高三英语应用文 写作训练合集20篇

文章摘要:本文章的主要内容是关于低年级写作训练初探，欢迎您来阅读并提出宝贵意见！

“写作是运用语言文字进行表达和交流的重要方式，是认识世界，认识自我，进行创造性表述的过程，写作能力是语文素养的综合体现。”语文课程标准中的这段话充分说明了写作在语文教学中的重要性。

“对写话有兴趣，写自己想说的话，写想象中的事物，写出自己对周围事物的认识和感想……”。语文课程标准明确地指出了低年级写话的目的和要求。但在以往的教学过程中，一、二年级过于注重基础知识教学，写作都被定格在从三年级开始。学生们在转入写作训练的过程中往往很难适应，形成了三年级“要写作文”这道难关，而且因此造成不少学生的畏难情绪，表现出较明显的语文学习兴趣减弱、不爱看课外书、不爱上语文课特别是作文课等等。

一、二年级的学生识字用字不多，观察能力、思维能力、语言组织能力、表达能力不强，能不能够进行写作练习呢？进行写作训练又从何着手呢？能不能用写作来促进学生学习语文的兴趣呢？

通过两年的实践，我深深地体会到，在低年级进行写作练习，不但容易取得明显的成绩，有助于培养学生易于动笔、乐于表达的愿望，更能引导学生关注现实、热爱生活，表达真情实感，从而激发并保持他们对语文的学习兴趣，提高他们的语文综合素养。

一、激发学生写作的兴趣，营造良好的写作氛围

兴趣是学生学习最好的老师。在一年级的上期，学生们通过汉语拼音和常用字的学习后，能够用拼音加汉字的方式表达出自己的想法，这就是学生萌发了表现自己和表达认识的愿望，顺理成章地就有了较好的写作兴趣基础。

孩子们经常把他们的画送给我，并在上面写上一句话，如“老师，你好”，“送给老师的画”，并以能得到老师的会心一笑为荣。学生送的画得到多了，我不由心动：如果让他们都愿意把写上自己想法的画送给老师，岂不是一举多得！于是，我班的语文作业就经常变成了画画，但是必须在画上写“一句话”，不会写的字可以写拼音，可以问老师、同学、家长，可以到书上去找，可以。孩子们出奇地喜欢这样的作业，都想把自己美丽的图画送给老师，画中的“一句话”也越来越丰富。如“这是我的家”，“我和明明一起玩皮球”，“我喜欢爸爸妈妈”等等，我选择了其中一些画、话均美的贴在教室，孩子们的兴趣更高了，争着参观、比较，有的暗下决心，争取自己的作品能有上墙的机会。

有了这样自由、轻松的学习空间，学生们乐于动笔表现自我的愿望更加强烈。在经过较长时间的学习后，我慢慢地把作业换成了只写“一句话”，让他们想写什么就写什么，要求只有一个：不会写的字还是可以写拼音，、问别人。于是有的孩子慢慢地写出了“我爱妈妈，我爱爸爸”，“我今天回家把作业做好了才出去玩的”，有的写“我看见小燕子在天空中飞来飞去”，“今天，我看了猫和老鼠的动画片”。这里面，很多字是用拼音代替的，也有错字别字，甚至有的根本就没有标点符号，初看起来是一头雾水，但用心一揣摩才明白：这是他们用自己的方式表达出了所认识的大千世界呀！

在进入二年级以后，学生掌握的字词更多了，表现事物的形式也是多种多样，这时，再让他们随意写话就容易让他们失去写作的动机。因此，恰当的命题或半命题作文加上自由写话成为写作的基本形式，记实加想象成为写作的主要方法。如编童话故事，教师给出主要人物或关键词、故事开头等，不限中心，不限情节，让学生自由发挥，学生们更能展开想象的翅膀，写出许多文质均美的作文来。有一次，我以“大树和小草”为题让学生自编童话或寓言，不少学生写出了许多让人意想不到的故事，其中古佳玉同学的一篇《大树和小草》还在《作文评点报》上了发表；再如写景的作文，教师带领学生去实地观察后，让他们在充分进行口语交际的基础上写作，并展开合理的想象。有一次，学生们观察了校园雾景后，写出了景色与想象合理结合的作文，姚明亮同学的《雾》还在《少年先锋报》上发表了。

二、充分利用教材，在感悟中学会写作

低年级语文课标教材中，有很多优美的文章和词句，如《柳树醒了》、《四季》、《春雨的色彩》、《两只鸟蛋》、《找春天》、《秋天的图画》等。在阅读教学中，通过对优美词句文章的反复朗读、背诵，学生能够对这些词句有了自己的感悟，转换成自己的理解。感悟词语如“软和”、“欢唱”、“五颜六色”、“多彩”……感悟句子如“春雨，像春姑娘纺出的线，轻轻地落到地上，沙沙沙，沙沙沙……”，又如“噢，画个彩色的。因为春天是个多彩的季节。”学生在自己的思维中，已经感悟出了具体的表象，并把这些表象和抽象的词句结合，词句的语言色彩立刻就形成了丰富的形象，好像这些词句就活生生地展现在眼前一样，这个时候，老师只需稍加点拨，孩子们就完全能够正确的学会并运用这些优美的词句。而学会使用标点符号更是通过对课文朗读时停顿的感悟，让他们学会如何使用“句逗”的。有了这些日积月累的词句和从感悟中形成的形象，学生进行写作时就感到从容而更有语言多了。

在教学完《柳树醒了》这课后，孩子们纷纷开动脑筋，有的说：春天来了，小草醒了，小花醒了，小河醒了，小动物们也醒了。七嘴八舌，乱成一团，我急中生智：马上用笔写下来，并仿照儿歌，写出你们眼中的春天。孩子们立刻安静下来，全心地投入到写春天的世界里去了。在教学《乌鸦喝水》和《司马光》后，学生们早就有了自己的办法，我也就顺理成章地让他们写出来，形成了一篇篇充满童心童趣的答卷。在教学《我为你骄傲》后，根据课文内容，学生们自己学会了写便条，清楚地写明了事情的经过并真诚地道歉。

三、发掘生活中的情趣，把语文和生活用写作紧密结合

课程标准指出：写作教学应贴近学生实际，注重培养观察、思考、表现、评价的能力，要求学生说真话、实话、心里话，不说假话、空话、套话……减少对学生写作的束缚，鼓励自由表达和有创意的表达。其实，不论是识字、阅读，还是口语交际、写作训练，学生都是从生活中积累经验，再到书本中探索真知，最终还是要回到生活中去实际应用。学生每天要从生活中获取大量的信息：与父母、同学的交谈对话；从电视上、校园甚至小食品袋上接触大量的字词等等，这些都是生活中的语文知识，但儿童的心理特征反映出他们并没有把这些和大脑中贮存的书本知识一一对应起来，只有通过老师的指引，才能唤起他们的有意注意。因此，要想充分利用生活这个大课堂，需要老师随时注意树立生活中到处有语文的大语文观。

我在语文教学中，经常有意识地带领学生到校园、街道中去寻找学生认识的字，经常让学生自由朗读《少年先锋报》或课外读物上的短文，更多的时候是和他们一起讲故事、看课外书、猜谜语、做字词游戏、去春游和野餐……孩子们都喜欢这样的活动，喜欢在生活中有意识地寻找课堂上学过的和没学过的语文知识，更喜欢把每一次活动中见到的学到的用“一句话”真实地记录下来。有的写道“星期天，我在田边找到一只小蝌蚪，全身黑黑的……”有的写道：“老师带我们到田野里找春天……啊，春天真美呀！”有的写道“我有两个好伙伴，我们经常互相帮助……”“美国用导弹开始打伊拉克了……我真想帮助伊拉克的孩子们呀！”就在这一次次的生活实践和语文实践中，孩子们用他们的语言，用他们的眼光描绘了这个多彩的世界，表达了自己真实的情感。

四、不断激趣，用写作促进学生语文素养的提高

低年级学生兴趣培养需要不断得到巩固。学生的“一句话”写多了，问题也出现不少。如标点符号的正确使用，方言与书面语的辨正，写话内容的单一等等，这些都是小学生固有心理特征在写话中的反映，老师就要经常用各种手段来调动并保持他们写作的积极性，才能做到有始有终，把“一句话”坚持写好。

