary/contrary to ..., though, for one thing ;for another, nevertheless

A. I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand, it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear and vivid pictures.

B. It is hard work; I enjoy it though.

C. Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be fun.

四. 递进用语：

even, besides, what’s more, as for, so…that…, worse still, moreover, furthermore; but for, in addition, to make matters worse

A. The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what’s more/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad location.

五. 例证用语：

in one’s opinion, that is to say, for example, for instance, as a matter of fact, in fact, namely

A. As a matter of fact, advertisement plays an informative role in our daily life.

B. There is one more topic to discuss, namely/that is ( to say ), the question of education.

六. 时序用语：

first/firstly, meanwhile, before long, ever since, while, at the same time

in the meantime, shortly after, nowadays,

A. They will be here soon. Meanwhile, let’s have coffee.

B. Firstly, let me deal with the most important difficulty.

七. 强调用语：

especially, indeed, at least, at the most, What in the world/on earth.. , not at all ,

A. Noise is unpleasant, especially when you are trying to sleep.

B What in the world/on earth are you doing?

八. 因果用语：

thanks to, because, as a result, because of/as a result of , without, with the help of..., owe ...to...

A. The company has a successful year, thanks mainly to the improvement in export sales.

B. As a result, many of us succeeded in passing the College Entrance Examinations.

九. 总结用语：

in short; briefly/ in brief ; generally speaking, in a word, as you know, as is known to all

A. Generally speaking, sending an e-mail is more convenient than sending letters.

B. In short, measures must be taken to prevent the environment being polluted.

常用句型

(一)段首句

1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……

There are different opinions among people as to……Some people suggest that ……

2. 俗话说(常言道)……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。

There is an old saying……Its the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.

3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……;其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。

Today, …… which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ……Second,……What makes things worse is that…….

4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外(而且)……。

Nowadays，it is common to ……. Many people like …… because …… Besides，……

5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

Everything has two sides and …… is not an exception，it has both advantages

and disadvantages.

6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为(说)……，在他们看来，……

People’s opinions about …… vary from person to person. Some people say that ……To them,……

7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。

Man is now facing a big problem …… which is becoming more and more serious.

8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。

……has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.

9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

……has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢?

According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that……while. Obviously，……but why?

(二)中间段落句

1. 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。

On the contrary，there are some people in favor of……t the same time，they say……

2. 但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。

But I dont think it is a very good way to solve …….For example，……Worst of all，…….

3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，(也是)非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是……

……is necessary and important to our countrys development and construction. First，……Whats more, ……Most important of all,……

4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。

There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can……

5. 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面，

Confronted with……we should take a series of effective measures to…….

For one thing，For another，

6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。

It is high time that something was done about it. For example. ……In addition.……All these measures will certainly…….

7. 为什么……?第一个原因是……;第二个原因是……;第三个原因是……。总的来说，……的主要原因是由于……

Why…… The first reason is that ……The second reason is ……The third is…….For all this, the main cause of ……use to …….

8. 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。

However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ……also has its own disadvantages, such as ……

9. 尽管如此，我相信……更有利。

Nonetheless, I believe that ……is more advantageous.

10. 完全同意……这种观点(陈述)，主要理由如下：

I fully agree with the statement that ……because…….

(三)结尾句

1. 至于我，在某种程度上我同意后面的观点，我认为……

As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that ……

2. 总而言之，整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样，我们才能在将来……。

In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ……Only in this way can ……in the future.

3. 但是，……和……都有它们各自的优势(好处)。例如，……，而……。然而，把这两者相比较，我更倾向于(喜欢)……

But ……and……have heir own advantages. For example, …… while……

Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to……

4. 就我个人而言，我相信……，因此，我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……

Personally, I believe that…… Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because……

5. 随着社会的发展，……。因此，迫切需要……。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自己的一份力量，这个社会将要变得越来越好。

With the development of society, ……So its urgent and necessary to ……If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better.

6. 至于我(对我来说，就我而言)，我认为……更合理。只有这样，我们才能……

For my part, I think it reasonable to…… Only in this way can you……

7. 对我来说，我认为有必要……。原因如下：第一，……; 第二，……;最后……但同样重要的是……

In my opinion, I think it necessary to……The reasons are as follows. First ……second …… Last but not least,……

8. 在总体上很难说……是好还是坏，因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而，就我个人而言，我发现……。

It is difficult to say whether ……is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of…….however, from a personal point of view find……

9. 综上所述，我们可以清楚地得出结论……

From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that……

10. 如果我们不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了这种趋势，就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我们应该做的是……

If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is

常用句型：

开头：

When it comes to ..., some think ...

There is a public debate today that ...

A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?

Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.

提出观点：

Now there is a growing awareness that...

It is time we explore the truth of ...

Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.

进一步提出观点：

... but that is only part of the history.

Another equally important aspect is ...

A is but one of the many effects. Another is ... Besides, other reasons are...

提出假想例子的方式：

Suppose that...

Just imagine what would be like if...

It is reasonable to expect...

It is not surprising that...

举普通例子：

For example(instance),...

... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)

A good case in point is...

A particular example for this is...

引用：

One of the greatest early writers said ...

"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...

"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).

"......". How often we hear such words like there.

讲故事

(先说故事主体)，this story is not rare.

..., such delimma we often meet in daily life.

..., the story still has a realistic significance.

提出原因：

There are many reasons for ...

Why .... , for one thing,...

The answer to this problem involves many factors.

Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...

The first reason can be obiviously seen.

Most people would agree that...

Some people may neglect that in fact ...

Others suggest that...

Part of the explanation is ...

进行对比：

The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...

Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...

Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.

A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...

承上启下：

To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...

A study of ... will make this point clear

让步：

Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...

I do not deny that A has its own merits.

结尾：

From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw

the conclusion that ...

In summary, it is wiser ...

In short...

