高三英语应用文 写作训练【精选20篇】

导语：现如今我们都长大了，回忆起童年都会觉得那是一段美好的时光，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关优秀英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

I am already 18 years old, but the memory of my childhood is still like an unforgettable sweet dream.

One day, all my family went to climb a mountain. There father told my elder sister and me that the first one to get to the top of the mountain would be given a toy. Hearing this, we began to run up. At first I kept ahead, but a few minutes later my sister was ahead of me. However, I didnt give up. That toy attracted me to run forward, In the end I reached the top first.

On the top we enjoyed the beautiful scenery and had a picnic. At dusk, we went down the mountain happily. I was the happiest one, because I not only got a toy train but also knew that one shouldnt give up readily.

【参考译文】

我已经18岁了，但童年的记忆依然像一场难忘的美梦。

有一天，我们全家去爬山。父亲告诉我姐姐和我，第一个到达山顶的人将得到一个玩具。听到这个，我们开始跑起来。起初我保持领先，但几分钟后我姐姐就在我前面。然而，我没有放弃。那个玩具吸引了我向前跑，最后我到达了第一。

我们在山顶欣赏美丽的景色，野餐了。黄昏时，我们愉快地下山。我是最幸福的，因为我不仅得到了玩具火车，而且知道一个人不应该轻易放弃。

1在写作“坚守”为题的作文时，王小跳想采用意象组合法来构思，但遇到了困难，请你帮他完成下面的构思。

王小跳想运用三个品格高洁、才华横溢、立志报国，但理想总不得施展的“落魄”却始终坚守自己的信念和节操的爱国文人的例子。请你帮助他先根据文人事迹列出三个小标题，再附上名字：

[温情提示]联系学过的诗文来考虑，如范仲淹的《岳阳楼记》、辛弃疾的《破阵子？为陈同甫赋壮词以寄之》等。

2这么多年的校园生活，你一定见过不少有趣的老师、有趣的同学，耳闻目睹过不少有趣的故事。请以“校园趣事”为话题写一篇文章。

（1）自拟一个题目《》

（2）分别设计一个精彩的开头和结尾。

开头：

结尾：

（3）主体部分采用意象组合的方式，选取几件校园趣事组合在一起。试写其中一件事，并拟一个小标题。

[温情提示]题目和小标题要有特色，注意从“趣”上入手，语言生动些、幽默些最好。

3陆游的名句“山重水复疑无路，柳暗花明又一村”既是现实景物的形象再现，又是人生哲理的精辟反映。珠贝历经痛苦才能孕育出光彩耀眼的珍珠，乌铁经过千锤百炼才能变成锋芒四射的宝剑。非但古往今来的风流人物有这样刻骨铭心的体验，在学习和生活中，我们时常也会有相似的境遇和感悟。

请以“终于柳暗花明了”为题写一篇不少于600字的作文，可以叙写经历，可以抒发情感，也可以阐明观点，还可以编织故事，但一定要使用意象组合的方法写作。

[温情提示]注意“终于”表明是长久的期待和漫长的过程，“柳暗花明”既是转化的结果也是曲折的过程，“了”则说明了最后的喜剧性结尾。采用意象组合法构思，可以把所写的曲折的经历或情节分成三至四个层次，每个层次设一个小标题或场景转换的标志。

中考马上就要到来了，语文迷小编为大家整理提供中考英语写作万能句子，赶紧来看看吧。

1. 不用说…… It goes without saying that … = (It is) needless to say (that) …

= It is obvious that …

例：不用说早睡早起是值得的。

It goes without saying that it pays to keep early hours.

2. 在各种……之中，…… Among various kinds of …， … /= Of all the …， …

例︰在各种运动中我尤其喜欢慢跑。

Among various kinds of sports, I like jogging in particular.

3. 就我的看法……;我认为……

In my opinion, …

= To my mind, …

= As far as I am concerned, …

= I am of the opinion that …

例：In my opinion, playing video games not only takes much time but is also harmful to health.

就我的看法打电动玩具既花费时间也有害健康。

4. 随着人口的增加…… With the increase/growth of the population, …

随着科技的进步…… With the advance of science and technology, …

例：With the rapid development of Taiwans economy, a lot of social problems have come to pass.

随着台湾经济的快速发展许多社会问题产生了。

5. ……是必要的 It is necessary (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是重要的 It is important/essential (for sb.) to do / that …

…… 是适当的 It is proper (for sb.) to do / that …

……是紧急的 It is urgent (for sb.) to do / that …

例：It is proper for us to keep the public places clean.

It is proper that we (should) keep the public places clean.

我们应当保持公共场所清洁。

6. 花费 spend … on sth. / doing sth. …

例：我们不应该在我们不感兴趣的事情上花太多的时间。

We shouldnt spend too much time on something we arent interested in.

7. how 引导的感叹句

例：那至少可以证明你很诚实。

At least it will prove how honest you are.

8. 状语从句

A)如果你不……，你就会…… If you dont …， youll …

例︰If you dont keep working hard, youll lose the chance.

如果你不坚持努力工作，你就会失去这次机会。

B) 如此 ……，以至于…… so … that …

例：At that moment, I was so upset that I wanted to give up.

当时，我非常伤心，最后都想放弃了。

9. 宾语从句

我认为，…… / 我认为……不 I think / I dont think that …

我想知道是否…… I wonder whether …

例：He doesnt think I should stop him joining the club.

他认为我不应该阻止他参加这个俱乐部。

10. Since + S + 过去式， S + 现在完成式。

例：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

自从他上高中，他就一直很用功。

记叙文是以叙述人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体。它是写作训练中最普遍、最基本的一种文体。记叙文以写实为主，但也可以虚拟。如人物传记、历史故事或新闻报导这类非虚拟的故事是记叙文，神话故事、寓言、幽默故事等也属记叙文。记叙文通常分为三类：

1. 以记人为主的记叙文。即以人物为中心组织材料，围绕这个人物来写一、两件事。

2. 以事件为主的记叙文。即以事件为中心组织材料，围绕中心事件，可以写一个人或几个人。

3. 以写景状物为主的记叙文。但应注意的是，在一篇记叙文中，写人、写景、写事往往是交织在一起的，不可截然分开，但各有侧重。

【写作注意】

写作中应遵循以下几点：

1. 交待要素，即人、时、地、事。

2. 按事件发生的先后顺序叙述, 完整、具体。

3. 要重点突出，目的明确。记叙文所记的都是过去发生的事，原则上通常用过去时态写。

【写作实例】

假如你是武汉大学附中高三(1)的李华，今年即将高中毕业。请根据以下要点给某英文报写一篇英语短文，谈谈你对高三生活的看法。

(1)对获得的帮助表示感谢;

(2)消除与 同学之间的误会;

(3)努力学习，实现人生梦想;

(4)对学弟、学妹的建议。

注意：

(1)可适当加入细节，以使行文连贯;

(2)词数：100左右(开头已给出，不计入总词数) 。

High school is regarded as the best time in a persons life. As a senior 3 student, it wont take lon g before I graduate._____________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________

【猜题理由】本篇书面表达能比较真实地反映学生的生活实际，话题内容关注学生的社交生活和树立健康的人生观，具有考查的现实意义和指导意义;在语言表达上，能够让学生充分运用所学知识，毫无词汇障碍地表达自己的思想;此外，在语言表达的设置上也有一定的伸展性，能有效地激发学生个 性观点的创建。

【构思点拨】本篇书面表达是常见 的提纲类型的写作，要点明确清楚，便于学生组织文章，理清脉络。行文时要注意处理好语言表达的控制性和伸展性之间的关系。

【参考范文】

High school is regarded as the best time in a persons life. As a senior three student, it wont take long before I graduate. Now, I have much to share with my fellow students.

Firstly, I would like to show my appreciation to those standing by me all the way, teachers, pare nts and friends included. Without their help and advice, my life would be different. Secondly, its high time to say sorry to classmates whom I hurt or misunderstood. Communication and smiles act as bridges to friendship. Above all, Ive made up my mind to make every effo rt to study, for I believe hard work is the key to success. Just as the old saying goes, "no pains, no gains."

Finally I hope that all the younger fellows can make full use of time, because time and tide wait for no men.

下面是语文迷网为大家整理提供的中考英语写作经常用到的句子，希望对你有帮助。

1. According to a recent survey， four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education， the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However， this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents， who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和**.

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus， which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem： the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact， it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes： All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government， which is blind to this point， may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays， many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately， for most young people， it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem， effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills， which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held， this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

22. In the last decades， advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

23. In fact， we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

26. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

27. Now， it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

28. This is a matter of life and death——a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

29. For my part， I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons：

我同意后者，有如下理由：

30. Before giving my opinion， I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

32. Although many people claim that， along with the rapidly economic development， the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。

33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。

34. In view of such serious situation， environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。

36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle， it is not without its problem.

尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，但是它也存在它的问题。

37. Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。

38. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。

40. This issue has caused wide public concern.

这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。

41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

必须指出学习只能靠自己。

42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously， they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。

43. As for me， Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation， for the following reasons：

就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点，有以下原因：

44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。 45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。

46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology， and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。

47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。

48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。

49. For the majority of people， reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

对大多数人来讲，退休以后，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。

50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style， it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes： it is never too late to learn.

对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老。

51. There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

对于大学或高中生打工这一现象，校园里进行着广泛的争论。

52. By taking a major-related part-job， students can not only improve their academic studies， but gain much experience， experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

通过做一份和专业相关的工作，学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力，而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。

53. Although people‘s lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades， it must be admitted that， shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day.