我针对不同问题采取不同的方法。有时用当小老师的来纠正错别字和标点符号；有时用当小翻译来区别方言和普通话；有时拟定专门的题目让学生写命题作文；每到假期时给他们介绍一些如《安徒生童话》、《伊索寓言》、《成语故事》、《唐诗三百首》等课外读物，让学生大量阅读，开拓视野，积累知识；有了好的作品，我还积极向报刊杂志推荐。两年来，有不少同学的习作在《少年先锋报》、《作文评点报》、《学语文》等报刊上登载出来，看着自己的作品登上了报纸，学生的兴趣更大了。我还在班上办了一份《我们学语文》的小报，并定期张贴在教室，并鼓励他们尝试分组合作，办出自己的手抄报来。自己写的“一句话”，摘抄的儿歌、谜语，收集的资料、图片，剪辑的新闻组成了一张张他们值得骄傲的“报纸”，虽然稍嫌稚嫩，但这却使他们从中学会许多书本上学不到的知识，受益匪浅。

两年来，孩子们最愿意上的课就是语文课，最愿意做的作业就是写“一句话”，他们愿意在一句话中表达自己对事物的感受，表达自己的喜怒哀乐……这“一句话”已经不再是只有一句简单的话了，而发展成为一段话、两段话。很多同学能条理清楚地表述事情，很多同学能灵活地运用积累的词句，很多同学能真实地抒发出自己的感情，还有的同学敢于把自己的习作向报社投稿呢！在语文学习中，作文是一个难点，有了从低年级起写“一句话”的良好的开端，学生对语文的兴趣已不只局限于书本当中，局限于枯燥的字词练习当中了，将来的写作对他们来说，我想应该不会是一个很难的问题吧！

内容概括：这篇介绍了关于低年级写作训练初探，希望对你有帮助！

导语：我们大家都知道，每个公民都有维护好自己权益的义务，所以日常生活中发生一些小摩擦我们当然要理智的去处理，那么投诉信是不是一个很好的办法呢?下面是yuwenmi小编为还在备考的同学整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Dear_______,

I am . (自我介绍) I feel bad to trouble you but I am afraid that I have to make a complaint about_______.

The reason for my dissatisfaction is ______________(总体介绍). In the first place,_________________________(抱怨的第一个方面). In addition, ____________________________(抱怨的第二个方面). Under these circumstances, I find it ___(感觉) to ____________________________(抱怨的方面给你带来的后果).

I appreciate it very much if you could_______________________(提出建议和请求), preferably __________(进一步的要求), and I would like to have this matter settled by ______(设定解决事情最后期限).

Thank you for your consideration and I will be looking forward to your reply.

Yours sincerely

Li Ming

1.As a rule, S + V...一般而言，…

2.As far as I know, S + V...据我所知，…

3.As the saying goes, S + V...常言道，…

4.Everybody knows that + S + V...众所周知，…

5.Frankly speaking, S + V...坦白地说，…

6.Generally speaking, S + V...一般而言，…

7.Im of the opinion that + S + V...依我之见，…

8.I am greatly convinced that + S + V...我深信，…

9.In dealing with..., one cannot but admit that S + V...在讨论…，一个人不得不承认…

10.In general, S + V...一般而言，…

11.In my opinion, S + V...依我之见，…

12.It can be easily proved that S + V...…是容易证明的

13.It goes without saying that S + V...不消说，…

14.It is out of the question to V…是不可能的

15.Its quite obvious that S + V...不消说，…

16.It is said ( reported据报导, known一般皆知, estimated据估计, believed一般相信, expected一般预料 ) that...据说

17.It is important ( necessary必要的, urgent紧急的, proper适当的 ) that S (should) + V(…是)重要的

18.Its true that + S + V...事实是

19.Lucky to say, S + V...说来幸运，…

20.Needless to say, S + V...不消说，…

21.No one can deny that + S + V...没有人可以否认…

22.Nothing in the world can delight me so much as ...世界上没有什么比…更令我高兴

23.Of all the people I know, perhaps none deserves my respect more than...在我所认识的人当中，也许没有一个人比…更值得我尊敬

24.On the average, S + V...一般而言，…

25.Regretful to say, S + V...说来遗憾，…

26.Sad to say, S + V...说来可悲，…

27.Strange to say, S + V...说来奇怪，…

28.Strictly speaking, S + V...严格地说，…

29.There is no doubt that S + V...毫无疑问，…

30.There is no V-ing...…是不可能的

31.To tell the truth, S + V...老实说，…

32.To the best of my knowledge, S + V...据我所知，…

教学目标：

１．立意要正确。

２．立意尽量新颖。

教材分析：

重点：目标１

难点：目标２

教具：多媒体平台的投影仪

教学过程：

一、导入新课，创设情境（１）

大家平时写作时，老师常常会说某某人离题了，这“离题了”除了少数人写的根本不是题目的内容外，还有一种情况就是文章的思想内容没处理好，如写《假如我是老师》，写自己想做一个贪财、不负责任、毫无公平之心的老师。这样的文章肯定被打入冷宫的。也有一些文章，整体看来写得没有什么问题，但是偏偏得不了高分。大家想到是什么原因呢？我们今天来研究一下有关此方面的关键问题

-----立意。

二、教师讲解：（2）

“文以意为主”。作文首先考虑的是立意。立意就是确立中心思想。这是写好文章的关键。凡是有定评的好文章，凡是为人喜读不厌的文章，无一不是在立意上下功夫的。因为，文章的中心思想，就如中枢神经，统领全文，贯穿首尾，制约每段，支配每句，故意在笔先，作文在动笔之前，一定要把表达的意图，说明的问题，论述的道理，首先定好。如果是命题作文，一定要先审好题意。

三、起步准备：（8）

（1）下面是一个班的几个同学的立意,大家看看好不好？

题目：《送别》

学生A：我每天去上学，妈妈都送我出家门，表现他对我的关心。

学生B：我的一人亲人或朋友将要到远方去，我在车站送他走，表现出亲人或朋友之间真挚难舍的感情。

学生C：我的一个好友因犯罪去伏法，我为他送别。表现好友的后悔和对我的教育。

学生D：我去远方读书，临行时我心爱的小狗送了一段又一段路，写出人与动物之间的真情。

学生E：我的爷爷死了，在下葬时我为他送别，写出人与人之间的“死别”的悲情。

（2）学生自由发言评价（3-4人）后，教师小结：

A:的答案不太正确，作者没有领会题目的真正含义;B的答案正确但是太普通，多数人会这样写;C的答案较深刻，有一定的社会意义；D的答案很新颖，一般人不会想到；E的答案虽平常，但是写得好容易打动人心。

四、教师点拨：（结合多媒体投影）(5)

意，首先要“立”得正确；不正确的“意”，是歪理。它既站不住脚，又会使人产生反感，甚至会使人反对。同时，还要“立”得新颖。不新颖的“意”，不免平淡无奇，索然无味，人家不喜欢看，甚至使人感到厌恶。当然“正确”和“新颖”是密不可分的。不正确的“意”，再新颖，也还是谬误；不新颖的“意”，再正确，也还是写不出好文章。中学语文教学大纲对作文文意和选材的要求是：初中阶段，要做到观点正确鲜明，内容具体充实。这是很正确的。

怎样才能使立意正确而新颖呢？

〔一）立意要鲜明

中心思想正确、鲜明，这是文章的基本要求。写文章，赞什么，反对什么，恨什么，爱什么，都应该旗帜鲜明，毫不含糊。当然，表现形式是多种多样。议论文取的是直接的形式，作者直接站出来表明自己的规点、立场和态度；有些记叙文、抒情文则可采取曲笔，运用形容、比喻、象征等手法，写得含蓄些。但任何文章，都要“立主脑，减头绪”，“从头到尾一条线，中心思想贯全篇。”

(二)立意要深刻

鲁迅先生曾说：“抓住一点，深深开掘。”写文章，要透过观察，直奔本质。从中找出最具有时代精神的，最有普遍意义的东西。如最近发生的、别人不常用的，或自己有切身体会的材料。充分反映新人新事、新思想、新风貌。给读者以新鲜感和时代感。