Sam Walton(1918-)

Contrary to popular belief, Sam Walton (the founder of Wal-Mart) was not from Arkansas. He was actually born in Kingfish, Oklahoma on March 29, 1918. He was raised in Missouri where he worked in his fathers store while attending school. This was his first retailing experience and he really enjoyed it. After graduating from the University of Missouri in 1940, he began his own career as a retail merchant when he opened the first of several franchises of the Ben Franklin five-and-dime franchises in Arkansas.

This would lead to bigger and better things and he soon opened his first Wal-Mart store in 1962 in Rogers, Arkansas. Wal-Mart specialized in name-brands at low prices and Sam Walton was surprised at the success. Soon a chain of Wal-Mart stores sprang up across rural America. Waltons management style was popular with employees and he founded some of the basic concepts of management that are still in use today. After taking the company public in 1970, Walton introduced his "profit sharing plan". The profit sharing plan was a plan for Wal-Mart employees to improve their income dependent on the profitability of the store. Sam Walton believed that "individuals dont win, teams do". Employees at Wal-Mart stores were offered stock options and store discounts. These benefits are commonplace today, but Walton was among the first to implement them. Walton believed that a happy employee meant happy customers and more sales.

Walton believed that by giving employees a part of the company and making their success dependent on the companys success, they would care about the company.

By the 1980s, Wal-Mart had sales of over one billion dollars and over three hundred stores across North America. Wal-Marts unique decentralized distribution system, also Waltons idea, created the edge needed to further spur growth in the 1980s amidst growing complaints that the "superstore" was squelching smaller, traditional Mom and Pop stores. By 1991, Wal-Mart was the largest U.S. retailer with 1,700 stores. Walton remained active in managing the company, as president and CEO until 1988 and chairman until his death. He was awarded the Medal of Freedom shortly before his death.

Walton died in 1992, being the worlds second richest man, behind Bill Gates. He passed his company down to his three sons, daughter and wife. Wal-Mart Stores Incorporated (located in Bentonville, Arkansas) is also in charge of "Sams Club". Wal-Mart stores now operate in Mexico, Canada, Argentina, Brazil, South Korea, China and Puerto Rico. Sam Waltons visions were indeed successful.

第五章公文概述

一、公文的概念

公文是党政机关、人民团体、企事业单位在公务活动中使用的，具有法定效力和规范体式的文字书面材料。它是各机关单位依法行政和进行公务活动的重要工具。

公文有广义和狭义之分。广义的公文泛指各单位常用的应用文，种类繁多，大至总结、计划，小至条据、便函。狭义的公文也就是法定的公文，专指党中央办公厅、国务院和军委办公厅所规定的正式的文种。我们这里指的是狭义的公文，着重介绍国务院所规定的公文。

二、公文的种类

为适应文书处理上的不同需要，公文有多种分类方法。不同的分类方法，产生不同的分类结果。

(一)按行文关系分类

按行文关系分，可将公文分为上行文、下行文、平行文三类。

1.上行文，指下级机关对上级主管机关的行文，如请示、报告等。

2.下行文，即自上而下的行文，指机关单位对其下属单位的发文。如批复、通知、决定等。

3.平行文，指平行机关或不相隶属机关(即没有领导或业务指导关系的机关)之间的行文，如函。

(二)按机密性质分类

根据文件的机密性质，可分为绝密文件、机密文件、秘密文件三类。

1.绝密文件，指涉及国家核心机密内容的文件，一旦内容泄露会使国家的安全和利益遭受特别严重的损害。

2.机密文件，是涉及国家重要机密内容的文件，一旦泄露会使国家的安全和利益遭受较大的损害。

3.秘密文件，是涉及国家一般秘密内容的文件，一旦泄露会使国家的安全和利益遭受一定的损害。

(三)按办理时间分类

根据文件的办理时间要求，可以分为特急件、急件、平件三类。

1.特急件，是要求在最短的时间内以最快的速度处理的文件。

2.急件，是要求在确定的时间内处理完毕的文件。

3.平件，是没有特别时间要求的文件。

(四)按处理要求分类

按文书处理要求，可分为参阅性文件和承办性文件。

1.参阅性文件，指不需要办理，供沟通情况和工作参考的文件。

2.承办性文件，指需要某机关和部门具体办理的文件。

(五)按文件作用分类

根据文件所起的作用不同，还可以分为规范性文件、指挥性文件、报请性文件、公布性文件、记录性文件等。

1.规范性文件，如党务公文中的条例、规定。

2.指挥性文件，如命令、指示、决定、决议等。

3.报请性文件，如请示、报告、议案等。

4.记录性文件，如会议纪要。

(六)按制发机关分类

根据公文制发机关的性质和使用范围，可分为党务公文、行政公文和军用公文。根据中共中央办公厅1996年颁发的《中国共产党机关公文处理条例》，党务公文有14种;根据国务院2000年颁发《国家行政机关公文处理办法》，行政公文有13种;根据中央军委办公厅2006年颁发的《中国人民解放军机关公文处理条例》，军用公文有12种。详见下表：

三、公文的特点

(一)策令性。公文是传递治理国家策令的，它担负着其他文体不能也不允许担负的使命。在阶级社会，公文的内容是阶级利益的体现，直接反映了国家政权的政治态度和根本利益。

(二)严密的程式性。公文具有一定的格式，这种格式有的是国家规定的，有的是约定俗成的。公文的篇章结构上也有一系列的层次要求，如篇前撮要、分项标号、分层列段等。

(三)作者和阅者的特定性。公文的作者，必须是法定的作者，即依法成立并能以自己名义行使权力和担负义务的组织及其代表人。公文行文的对象也是特定的。

(四)时效性。所有的公文都以成文日期为生效时间。文件时效的丧失，有两种情况：一是某一文件被新文件所替代，从新文件产生之日起原文件即行失效;二是随着客观形势的变化，有些文件的时效自然地被终止。

(五)有的公文还具有严格的保密性。涉及到国家政治、经济、军事等方面机密的公文，关系到国家的根本利益，必须严格保密。

四、公文的作用

(一)规范作用。党和国家的方针、政策、法规、规章是以公文的形式制定和发布的。一经发布生效，在有效的时间和范围内，就必须坚决执行，成为各级组织和亿万人民行动的规范。