近几十年，尽管人们的生活有了惊人的改变，但必须承认，由于学费和书费日益飞涨，资金短缺仍然是学生们面临的最大问题之一。

54. Consequently， the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

因此，业余工作挣来的钱将强有力地支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。

55. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job， which will benefit students and their family， even the society as a whole.

通过上面的讨论，我们不难得出结论：业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响，我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作，这将有利于学生和他们的家庭，甚至整个社会。

56. These days， people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that， along with the development of modern society， it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

现在，越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前更有压力。许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。

57. It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society， which make our life and work more comfortable and less laborious.

人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。 它们使我们的生活更舒适，减少了大量劳动。

58. At the same time， along with the benefits of such machines， employees must study knowledge involved in such machines so that they are able to control them.

同时，随着这些机器带给我们的好处，员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便使用它们。

59. No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.

没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。

60. In the second place， there seem to be too many people without job and not enough job position.

第二方面，失业的人似乎太多而又没有足够的工作岗位。

61. Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.

成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。

62. According to a recent survey， a growing number of people express a strong desire to take another job or spend more time on their job in order to get more money to support their family.

根据最近的一项调查，越来越多的人表达了想从事另外的工作或加班以赚取更多的钱来补贴家用的强烈愿望。

63. From what has been discussed above， I am fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society， it is not necessary a bad thing.

通过以上讨论，我完全相信，随着现代社会的进步，幽闲的生活方式正在消失并不是件坏事。

64. The problem of international tourism has caused wide public concern over the recent years.

近些年，国际旅游的问题引起了广泛关注。

65. Many people believe that international tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.

许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用，应鼓励地方政府发展国际旅游。

66. But what these people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.

但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成的灾难性的影响。

67. As for me， Im firmly convinced that the number of foreign tourists should be limited， for the following reasons：

就我而言，我坚定地认为国外旅游者的数量应得到限制，理由如下：

68. In addition， in order to attract tourists， a lot of artificial facilities have been built， which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.

另外，为了吸引旅游者，大量人工设施被修建，这对环境是不利的。

69. For lack of distinct culture， some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently， the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

由于缺乏独特的文化，一些地方不再吸引旅游者。因此，国外旅游者数量的快速增加可能最终会导致当地旅游业的衰败。

70. There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

近些年，父母要求他们的孩子接受额外的教育呈增长的势头。

71. This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

这一现象在全世界许多地方已引起了广泛关注。

72. Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies， they maintain， their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge， which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

许多家长相信额外的教育活动有许多优点，通过学习，他们的孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识，当他们长大后，这些对他们就业是大有好处的。

73. In the first place， extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that， it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

首先，额外的学习对孩子们的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出，孩子们在枯燥的教室里呆了一整天后，从事一些体育活动，而不是额外的学习，是非常重要的。

74. Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期，缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。

75. In the second place， from psychological aspect， the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

第二，从心理上讲，大部分孩子似乎对额外的学习没有什么好感。

76. It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

当别的孩子在玩耍的时候，很难想象一个学生能集中精力在课本上。

77. Moreover， children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies， consequently， it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

而且，由于要额外地学习，孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流，很难培养他们的个性和交际能力。他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾病。

78. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw the conclusion that， although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages， its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：尽管额外学习的确有很多优点，但它的缺点不可忽视，且远大于它的优点。因此，放学后强迫孩子额外学习是不明智的。

79. Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes： All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

任何家长都应非常重视保持孩子在学习与玩耍的平衡，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

80. There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

现在，父亲或母亲留在家里照顾他们的孩子而不愿过早返回工作岗位正成为增加的趋势。

81. Parents are firmly convinced that， to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

父母们坚定地相信把孩子送到幼儿园对他们的成长不利。

82. However， this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts， who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

然而，这一想法正遭受越来越多的专家的质疑，他们指出，孩子总是呆在家里，和父母在一起，是不健康的。

83. Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children， it must be admitted that， parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children， when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

尽管父母能在他们孩子身上投入更多时间和精力，但是必须承认，与工作在幼儿园的专职教师相比，他们在如何管理教育孩子方面缺乏知识和经验。

84. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw a conclusion that， although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable， its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出如下结论：尽管家长想亲自照看孩子的愿望是可以理解的，但是这样做的缺点远大于优点。

85. Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools， which will bring about profound impacts on children and families， and even the society as a whole.

应该鼓励父母将他们的孩子送到幼儿园，这将对孩子，家庭，甚至整个社会产生深远的影响。

86. Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks， the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing， they maintain， is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

只要一提起艺术和文化项目，一些政府领导就会兴奋不已，他们滔滔不绝地说着美丽的公园，城市中心漂亮的雕塑，还有满是稀世珍宝的艺术展览馆。他们认为在经济发展中，没有什么比这些艺术项目更重要了。

87. But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact， basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

这是真的吗?这些年我收集的信息让我相信这些文化、艺术项目并没有许多政府想象的那么重要。事实上，基础设施建设非常重要，应该放在首位。

88. Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists， which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环境会吸引更多的游客，这将给当地居民带来巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来。

89. Unfortunately， there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects， such as supplies of electricity and water.

然而，很少有证据表明大公司愿意把巨额的资金投到一个连水电这些基础设施都不完善的地方去。

90. From what has been discussed above， it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

通过以上讨论，我们有理由相信在人们的生活和经济发展方面，基础建设比艺术文化项目发挥更大的作用。

91. Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price， which they cannot afford it.

那些城市的规划者们如果忽视这一点，将会付出他们无法承受的代价。

92. There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

农民进城打工正成为增长的趋势，这一问题在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍关注。

93. An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

一项调查显示许多民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入，而且能学到一些新技术。

94. It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

必须指出，农业的发展似乎赶不上农村人口的增加，并且仍有成千上万的农民过着缺衣挨饿的贫寒生活。

95. Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities， they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

尽管民工对城市的经济发展做出了巨大贡献，然而他们也不可避免的带来了一些负面影响。

96. Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

许多社会学家指出民工正给人口控制和社会治安带来压力。他们正在威胁着本已萧条的工作市场，他们恶化了交通和公共卫生状况。

97. It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside. They ought to set aside an appropriate fund for improvement of the standard of peasants lives. They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to share their experiences， information and knowledge with peasants， which will contribute directly to the economic growth of rural areas.

建议政府应该努力减少正在拉大的城乡差距。应该划拨适当的资金提高农民的生活水平;应该邀请农业专家向农民介绍他们的经验，知识和信息，这些将有助于发展农村经济。

98. In conclusion， we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants lives. Any government that is blind to this point will pay a heavy price.

总之，我们应理智考虑这一问题，重视农民的生活。任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

99. Although many experts from universities and institutes consistently maintain that it is an inevitable part of an independent life， parents in growing numbers are starting to realize that people， including teachers and experts in education， should pay considerable attention to this problem.

尽管来自高校和研究院的许多专家坚持认为这是独立生活不可避免的一部分，然而越来越多的家长开始意识到包括教师和教育专家在内的人们应该认真对待这一问题。

100. As for me， it is essential to know， at first， what kind of problems young students possible would encounter on campus.

我认为，首先应看看学生们在校园可能遇到哪些问题。

训练指导者方针的好坏是一个前提条件。合理地设置训练程序，使英语习作从初级到高级沿着一条循序渐进，由简到多的进程发展是成功训练者必须具备的指导思想。本篇认为，在习作训练的初期，应采纳一条从有材料可依的习作方式过渡到脱离本本进行自由写作方式的途径。从有材可依到元材可依的训练过程应包括三个阶段：

一、短文缩写(Summary)阶段。

短文缩写可以是就所学课文进行缩写，也可以采用其它阅读材料，但要求被缩写的材料难易程度不超过所学课本。被用于进行缩写的课文或其它材料必须观点明确，层次分明，叙述有条理。缩写时应做到简明扼要，抓住重点，不要拖泥带水，没有主次。初学阶段的被缩写材料不宜太长，以不超一千词为佳，缩写文以不超过2m词为佳。以下就一篇短文进行缩写，限于篇幅，短文内容有所节略。

Most shops in Britain open at 9.00 a.m. and close at 5.00 or 5.30 in the evening. Small shopsusually close for an hour at lunchtime. On one or two days a week-usually Thursday and/or Friday-some large food shops stay until about 8.00 p.m. for late night shopping.

Many shops are closed in the afternoon on one day a week. The days is usually Wednesday orThursday and it is a different day in different towns. Nearly all shops are closed on Sunday. News-paper shops are open in the morning, and sell sweets and cigarettes as well. But there are legal restrictions on selling many things on Sundays. Many large food shops(supermarkets)are self-service. When you go into one of these shops you take a basket and you put the things you wish to buy into it. You queue up at the cash-desk and pay for everything just before you leave. If anyone tries to take things from a shop without paying they are almost certain to be caught. Most shops have store detectives who have the job of catching shoplifters. Shoplifting is considered a serious crime by the police and the courts. When you are waiting to be served in a shop, itis important to wait your turn. It is important not to try to be served before people who arrived before you. Many people from overseas are astonished at the British habit of queuing.

将短文缩写如下：

This article tells us about British shops. British shops usually open at 9.00 a.m. and close at 5.00or 5.30 p.m. Many shops are closed in the afternoon one day a week. Nearly all shops are closed on Sundays. In Britain, many large food shops are self-service. And when you wait to be served in a shop, you have to wait patiently for your turn.