(三)立意要新颖

就是写作意图要紧扣时代的脉搏，所考虑的问题有新的角度，所写的内容有独立的见解。如像摄影一样，虽然在不同的侧面、角度都可拍摄，但只有选取一个最佳、最合适的镜头，才能摄出最佳的照片。在写法上，应采取新颖别致、富于变化的写作方法，使人读了，耳目一新，受到感染。如果是简单地套用或袭用别人的东西，或脱离当前的实际，不敢正视现实，回答新的问题，就很难引起读者的兴趣。

五、范文欣赏：（几个学生朗读后教师点评，快班安排学生点评）(10)

一堂难忘的英语课

恢复高考那年,我们正读初一。新来的班主任是位姓宋的老头，据说解放前他当过兵。

第一堂英语，宋老师将一张手写的字母表挂在黑板旁的墙上，看起来一目了然。之后，他又在黑板上板书一遍，一个一个地教我们学。这堂课纪律很糟，但他并不在意。下课时他告诉我们：“学英语并不难，做好一个人却不容易。”我们想，他是指责我们在课堂上对他不够尊重。看样子，他是一个慈祥的老头，并不是一个严厉的老师。

几天后上英语课，他发给我们每人一张白纸，要求我们按顺序默写出26个英文字母的大小写，并且说对这次测验成绩优异的学生将给予特别奖励。尔后，他就若有所思地站在教室门口。20分钟后，他立即收上试卷,并很快地批阅完了，然后轻松地宣布：“很好！除一个同学写错了3个字母外，其他同学都是100分，很高兴有这么多同学能得到奖励。但在奖励之前，我不得不问问这个学生——张小哲，请你站起来！”

张小哲是个一向沉默的男孩子，从不惹人注意。此时，他站了起来，两眼望着老师。

宋老师对他说：“我实在想不通，这么简单的几个字母，全班同学都会写，而独有你一个人出了差错，你说你惭愧不惭愧？”张小哲默不作声，所有同学都地幸灾乐祸地盯着他。

“你必须回答我！”宋老师一反以前的慈祥态度，透露出一种威严，“惭愧，还是不惭愧？”

“我不惭愧。”张小哲轻声地说。看来，他做好了挨批评的准备，脸绷得紧紧的。

“居然不惭愧。那么，你凭什么理由呢？难道大家都错了而只有你一个人是对的？”宋老师一步步向他走近，脸上有一科奇怪的表情，令人捉摸不透。这时，我们想，说不准他会打人哪，一个当过兵的家伙，出手肯定非同寻常……我们不再幸灾乐祸了，心里都紧张地为张小哲捏一把汗。

“我有理由，但我绝对不说。”张小哲望着逼近自己的老师，眼里噙满了泪水，“老师，如果你一定要逼我，我现在就离开学校。”他真的提起了书包。

沉默，短暂的沉默。我们看见宋老师走到张小哲面前，双手放在张小哲的肩头，一改刚才的严厉，温和地说道：“好吧，我不再逼你，请坐下吧。”然后，他退回讲台，扫视着全班学生，语重心长地说：“第一天上课我就讲过，学好英语并不难，做好一个人却不容易。今天，我并不是急于要知道你们的英语成绩，而是很想知道你们的为人。请大家抬头看看我身后的那张字母表，你们别以为我忘记把它摘下来。它上面有一个不易察觉的错误。全班同学除张小哲外，你们全部都照抄不‘误’。张小哲虽然没有得到百分，但他是个诚实的孩子，所以他敢说自己不惭愧。这种勇气非常难得，很少有学生能在老师的逼迫下坚持真理，保持诚实。请大家终生牢记：重要的不只是成绩，更有品格。这，就是今天我要给你们的特别奖励！”

那一刻，全班54个同学有53个低下了头。只有张小哲没有。

[点评]一文的立间虽然说的是一个老话题，但在今天很多人不重视道德情况写起来更有意义，而且写“课”的文章多数都写正常的“课”或“考试”，不易新颖、深刻，而本文这两点都做到了。

六、堂上训练：(18)

根据下列题目，进行多个立意训练，比较选择出较好的来。

(学生先思考列草稿，再抽查交流）

A.《我最崇拜的一个人》B.《补课》

1.学生练习，教师个别指导。

2.抽样提问：（可以横向提问：最好抽差，中，优，各说一个答案，也可以纵向提问，g一个人说出自己思考的几个方案。从中比较）

3.结合学生答案进行点评。（目的让学生明确立意在保证“正确”的前提下，尽量能新颖深刻一些。）

七、布置作业：（1）

根据上面交流情况，选取一个题目，选择你心目中的最佳立意写成一篇500字以上的记叙文。

一、构思、准备不充分，匆忙下笔

任何一篇作文出题都是有它独特的道理的，所以提前审题和构思就显得必不可少了。很多孩子目前存在一个情况，想到哪写到哪，有记流水帐的习惯;这也造成了作文杂乱无章，毫无条理，同时容易出现写错单词和用错句型的情况。

针对这种情况可以从以下几个方面予以解决：

1、认真审题，审题的重点放在写作体裁、格式、字数方面，确保第一遍审题就能保证得到基本分。

2、确定文体和时态，因为不同的文体要求的写作格式也是不同的。

3、列提纲，打草稿，然后修改。这样可以保证错误降低至最少或者没有错误，同时也能保持卷面整洁。

二、中心重点不突出，切题不准确

英语写作不是语文散文(形散神不散)，写英语作文，尤其是在中考大压力下短时内写出高分作文一定要注意这一点。造成这种情况的主要原因是动笔前并没有认真审题和思考，对出题者希望得到的预期尚未揣摩透彻，这也就造成了一些同学虽然语言功底非常不错，但是最终的结果还是没有拿到一个自己预期的心理分数，最大的问题就出在切题不准确或者不够突出中心上了。

三、忽视文化差异

我们要时刻牢记一点，中英文表达方式有很大的差异，所以体现在作文表达上也常常会出现生硬的中国式作文表达，降低了我们的作文质量。所以注重中英语言差异，并努力找到两者之间的表达方式上的共通点，并且有意识的运用就能避免类似的问题。

四、忽视细节，无谓失分

很多孩子在写作文时常常感觉"下笔如有神"，但最终结果出来后大惑不解。这方面的问题主要体现在忽视标点、书写、段落安排、大小写的问题，所以只要更加注重细节，这些无谓失分就可以解决。

Mountain is located in the hometown of the green, green and lovely; Home of the water is so clear, clear and moving; People of hometown is so industrious, make people always remember them.

In my hometown, there is a rising mountain - xuefeng mountain.

The xuefeng mountain overlapping peaks overlapping ailian, rolling, like a dragon lying there, and like a giant, stands in the mountains, the kindness of looking down on the earth. Every morning, a grey morning mist is like the light smoke curling, wrapped around the top of the mountain, as if it did anything wrong, ashamed to show up. Xuefeng mountain more than one mountain, big, small, long, short, horizontal, straight, equal a than a high.

Here not only has a materialist magnificent xuefeng mountain, and winding ruanjiang.

The long river is like a horse green giant silks and satins, the depths of the mountains in the distance has been spread to my feet. Its a beautiful ruanjiang! Clear, green, quiet, fascinating, and far to see it is so green, green like a jade ribbon; It is as close to the qing, the qing could see the fish and shrimp, a recently night that curved crescent reflected on the "silk", is so beautiful, gentle and charming.

Here in addition to the lakes and mountains, and simple and hardworking people.

Every morning, when you walk the street, you will find the hardworking farmers uncle early came to the farmers market, threaten, want every passer-by to taste the joy of harvest. Now, in this small town, high-rise buildings have been built building, built the highway... There is also a solved the food problem of the worlds great man - the father of hybrid rice "yuan longping".

I love my lovely hometown - an giang, because beauty more beautiful mountain American water here!