(二)宣传作用。各级党政机关颁发的公文，可以提高广大人民群众对党和国家的路线、方针、政策的认识。

(三)联系作用。公文的往来，可以把下级机关的情况、要求及时向上反映，以利上级掌握全面情况。也可以把上级机关的意见、指示及时下达，以便指导下级机关的工作。在各机关单位之间，可以加强联系，互相配合，促进各项工作的顺利开展。

(四)凭证作用。公文是公务活动的原始记录，公务处理完毕之后，公文立卷归档，可以起到记载、凭证和查考的作用。

五、行政公文文种介绍

国家行政机关所用的法定的公文文种有13种，它们适用于不同的工作情形。

(一)命令(令)。国家机关公布性文种的一种，适用于依照有关法律公布行政法规和规章;宣布施行重大强制性行政措施;嘉奖有关单位及人员。如《中华人民共和国主席令》、《国务院关于在我国统一实行法定计量单位的命令》。

(二)决定。下行文的一种，适用于对重要事项或重大行动做出安排，奖惩有关单位及人员，变更或者撤销下级机关不适当的决定事项。如《国务院关于体制改革的决定》。

(三)公告。公布性文种，适用于向国内外宣布重要事项或者法定事项。如《浙江省人民政府关于打击走私活动的公告》。

(四)通告。公布性文种，适用于在一定范围内公布各有关方面应当遵守或者周知的事项。如《北京市人民政府关于查处违法建设的通告》。

(五)通知。下行文，用途广泛。可用于批转下级机关的公文，转发上级机关和不相隶属机关的公文，也可用于传达要求下级机关办理和需要有关单位周知或者执行的事项，任免人员等。如《贵州省人民政府关于加强水土保持工作的通知》。

(六)通报。下行文，适用于表彰先进，批评错误，传达重要精神或者情况。如《大庆市人民政府办公室关于2005年度全市政府系统公文检查情况的通报》。

(七)议案。平行文，专用于各级人民政府按照法律程序向同级人民代表大会或人民代表大会常务委员会提请审议事项。如《国务院关于提请审议兴建长江三峡工程的议案》。

(八)报告。上行文，适用于向上级机关汇报工作，反映情况，答复上级机关的询问。如《财税局关于2006年上半年工作情况的报告》。

(九)请示。上行文，适用于向上级机关请求指示、批准。如《××区关于申请改建扩建海洋博物馆的请示》。

(十)批复。下行文，适用于答复下级机关请示事项。它是根据下级机关的请示而制发的。如《××物价局关于虹苑小区普通住宅商品房价格的批复》。 (十一)意见。既可以是上行文，也可以作为下行文发文，适用于对重要问题提出见解和处理办法。上行文具有参谋性质;出自上级机关的“意见”，虽叫“意见”，但具有指挥性质。如《××县人民政府关于进一步加强和规范农村集体资产管理的意见》。

(十二)函。唯一的一个平行文，适用于不相隶属机关之间相互商洽工作、询问和答复问题,请求批准和答复审批事项时用。如国家税务局写给对外经济贸易部的《关于经援项目税收问题的函》。

(十三)会议纪要。既可作下行文，用于传达会议精神，要求与会单位遵守执行，也可作为上行文，报送给上级单位，向上级反映情况。还可作为平行文，发给平级单位，相互沟通情况用。如《全国农村工作会议纪要》。

六、公文格式

公文格式指法定文种外形结构的组织与安排。公文格式是公文保证质量和提高办事的重要手段，也是公文法定权威性和组织约束力在形式上的表现。

公文格式的组成要素有：秘密等级、保密期限、紧急程度、发文机关标识、发文字号、签发人、标题、主送机关、正文、附件说明、成文日期、印章、附注、附件、主题词、抄送机关、印发机关和印发日期等部分。具体的格式要求择要介绍如下：

(一)涉及国家秘密的公文应当标明秘密等级和保密期限，秘密等级和保密期限之间用“★”隔开。

(二)紧急公文应当根据紧急程度分别标明“特急”、“急件”。其中电报应当分别标明“特提”、“特急”、“加急”、“平急”。

(三)由发文机关全称或规范化简称后面加“文件”组成。联合行文时应使主办机关名称在前，“文件”二字置于发文机关名称右侧，上下居中排布。

(四)发文字号应当包括机关代字、年份、序号。年份、序号用阿拉伯数码标识;年份应标全称，用六角括号“〔〕”括入。联合行文，只标明主办机关发文字号。

(五)上行文应当注明签发人、会签人姓名。其中，请示应当在附注处注明联系人的姓名和电话。

(六)公文标题应当准确简要地概括公文的主要内容并标明公文种类，一般应当标明发文机关。公文标题中除法规、规章名称加书名号外，一般不用标点符号。

(七)主送机关指公文的主要受理机关，应当使用全称或者规范化简称、统称。

(八)公文如有附件，应当注明附件顺序和名称。公文如有附件，在正文下一行左空2字标识“附件”，后标全角冒号和附件名称。

(九)公文一般都要加盖印章，除会议纪要和以电报形式发出的外。联合上报的公文，由主办机关加盖印章;联合下发的公文，发文机关都应当加盖印章。

(十)成文日期以负责人签发的日期为准，联合行文以最后签发机关负责人的签发日期为准。电报以发出日期为准。不能标以撰稿日期。用汉字将年、月、日标全;“零”写为“○”。