这是一篇不超过100词的缩写，句子基本上由原文各段落的主要内容构成。个别段落被完全删除以保证缩写重点突出，前后连贯。缩写是一种“依材剪贴”的习作方式，基本上采用原材料中的词语和句子，仅作了部分调整，是最初级的习作方式。

二、短文评论(Brief Comment)阶段。

短评是就所学课文或阅读材料进行评论。通过分析原文中的内容和观点，提出一定的看法。短评可以是对原文观点表示赞同，也可以提出异议或不同看法。如对前文便可作以下评论：

From the article we learned about British shops, about their opening and closing time and their service. But we find that there are something inconvenient with British shop service. First is the time. Shops in Britain open very late and close too early. Second is that there is almost no Sunday service. Where can people go if they suddenly need to buy something? The last is the habit of queuing. It will be a waste of time if the queue is too long.

初学阶段，短文评论的字数一般也应在150字左右，不宜写大多。短评是一种“一半依材一半发挥”的习作方式。在内容上，一部分取自原文，一部分靠自己的思考。在用词上，可以部分地依赖原文，也需使用一些其它词汇。此外，短评的行文布局和用句也是一半模仿，一半创造。短评的这种特点使它非常适合承接短文缩写阶段，而又为后期阶段打下一定的基础。

三、引导写作(Guided Writing)阶段。

引导写作可分为重新编排句子顺序。规定情景作文。看图作文。提纲作文。关键词作文等形式。这些形式均可以用于训练，但以提纲作文和关键词作文多用为佳. 提纲作文是一种给出题目和段落提纲的习作方式，其段落写作提纲可以采用段落主旨句的形式，也可以是短语。关键词作文是一种给出作文题目和一些关键词或词组的命题作文形式。由于有段落写作提纲或主旨句等，进行习作时，减少了审题环节，且写作思路受到引导。在训练初期，引导写作的命题应尽量与所学英语书本的内容挂钩，使学生能够参照一部分课文所学的词汇与结构，避免大多生词。如针对上篇短文便可出一道相关命题引导学生习作：

题目：shops in China

提纲：(1)中国商店的作息时间 (2)中国商店的周未服务情况 (3)中国商店服务态度的好坏 以上是关于英语习作初级阶段的训练步骤。三个步骤的三种形式，相承相继，循序渐进，为进入自由命题写作打下了良好的基础。既适合教师指导学生习作课使用，也适合学习者自我训练。事实证明，这三个步骤是英语习作人门的有效做法。

英语字母教学作为英语学习的基础，是小学英语教学中重要一环，这一阶段的教学，教师应给予足够的重视，通过各种教学组织形式使这一阶段的学习得以很好的落实。学好26个字母对以后单词的学习起着至关重要的作用。因此，在学习字母阶段，我们要利用一切可利用的资源，创设情境，让学生和字母交朋友、做游戏。

一、字母读音教学

1. 注重示范发音的正确性

字母发音直接影响着学生单词的发音，而且学生错误的发音一旦形成就很难再纠正。因此教师在教学字母之前一定要多听录音，纠正好自己的发音。在课堂教学中教师要让学生听磁带跟读，观察他们的口形，并鼓励模仿得好的学生示范领读，帮助其他同学纠正发音。

2. 把握学生的发音难点

受各地方方言的影响，学生对字母的发音往往会出错。比如：南方人容易把A读成/e/。因此，教师要把握好学生方言发音难点，预先采取各种教学方法防止错误发音的出现。

3. 强化个别字母教学

尽管许多学生对字母有了一定程度的掌握，但大多数学生都没有进行过系统的字母学习，中间难免存在着许多似是而非的现象。例如学生对GgJj两个字母的读音容易混淆，对Uu和Ii这两个字母的发音不到位。教师在教学中应针对这种情况加强这几个字母的训练。

4. 注重读音归类教学

把字母按读音进行分类是字母读音教学的一个重要任务，也是学生觉得有一定难度的一项内容。为了使学生能更好得掌握，教师可采用分家游戏的方法，按家族将26个字母进行分类记忆。首先将字母划分为七个家族，再对号入座，最终编成一首音素家族chant 帮助学生记忆：

A、H、J、K 是A 家族，A，A是族长。

E的家族有八位，BCDE，GPTV，E，E是族长。

/e/ 的家族没有族长，它的成员有七位，FLMN，SX 和Z。

U 的家族有三位，UQW，U，U是族长。

I 的家族有两位，IY，I，I是族长。(手势指着自己)

R 和O单独住，它们自己是族长。

5. 注重语音暗线的铺垫

在三年级下册学生用书中，字母读音和字母例词的安排是一条语音暗线，教师教学时要努力让学生掌握字母的正确读音，并初步感知字母在例词中的读音，为以后学习语音奠定基础。比如讲到字母Ee时，例词是egg，elepghant，教师可突出字母E的发音。英语有48个国际音标，如果学生能在学习 26个字母的同时掌握与此相关的26个音素，将会为以后的语音学习打好基础。

二、字母书写教学

字母的书写过程要一步步进行：先观察性状，再观察笔顺、占格情况，然后书空，使用活动手册进行描红，最后达到仿写。

1. 字母认读的教学

字母的书写首先要求学生能正确区分一些形近的字母。有些字母可以通过猜谜的方法让学生记住它们的形状特点。例如：弯弯的月牙(C)、一条小蛇 (S)、三叉路口(T)、1加3(B)、一座宝塔(A)、胜利的象征(V)、大号鱼钩(J)、一张弓(D)、一扇小门(n)、一棵小苗(r)、一把椅子 (h)。这些谜语既能让学生记住字母的形，又能激发学生的学习兴趣。同时，还可以让学生自编谜语学习字母，充分发挥学生的想象能力。另外，还可以将字母的一部份遮住，让学生根据漏出来部分来猜字母。

2. 字母书写的教学

字母的书写是小学生的一个薄弱环节。小学的英语书写一定要求学生做到严格遵照书写规范，教师绝对不能马虎。因为英语字母有印刷体和书写体之分，所以容易使学生在书写时发生混淆，教师在教学时应多在这方面进行强调。

(1)笔顺教学

教师要充分利用多媒体设施让学生仔细观察字母的笔画和笔顺。正确的笔顺在活动手册的描红练习中有正确的示范。但有时学生会受到汉语拼音笔顺的影响，错误书写字母，因此教师要对容易出错的笔顺进行比较细致的指导。如i和j都是后加点，t先写钩，H先两竖等。建议教师不妨采用汉语拼音的教法，使用一些形象的比喻，帮助学生理解记忆书写规则，防止笔画出错。比如：H是一双筷子拴根线，j是海豹顶皮球，i是小海狮头上顶个球，t是伞把带开关等。

(2)格式教学

字母的占格同样是字母书写教学中的一个教学难点，尤其是当字母的大小写混在一起的时候，学生很容易混淆。这样，教师要先清楚示范，提醒学生注意并总结字母占格的规律。同时，教师还可以借助儿歌帮助学生掌握字母的占格规律。如：英语书写，四线三格，大写字母一二格，上不顶线是原则;小写字母认准格，上面有 ‘辫’一二格，下面有‘尾’二三格，无‘辫’无‘尾’中间格;i，t中上一格半。在学生掌握了字母的占格规律后，还要通过活动手册上的描红来加强练习。这里要注意的是，到一定阶段的时候，教师要让学生能在没有四线格的一条线上，甚至是没有任何线的白纸上也能正确地表示出字母的书写格式。

三、操练

字母操练我们还可以采用游戏的形式。

1. What’s missing?游戏

学了几个字母以后，把字母卡片放在一起让学生认读，然后抽去其中的一张，让学生寻找：What’s missing?此时，学生注意力高度集中，急于表现自己，识记的效果就会很好。

2. 左邻右舍游戏

学生准备好已经学过的字母卡片，教师出示一个字母，让学生找出它的左邻右舍，请找到的几个学生快速把字母拿到讲台上站在相应的位置上，其余的学生一起认读这几个字母。

3. Make letters游戏

让学生用肢体动作表示不同的字母，或让学生用火柴棒拼出不同字母的形状。

俗话又说：一言既出，驷马难追。诚信是立足之道，为人之本。下面请看语文迷为大家整理的关于诚信的英语名言，希望对你有帮助。

believes really is to link the intelligent bridge up , to be expert in the people who cheats , to arrive at forever the bridge another one holds without end. The sincere message, is one strands of Qing Quan诚信是沟通心灵的桥梁，善于欺骗的人，永远到不了桥的另一端。

Heres the rule for bargains "Do other men, for they would do you." Thats the true precept.Charles Dickens. British novelist这里有一条交易法则：“欺骗他人，因为他们也欺骗你。”这是真正的经商之道。英国小说家 狄更斯 C

it will wash away Augean stable cheating , lets everyone the world corner be flowing cleanly.诚信，是一股清泉，它将洗去欺诈的肮脏，让世界的每一个角落都流淌着洁净。

Economy the poor mans mints; extravagance the rich mans pitfall.Martin Tupper. American economist.节约是穷人的造币厂，浪费是富人的陷阱。美国经济学家 塔珀 .M。

the sincere message is the most beautiful overcoat of person , is an intelligent the holiest and purest fresh flower.诚信是人最美丽的外套，是心灵最圣洁的鲜花。

the sincere message is your no humble price shoes , traverses the length and breadth of a journey filled with numerous difficulties and dangers, mass cantrespondtoeternalinvariable.诚信是你价格不菲的鞋子，踏遍千山万水，质量也应永恒不变。

Did you ever expect a corporation to have a conscience, when it has no soul to damned, and no body to be kicked?Edward Thurlow, British Lawyer公司既没有灵魂可以被诅咒，又没有躯体可以被踢翻，难道你指望它有什么良心吗?英国律师 瑟洛杉矶 .E.