家乡的山是那样绿，绿得可爱;家乡的水是那样清，清得动人;家乡的人们是那样勤劳，使人永远记得他们。

在我的家乡，有一座拔地而起的山——雪峰山。

这座雪峰山峰峦迭嶂、连绵起伏，像一条青龙卧在那里，又恰似一个巨人，矗立在万山之中，盛情的俯视着大地。每天清晨，灰蒙蒙的晨雾似袅袅的轻烟，缠绕在山顶，仿佛它做错了什么事，羞于露面。雪峰山不止一座山，大的、小的、长的、短的、横的、直的都有，争雄似的一座比一座高。

这里不仅有唯物雄壮的雪峰山，还有蜿蜒曲折的沅江。

这悠悠江水仿佛是一匹翠绿的巨幅绸缎，从远处高山深处一直铺到我的脚下。这沅江真美呀!清澈、碧绿、恬静，令人神往，远看它是那样的绿，绿的像一条翡翠的绸带;近看是那样清，清的可以看见江底的鱼虾，夜晚那弯弯的月牙倒映在“绸带”上，是那样美丽、温柔、迷人。

这儿除了湖光山色，还有勤劳朴实的人们。

每天清晨，当你漫步大街时，你就会发现勤劳的农民伯伯早早来到农贸市场，吆喝着，想让每一位路人尝尝秋收的喜悦。如今，在这个小镇上，已经建起了一座座高楼大厦，建起了高速公路……这里还有一位解决了世界上粮食问题的伟人——杂交水稻之父——“袁隆平”。

我爱我可爱的家乡——安江，因为这里山美水美人更美!

一、句式多变，词汇丰富。

鉴于这部分的写作要求和难度，不论是写书信还是编故事，由于100词的字数要求，考生必须要学会用具体的，多样化的语句来描写某样东西或某件事情。有的学生从头至尾都用"Thereis"的句式，而且重复多遍，看来单调乏味，很难得高分。我们不妨用主动和被动句式、各种不同的从句、动词不定式、强调句、虚拟语气等等，当然我们要写的句式必须是自己熟悉的，有把握的。

词汇量的大小影响写作成绩。试想你形容餐馆good，食品good，氛围good，那也太无聊了，我们平时就积累一些词汇，比如餐馆cleanandtidy，食品niceandtasty，氛围friendlyandpleasant等等，而不至于到考试时言之无物。

二、问题都答，加上连词。

如果第二单元你要给笔友写一份回信，信中有这么一个问题Haveyougotafavoriterestaurant?Tellmeaboutthefoodandwhatyoulikeabouttherestaurant。这个问题看似非常简单，但如果你就回答一句Ihavegotmyfavoriterestaurant.可以，但如果你不学会怎么扩展这个话题，那一封信中根本就写不了上百个单词。因此，学会拓展话题这一点在这部分中尤为重要，如你可以写餐馆的名字、位置、特色等等。

如果你选择编故事也很好。我们PET考生大多是青少年，正是想象力非常丰富的时候，很适合去编故事。但在书写的过程中，一定要注意尽量用自己有把握的语言来表达和描述。此外，既然是故事，就应该把事情发生的时间、地点、人物、过程以及结果都完整地表述出来。因此，我们在平时就把日常生活中所发生的有意义的小事儿用英文记录下来，日积月累你会发现，你的书写素材会越来越多，这种考试对你来说，将会是"apieceofcake"。

另外注意适当使用一些关联词，如and,but,so,if，使行文更加流畅。

三、平时勤练，克服畏惧。

因为该部分要求比较高，建议考生平时可以多做这样的书写练习。在学而思PET，我们会练习四五篇大作文，希望同学们平时就认真对待，描写到位，在老师的指导下，逐步明白自己的弱项在哪里，进而逐渐消除无话可写的心理恐惧，并提高写作水平。

公文是国家机关，社会团体及企事业单位在公务活动中，为行使法定职权而制作的文件。它能够跨越时间，空间的限制，有效地传递公务活动所需要的信息。因而行政公文虽然数量不多，但却是应用文中的一个主要门类。

为使国家行政机关的公文处理工作制度化，规范化，科学化，提高公文处理的效率和质量，经过几年的实践，国务院办公厅对原有的《国家行政机关公文处理办法》进行了再次修订，于2001年开始施行。

修订后的国家机关行政公文共有十三类十三种，即一、命令(令)，二、决定，三、公告，四、通告，五、通知，六、通报，七、议案，八、报告，九、请示，十、批复，十一、意见，十二、函，十三、会议纪要。

决定

决定的适用范围

决定记录和反映了各类机关的重要决策结果和内容，它是一种带有制约，规范，指导作用的下行文，对于下级机关的工作过程或者活动具有强制力和约束力，是一种兼具领导性与规定性的公文。决定以机关名义发布，以国家行政机关为例，按照有关法律，决定的发布机关是国务院，国务院各部委，以及县级以上(含县级)地方各级人民政府;乡，民族乡，镇人民政府也可以发布决定。

决定适用于对重要事项或者重大行动做出安排，奖惩有关单位及人员，变更或者撤销下级机关不适当的决定事项。

决定的写法

决定的格式主要由标题，正文，签署和日期组成。

1，标题 决定的标题应当精炼地反映决定的主要内容，通常要求写全项标题，即发文机关，事由和文种。

2，正文 决定的正文，应具体表达决定原由及对具体事项或行动的意见，要求，方法，措施等内容。具体写法有两种:宣告性决定，因其内容相对简单，篇幅又较短小，所以，常按"决定原由"，"决定内容"的顺序作篇段合一的方法来进行表述。指挥性和表彰性决定，因其内容相对复杂，所以，常采用二部式结构表述:第一部分是开头，阐明决定的原由;第二部分是主体，阐明对有关事项或行动的意见，要求，方法，措施等内容，可按一定逻辑顺序分条列项进行表述;有时也可采用小标题的方式来表述。

3，签署及日期 决定的签署与其他行政公文一样，在正文的右下方签上发文机关及成文日期，其中，如果是需要明确通过决定的时间及会议，则可将二者写在标题的下方。

撰写决定的注意事项:

第一，要注意决定的必要性。第二，要注意决定的正确性。

l 通知

一、 通知的适用范围

在机关，团体和企事业中，作为通用公文的"通知"是应用范围广，使用频率高的一个文种。

通知适用于批转下级机关相关的公文，转发上级机关和不相隶属机关的公文，传达要求下级机关办理和需要有关单位周知或者执行的事项，任免人员。

通知的适用范围广，从公布国家的政策法令，到基层单位的事务告知，无论是党，政，军机关，群众团体，还是企事业单位，上至中央，下至地方，单位无论大小都可以使用通知这种公文形式。由于通知的限定性小，机动性，灵活性大，所以处理各种事项用其他公文不好归类和使用时，常常考虑用通知来发文。通知均以机关名义发布。

二、 通知的写法与撰写注意事项

通知的写作格式由标题，受文单位，正文，签署和日期几部分组成。

标题常用的写法有两种:一种是发文机关，事由，文种三要素俱全，另一种标题是只有发文事由和文种两要素，

受文单位 即被通知对象或主送单位，一般是单位，有时也可是个人。

通知的正文多用祈使语句，适当配以说明语句，而且口气坚定，不容置疑。

签署和日期 通知的正文结束后还要将发文机关名称写上，然后再写成文日期，最后要加盖公章。

三、 撰写通知的注意事项:

第一，要认真仔细。第二，被通知单位的名称要写清写全。通知的主送单位可以是一个，可以是几个，也可以是所有下属单位，发文时必须写清楚，通知周全。如使用"省政府有关部门"一类略称，所附发文单位则应写明"有关部门"的名称，以避免发文不全，贻误工作。

报告

一、 报告的适用范围

报告适用于向上级机关汇报工作，反映情况，答复上级机关的询问。

报告从性质上看是一种陈述性的公文;从行文关系上看，是一种典型的上行文。

二、 报告的特点

第一，已然性。

第二，总结性。

第三，陈述性。

三、 报告的种类

报告，按其呈报要求可分为呈报性报告，呈转性和呈复性报告。

报告，按其内容可分为综合报告和专题报告，工作报告和情况报告，以及调查报告。

四，报告的写法与撰写注意事项

四、 报告的写法

报告由标题，主送机关，正文，落款及日期四部分组成。

1，标题 一般由规范化的"三要素"的写法即发文机关，报告内容和报告组成，也可以由事由和文种组成，省略其发文单位。

2，主送单位 主送机关写在正文前第一行。

3，正文 报告的正文一般也分为开头，主体和结尾三部分组成。

正文的开头，一般是简要说明报告的目的或有关情况，有时是对报告的情况作简要概括。采用的方式常用说明式或概括式。

正文的主体应集中反映报告的核心内容。其具体写法，因报告种类不同而略有差异。综合性报告及呈报性报告，专题报告，因是汇报工作，按其内容基本上是采用顺叙法。呈转性报告，因其主要目的是反映对具体问题的意见，所以其内容安排亦采取顺叙法，正文的结尾，一般的报告多无特殊的结尾，汇报完毕，即告结束。结尾常用语是"以上报告，如有不妥，请指正。"呈转性报告，其结尾比较固定，常用语是"以上报告，如无不妥，请批转×××，×××贯彻执行。"