(十一)公文如有附注(需要说明的其他事项)，应当加括号标注。标识在成文时间下一行。

(十二)公文应当标注主题词。上行文按照上级机关的要求标注主题词。 (十三)抄送机关指除主送机关外需要执行或知晓公文的其他机关，应当使用全称或者规范化简称、统称。

(十四)文字从左至右横写、横排。在民族自治地方，可以并用汉字和通用的少数民族文字(按其习惯书写、排版)。

(十五)公文用纸采用国际标准A4型(210mm×297mm)，左侧装订。张贴的公

文用纸大小，根据实际需要确定。

公文中各要素的标识规则，参照《国家行政机关公文格式》国家标准执行。本书受书本形式及篇幅限制，所举的公文例子都没有按“标准”排版。

七、公文办理程序

公文办理程序就是指公文在机关内部从形成到运转处理所必须经过的一系列环节。按照《国家行政机关公文处理办法》，公文办理程序分为发文办理和收文办理二个部分。

(一)发文办理

发文办理指以本机关名义制发公文的过程，包括草拟、审核、签发、复核、缮印、用印、登记、分发等过程。草拟，是指完成公文初稿;审核是指公文的草稿在送交机关领导人审批签发以前，对公文的内容、体式进行的全面审核和检查;签发是指机关领导人对文稿最后审批;核发是指在公文正式印发之前，对经领导人签发的文稿进行复核并确定发文字号、分送单位和印制份数的一项工作;缮印是对已签发的公文定稿进行印制;校对是对文件质量的最后一次检查;用印是指在印好的文件上加盖机关印章;登记指在收文登记簿上对所发公文进行编号，记载文件的去向等;分发，是指向受文单位发送文件。

(二)收文办理

收文办理指对收到公文的办理过程，包括签收、登记、审核、拟办、批办、承办、催办等程序。签收是指收到文件材料后，收件人在对方的公文投递单或送文簿上签字，以明确交接双方的责任;登记就是将需要登记的文件在收文登记簿上编号和记载文件的来源、去向;审核是指文秘部门收到下级机关上报的需要办理的公文时对其是否由本机关办理、是否符合行文规则等进行审核;拟办是指对来文的处理提出初步意见，供领导人批办时参考;批办是指机关领导人对送批的文件如何处理所作的批示;承办是指具体部门完成领导所布置的与该公文相关的任务;催办是指文秘部门对文件承办的情况进行督促和检查。

[思考与练习]

一、什么是公文?公文有哪些特点和作用?

二、学习《国家行政机关公文格式》，熟悉公文的格式。

三、公文的办理程序是怎样的?

四、给学生一篇上行文和下行文，要求按公文格式标准进行排版。

五、学习下列一则公文，理解公文格式的规范性要求。

关于公文印章规范用字检查情况通报

市语委各成员单位;各县(区)教育局(社会工作局);市直各学校：

我市于二〇〇六年七月对各县区、市直各单位开展了公文印章规范用字检查工作，现将检查工作通报如下：

各单位公文印章用字基本规范，公文中无使用繁体字、异体字、二简字等不规范用字情况，印章的印文均使用宋体字和国务院公布实行的简化字，符合有关规定和要求。但在检查中也发现存在一些问题，有些是带有共性的，集中体现在以下方面，希望各单位认真对照检查，及时予以纠正。

一、发文字号

发文字号中年份应标全称，用六角括号“〔 〕”括起，如〔2006〕。注意六角括

一、描述图画

图画作文对图画的描述应在第一段进行，且最好在首句即开始。此类作文大部分是一幅图，也会有两幅图出现的情况。如果出现两幅图，则很有可能是突显对比的情况。

图画上可能没有任何文字，也可能在上面出现了一句话，也可以单个人物说话或两个人物对话，也可能在图画外写了总结性的一句话。大家注意，这一句话或两句话一般是非常重要的，应予译出。

一般说来，对图画的描写不必过长，应以简练、准确为标准。

二、图画类作文结构分析

我们想象中的最典型最理想的图画题提纲应该是下面这样：

1. 描述图画

2. 推导绘画者的意图

3. 做出评论

对于这一提纲我们来做具体分析，其中第三点更要细致研究。首先由图画引出一种社会现象或社会问题，可以是好的，也可以是不好的。在推导绘画者的意图时多是展开说此现象或问题的表现，以证明其引人注目。还有一种可能性是说此现象或问题产生的原因，提纲可直接列出，或还用上述提纲。这时可把简单意图推导直接放到第一段描述图画之后，而在第二段中说原因。

第三段做出评论，有可能只是简单评论、深化主题就结束，但这种可能性越来越小了。这一部分很可能说的是办法，不好的事情就是如何解决的办法，好的事情就是如何进一步发展的方法。

通过上述列表，我们可以看出，多年以来，真实的提纲是怎样一步步地向我们想象中的理想模式靠近的。对于提纲里面出现的变化和规律，我们来分析一下。

我们仔细分析，会发现历年考研真题基本上都呈现"现象或问题——原因解释——解决办法"这样的模式，但变化非常多。因为我们谈论的既可以是一件值得弘扬的好事，也可能是一个令人忧心忡忡的社会问题;针对后者我们极有可能需要提出做法;而对于前者，可能解释一下就结束了，也可能要写出相应的做法。

综上所述，可以看出，比起图表作文来，图画作文要更灵活，更富于变化。我们一定要多练习，以达到一看到图画(含图中和图边文字)和提纲(有时有文章标题)就能有效地审题解题，构造出合理的具体段落的目的。

1. According to a recent survey， four million people die eachyear from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children haveunpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete withgraduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education， the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great effortsshould be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of internationaltourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on constructionof city. However， this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents， whocomplain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严 重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend muchmore time waiting for a bus， which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

Thanksgiving Day is the USA and Canadas holiday. Later, people often thank the others on this day.

It’s in November of last Thursday is Thanksgiving Day.

Thanksgiving Food

Cornbread, English Cheese Pie, Venison, Ducks and Geese, Wild Turkey, Garlic and Onions, Pumpkin Pudding are Thanksgiving Day’s food.

Thanksgiving Day a very traditional color of the food. Every Thanksgiving Day, Americans must eat a fat chicken. Because turkey is the traditional course.

Thanksgiving Day Blessings

Thank the parents. They give me the life, let me to study.

Thank the sisters and brothers. They let me healthy growth. In my difficult times, they stretched out their hands warm.

Thank the teachers. You let me to study, let me have the ability to pay for someone else.