If Enterprise is afoot, wealth accumulates whatever may be happening to Thrift; and if Enterprise is asleep, wealth decays, whatever Thrift may be doing.John Maynard keynes British economist如果企业在进展，不论节俭不节俭，财富也在衰落。国经济学家 凯恩斯 .J.M.

the sincere message is a road, with the fact that pioneers step extends; The sincere message is wisdom , seeks rope accumulation with having a wide knowledge of a scholars; The sincere message is successful , persons going all out approaches with advancing bravely; The sincere message is the wealth seed , is therefore likely to find the key opening a state treasury as long as your sincere desire moves downwards kind.诚信是道路，随着开拓者的脚步延伸;诚信是智慧，随着博学者的求索积累;诚信是成功，随着奋进者的拼搏临近;诚信是财富的种子，只要你诚心种下，就能找到打开金库的钥匙。

sincere message resembles a mirror , break in a single day, crack will appear over your personality.诚信像一面镜子，一旦打破，你的人格就会出现裂痕。

is sincere for message glorious , breaking faith disgraceful. That诚信为荣，失信可耻。

Busineunderlies everything in our national life, including our spiritual life, Witnethe fact that in the Lords prayer the first petition is for daily bread, No one can worship God or love his neighbor on an empty stoach.Woodrow Wilson. American President生活包括精神生活的基矗不容置疑的事实是，在主祷文中向上帝祈求的第一件事是让我们天天有面包。没有人能饿着肚子敬奉上帝或热爱他的邻居。 美国总统 威尔逊 W.

the sincere message is foundation of conducting self , base of starting ones career.诚信是做人之根本，立业之基。

establishes up sincere message campus , sets up up sincere message style of study , becomes the sincere message student.创起诚信校园，树起诚信学风，成为诚信学子。

诚信的英语作文

What is integrity? Integrity is a good quality of being honest. It is a fine virtue for everyone. A man of integrity is loved by all. Without integrity, he will lose the best friend.

Integrity is especially important for students. We should finish our homework independently. We must return books when it is due. We should listen to the teacher carefully no matter what kind of lesson it is. If we promise to do something, we should try our best to do it well.

ronaldo luiz nazario de lima1 was born on 22 september 1976 in a poor suburb of rio de janeiro2. like most of his childhood friends, ronaldo began his soccer career playing barefoot in the streets of his neighborhood. at the age of 14, he joined s?o cristov?o3 soccer club and only two years later became the star of cruzeiro belo horizonte4 scoring a total of 58 goals in 60 matches and earning himself a reputation for his explosive5 pace and outstanding finishing skills. his goal-scoring record and unusual agility6 led him to be included in the brazilian world cup winning team the following year. after the world cup, many top european football clubs were trying to sign him. many people, including brazilian football legend pelé7, referred to him as the most promising8 footballer of his generation.

since his transfer to dutch team psv eindhoven9, ronaldo s biography10 is one of success after success. two copa américa s11, a uefa12 cup, a dutch cup, a spanish league cup, and two awards as best player in the world, all in the space of two years, are some of ronaldo s impressive13 achievements. on arrival to inter-milan in 1997, ronaldo became the idol14 of the local fans who refer to him as "il fenomeno15."

since the 98 world cup he has suffered two serious knee injuries that have severely limited his appearances. just when people began to wonder whether ronaldo would be able to continue with his football career, he proved to the world that he still could play. in the world cup held in korea and japan, the magical striker16 won the golden shoe award and tied pele s brazilian record for career world cup goals with 12. he helped brazil capture17 its fifth world cup championship on june 30 with a 2-0 win over germany. it was the third time that ronaldo has ever played in the world cup.

一、写提示议论文应考虑的几点

1、文章开头，能依据提示确立主题句(topic)阐明观点或看法。

2、会使用连接词分层次说明理由、缘由(supportingsentences)。

3、归纳总结，首尾呼应。

二、看图作文应考虑的几点

1、看懂图片，把图片展示的人物、地点、时间、事件等有机地串联起来，使之成为内容连贯的句子。

2、确定短文须用的时态和该用的人称。

3、确定体裁(说明文还是记叙文)，接着用简洁的语句描述图片或图表大意。

4、根据图片或图表大意议论。

就“说明对象”而言，英语说明文可分为对“客观具体事物”的说明和对“主观抽象观念”的说明两大类，比如：对“LASER（激光）”、“Computer Problem of Year XX（计算机XX年问题）”等等的说明都是对客观或者具体事物的说明，而“The Successful Interview（谈成功的面试）”、“How to Write Good English Composition（如何才能写好英语作文）” 等是对主观抽象观念的说明。对我们中学生朋友来说，在汉语说明文的教学中似乎比较侧重前者，即解释客观具体事物的说明文。但在英语说明文中，阐述和说明 “主观抽象观念”的说明文占了很大的比重，其中有些类似汉语中的议论文。但是无论是对“客观具体事物”的说明还是对“主观抽象观念”的阐述，英语说明文从结构上看大致可分为三个部分：第一部分一般是文章的第一段，提出文章的主题，也就是说，文章想要阐述、说明的主要内容；第二部分是文章的主体，可由若干个段落组成，对文章的主题进行展开说明；第三部分是结尾段，对文章的主题作归纳总结。从英语说明文的结构可以看出，要写好英语说明文的关键在于第二部分如何对文章主题进行展开说明。在英语中，常见的用来展开文章主题的方法有下列几种：

1.罗列法（listing）

在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点，然后常用first，second，…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中，下面这篇学生作文就是用罗列法写成的：

Early Rising

Early rising （早起） is helpful in more than one way. First， it helps to keep us fit （健康）。 We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides， we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise （做早操）。

Secondly， early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning， and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.

Thirdly， early rising enables （使能够） us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring， so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.

Fourthly， early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work， such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.

Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says，“Early to bed and early to rise， makes a man healthy， wealthy and wise.”

罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落，我们可以注意模仿学习：

There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all， …Secondly， …And finally， …

We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all， …Secondly， …And finally，

必须指出的是，有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first， second…等词，但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。

2.举例法（examples）

举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思，常用for example， for instance， still another example is…等词语引出。下面这篇学生作文就是用举例法写成的：

Recreation

It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation （娱乐）。 The mind， too， needs change to make it fresh and vigorous （有活力的） There is much truth in the old saying， All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.“

There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done， for instance， football， tennis， and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating， fishing， gardening， cycling， walking， chess-playing， and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles （肌肉） with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work （体力活） should adopt （采纳） reading or some other quiet form of recreation.

Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation， but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience， and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk （轻松） walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor， chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.

可以看出，举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用：即用罗列法来列出例子，用例子充实罗列的说明。

3.比较法（comparison and contrast）

比较法是对两个对象进行比较，从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点（comparison）和比较不同点（contrast）两种方法，比如：

From Paragraph to Essay

Although they are different in length （长度）， the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure （结构）。 For example， the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence （主题句） or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay， the first paragraph sets up the topic focus （主题所在） Next， the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly， the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss and support the ideas given in the introductory （引导的） paragraph. Finally， a concluding sentence （结束句） ——whether a restatement， conclusion， or observation——ends the paragraph. The essay， too， has a concluding paragraph which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions （例外）， most well written expository （说明文的） paragraphs and essays are similar in structure.

可以看出，在比较相同点的时候，常用到similarly，also，too，in the same case，in spite of the difference等这样的词语。

European Football and American Football

Although European football is the parent of American football， the two games show several major differences. European football， sometimes called association football or soccer， is played in 80 countries， making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football， on the other hand， is popular only in North America （the United States and Canada）。 Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Football， also played by eleven players in somewhat different positions （位置） on the field， is played with an elongated （拉长的） round ball. Soccer has little body contact （接触） between players and therefore needs no special protective equipment. Football， in which players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a running ball-carrier and his teammates， needs special protective equipment. In soccer， the ball is advanced toward the goal by kicking it or by butting （顶） it with the head. In American football， on the other hand， the ball is passed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponents （对手） goal. These are just a few of the features which distinguish （区别） association and American football.

这是一篇用比较不同点的手法写的说明文。从文章中可以看出：however，on the other hand，in contrast，but，nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。

4.定义法（definition）

定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法，特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是：

被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语

可以看出，定义句中限制性定语越详细，定义就越精确，比如：

A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on（以……为食品）fruit and insects but is not a bird.

其实，在英—英词典中，对英语单词的英文解释就是定义法的典型例子。比如，看看Longman词典对student和teacher的定义是很有意思的：A student is a person who is studying at a place of education or training. A teacher is a person who gives knowledge or skill to sb. as a profession （专业）。

5.顺序法（sequence of time， space and process）

顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平，用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义，用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。

下面这篇学生作文就是用顺序法写成的：

Coal

Coal underwent （经受） many changes before it became the bright， brittle （脆的）， black substance which we now use. During ancient times （在上古时代）， when the earth enjoyed a very warm and wet climate， the land was covered with large forests and big plants. As time went on， the ground changed and began to sink （下沉） a little. These very large numbers of trees and vegetables received a deposit （沉淀） of sand and clay. This layer of sand and clay pressed upon the layer beneath and prevented it from contact with air. These trees and plants received the pres sure and changed its appearance.