落款及日期 如果标题是"两要素"的写法，或者即使标题是"三要素"写法，为了郑重起见，则先落款即发文单位全称，再写成文的日期。

五、 撰写报告应注意的事项:

第一，要注意明确写作目的。一是根据目的确定报告的具体种类，二是根据目的选择典型材料和重点内容。

第二，报告的材料应确实，可靠。

第三，报告里的观点要正确。

第四，文字要简练。

请示

一、 请示的适用范围

请示适用于向上级机关请求指示，批准。

请示从行文关系看，它是一种典型的上行文，从性质上看是期复性公文。上级机关收到请示后，应当及时给予指示，批复。

请示一般以机关的名义发出，在国家行政机关中，为了明确行政领导负责制，重要的请示，比如涉及有关全国或者一个地区，一个方面工作的方针，政策，计划和重大行政措施等事项的请示，也可以由机关的正职行政领导签署发出。

二、 请示的特点:

第一，行文关系具有固定性。请示的行文不能超越法定的隶属关系，而且一般是逐级行文。

第二，行文的内容具有单一性。凡较规范的请示，都是具有这种单一性的，即一篇请示的公文只写一件事或一个问题，亦即所谓的"一文一事"，"一事一请示"。这样做的原因是由行政管理权限及行文效果所决定的。

第三，行文目的鲜明性。这主要表现在两个方面:一是对请示事项或问题所持的意见是非常明确的;二是对上级机关的有关请求也同样是非常明确的。在这里，一切的含糊其辞都是不允许的

三、 请示与报告的区别

第一，行文目的不同。请示用于向上级请求指示或批准某些事项，待上级明确审批意见后再开展或结束工作，在请示中可以向上级明确提出务必予以答复的要求;报告却不能请求指示或批准，更不能要求必须复文。

第二，两个文种的作用不同。请示对工作起到启始或中续作用;报告则起到汇报工作，反映情况供上级了解或参考的作用。

第三，两个文种的形成时间不同。请示只能在事前，报告则在事后或事情进行当中形成。

第二节 请示

四、 请示的写法

请示由标题，主送单位，正文，签署及日期组成。

1，标题 请示的标题由请示单位的法定名称，事由(请示事项)和文种(请示)组成。标题中的事由必须是请示的主要内容的精炼概括，一般为请示事项或问题的名目。

2，主送单位 即请示单位的直接上级机关。如有双重隶属关系时，则应主送能够直接批复的隶属上级，另者则以"抄报"处理，即主送单位只能是一个。不要轻易越级行文，如因特殊需要，必须越级行文时，应在报送更高的隶属上级机关的同时，抄报被越过的直接隶属的上级机关。

3，正文 请示的正文包括请示缘由，请示事项及请示批准的希望或要求。请示缘由部分应简明扼要地写出导致提出请示事项或问题的主要情况，也是构成原因的主要理由。第二部分的请示事项是全文的重点，明确提出请示的事项或问题以及相应的具体意见。最后一部分是向上级机关提出请求批准的希望或要求，常用语有"妥否，请批准""以上请示，可妥，请指示"等，如果是呈转性请示，结尾时常写"以上请示，如同意，请批转××××地执行"等。以上内容，视繁简程度，可分别作一段或若干段安排。

4，签署及时间 请示全文之后要写上请示单位的全称和请示正式签发的时间，完整的年，月，日。

五、 请示撰写的注意事项

第一，必须做到"一文一事一请示"。

第二，撰写请示事项时，意见要具体明确，决不能含混不清，不知可否。0

第三，凡请示事项或问题的解决涉及有关单位者，应事先商同有关单位，或在请示中加以说明;不能在主送的同时抄给下级机关。

第四，一定要把请示与报告区分开来，不能混用，亦不能写成"请示报告"。

批复

一、 批复的适用范围

批复，是上级机关根据有关的方针，政策和法律法规，依据自身的职权，针对下级机关的请示事项所作书面形式的答复。批复表达了领导机关对下级机关要开展某项工作或者处置某种事项所持的态度，或指示性意见。因此，批复具有强制约束力和严肃郑重性，并有很强的针对性和结论性，受文者必须贯彻执行。

批复适用于答复下级机关的请示事项。

批复是专门针对下级机关的请示而发的，一般是"一请示一批复"，不涉及请示以外的其他事项。它属于指示性下行文。

二、 批复的用途

主要是通过对请示事项的具体答复或指示，实行对下级单位的具体指导，对全局工作及时协调。

三、 批复与批示同属于上级机关发往下级机关的指导性公文，但它们有明显的区别

批复是专门答复下级机关请示事项的，内容具有明显的指导性，属于被动发文;批示是上级机关对某些问题或某项工作发表的指导性意见，其内容常常有较强的针对性和参考作用，属主动发文。

四、批复的写法与撰写注意事项

1、标题 批复的标题一般都是规范的"三要素"的写法，即由发文单位的全称，事由和文种构成，也有的批复的标题由事由和文种构成

2、主送单位 批复的主送单位即原请示单位，换言之即答复是谁的请示，主送单位就应该是谁，若带有普遍指导意义的，需要发给下级机关，则用"抄送"的形式。另外，标题中如有请示单位的，则不必再写主送单位。

3、 正文 批复的正文一般都很简短，因为它不像通知和指示那样详细阐述道理或意义，也不必像请示那样充分说明理由，而是答复问题。正文一般由"引语"和"答复意见"两部分组成。

4、落款及时间 批复因具有通知和指示的性质，所以文中要写发文机关名称和成文具体时间;如果标题中已有发文机关名称，正文后也不再落款而只写成文日期。但无论是哪一种都必须加盖发文机关公章，以示严肃性。

五、撰写批复的注意事项

第一，针对性和真实性。写批复意见必须依照党和国家的方针，政策，针对所请示的问题，并核实请示原由的真实性，实事求是地给予明确答复。

第二，明确性和具体性。写批复，意见要明确，不可模棱两可，意见还应尽量具体，以利下级机关执行。

第三，及时性和一致性。批复是答复请示事项的公文，对请示事项的答复，一定要及时，以免误事。凡请示事项涉及到其他部门或地区的问题，批复前要尽快与其协商，取得一致意见，然后写成批复意见，以利于下级机关的实施。

第四，正确使用"批复"与"答复函"两个文种。批复是一种针对"请示"而发的下行文，作者必须是受文机关的上级领导或指导机关，否则不能使用这一文种。

函

一、 函的适用范围

函，也称公函，是商洽性公文。各级各类机关在开展工作中经常需要与平行或不相隶属的机关进行联系，以便更好地协调工作事项，这种联系常用"函"进行。函，国家机关，企事业单位都可以使用。它是公文中运用最为灵活的一个文种。

函适用于不相隶属机关之间商洽工作，询问和答复问题，请求批准和答复审批事项。

二、 函与批复的区别:

首先，可以从概念上加以界定。函是用来相互商洽工作，询问和答复问题，向有关主管部门请求批准的。批复是专门用来答复请示事项的。

其次，从作用与行文关系上来区分。批复的作用仅限于有隶属关系或业务主管关系的上级对所管辖的机关单位行文，准与不准的态度鲜明，往往具有通知和指示的性质，它只能是下行文。而函的答复更多为平级行文，并只是商洽性，联系与咨询的答复，一般情况都是平行文

三、 请示函与请示的区别:

公文处理中，平行单位之间请示与申请批准内容的函混淆的情况时有发生，虽然它们都有请示的性质，但它们也有明显的区别，主要有以下两点:

第一，请示是上行文，函是平行文。

第二，请示的制发单位和受文单位之间的关系是领导与被领导的关系，函的制发单位与受文单位是平行或不相隶属的关系。

四、 函的写法

函的一般格式主要包括:标题，主送单位，正文，落款与时间。

标题 函的标题是全要素标题，即包括发文单位，事由及文种。其中事由应是对正文主要内容的标准而精炼的概括。

正文 函的正文是文件的主要部分。强调就事论事，应直陈其事。第一部分是叙述事项，第二部分说明希望和要求。去函的正文先写商洽，请求，询问或告知的事项，然后提出希望，请求或要求。最后明确提出"以上意见可否，请函复"，"敬请函复"，"特此函告"等。"事项"部分基本是叙述和说明的写法，是什么就写什么，应简单扼要，又要交待清楚。"要求"部分可多可少，如果事项很简单，而且没有过多要求就同事项写在一起，一气呵成;如果事项复杂些，或要求多些可以单列一段来写，甚至分条列项来写，而且无论是哪一种内容，也不论是对哪一级，要求的口气都是谦和的。复函正文的一般结构是:先引述来函，可引来函的文件名称，发文字号，主要内容。如"贵厂×字×号文悉"这样的格式，也可以直接写"电悉""函悉"，然后写答复的主要事项，所答复的内容要围绕来函，要准确表达本机关的意见，态度要鲜明。复函的结尾一般可写上"此复""特此函复"等话语。在复函中要针对来函中提出的问题予以答复:同意或不同意，同意将怎么办;不同意是什么原因或应该怎么办，不应该怎么办等。文中用语应言简意赅。

落款与日期 函的正文写完之后，最后要有签署和日期，并要加盖公章。

第三章 国家行政机关公文(下)

l 会议纪要

一、 会议纪要的适用范围和种类

会议纪要也是一种比较重要的法定公文。为了体现民主集中制的原则，各级机关，人民团体，企事业单位的公务活动经常采用会议形式，这就使以记录会议情况和议定事项的会议纪要具有较高的使用频率。

会议纪要适用于记载，传达会议情况和议定事项。

会议纪要是一种特殊文种，主要用于传达会议的主要精神和要求，与会单位共同遵守执行的事项，以沟通情况，交流经验，统一认识，指导工作。它是在归纳，整理会议记录及其他有关会议材料的基础上，按照会议的宗旨和要求，针对会议讨论研究的工作事项和问题综合整理而形成，它既可以反映会议的基本情况，主要精神和中心内容，也能够用以解决问题，统一协调各方面的步调，还可以向上级机关汇报会议情况。例如《××大学思想政治教育工作座谈会会议纪要》。

二、 会议纪要的种类

会议纪要从本身反映的内容和性质及作用来看，大体可分为三种:

第一类，指令性会议纪要。

第二类，通报性会议纪要。

第三类，座谈会纪要。

第五节 会议纪要

三、 会议纪要的写法与撰写注意事项

会议纪要的格式一般包括标题，时间，正文等项。

标题 会议纪要的标题有两种写法:其一是单标题，其二是双标题，这里有两个语言结构，前一个是主标题，概括会议的主题，后一个是副标题，说明会议的名称及所用文种。

时间 会议纪要的时间，一般是会议纪要形成的时间，有时也可以写会议结束的时间。会议纪要的时间一般写在标题下方的居中位置，并且首尾加圆括号。

正文 会议纪要正文一般包括开头，主体和结尾三部分。

开头部分用简练的文字写出会议概况:介绍召集会议的单位，会议的目的，开会的时间，地点，会期，参加人员，会议的议程和进行情况等。

主体部分主要写会议内容，即会议研究的问题，讨论的意见及所形成的结果。这部分的表述方式比较灵活多样，可以加写序号按问题的顺序逐一表述，也可以直接以小标题形式表述，还可以按内容性质加序号分若干部分表述。

结尾部分有两种写法。一种是提出希望，号召，要求有关单位认真贯彻会议精神，努力完成会上提出的各项任务;另一种是不另写结尾，正文的主体部分结束就是全文的结尾，一般工作会议纪要常常采用这种写法。

四、 撰写会议纪要应注意的事项:

第一、要真实，准确地概括会议内容，尤其是会议的议决事项。会议纪要，既要忠实于会议的实际内容，又要作好归纳整理工作，不能随主观意图增减或更改会议的内容，而必须做到真实，准确地表达会议内容。

第二、要突出反映会议的重点内容，这主要是指重点反映会议所讨论的问题及形成的统一意见，即会议明确和解决的问题。

第三，会议纪要的写作要及时，否则拖延时间过长，会给人"时过境迁"之感，影响公文的效果。

第四章 行政事务应用文

行政事务应用文的特点

行政事务应用文是指法定的行政公文之外的，在国家机关，企事业单位，社会团体日常行政事务中经常并大量使用的公务文书，有时被称为"常规文书"。

五、 行政事务应用文有其自身的特点:

第一、制发程序，行文格式无严格规定。与法定的行政公文相比，行政事务应用文有较大的灵活性，呈现出风格的多样化。例如，简报这种行政务事务应用文，既可以呈送给上级机关使之作为了解下情，正确决策的参考，又可以发给下级部门用于指导工作，沟通情况的工具。其主送，抄送单位无严格界限。写法灵活得多。

第二、行政事务应用文本身不具备法定权威。行政事务应用文一般不单独行文，它要发挥自身的作用，需要批转，转发，印发通知和实施命令等条件。否则，它只能被看作是一种参考意见。

第三，使用频率高。行政事务应用文在机关，团体，企事业中，使用很多，而且连续使用。

常见的行政事务应用文有计划，总结，简报，调查报告，规章制度，述职报告等。

计划的写作

计划的写作可以有多种格式，常见的有文字叙述式，条文式，表格式。有时几者兼而有之。不论采取哪种格式，计划都应具备标题，正文，日期三部分。

标题 完整的标题包括制定计划的单位名称，计划的期限，内容范围和计划的类别四个要素，如果是草稿或初稿，还应在标题下或标题后加括号注明。

正文 计划的正文要写计划的内容。可以分项写，也可以不分项写。如果分项写，可用条文式，还可用表格式。正文一般分为前言和主体两部分。前言部分一般说明制定计划的总的原则:上级指示和要求，制定计划的依据以及对本部门具体情况的分析。这部分应该高度概括，简约明了，不必过于具体。短期的小型计划，这部分可以省略。

主体部分要具备三项基本的内容，即:目标，措施，步骤。目标是计划产生的起点，也是计划实施的归宿，它是计划的灵魂。这部分应该根据需要和可能，提出完成任务的指标，即要完成何任务，达到什么目的要求。措施是实现计划的保证。这部分应该根据主客观条件，规定达到目标的手段，需动员的力量以及负责的部门，配合的单位等。步骤是实现目标的程序安排和时间要求。这部分应该按照任务完成的阶段和环节，明确哪些先干，哪些后干，体现出轻重缓急和先后顺序。在时间安排上，既要有总的时限要求，也要有每项任务的时限要求。

制定计划的日期 一般写在正文结尾处右下方，也有写在标题下方的。另外，对外行文的计划，需要加盖公章。

总结

一、 总结的写法

总结常见的格式包括标题，正文，署名和日期三个部分。

标题 有两种写法:一种是最一般的写法，包括单位名称，时间，内容和文体;另一种标题只有内容的概括，和一般文章的标题一样。

正文 全面总结和专题总结正文的写作格式有明显的不同。

二、 全面总结正文包括以下四个部分:

1，基本情况。这是总结的开头部分。这部分的写法，常见的有以下几种:一是概述总结工作的全貌，背景;一是说明总结的指导思想和成果;或是将主要的成绩，经验，问题扼要地提出来，先给人以总的印象，作为下文的铺垫。

2，成绩和问题。成绩要说够，问题要写透。

3，经验和教训。经验体会是总结的核心，是从实践中概括出来的具有规律性和指导性的东西。能否概括出具有规律性和指导性的东西，是衡量一篇总结好坏的关键。

4，今后的设想和打算。

署名和日期 全文之后要写上单位全称及完整的年，月，日。

上述几部分顺序而下，各自成章，是全面总结的一种惯用写法。

专题总结以介绍经验为重点，以论带叙，首先逐条概括出经验的中心要点，然后加以说明，情况，过程，做法的介绍，用来充当经验的论据，成绩收获融合在经验的条项之内。各条项之间具有内在联系。

调查报告

一、 调查报告的写法

调查报告的写作要点:

第一要，深入调查研究，详细地占有材料。

第二，认真分析，找出事物的规律。

第三，恰当选材，努力做到观点和材料的统一。

第四，要有点有面，不要笼统空泛，不要以偏概全，既要有典型事例，又要有一般情况的概述，这样才能给读者以完整的印象。

二、 调查报告的结构

一篇调查报告的结构要根据它的内容来安排，要做到既能反映客观事物的内在联系和发展规律，又要服从报告主题思想的表达。一般地说，调查报告由标题，开头，主体和结尾四部分组成。