Thank the friends. You bring me a lot of funny, bring me a lot of self-confidence. You bring me a lot of help, let me better to face all, too.

Oh, THANK YOU EVERYONE!

导语：高考英语作文是高考英语中比较重要的一部分，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理了优秀英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1) 主语+ cannot emphasize the importance of … too much.(再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。)例如：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

2)There is no need for sb to do sth. for sth.(某人没有必要做……)，例如：There is no need for you to bring more food. 不需你拿来更多的食物了。

3)By +doing…，主语can …. (借着……，……能够……)，例如：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

4) … enable + sb.+ to + do…. (……使……能够……)，例如：Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

5) On no account can we + do…. (我们绝对不能……)，例如：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

6) What will happen to sb.? (某人将会怎样?), 例如：What will happen to the orphan? 那个孤儿将会怎样?

7)For the past + 时间，主语 + 现在完成式…. (过去……年来，……一直……)例如：

For the past two years，I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。

8)It pays to + do….(……是值得的。)例如：It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。

9)主语+ be based on….(以……为基础)，例如：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

10)主语 + do one’s best to do….(尽全力去……)，例如：We should do our best to achieve our goal in life.我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标

注意：“尽全力”在英语中有不同表达，例如：We should spare no effort/make every effort to beautify our environment.我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

11)主语+ be closely related to …. (与……息息相关)， 例如：Taking exercise is closely related to health.做运动与健康息息相关。

12) 主语+ get into the habit of + V-ing = make it a rule to + V (养成……的习惯)，例如：We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

Owing to/Thanks to sth… (因为……)，例如：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。

13)What a + 形容词 + 名词 + 主语 + be!= How +形容词+ a +名词+ be!(多么……!)，例如： What an important thing it is to keep our promise!= How important a thing it is to keep our promise!遵守诺言是多么重要的事!

14)主语 + do good/ harm to sth.. (对……有益/有害)，例如：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。

15)主语 + have a great influence on sth. (对……有很大的影响)，例如：Smoking has a great influence on our health.抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

16) nothing can prevent us from doing…. (没有事情能够阻挡我们做……), 例如：All this shows that nothing can prevent us from reaching our aims.这显示了没有事情能够阻挡我们实现目标。

17) Upon / On doing…, …. (一……就…….) ，例如：Upon / On hearing of the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldn’t say a word. 一听到这个出乎意料的消息，他惊讶到说不出话来。

注意：此句型一般可以改为如下复合句句型，例如：As soon as he heard of the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he ….

Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 他刚来，她就开始抱怨。

No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain. 他刚来，就下雨了。

18) would rather do…than do…(宁愿……而不……), 例如：I would rather walk home than take a crowded bus. 我宁愿步行回家也不愿做拥挤的公交车。

注意：此句型可以改为prefer to do…rather than do…句型，例如：

I prefer to stay at home rather than see the awful film with him. 我宁愿呆在家也不愿意和他去看那部恐怖电影。

19) only + 状语， 主句部分倒装 例如：Only then could the work of reconstruction begin. 直到那时，重建工作才开始。

20) be worth doing (值得做)，例如：The book is worth reading. 这本书值得读。

21)Owing to/Thanks to sth, …. (因为……)，例如：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。

以下为复合句高级句型：

22)主语+ is + the +形容词最高级+名词+(that)+主语+ have ever + seen(known / heard / had / read,etc)例如：Liu Yifei is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen in my life. 刘亦菲是我所看过最美丽的女孩。Mr. Liu is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 刘老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

注意，比较级也可以用来表达最高级的意思， 例如：I have never seen a more beautiful girl than Liu Yifei in my life. 在我生活中我从来没见过比刘亦菲更美的女孩。Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。

23)There is no denying that + S + V….(不可否认的……)，例如：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。There is no denying the fact that the new management method has greatly increased the production. 不可否认的事实是，新的管理方法已经极大提高了产量。

24)It is universally acknowledged that +从句(全世界都知道……)，例如：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

注意，全世界都知道还可以改为以下句型：As is known to us/As we all know, …. (众所周知，……)。例如：As is known to us/As we all know, knowledge is power.众所周知，知识就是力量。

25)There is no doubt that +从句(毫无疑问的……)，例如：There is no doubt that he came late. 毫无疑问，他来晚了。There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 There is no doubt that you will be helped by others if you have any difficulties.毫无疑问，你有困难时，会得到别人的帮助。

26)(It is) No wonder that.... (难怪……)，例如：No wonder that he fell asleep in class. 难怪他在课堂上睡着了。

27)So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 从句 (如此……以致于……)，例如：So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

28)形容词+ as +主语+ be，主语+ 谓语(虽然……)，例如：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

29)The + 比较级 +主语+谓语， the +比较级+主语+谓语(愈……愈……)，例如：The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。The more books we read, the more learned we become.我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。The more, the better. 越多越好。

30)It is time + 主语 + 过去式 (该是……的时候了)例如：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

注意：此句型可以转化为简单句句型：It is time for sth./for sb to do….例如：

It is time for lunch. 该吃午饭了。

It is time they were taught a lesson. 他们该接受教训了

31)To be frank/ To tell the truth, …. (老实说, ……) , 例如: To be frank/ To tell the truth, whether you like it or not, you have no other choice.老实说，不论你喜不喜欢，你别无选择。

32)it took him a year to do….( 他用了1年的时间来做……), 例如：As far as we know, it took him more than a year to write the book.到目前为止我们所知道的是，他用了1年的时间来写这本书。It took them a long time to realize they had made a mistake. 过了很久，他们才意识到犯错了。

33)spent as much time as he could doing sth.(花尽可能的时间做某事)，例如：He spent as much time as he could remembering new words. 他花了尽可能多时间记新单词。

34)Since + 主语 + 过去式，主语 + 现在完成式，例如：Since he went to senior high school， he has worked very hard.自从他上高中，他一直很用功。

35)An advantage of… is that + 句子 (……的优点是……)，例如：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

36) It was not until recently that….( 直到最近, ……) ，例如：It was not until recently that the problem was solved. 直到最近这个问题才被解决。

37) We will be successful as long as we…. (只要我们……，我们就会成功的) ，例如：We will be successful as long as we insist on working hard.只要我们坚持努力工作，我们会成功的。

38) No matter + wh-从句，…, 例如：No matter how difficult English may be, you should do your best to learn it.不管英语有多么难，你都应该尽你最大的努力来学它。No matter what he asks you to do, please refuse him. 不管他让你做什么，请拒绝他。注意：此句型一般可以改为疑问词+ever引导的从句，+主句，例如：Whatever he asks you to do, please refuse him.