Generations after generations （几世纪后）， as the ground kept gradually sinking， another layer of sand and clay was again deposited （积聚） above the layers already formed. A great pressure was thus exerted （作用） and the peat （泥煤） was changed into the black and brittle substance which is known as coal.

Coal is a kind of mineral which is formed by nature as above stated. It is an important industrial material and is chiefly used as fuel. It is very valuable in the industrial world. The place where coal deposit is called a coal mine （煤矿）。 In China， coal mines are largely found in the north-west part of the country. Shanxi is a famous province for producing coal. It has the most coal of China.

6.分类法（classification）

分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。比如：著名的英国哲学家弗朗西斯·培根（Francis Bacon）在其脍炙人口的《谈读书》（Of Studies）一文中就用到了分类法：

Some books are to be tasted， others to be swallowed， and some few to be chewed and digested， that is， some books are to be read only in parts， others to be read， but not curiously， and some few to be read wholly， and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy， and extracts made of them by others； but that would be only in the less important arguments， and the meaner sort of books…

参考译文：书有可浅尝者，有可吞食者，少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之，有只须读其部分者，有只须大体涉猎者，少数则须全读，读时须全神贯注，孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读，取其所需摘要，但只限题材较次或价值不高者……

——转摘自《英汉翻译教程》（张培基等）

可见，如果能够根据具体情况，选用合适的写作手法，就可为文章增添无穷的魅力。

除了上述提到的6种展开英语说明文主题的写作方法之外，还有因果法、归纳法等其他方法。但相比之下，对于中学生来说，上述6种方法是首先值得掌握的。另外必须指出的是：在一篇文章中往往是以一种写作手法为主，同时辅以其他写作手法。有时，甚至会几种写作手法混用而不分主次。因此，必须根据具体情况，选用合适的展开主题的写作手法，才能写出优秀的英语说明文。

很多人对于应用文的写作都比较陌生，下面小编为大家带来了关于应用文的写作方法，欢迎大家阅读，希望对大家有所帮助。

一、结构的含义和作用

掌握结构的含义应用文的结构，是运用材料以表现主题的有序安排，是客观事物条理性在文章中的反映，为文章的组织形式和内部构造。文章的结构具有两重含义：一是宏观结构，即文章的总体构思、大体框架；二是微观结构，即对文章的层次、段落、开头、结尾、过渡、照应和主次的具体设计。2.了解结构的作用结构好比文章的骨架，是安排文章的具体形式，是将材料化为文章的手段之二。结构是表现主题的手段，是准确表达主题的必由之路，也是引导读者领会文章思想内容的向导。写文章只有找到恰当完美的结构形式，才能把主题和材料组合在一起，形成一个完美有机的整体。其作用具体表现在：

（１）使文章言之有体。应用文大多有较固定的结构形态，它是人们在长期写作实践中经过选择，逐步找到的最适合表现某种内容的最佳形式，也称之为“程式”。如简报、书信和行政公文类文书，具有相当固定的惯用格式。

（２）使文章言之有序。合理安排文章结构，就是根据一定的思路，将零散的材料组织起来，使之眉目清楚地成为一个有机的整体。

（３）使文章言之有文。精心安排文章结构，可以增加文章的文采，从而增强其可读性。

二、安排结构的条件

1.了解思路的含义及思路与结构的关系

在文章结构的两重含义中，总体构思是具体设计的前提和基础。总体构思也就是人们常说的“言有序”，是指对材料的安排要有次序，这体现了作者的思路。思路是安排结构的条件。

2、思路的含义

思路是作者思维活动的路线，是作者在头脑中梳理、组织内容材料的过程和结果。它是作者对客观事物自身条理性的观察、理解。

作者思路清晰，结构必然有条不紊；作者思路不清晰，结构必然紊乱。经过选择的材料，只有经过合理的组织安排，使之条理化、系统化，组成一个有机的整体，才能准确鲜明地表现既定的主题。

3、思路与结构的关系

在写作构思阶段，作者的思维活动异常活跃。确立主题，选择好材料，并进而考虑如何表达主题和如何安排材料，由此逐渐形成一条清晰、连贯、独到的思维活动路线——思路。此时，文章的大体框架已在作者的头脑中“闪现”出来。等到作者用书面语言把思路表达出来时，文章的结构也就具体安排好了。因此，作者思路与文章结构的关系极为密切。具体表现为以下三点：

（１）思路是形成结构的基础和内核。结构是文章最主要的表现形式。要使结构完整、严谨、匀称，动笔前，就需要作者匠心独运，形成清晰、连贯并具独创性的思路，进而“外化”成纲目清晰、严谨周密的结构。但是，文章反映客观事物，决不是对其原始形态的简单搬抄和复制，而是在符合客观事物发展规律基础上的主观创造。因此，不同的作者。不同的文体有不同的思路。思路开阔而有创见，文章的结构就新颖独特；思路狭窄而落俗，会使文章的结构板滞僵死；思路紊乱，文章的条理就必然不清；思路松散，文章的结构就不可能严密紧凑。（２）结构是思路的体现和反映。结构是思路的外显形式和文字载体。思路严密清晰，文章结构才能完整、严谨、清晰，主题才能得以准确地表达；思路紊乱、疏漏和闭塞，文章则会逻辑混乱、言而无序、首尾不能圆合。

4.了解锻炼思路的基本要求及锻炼思路的方法

（１）注意思路的条理性和逻辑性，使之清晰、周密、连贯。清晰，指展开思路要有顺序、有层次，同时对材料要加以区分和归类。周密，指思路要周到、严密，没有疏漏和缺损，不要顾此失彼，自相矛盾。连贯，指思维活动过程及其表达不仅要注意外在的次序，而且要处理好各个意思之间存在的衔接、并列、转折、因果、总分等内在联系，做到气脉贯通、流畅。

（２）注意思路的灵活性、独创性，使之活跃、开阔、敏捷。活跃与开阔，是指思路的开展要打破思维定势，进行多向探索，使之灵活、新颖而富有个性。敏捷是指思路的展开、梳理直至成型这一过程应该灵敏、迅速，使文章结构紧凑、气势流转而顺畅。

（３）养成良好的思维习惯。一是养成有序思考问题的习惯，由浅入深、由表及里、由此及彼。二是加强逻辑思维能力的训练。应用写作主要靠逻辑思维，要遵循“提出问题——分析问题——解决问题”这一认识规律。

（４）写作前要通盘思考，立足于写作意图、目的和所用文体特点，确定如何起笔，主体分几个部分展开，怎样收尾。

[写作基础：应用文写作

Sky blue white clouds, the wind light warm sunshine. White leaves, green grass, dedicated to the beautiful green campus. When we are doing their own thing, ever imagined that one day we will lose the beautiful campus?

"Recess, when you are in the hallway, with students on the playground to chat, play, see the paper scraps, dont be afraid of ugly, bent down to pick them up, nobody will laugh at you mind their own business. Im green, my beautiful! When you see someone on the wall the scri le book, practice painting, should be stopped. Because you want to environmental protection. The campus, is so fascinating, because it is deep in the perceptual and rational thought, let the young heart from naive to mature. The campus, is really want to stay, because it gives each student memories of the vast space, how many heart lost in the wind and rain to find yourself in the twilight. Green campus, students from the holy land, green grass, tree flower, wood on all of us students mutual care, will often in the awaken of spring. So, we need to protect the environment, to create a beautiful campus.

The green campus is beautiful. But she taught us, the more is the enlightenment of the mind, the mold of thought and the cultivation of the inner temperament. When spring quietly but go to, all things recovery, full of vitality in the trees. A day after the end of the course, the campus into our happy amusement park. Badminton, basketball, table tennis... .. All corners of the land have classmates laughing sound...

"The school is our home, we are the master of the school, construction by us. Let us start from the intravenous drip, take good care of the campus environment, self-restraint, mutual inspection, clear the status of their environmental protection work in school. The school green need you, need me, need we all work together."

天蓝白云伴，风轻阳光暖。白的叶，绿的草，专属于美好的绿色校园。当我们正做着自己的事的时候，是否曾设想有一天我们将失去这个美丽的校园?

“课间，当你与同学们在走廊上，操场上聊天，嬉戏时，看到纸屑，不要怕丑，弯腰拾起，没有人会笑你多管闲事。我环保，我美丽!当你看到有人在墙上信笔提书，大练画技时，应当制止。因为你要环保。校园，是如此令人神往，因为它深情灌输着感性与理性交织的思想，让年轻的心从幼稚走向成熟。校园，是如此令人留恋，因为它给予每位学子回忆憧憬的广阔空间，令多少颗失落的心在风雨晨昏中找回自我。青青校园，学子圣地，碧树芳草，一花一木，靠我们全体学子共同呵护，才会春意常在。所以，我们要保护环境，创建美好校园。

绿色校园是美丽的。但她给我们的，更多的是心灵的启迪，思想的陶冶，内在气质的培养。当春天悄然而至，万物复苏，盎然的生机弥漫在树梢。一天的课程结束之后，校园变成我们快乐的游乐园。羽毛球，篮球，乒乓球…。。各个角落空地上都有同学们的嬉笑声……

“学校是我们的家，我们是学校的主人，建设靠的是我们。让我们从点滴做起，爱护校园环境，自我约束，相互检查，明确自身在学校环保工作中的地位。学校绿色需要你，需要我，需要我们大家共同努力。”

导语：好的句子正确运用能给作文带来意想不到的效果，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. According to a recent survey， four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education， the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However， this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents， who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus， which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem： the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact， it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes： All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government， which is blind to this point， may pay a heavy price.任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays， many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately， for most young people， it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

自我介绍是向别人展示你自我介绍好不好，甚至直接关系到你给别人的第一印象的好坏及以后交往的顺利与否。下面就是小编整理的高三英语口语自我介绍，一起来看一下吧。 大学英语口语自我介绍范文篇一：

Hello, everyone!My name is Winnie. Im a 15 years old girl. I live in the beautiful city of Rizhao.