标题 要用简要的语言概括表达全文的主题或论题。有这样几种类型:第一种是类似总结的标题;第二种是文章标题的写法;第三种是正副标题的写法;第四种是提问式的标题。

开头 概述基本情况。有的概括全篇的基本内容;有的简单介绍调查的目的，调查对象的有关情况和调查的经过等。这部分起提示全文的作用，力求简明概括。

主体 是调查报告的主要部分，主要是用材料来说明观点，说明具体做法，经验或问题。至于怎样组织则要根据内容的需要和事物的内在联系来安排。基本上有两种方式:一是按照调查顺序和事物发展过程的顺序来写，被称为"纵式安排";一是按照调查的内容归纳为几个方面，一个一个问题地叙述，逻辑性较强，条理比较清楚，被称为"横式安排"。但这只是相对的，常常是纵横交错地安排。

结尾 是对调查内容作一简要概括，或对正文进行补充，指出规律或做出结论。有的单独写成一段，有的不单独成段，而是把规律或结论放在介绍或分析材料之中，如果在正文中写清楚了，也可以不要结尾。

第五章 会议应用文

会议记录

一、 会议记录的整理

由于会议记录是在会议进行过程中记的，速度很快。必然用许多代替的符号，或者有句子不完整的地方。因此，会后必须进行整理，把那些用代替符号记的"翻译"出来，不完整的地方补充完整。如果会议当时没有记下来，或者记得不清楚的地方，还可以找发言人问清楚或核实。

记录整理好后送负责同志核阅，签字，以备查考。

二、 做记录的注意事项

第一，忠实，准确

第二，反应迅速

第三，注意保密

第五章 会议应用文

第二节 演讲稿

三、 演讲稿的写法

1、开场白

开场白有两项任务:一是建立说者与听者的同感;二是打开场面，引入正题。

开场白一般有这样几种方式:0

悬念式。演讲伊始，或提问题，或引出故事，设置悬念，激发听众兴趣。

名言式。利用名言警句做开场白，可使听众易于接受，振奋精神。

提问式。开场设问，引导听众积极思考。

演讲稿的开场白的方式要因人，因事，因地而不同，没有固定不变的程式。

2、正文

这是演讲稿的核心部分。要写好这部分，必须做到以下几点:

1)要有突出的中心思想;

2)观点和材料要统一;

3)安排好层次和段落的关系;

4)注意文中的过渡和照应。

3、结尾

四、 常见的演讲稿结尾有:

总结式。即在演讲的最后总结归纳自己的见解，主张，强化演讲的中心内容，给听众留下深刻印象。

号召式。即在演讲结束时，提出希望要求，发出号召。

启发式。即在结尾时，提出问题，启发听众，使之留有思考的余地。

第五章 会议应用文

演讲稿

一、 演讲稿写作注意事项:

第一，语言要有针对性。

第二，议题集中。

第三，语言通俗易懂。

第四，要注意演讲人的身份，演讲人和听众的关系，演讲的场合。

二、 这些是写演讲稿的基本要求。要想写出一篇精彩的演讲稿，还需要在以下几个方面下工夫:

1、内容要新颖独到。要想在同类命题的众多演讲中脱颖而出，必须独树一帜，给人以鲜明的印象。内容的新颖独到体现在两个方面:角度新或材料新。角度新即善于提炼与众不同的主题，发现别人不易发现的内在联系。材料新即运用未曾被人引用过的材料和别人不熟悉的知识。角度和材料，只要在一个方面有所长，就能给听众留下深刻印象。

2、演讲稿的语言要在明白如话的基础上，努力做到精炼，准确，富有概括力。要善于把自己的主要思想，主要观点极其简洁，明确地表述出来，"立片言以居要"，让听众不但听得懂，而且记得住。只要听众记住了这类言简意赅，掷地有声的一两句话，就等于掌握了有关演讲的主要精神。

3、要运用各种手段和方法使演讲具有说服力和鼓动性。事实胜于雄辩，要善于借助于具体生动的事例或其他感性材料来说明道理，尽量用客观事实和客观事理本身的逻辑力量来折服听众;对自己的论题和听众，要怀有一种真挚感情，并通过各种修饰手法或生动的譬喻，将它化为巨大的冲激力，打动听众，鼓动听众。

4、设计好演讲的开头和结尾。演讲稿的开头，既可以提出一个发人深省的问题，也可以设计一种使人关注的情境或悬念，把听众带入演讲者所展示的天地之中。演讲稿的结尾，既可以以精辟有力的语言总结全文，也可以以热情洋溢的语言提出鼓励和期望，还可以以发人深思的语言去催人思考，使听众感到回味无穷，得益匪浅

审计报告

一、 审计报告的写法

审计报告的结构可由标题，署名，主送单位，正文，附件，签署和日期等六个部分组成。

标题 一般由事由加文种构成，也有的直书《审计报告》，或由审计单位加文种构成。

署名 审计报告的署名一般放在标题之下的正中位置，写明审计机关或审计小组名称，也有的放在文尾。

主送单位 即审计报告的呈递单位，可以是委托单位或委托人，也可以是被审单位的上级主管部门，写在标题或署名下一行的顶格处。

正文 主要包括以下六项内容:

(1)审计概况。可以交代审计的对象，目的，范围，时间等;也可以说明被审单位的基本情况，包括被审单位的业务性质，经营规模，内部管理组织的人员配备情况，财产资金情况，主要经济指标等;也可概述审计结果，提纲挈领地写出基本评价，主要成绩或问题，这种写法可使读者很快把握住全文主旨。(2)审计过程。简述审计工作展开的步骤，方法等，以便使委托单位了解审计工作进行的基本情况。(3)审计结果。这是报告的主要内容，或者阐述查出的主要问题和出现弊端的原因，或者指出被审单位的工作成绩和经验。这部分内容要具体，扎实，详细，材料要充分，证据要确凿。(4)审计评价。针对被审单位的工作情况写出评语，做出肯定或否定的评价。(5)处理意见和建议。审议人员根据有关的法律，规章，制度，针对查出的问题提出对被审单位和有关当事人的处理意见，并提出解决问题，消除弊端，改善经营管理的建议和措施。(6)结尾。如是上呈文，可写"以上意见当否，请审定";如果审计公证书，可写"特此证明"。也有的不写结束语。

附件 审计报告一般附有事实佐证材料，主要是与审计内容有关的会计账表，凭证，有关人员证词，调查笔录，以及审计人员整理成表格的数据资料。写作格式是在正文后面，落款的右上侧写明"附件"字样以及附件的名称和件数，然后依次将材料附在后面。

签署和日期 在文尾的右下方写出审计单位名称和审计人员名字，审计负责人要签名盖章，并在签署的下一行注明日期(一般以审计报告讨论通过的时间为准)。

二、 写作注意事项

第一，客观公正。审计报告如同法官的判决词，一经提出，即具有法律效力，将对被审计单位产生重大影响，所以审计人员要严格坚持以事实为依据，以法律，规章，制度为准绳，始终保持客观公正的态度，既不能夸大事实，蓄意整人，也不能大事化小，小事化了，存心偏袒。审计人员必须具有坚定的职业道德，不偏不倚地工作。

第二，材料要真实可靠。如实反映情况是保证审计报告质量的一个重要方面。审计人员必须对有关数据，凭证等资料进行认真的核实，鉴定，使之真实，可靠，完整，充分，剔除失实，弄虚作假的资料，未经查实的问题，不能写入报告。

第三，结论要慎重适度。审计报告是具有权威性，法律效力的文件，指出问题，做出审计评价，拿出处理意见一定要依据事实和法规反复研究，不能草率从事。

第四，建议要切实可行。审计建议是报告的一项重要内容，是审计监督，保护职能的体现，能够促进生产发展和管理水平的提高。建议，意见要有针对性和可行性，切忌不着边际，泛泛而淡，内容空泛。

第五，文字要庄重明确。

经济合同

经济合同的主要内容，写法

签订经济合同时条款应齐全，条款不全既不利于执行，又容易引起合同纠纷。经济合同的主要条款有:

1、当事者的名称或者姓名，住所。

2、标的经济合同中的"标的"。指合同中权利和义务所指的对象，也就是双方当事者要求实现的目标。标的有的指货物(如购销合同)，有的指劳务，服务(如仓储保管，工程承包合同)等。无论标的指的是什么，均应明确具体。