39)It’s useless/ no good / no use doing sth. (做……是没有用的) , 例如：It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。

40)It’s + a shame / nice/ kind + to do (做.....真惭愧/好)，例如：It’s a shame to lose the match. 输了比赛，真惭愧!It’s nice of you to tell me the truth. 你太好了，告诉我真相。It’s your turn to look after the young trees. 该你照顾这些小树了。

41)It is obvious/clear that + 从句 (…是明显的)，例如：It is obvious that knowledge plays an important role in our life.可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

注意：此句型中it是形式主语，其后谓语可以有不同变化。例如：

It’s certain that he will win the election. 他肯定会赢得选举。

It is true that we must make our greater efforts; otherwise we cannot catch up with the developed countries.是真的，我们要作出更大的努力，不然/否则，我们不能赶上发达国家。

It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to work twenty hours each day.很难想象爱迪生每天是怎样工作20小时的。

It’s hard to say whether the plan is practical.这个计划是否实际很难说。

It is a common saying that where there is a will ,there is a way.俗话说，有志者，事竟成。

It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to control population growth while raising the quality of the population. 一定要指出的是国家基本政策之一是在提高人口质量的同时控制人口增长。

It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work. 一定要记住的是成功的秘密是努力的工作。

It can be seen from this that there is no difficulty in the world we cannot overcome.从这里可看出，世上没有克服不了的困难。

It has been proved that his theory is right.已经证明，他的理论是对的。

42)It is/ was ….that… (强调句型), 例如：It was on the desk that you put your book. 你把书放桌子上了。It was the doctor that inquired what had happened. 医生询问了发生的事情。

43)I don’t think / feel/ suppose that… (否定前移)，例如：

I don’t think that we shall finish it on time. 我认为我们不能按时完成(工作)。

44)The reason why + 从句 is that + 从句 (……的原因是……)，例如：

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

The reason why the river is polluted is that the factory has poured much waste into it.这条河受污染的原因是那家工厂向里倾到了很多垃圾。

注意：表示原因还可用以下句型。请比较：That is the reason why …. (那就是……的原因)，例如：Summer is very hot. That is the reason why I don’t like it.夏天很热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

45)It will (not) + 时间段 + before…(……需要很长时间), 例如：It will be a long time before everything returns to normal. 一切恢复正常需要很长时间。

46) I think / feel/ find it + important/ our duty + to do… (我发觉做……重要/是我的责任),例如：I feel it our duty to help the old. 我觉得帮助老人是我们的职责。

47)Those who…. (……的人……)，例如：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。

注意：此句型还可以转化为one/a person who…, 例如：

As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.俗话说，世上无难事，只怕有心人。In a certain sense, a successful scientist is a person who is never satisfied with what he has achieved.在某种情况下，一个成功的科学家就是一个绝不满足于自己已取得的成就的人。

人人都想成功，但是生活中失败却不可避免。作为一名高中生，我们该如何看待失败？请结合以下提示用英语写一篇短文。

失败的积极意义

1．有助于认识自身优缺点

2．促进自我提高

3．……

应对失败的措施

1．勇敢面对

2．分析原因

3．……

自我感受……

注意：

1．对所有要点逐一陈述，适当发挥，不要简单翻译。

2．词数150左右。开头已写好，不计入总词数。

3．作文中不得提及有关考生个人身份的任何信息，如校名、人名等。

All of us experience failure and are afraid of it. However, every coin has two sides. __________

参考范文

All of us experience failure and are afraid of it. However, every coin has two sides. Failure also has its advantages. It provides us with an opportunity to see our strengths and weaknesses clearly, enabling us to find what is the most suitable for us. On the other hand, failure can be a good teacher. It tells us where we need improvements, where we should invest more time and energy, and what strategy to take.

Failure is something unavoidable. Properly handled, though, it can teach us a lot. Firstly, we should face it bravely instead of complaining about the unfairness of life. Secondly, we should analyze the reasons高三英语作文 作为一名高中生，我们该如何看待失败timely to avoid making similar mistakes. Last but not least, we are supposed to make appropriate changes and more efforts. Only in this way are we more likely to succeed.

As for me. I have a positive attitude towards failure, because I believe there is always wisdom to be learned from failure. I will keep in mind that failure is the mother of success.

由于在历史上曾和多种民族语言接触，它的词汇从一元变为多元，语法从“多屈折”变为“少屈折”，语音也发生了规律性根据以英语作为母语的人数计算，英语是最多国家使用的官方语言，英语也是世界上最广泛的第二语言，也是欧盟的，最多国际组织和英联邦国家的官方语言，拥有世界第三位的母语使用者人数，仅少于汉语和西班牙语母语使用者人数。下面是小编为你带来的高三英语作文万能开头和结尾 ，欢迎阅读。

一、开头万能公式

1.开头万能公式一：

名人名言 ：有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语 名言？”很好办：编！原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理，而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？

经典句型：A proverb says, “ You are only young once.” （适用于已记住的名言）It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever. （适用于自编名言）更多经典句型：As everyone knows, No one can deny that…

2.开头万能公式二：

数字统计 原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明 。原则上在议论文 当中不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试 的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用 下面的句型：According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.

看起来这个数字文绉绉的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造：

Honesty

根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生 向老师 请假的理由当中78%都是假的。

Travel by Bike

根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。

Youth

根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。

Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?