Im an active, lovely, and clever girl. In the school my favorite subject is math. Perhaps someone thinks its difficult to study well. But I like it. I believe that if you try your best, everything can be done well.

I also like sports very much. Such as, running, volleyball and so on. Im kind-hearted. If you need help, please come to me.I hope we can be good friends!

OK. This is me .A sunny girl. 大学英语口语自我介绍范文篇三：

Good morning/afternoon/evening, my name is . It is really a great honor to have this opportunity/chance to introduce myself. I would like to answer whatever you may raise, and I hope I can make a good performance today.

上午好/下午好/晚上好!我的名字叫……。今天有机会进行自我介绍深感荣幸。我乐意回答

你们所提出来的任何问题。我希望我今天能表现的非常出色。 大学英语口语自我介绍范文篇二：

I am years old, born in province/Beijing, northeast/southeast/southwest…… of china, and I am currently a freshman(大一新生)/sophomore(大二学生)/junior(大三学生)/senior(大四学生) student at Capital Institute of Physical Education.

我今年……岁，出生在……省/北京，它位于中国的东北/东南/西南……等部。我目前是首都体育学院大一/大二/大三/大四的学生。

It’s beyond reproach that we will come across all kinds of difficulties and

challenges in our life time .Some will be subjected to frequent sadness .Some

will lose their way to move on .Thus,only when we equip ourselves with hope and

courage can we finally succeed in the uncertain future.

Forrest Gump showed so great courage in the movie that he touched me a lot

. For one thing,no matter when and where Jenny got into trouble ,Forrest Gump

would bring her out of it without thinking how dangerous the situation would be

.Maybe we should all fell ashamed that we love ourselves more than we love love

,but Forrest showed great courage in love .For another,Forrest gump risked his

life to save Bubba in the war.It’s courage that helped Forrest gain a series of

honor after war .Forrest Gump is beautiful for his perseverance and touches

others with his courage.

A person can’t do without courage in terms of love and friendship ,let

alone life . A weak person may avoid the difficulties ,but a person with courage

will face up to it head-on. Therefore,let’equip ourselves with great

courage.

人类因梦想而伟大，人生因拼搏而精彩。梦想引领人生，拼搏创造传奇!下面是语文迷小编整理的关于梦想的英语名言，希望对你有帮助。

the important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it. (johan wolfgang von goethe, german poet and dramatist)

人生重要的事情就是确定一个伟大的目标,并决心实现它。(德国诗人、戏剧家 歌德. j. m.)

the man with a new idea is a crank until the idea succeeds. (mark twain, american writer)

具有新想法的人在其想法实现之前是个怪人。 (美国作家 马克·吐温)

the only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today. (franklin roosevelt, american president)

实现明天理想的唯一障碍是今天的疑虑。(美国总统 罗斯福. f.)

when an end is lawful and obligatory, the indispensable means to is are also lawful and obligatory. (abraham lincoln, american statesman)

如果一个目的是正当而必须做的,则达到这个目的的必要手段也是正当而必须采取的。(美国政治家 林肯. a.)

ideal is the beacon. without ideal, there is no secure direction; without direction, there is no life.( leo tolstoy, russian writer)

理想是指路明灯。没有理想,就没有坚定的方向;没有方向,就没有生活。(俄国作家 托尔斯泰. l.)

if winter comes, can spring be far behind ?( p. b. shelley, british poet )

冬天来了,春天还会远吗?( 英国诗人, 雪莱. p. b.)

if you doubt yourself, then indeed you stand on shaky ground. (ibsen, norwegian dramatist )

如果你怀疑自己,那么你的立足点确实不稳固了。 (挪威剧作家 易卜生)

if you would go up high, then use your own legs ! do not let yourselves carried aloft; do not seat yourselves on other peoples backs and heads. (f. w. nietzsche, german philosopher)

如果你想走到高处,就要使用自己的两条腿!不要让别人把你抬到高处;不要坐在别人的背上和头上。(德国哲学家 尼采. f. w.)

it is at our mothers knee that we acquire our noblest and truest and highest, but there is seldom any money in them. ( mark twain, american writer )

就是在我们母亲的膝上,我们获得了我们的最高尚、最真诚和最远大的理想,但是里面很少有任何金钱。(美国作家 马克·吐温)

living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. (alexander dumas, davy de la pailleterie, french writer)

生活没有目标就像航海没有指南针。 (法国作家 大仲马. a.)

the ideals which have lighted my way, and time after time have given me new courage to face life cheerfully 19 have been kindness, beauty and truth.(albert einstein, american scientist)

有些理想曾为我们引过道路,并不断给我新的勇气以欣然面对人生,那些理想就是--真、善、美。 (美国科学家 爱因斯坦. a.)

the dream is not a dream, the difference between the two usually have a very worth pondering the distance.梦想绝不是梦，两者之间的差别通常都有一段非常值得人们深思的距离。

“two gates there are for dreams," said penelope to odysseus after his ten years’ wandering had ended. "one made for horn and one of for ivory. the dreams that pass through the carved ivory delude and bring us tales that turn to naught;those that can come through polished horn accomplish real things whenever seen."“梦想有两扇门，”在奥德修斯结束了十年的漂泊后，潘尼洛对他说，“一扇是号角制成，一扇是象牙制成。通过精雕细缕的象牙门得梦想不过是一场会归于无的海市蜃楼的童话;而那些通过磨砺的号角门的梦想才会成为真实，为人所见。”

who has the material to survive, people have a dream only talk about life. you have to understand life and life different animal survival, while others life.人有了物质才能生存，人有了梦想才谈得上生活。你要了解生存与生活的不同吗?动物生存，而人则生活。

the dream was always running ahead of me. to catch up, to live for a moment in unison with it, that was the miracle.梦想总是跑在我前面，追寻它们，乃至仅有一瞬间的与梦想合而为一，也都是动人的生命奇迹。

a person rich money is not certain, but if the man is not a dream, the poor people.一个人有钱没钱不一定，但如果这个人没有了梦想，这个人穷定了。

if winter comes, can spring be far behind ?( p. b. shelley, british poet )冬天来了，春天还会远吗?( 英国诗人, 雪莱. p. b.)

dont part with your illusions. when they are gone you may still exist, but you have ceased to live. (mark twain, american writer)不要放弃你的幻想。当幻想没有了以后，你还可以生存，但是你虽生犹死。((美国作家 马克·吐温)

to accomplish great things, in addition to dream, must act.要想成就伟业，除了梦想，必须行动。

when you truly want something, all the universe conspires to help you finish it.当你真心渴望一件东西的时候，整个宇宙都会联合起来帮你完成它。

everything is now for the future of dream weaving wings, soar to great heights to dream in reality.现在的一切都是为将来的梦想编织翅膀，让梦想在现实中展翅高飞。

11、human nature is the most pathetic: we always dream of the horizon of a wonderful rose garden, not to enjoy today in our window open rose.人性最可怜的就是：我们总是梦想着天边的一座奇妙的玫瑰园，而不去欣赏今天就开在我们窗口的玫瑰。

faith consists in believing when it is beyond the power of reason to believe. it is not enough that a thing be possible for it to be believed.当还缺乏产生信仰的足够理由时，要用信念去包涵。模棱两可不足以支持一个信仰。(伏尔泰)

the dream is the other shore, the reality is that on this side, action is the bridge connecting.梦想是彼岸，现实是此岸，行动是那座连接的桥。

a heart will not be hurt for pursuing a dream, when you truly want something, all the universe conspires to help you complete the.没有一颗心会因为追求梦想而受伤，当你真心想要某样东西时，整个宇宙都会联合起来帮你完成。

dreams don’t abandon a painstaking pursuit of the people, as long as you never stop pursuing, you will bathe in the brilliance of the dream.梦想不抛弃苦心追求的人，只要不停止追求，你们会沐浴在梦想的光辉之中。

Winter solstice is the earliest Chinese festival, call it yesterday, as early as the han dynasty had formed when we are familiar with todays twenty-four solar terms. Twenty-four solar terms, every 15 days for a throttle, a throttle is divided into three. As the winter solstice is divided into "hou earthworms knot; 2 hou elk horn, three HouShuiQuan move." Are the ancients from traditional agricultural production routine. Fade as the farming civilization, modern agriculture is affected by season is not very big, such as the vegetables all the year round in the greenhouses, traditional throttle effect on guidance and restriction of agricultural farming is also a little bit fade.

People now pay more attention to the throttle keeping in good health, in winter it was the season of supplements. After spring, summer, autumn three season, the body organs need to enter a state of rest during the winter, physical consumption in winter supplements in the past. Left the teacher said, so also have "winter signings, dozen tiger next year" the proverb.