根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。

更多句型：A recent statistics shows that …

二、结尾万能公式

1.结尾万能公式一：如此结论

说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，()开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子：

英语作文万能开头（2）

Obviously（此为过渡短语）， we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.

如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！

更多过渡短语：

to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus

更多句型：

Thus, it can be concluded that…， Therefore, we can find that…

2.结尾万能公式二：如此建议

如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽！

Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.

这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢？更多句型：

Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.

Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.英语作文素材考研英语作文范文

一、主语+不及物动词(S+Vi)。如：

The teacher left. 老师离开了。

All the children laughed. 所有的孩子都笑了。

二、主语+及物动词+宾语(S+Vt+O)。如：

Everyone likes him. 大家都喜欢他。

We study English and French. 我们学习英语和法语。

三、主语+(双宾)动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+Vt+Oi+Od)。如：

He told us a story. 他给我们讲了个故事。

He showed me his new radio. 他给我看他的新收音机。

四、主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P)。如：

She is Peters sister. 她是彼得的妹妹。

That dog looks dangerous. 那只狗看起来很危险。

五、主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+O+Oc)。如：

The news made her sad. 这消息使她很生气。

I find English grammar very difficult. 我发现英语语法很难。

值得说明的是，以上各成分根据情况可以有多种表示方法，用作主语和宾语的是可以是名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等。如：

Mr. Smith / He likes it. 史密斯先生 / 他喜欢它。(名词、代词作主语)

We like Mr. Smith / him. 学生喜欢史密先生 / 他。(名词、代词作宾语)

To see is to believe. 眼见为实。(不定式作主语)

Some of us decided to stay. 我们有些人决定留下。(不定式作宾语)

Dancing is fun. I love it. 跳舞很有意思，我很喜欢。(动名词作主语)

Every one of them loves dancing. 他们个个喜欢跳舞。(动名词作宾语)

另外，有的成分可带有自己的修饰语，如名词可受定语修饰，动词可受状语修饰等。如：

He is an excellent teacher. 他是位优秀的老师。

Tell us something interesting. 给我们讲点有趣的事吧。

They all work very hard. 他们工作都很努力。

The plane flew very low. 飞机飞得很低。

Will you dance with me? 你愿意和我跳舞吗?

专题八：议论文的论点提炼与确立

学习目标：

掌握议论文论点提炼与确立的技能。

学习时数：

2课时

重点与难点：

通过分析材料，引导学生获得论点提炼和确立的方法。

一、提炼论点与确立论点思维方式不一样

有学生这样来形容一位老师：这是一位矮而胖的青年老师，头发粗壮得让人害怕，视力模糊到必须凭借一幅眼镜才可以看清教室的每个角落……

从学生的描绘中，我们不难看出，我们身体的任何一个部位都可以拿来评论，但是要想准确体现人 物的精神状态，就必须找出该人物最典型的特征进行评价。我们在片段中提 炼论点也是一样，片段中的任何一个词句都可以拿来评论，（提炼观点）但是只有抓住文段的主要意思，才可以贴近作者的本意，获得最佳效果。（确立观点）

提炼论点重在分析，确立论点重在综合。

二、提炼论点之方法

（一）抓住关键，贴近生活

在提炼论点的过程中尽量贴近生活，用准确的语言表达对生活的感悟。注意：论点必须是一句完整的话。

片段一：有一个人，在每年十月间都要和家人跋涉上百里，去看野鸭南飞。

1．分析片段中的关键词句：

和家人 看野鸭南飞 跋涉上百里

2．从关键词句中讨论论点：

和家人 美丽要一起分享

看野鸭南飞 拥抱自然就是拥抱美丽

跋涉上百里 为爱，我们需要（不怕）付出代价

片段二：有一次出发前，他五岁的儿子吵着要带饲料去喂野鸭。他听了很高兴。就这样，以后的每一年，一家人都不辞劳苦地带着饲料去喂野鸭。

1．分 析片段中的关键词句：

儿子要喂野鸭 他听了很高兴 一家人喂野鸭

2．从关键词句中讨论论点：

儿子要喂野鸭 善良是孩子的本性

他听了很高兴 我们要保护孩子的爱心

一 家人喂野鸭 美好的行为是极富感染力的

片段三：十年后，当这家人再去时，却发现这里的野鸭只是高兴地围在他们身边乱叫，根本不再南飞。

1．分析片段 中的关键词句：

十年 野鸭不再南飞

2．从关键词句中讨论论点：

十 年 贵在坚持

野鸭不再南飞 物极必反

小结：抓住关键 ，贴近生活，形成一句完整的论点。

（二）角度多元，立意新颖

阅读整段材料，从不同角度分析主要内容：

材料四：有一个人，在每年十月间都要和家人跋涉上百里，去看野鸭南飞。有一次出发前，他五岁的儿子吵着要带饲料去喂野鸭 。他听了很高兴。就这样，以后的每一年，一家人都不辞劳苦地带着饲料去喂野鸭。十年 后，当这家人再去时，却发现这里的野鸭只是高兴地围在他们身边乱叫，根本不再南飞。

1．提问：面对野鸭不再南飞时，这家人会怎么想？

提炼论点：

A．溺爱使动物丧失本能。

B．我们对自然不能横加干预。 情感态度：否定

C．爱也会错。（错爱。 爱也要讲究方式） 新颖

D．利诱如刀。

E．改变，原来只需要坚持。 情感态度：肯定

2．提问：当严冬到来时，野鸭们会怎么想？

提炼论点：

F．生于忧患，死于安乐。

G．依赖只会葬送自己的生命。 情感态度：否定

H．面对困难，我们不能一味寻求帮助。

I．拒绝诱惑，才能保证自身的发展。

小结：在分析材料时，要考虑角度的多元化，要努力使自己的论点新颖。

三、确立论点

“材料四”是供我们进行提炼论点训练的很典型的材料，经分析思考，我们可以从中提炼出诸多论点。然而，综合全段，我们发现，不是每个论点都对、都好。要确立论点，我 们必须考虑那个更贴近作者写这段话的本意。这段话给 我们的最主要感受是：这家人出于好心却办了坏事。因此，论点应在“A．溺爱使动物丧失本能。”“B．我们对自然不能横加干预。”“C．爱也会错。（错爱。 爱也要讲究方式）”三者中确定。至于到底确定哪一个，还要结合自身对相关素材掌握的情况、展开论证的难度等来考虑 。

四、作文实践

阅读下面的文字，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的议论文。

一位笔名为“步非烟”的北大女研究生，在一次武侠作品的颁奖活动中放言“要革金庸们的命”，写出新时代的武侠小说。尽管这位获奖的女作家后来作了解释，称“革命”不是打倒，不是背叛，只是希望超越的意思，但这句话还是掀起了轩然大波。

要求全面理解材料，自主确立论点，确定标题；不要脱离材料内容及其含意作文，不要套作，不得抄袭。

以下是《九年级英语作文:我和哥哥的历险记》翻译。

It was sunny that day. Our parents were out, so there were only my brother and me at home. We were bored. So we decided to go boating. We played happily. But when we went to the middle of the river, the weather changed. It rained suddenly. We didn t bring umbrella and our boat was bamboo raft. As the rain was more and heavier, we were afraid to sink in the river. We tried our best to make our boat in shore. But our bamboo raft had more water on it. I was afraid to die. My brother was also very anxious. At that time, my mother came and she pulled us back to the ground. It was thrilling.

那是一个晴天。我们的父母都出去了，所以只有我和哥哥在家。我们很无聊。所以我们决定去划船。我们玩的很开心。但当我们走到河中央时，天气变了。突然下起雨来。我们没带伞，而且我们的船还竹排。由于雨越来越大，我们担心会沉到河里去。我们尽力使我们的船靠岸。但是竹筏上的水越来越多。我害怕死了。我哥哥也很着急。那时，我妈妈来了来了，她把我们拉回到地面。真的惊心动魄啊。

导语：吸烟等于挥霍自己的健康，缩短自己的寿命。吸烟有害健康，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

A small smoke, endanger ten thousand myriad. Smoking is equal to prodigal oneself health, shorten oneself life. Smoking is harmful and healthy

smoking is harmful and healthy

this is how clear caution, how well-meaning advice! Cigarette resembles invisible killer , it is in casual a health that damages you, gobble up your life. There also is such person beside us, know perfectly well smoking ill health, but he still smokes. Do you know ? In the aerosol of the generation when smoking, have a variety of 3000 harmful material. Endanger among them the biggest is nicotine. Tar and carbon monoxide. The nicotine in a smoke is OK kill with poison a small white rat. Absorb 40-60 milligram nicotine the person dies possibly. The person that smokes for a long time suffers from chronic tracheitis easily. Coronary heart disease, suffer from even on lung cancer. Tar is nicotian flaming child, among them a variety of cancer make thing. The harmful material in cigarette body can enter their body insensibly, the neurological, respiratory system that destroys them. If be mixed for a long time cigarette intimate contact the immune force that can reduce human body, make memory drops likely still. The nicotine in cigarette has direct destruction to vitamin C action, because of smoking may prevent human body to be absorbed to it. If human body is long-term devoid vitamin C, get likely scorbutic.

did not smoke again please! A small smoke, endanger ten thousand myriad. Smoking is equal to prodigal oneself health, shorten oneself life. Let us have a smokeless beautiful season!

参考翻译

一股小烟，危害一万万千。吸烟等于挥霍自己的健康，缩短自己的寿命。吸烟有害健康

吸烟有害健康

这是多么清晰的告诫，多么善意的忠告!香烟就像无形的杀手，随意伤害你，吞噬你的生命。还有这样的人在我们身边，明知吸烟不健康，但他还是抽烟。你知道吗?在烟雾产生的气溶胶中，有多种3000种有害物质。其中危害最大的是尼古丁。焦油和一氧化碳。烟中的尼古丁可以用毒药毒死小白鼠。吸收40-60毫克尼古丁可能导致患者死亡。抽烟的人长期患有慢性气管炎容易。冠心病，甚至患肺癌。焦油是烟草燃烧的孩子，其中各种癌症做的事情。香烟中的有害物质的身体可以进入他们的身体不知不觉，神经系统，呼吸系统，摧毁他们。如果长期与香烟亲密接触会降低人体的免疫力，使记忆下降的可能依旧。香烟中的尼古丁对维生素C有直接的破坏作用，因为吸烟可以阻止人体对其吸收。如果人体长期缺乏维生素C，就可能坏血病。

请不要再吸烟!一股小烟，危害一万万千。吸烟等于挥霍自己的健康，缩短自己的寿命。让我们拥有无烟美丽的季节!

Today is the first day of te new term. I got up early and checked my wintcr vacation homework before going to sclool.

While I was busy clearing up the books, Father came in with a glass of milk in his hand, Drink it up, boy .Father said to me gently.

I was in such a hurry that Ipaid no attention whether the milk was hot or not. I drank a mouthful and cried with the sound of the broken glass. What’s the matter.? Father asked anxiously. You didn’t tell me the milk was so hot. I got a blister through being scalded. Oh, it’s my fault. Are you Ok? Father turned to the kitchen after he was certain there was nothing serious with me, There is some more in the kitchen. I’ll bring it for you. Wait for me. I’II be back soon.

I was so angry with Father that I saidNo. I won’t be scalded again. Then I put all I wanted into my bag and wanted to go to school without breakfast. But I was astonished at what I saw when I turned around. Father was cooling the milk by pouring it from one glass to the other again and again. Don’t worry. It’ll be Ok soon. It’s bad for your health without breakfast. Father said with a smile of apology. Tears came into my eyes. How rude I was just now! How regretful I was! I took the glass from my father’s hand and drank it up without a stop.

What a good father I have!

I have nine little goldfish. Eight goldfish are all orange and one is black. I like the black one best. We call it Xiao Hei. Its body is black. It has two big and round eyes, a small mouth, and a big tail. Though its very small, it swims fast.

I often feed them and change water for them. We are good friends.