冬至是中国最早的节日，称之为冬节，早在汉代时候已经形成了我们今天熟悉的二十四节气。二十四节气，每十五天为一个节气，一个节气分为三候。如冬至分为“一候蚯蚓结;二候麋角解，三候水泉动。”都是以古人从传统农业生产生活规律中总结出来的。随着农耕文明逐渐消退，现代农业受季节的影响不是很大，比如大棚里的菜一年四季都可以吃到，传统节气对农业种田的辅导和制约作用也在一点点消退。

现在的人们更多关注的是节气养生，冬季也是进补的季节。经历春夏秋三季后，身体各个器官在冬季需要进入休息的状态，过去身体上的消耗在冬天进补。左老师说，因此也有“冬季进补，来年打虎”的俗语。

第一章：应用文写作基础知识（学习笔记）

一、应用文基础知识

1，应用文是直接用于处理公私事务的实用性文章。它以解决实际问题为目的，以说明论证为主要表达方式，有相 对固定的格式。

2

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------------

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4个阶段。

收集材料 写作的主旨，

掌握信息 谋篇布局。 文字化。 斟酌、润色，到定稿。

确定文件

3，应用文四个要素：立意、谋篇、语言、修改。

4，应用文写作的目的性一般表现为：

1）、阐明写作者的主张、观点和意图。

2）、下达指标、传达政策、布置工作和通知事项。

3）、传递信息、交流情况和总结经验。

5

6，应用文主旨的含义：就是写作者（个人或单位）通过全篇内容表达出来的贯通全文的写作意图，观点和公务活 动的行为意向。

7，应用文主旨的主要体现：

1

2）应用文写作者通过全篇的内容表达出来的观点。

3

8。

二、立意

1，应用文---立意的含义：是写作者酝酿、斟酌的过程，主旨是立意的结果；有十分明确的目的性。 立意直接影响主旨的质量优劣和成败。立意就是确立应用文的主旨。

2，应用文---立意的特点：

1）客观性，从客观材料提炼和产生。

2）主观性，作者对客观材料消化、提炼的结晶。

3）观念性，是作者对事物的认识和评价，是作者的核心意图。

4）时代性，是时代精神的产物。

3，应用文---立意的要求：

1）准确：指应用文符合四项基本原则，对事物的正确认识，反映社会生活的本质和主流。

2）深刻：紧抓矛盾的关键环节，揭示客观事物的深层本质，阐明事物之间的必然联系。

3）鲜明：文章的基本思想和基本观点十分明确。

4）集中：文章一般只有一个主旨，突出表达。

5）新颖：反映作者的思想不落后，有独特的见解。

4，应用文---立意的依据：

1）

2）

3）

5，应用文---立意的方法：

1）对比筛选：材料具有客观性和多义性，加以对比筛选，择其精辟。

2）分析归纳：对材料去粗取精，然后进行分析归纳。

3）集思广益：实地调查、集体讨论，征求他人意见，弥补不足。

4）选准角度：任何事物都有多侧面、多层次，正确选择角度。

三、谋篇

1，应用文---谋篇的含义：指写作者组织材料，设计、安排结构的过程。

2，应用文---谋篇的内容：

1）材料的组织

①材料的含义：指写作者为了完成文章的写作，体现自己的写作意图和目的，从现实生活中和文献资料中选取， 使用的一系列事实根据和理论根据。

②材料的作用：

a、材料是提出问题的依据。

b、主旨依靠材料加以说明和支撑。

“博”、“透”、“细”

A

B

C、正面材料和反面材料（正确和先进性的材料；错误和落后的材料）

D

E ④收集材料的方法：a、观察与体验

b、调查研究

c、积累、查阅资料

A、以主旨为中心（材料和主旨有直接对应的关系，根据主旨需要选择材料）

B

C 不能够张冠李戴，移花接木。 3

D、要选择新颖的材料 a、指新近发生的事实。

b、虽非新近发生却为新新发现而鲜为人知的事实。

c、虽为人知却因被变换视角而具有新意的材料。

A、要主次有序

B、要详略得当

C、要归类使用

2）结构的安排

①结构的含义：结构是文章的内部构造，是文章内容的重要形式，是写作者思路在文章中的体现。 ②结构的内容：a、确定文章的基本格式；b，安排好正文的组织结构。

a

、可以根据主旨的需要，把全部内容纳入恰当的结构形式中，使主旨得到正确体现，材料有

所依附，文章构成一个有机整体。

b、可以按照作者的思路，把观点和材料加以适当组织，使文章有条理、有层次，纲举目张， 和谐有序。

A、格式化（固定的、惯用的格式）

B、单一化（哪一种文体如何写，都有一定程式）

C、条理化（文章结构有条理性）

D、严密化（结构应该严谨，组织周密）

⑤结构的安排：主要环节包括设计开头语结尾、安排层次与段落、处理衔接（过渡）。

表明行文目的 总结式

援引行文依据 强调式

表明成文程序 呼应式

概述基本情况 请求式

提出问题 倡议式

复合式开头 展望式

层次间的结构形式：并列式、总分式、递进式、主次式。

整体结构形式：自然段形式、小标题形式、条款形式。

段落的表现形式：条款式、提行式。

过渡方式：词语过渡、句子过渡、段落过渡。

⑥结构的形式：纵式结构、横式结构、纵横式结构、条款式结构、一段式结构（常用的5种）。

3，应用文---谋篇的原则：

1）服从文章主旨的需要

安排结构的目的就是服从主旨的需要，为主旨服务。

2

应用文是对现实生活、客观事物的反映，安排文章的篇章结构也必须符合客观事物发展的规律。

3

文体（写作格式）不同，结构的样式和要求也会不同。

4

应用文是处理和解决实际问题的文章，大多数具有特定的读者。

四、语言

1，应用文---语言的含义：语言是思想的载体，是人类最重要的交际工具，是使应用文文章内容得以完美表达的文 字符号。

2，应用文---A

B、专门性 （专用词汇和术语） C、平实庄重

3，应用文---

a、含义明确、清晰、完整和无歧义。 b、搭配要适当

c、成分要完整

d、语序要妥当

A、精简文意，压缩篇幅。

B、合理安排层次，避免重复。

C、推敲词语，锤炼句子。

④平易（指文章语言浅近易懂）

4，应用文---语言的表达方式：表达方式成为识别文体特征的重要标志之一。

①叙述：含义---又称记叙，是陈述事件的来龙去脉，记述人物活动、经历、行为的一种表达方式。

a、常用来介绍人物的经历和事迹，记叙生产、工作的过程；

b、在论证中，用来引述事实，提供论据。

c、在说明中，用来介绍事物发展变化的形态，提供典型事例，以具体说明事 物的特征。

叙述的6（第一人称和第三人称） 按叙述的顺序划分：顺叙、倒叙、插叙、补叙。

按叙述的性质和用途划分：概述和详述。

叙述时应该注意的问题 ②说明：含义---是对客观事物进行解释、阐述的表达方式。

说明的作用：它具有解说、剖析事物的状态、性质、内容、成因、规律、关功能等作用。 解释说明法、分类说明法、6种方法

在运用说明的方法时的注意事项A、要注意内容的科学性，

B、要注意表达的客观性，

C、要注意语言的简洁、明晰、准确、朴素、通俗易懂。

③议论：含义---就是作者对某一问题、某一事件或某一事物进行分析、评论，以表明自己的观点和态 度的一种表达方式。

五、修改

1，应用文---修改的含义：是立意的深化和继续，也是运用增、删、调、补等手段，加工初稿，完善文章的过程。

2，应用文---

标题的修改 结构的修改

主旨的修改 语言的修改

材料的修改 行款格式的修改

标点符号的修改

3，应用文---修改的方法：

4，应用文---修改的方式：纸上修改和计算机修改2种。

(1)建议信

Dear ________,

I’m very ___________ to know / learn that __________. I am writing to voice my suggestions / proposals / views concerning _________. In my opinion,_________. On the on hand,__________. On the other hand,__________.

As to _________, I would like to suggest / recommend that __________, because __________. It would be __________. In addition,___________. I am sure that __________.

Please inform me of your feedback on __________. I am looking forward to __________.

应用文的种类 行政公文：如公告、通告、通知、通报 通用类 事务应用文：如计划、总结、会议记录，小编收集了关于应用文的写作基础知识，欢迎阅读。

一、应用文的概念

应用文是国家机关、企事业单位、社会团体以及公民在日常工作、学习和生活中办理公务或个人事务时所使用的、具有某些惯用格式的文章的总称。

二、应用文的种类 行政公文：如公告、通告、通知、通报 通用类 事务应用文：如计划、总结、会议记录

公务文体

法律应用文：如起诉书、自诉状

经济应用文：如经济合同

专用类

礼仪应用文：如欢迎词、欢送词、开幕词、祝词

应用文 涉外应用文：如涉外函电、备忘录

书信类：如证明信、推荐信、感谢信、申请书

私务文体 条据类：如借条、请假条

其 他

新闻文体：如新闻、消息、通讯

其 他：如论文

三、应用文的作用

1、规范和准绳作用

2、宣传和教育作用

3、交流和沟通作用

4、凭证和档案作用

四、应用文的一般特点

1、实用性 2、程式性 3、时效性 4、朴实性

第二节应用文写作的基本要求

一、材料真实典型

二、观点正确鲜明

三、结构严谨

1、 层次清楚、段落分明

2、 过渡自然、前后照应

3、 开头结尾简洁明了

四、语言得体

1、庄重得体 2、通俗易懂 3、准确规范 4、简明扼要

五、格式规范

1、广泛阅读范文

2、大量实践训练

作业：在本单元学习了应用文写作的基本要求后，你掌握了哪些新知识?有哪些感悟?

第二单 元公文

一、教学目的要求：1、了解公告、通告、通知、通报、报告、请示、批复、函、会议纪要

等9种公文的概念、特点、作用和使用范围。

2、掌握通知、通报、报告、请示、函、会议纪要等6种常用公文的行

文关系及其具体的写作要求和方法。

3、学会仿照教材中的范文进行写作，做到格式规范。

二、教学重点：公文的格式和写法。

三、教学过程：

第一节 公文概述

一、公文的概念

从广义上讲，公文是国家党政机关、人民团体、企事业单位在进行公务活动时所使用的体式完整、内容系统的各种书面材料。狭义的公文是指行政公文，主要是指行政机关在行政管理过程中形成的具有法定效力和规范体式的文书，是依法行政和进行公务活动的重要工具。

二、公文的特点

1、 法定的权威性 2、明确的政策性 3、严格的时效性 4、程式的规范性

三、公文的作用

1、 规范和指导作用

2、 宣传和教育作用

3、 凭证和依据作用

4、 交流和沟通作用

四、公文的种类

(1) 按适用范围划分为命令、决定、公告、通告、通报、议案、报告、请示、批复、意

见、函、会议纪要，共13种。

(2) 按行文方向划分为上行文、平行文、下行文。

(3) 按缓急程度划分为特急、急件两种。

(4) 按保密级别划分为绝密、机密、秘密三级

五、公文的格式

1、眉首部分

眉首部分位于公文首页上部红色反线之上。

(1)公文的份数序号。简称份号，它是将同一文稿印制若干份时每份公文的顺序编号。《办法》规定：绝密、机密公文应当标明份号。份号标注在公文首页左上角第一行，用七位阿拉伯数码顶格标注，不足七位数用“0”补齐，如“0000006”。

(2)秘密等级和保密期限。秘密等级简称密级。《办法》规定：涉及国家秘密的公文应当标明密级和保密期限。密级顶格标注在首页右上角的第一行，密级和保密期限之间用“★”隔开。保密一年以上的，注明年数;不足一年的，注明月数。

(3)紧急程度。紧急公文均应该标明紧急程度，分特急和急件。紧急程度标注在首页右上角密级之下。

(4)发文机关标识。一般由发文机关的全称或规范化简称后加“文件”组成。若是几个机关联合行文，应将主办机关排列在前。

(5)发文字号。包括发文机关代字、年份、序号三部分，如“中青办发〔2010〕22号”发文机关代字是发文机关名称的缩略语，如“中青办”“是共青团中央办公厅”的缩略语。

(6)签发人。它是代表机关最后核查并批准公文发出的领导人姓名。签发人平列于发文字

号右侧，写“签发人”三个字，加冒号，再写签发人姓名。

2、 主体部分

(1)公文标题。一般包括发文机关名称、公文主题和公文种类三部分。如《共青团中央关于加强社区共青团工作的意见》。

(2)主送机关。就是主要受理机关，是接受公文并对公文负主办或答复责任的机关。主送机关标注在标题之下，靠左顶格书写。

(3)正文。它是公文的具体内容部分。在主送机关下一行，每自然段空两格写起。数字、年份不能回行。正文有开头、主体、结尾三部分组成。

开头要求开门见山地交代发文的依据、起因、目的。常常用“为了”“为使”“根据”“按照”“由于”“鉴于”等词语开头。

主体是公文的最主要的部分。叙事要突出重点，说理要把握党和国家的方针、政策的核心。在结构上多用总分式，分条列项，做到条理清楚。

结尾常使用固定的习惯用语。一般对受文机关提出具体要求和希望。

(4)附件。公文如有附件，应在正文下空一行左侧起空两格注“附件：”然后标出附件名称，名称后不加标点符号;如不止一个附件，应用阿拉伯数字排序。

(5)发文机关。也称“落款”。发文机关是公文的法定作者，在正文右下方标注。

(6)印章。

(7)发文日期。

3、版记部分

版记包括主题词、抄送机关、印发说明。

第二节 公告、通告

一、公告与通告的概念和特点

(一)公告的概念和特点

1、公告的概念

公告是政府职能部门向国内外宣布重要事项或法定事项时所使用的公文。

2、公告的特点

(1)内容公开性。 (2)形式多样性 (3)行文庄重性

(二)通告的概念和特点

1、通告的概念

通告是在一定范围内向社会公布应当遵守或周知的事项时使用的公文.

2、通告的特点

(1) 制约性。对遵守性通告而言，他带有强制性，要求人们必须遵守。

(2) 周知性。通过公告可以提示人们知晓或注意相关事项。

二、公告与通告的主要区别

1、告知范围 2、约束性 3、事项重要程度 4、发文机关级别

三、公告与通告的写作方法

1、标题

公告和通告的标题可分为完全是标题、非完全是标题两种。完全是标题是“发文机关﹢事由+文种”三要素组成的标题。如《国家教委关于维护中小学正常教学秩序的通告》。《福建省人民代表大会常务委员会关于颁布施行的公告》。非完全式标题只有三要素的一个或两个。如《中华人民共和国农业部公告》、《关于京通快速路施工期间禁止机动车通行的通告》、《公告》《通告》。

2、正文

公告的正文一般有两种写法。

第一种写法包括：

(1) 发布公告的缘由。它是发布公告的依据，因何事而发，通常用一两句话概况。

(2) 公告的具体事项，写清楚时间、地点、事件、决定等。

(3) 结束语。一般另起一行，写“特此公告”“现予公告”。

第二中写法：只写具体事项。

通告正文的写法。

(1) 发布通告的缘由。

(2) 通告的具体事项，写清楚什么范围内、告知谁、告知何事。

(3) 结束语。通告的结束语根据具体内容而定，一般写执行通告的要求，作为强调;也

可以写明执行的时间、范围和有效期;还可以用“特此通告”“此告”作结束语。

3、 落款。

在正文的右下方写明发文机关的全称或规范化简称，有的直接加盖公章。联合发文时，将主办单位名称写在最前，其余分行书写。发文日期另起一行，注明年、月、日。

四、公告和通告的写作要求

1、公告的写作要求

(1)行文简要。 (2)用语得体。

2、通告的写作要求。

(1)目的明确。 (2)行文清晰。

第三节 通知

一、通知的概念和作用

通知”，是“适用于批转下级机关的公文，转发上级机关和不相隶属机关的公文，批转下级机关的公文，传达要求下级机关办理和需要有关单位周知或者执行的事项，任免人员”的一种公文文体。

二、通知的特点

1、适用范围广 2、具有知照性 3、具有时效性

三、通知的种类

从性质和内容上划分，通知大体可分为以下几种：

(1)发布性通知，指国家行政机关或其他有关单位在发布(或废止)行政法规和条例、规定、办法、实施细则等规章和其他重要文件时的使用的通知。

(2)转发性通知，转发需要下属单位知晓的上级单位、同级单位或不相隶属单位的公文。

(3)指示性通知。用于直接发布行政法规和对下级某项工作的指示、要求。带有强制性、指挥性和决策性。

(4)批示性通知，又称转发性通知。领导机关用批转、转发的方式发布某些法规，要求下级贯彻执行。批转下级机关送来的工作报告、建议、计划等，以及沟通情况，指导工作。

(5)周知性通知。多用于上级机关向下级机关宣布某些应知事项，不具有强制性。

(6)会议通知。用于对上级或平级。

(7)任免通知。上级机关对任免的人员用通知的形式告知下级机关。

四、通知与通告的区别

1、适用范围不同

通知的适用范围广，通知除公布和传达某些事项外，还有多种用途，如批转通知、转发通知等;通告只用来发布应当遵守或周知的事项。

2、受文对象不同

通知有明确的受文对象，写作中标明主送机关;通告的受文对象不确定、不具体、也不标明主送对象。

六、通知的写作方法和要求

1、通知的格式和写法

通知一般由标题、正文和落款三部分组成。具体写法如下：

(1)标题。通常有三种形式，一种是由发文机关名称、事由和文种构成;一种是由事由和文种构成;一种是由文种“通知”作标题。

(2)正文。由开头、主体和结尾三部分组成。开头主要交代通知缘由、根据;主体说明通知事项;结尾提出执行要求。在写正文之前，要在标题之下、正文之上顶格写出被通知对象的名称，在名称后加冒号，或将名称以“抄送”形式写于最后一页的最下方。

(3)落款。写出发文机关名称和发文时间。如已在标题中写了机关名称和时间，这里可以省略不写。

通知是上级要求下级或个人参加某一会议或者做某件事情时使用的一种文体。通知的内容要写得明白、具体。

a、在第一行正中写“通知”二字，也可视情况写成“关于××的通知”、“紧急通知”等。

b、写被通知单位或个人的名称。

c、写通知内容。如内容较多，可分条开列。

d、结尾可写“特此通知”等字样。

e、最后写上发通知者的名称和发通知的日期。用公文形式发出的通知要加盖公章。

2、通知的写作要求

(1)注意规范使用不同种类的通知。

(2)拟好公文的标题。

(3)通知事项必须清楚明白。

第四节 通报

一、通报的概念和作用

通报时适用于表彰先进、批评错误、传达重要精神或情况的下行文。无论是表彰性的、批评性的，还是情况通报，通报所反映的内容都是典型、突出的，具有一定影响力，给人们提醒与启迪，能起到楷模或警戒作用。

二、通报的特点

1、典型性 2、真实性 3、向导性

三、通报的种类

1、表彰通报。用于在一定范围内表扬好人好事。

2、批评通报。用于在一定范围内批评错误，纠正不良倾向。

3、情况通报。多用于向有关方面知照应该掌握和了解的信息、动态，以供工作参考。

四、通报和通知的区别

1、行文的作用

通报的作用是教育、启迪、提醒或交流情况，一般没有遵守、执行的要求;通知的作用