3、数量和质量。任何经济合同对转移财产或提供劳务，都应有明确具体的量和质的要求。有些产品还应规定交货数量的正负尾差，合理磅差或超欠幅度等。

4、价款或报酬价款。是为取得对方产品而支付的代价，报酬是指为获得对方的劳务或智力成果而付出的代价。价款和报酬简称为价金。签约时必须把产品价款或劳务的报酬协商一致，并写明数目和结算货币名称，结算方式，付款方式，付款期限，注明是否给付定金及金额，开户银行名称及账号等。

5、履行期限，地点和方式。履约期限应明确具体。工业品应写明交货月份或季度，不要写得太笼统。农副产品交货期要考虑到季节性和产品性质的要求。确定履行期限时要考虑到履行的可能，无法按期履行的宁可不签约，也不要拖期，有时拖期不仅要被罚款，而且会给对方造成经济损失。履行地点直接关系到费用和包装。地点要写清楚，因地点不清曾发生过把洛阳的货物发运到沈阳的事故。包装材料和方法应做出规定。履行方式因合同性质不同而不同。签约时要规定合同一次履行或分期履行，可否由他人代为履行等。

6、违约责任违约责任又称"罚则"。是对不按合同规定履行义务的制裁措施。合同中应规定当事人违约，根据何种法律承担责任，或依法商定应承担的违约责任。责任条款是促进履约的重要保证。目前有些合同不写责任条款，违约后又推脱责任，这是应该改变的。

7、其他必须具备的条款。这类条款通常有三种情况。第一种是按照有关法律规定必须具备的条款。第二种是按照合同性质应规定的特有条款。第三种是当事人一方要求规定的某些条款。

中考英语作文对考生的要求有四点：1、内容要完整。 2、语句流畅。3、没有语法错误。4、书写规范。能达到上述要求的作文，都会得到相应的高分。

一：先看一下扣分点：

1.内容方面：要点缺失，可酌情扣分。比如中考作文“I want to do something for my school”，若没有写一件具体的事情，是要扣3分以上的;若写的事情太过于虚幻，没有实际内容，也会扣1-2分。

2.字数：少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。

中考英语作文要求60字以上，标点符号不算，少了就要扣分。但是60字的作文能不能得高分?从我们拿到的实例作文来看，16分以上的作文，没有少于75字的，甚至少于80字的也少之又少。当然，也极少有超过100字的，因为中考试卷的短线格一共80个，在格子下面大约还有2行的空间，可以加20字左右，再多阅卷人就很难看清了，也会影响卷面的美观。所以，同学们如果想让作文得到高分，最好是让字数在75-100字之间。

3. 语法和拼写错误：每个扣0.5，重复错误不计;

4. 标点错误：每4个扣0.5.

二：加分点

除了这些扣分点，还有一些得分点：比如说作文的组织结构分，就是根据学生使用复杂句型、单词和谚语、俗语的情况来加分。

只要文章中有1个亮点，基本就可以争取到1分(3分的文采分是很难全部拿到的)。而这1分的亮点，是可以提前准备的。例如，有一些“万金油”式的复杂句型，例如强调句型、only相关的倒装句等，只要同学们多操练几次，几乎是一定能用到作文当中，从而为自己争取到这1分。

其次就是卷面分

很多家和同学，尤其是部分书法并不是十分整洁的同学，都会关心是否真的有“卷面分”的存在。虽然在阅卷标准里面并没有卷面分这一项，但是这个分数却真切地反映在了同学们的分数里面。

据阅卷老师的经验，在阅卷的时候并不是按这3个部分逐项打分的，而是在第一遍读完全文之后，心里已经形成了一个“印象分”，然后再细读第二、三遍，把印象分分配到各个打分部分。因此，这个“印象分”就非常重要，而同学们的书法，也正是在这个环节，影响到了自己的分数。所以初三的考生，如果书法不好，一定要注意。所谓的书法并不需要写的很漂亮，符合3个简单的标准即可：没有斜体、没有连笔、涂改较少。

英语说明文的写作技巧说明文是阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途或科学原理的一种文体。其说明的对象可以是具体的，如：自然环境，仪表设备等;也可以是抽象的，如概念定律等。

说明文的写作相对于论说文来说，有一定的套路可循，因此不是十分复杂。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法、因果法等;说明自然环境方面的内容常用时间次序法、分类法等。当然，随着对象的不同，具体应该采用的方法也会有所不同。

说明文的写作应该注意的事项有下面几点：

1.语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，避免夸张华丽的辞藻，要把真实的一面展现在读者面前。

2.说明时一定要把握一个中心主题。说明文中细枝末节较多，但不能喧宾夺主。

3.说明的次序非常重要。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚，脉络明晰。因此，练习时可以尝试不同的次序进行写作，找出最合理的一种。

4.由于说明文写实性较强，有时难免会让人感到没有生气。因此，可以适当使用一些比喻、拟人等修辞手段，来增加文章的色彩。

1、参考历年真题，总结规律。一般来说，高考英语作文体裁相对稳定，考生可参考当地最近五年的高考作文题目，从中分析规律，得出大的命题方向。如陕西对高考英语作文这一板块的考察，从新课改后重点突出的是学生对日常文体的应用，从09年至11年分别以电子邮件或写回信的方式让学生表达出对老师的真挚友谊、与家长沟通学习压力、或解决一些基本的学习难点等。因此我们不难看出，高考对学生作文的考察，会从学生的生活、学习、交友、家庭、社会活动等高中生较熟悉的层面，结合应用文的常见考察点：申请类、投诉类、感谢类、祝贺类等进行综合考察。

2、把对语言基础的应用作为考前强化重点。近年来的高考作文都非常注重考查学生的语言综合运用能力，根据《普通高中英语课程标准》对写作技能目标的要求，英语作文写作须“能根据所读文章进行转述或写摘要;能根据用文字及图表提供的信息写短文或报告;能写出语意连贯且结构完整的短文，叙述事情或表达观点和态度;能在写作中做到问题规范、语句通顺。”2012年高考英语作文的命题趋势，仍将会把学生对语言基础的应用作为首要考察点。

3、关注热点话题。纵观近几年的高考作文，可以发现，题材始终贴近社会、贴近现代生活，是中学生所熟知的热点话题。

除了把握好命题原则，掌握高考英语作文写作技巧更不可少：

1、审题：审题是做到切题的第一步。所谓审题就是要看清题意，确定文章的中心思想、主题，并围绕中心思想组织材料。

2、进行构思，列出简单的提纲，打造文章之骨架：审好题、立好意后，就要写提纲，打造文章的骨架。文章布局要做好几件事：安排好层次段落，铺设好过渡，处理好开头和结尾。

3、扩展成文：根据字数多少扩展成篇。扩展的内容一定要紧扣主题，千万不要写那些与主题不相关的内容。展开的方式包括：顺序法、举例法、比较法、对比法、说明法、因果法、推导法、归纳法和下定义等。可以根据需要任选一种或几种方式。

2005年英语考纲有重大变化，其中之一就是作文考查的变化，如何在短期内提高考研英语作文。新增加一篇小作文，使作文考查由一篇变为两篇，而原来的大作文的字数也由“不少于200字”调整为“150至200字”，满分20分。新增的作文是一篇100字左右的应用性短文，文体包括有信件、便笺、备忘录等，满分10分。既然是新增题型，就不会太难，但不好预测文体，这就要求考生复习时力求面面俱到，掌握写作规律及注意事项，尤其是对常见的应用文体如书信等

大作文的写作一般会给考生写作提纲，或图表，图画，或图文并茂。命题方式虽然多样，但题目涉及面往往是考生比较熟悉的内容，目的是测定考生语言的实际应用能力。要求表达清楚，文字连贯，中心突出，内容丰富，句式多变，句子结构和用词正确。

语言的应用能力不可能一蹴而就，必须厚积薄发，必须经过长期的实践锻炼。在提高英语写作能力方面，我觉得：一是要背大量的优秀范文，整段整篇地背，并转换为自己的语言，写作时自己能随心所欲支配。考试时避免套用以前死记硬背的几个范文，把一些不达意的词堆积在一起，没有统一性，无法很好地表现主题；二是要多动手。包括对背过的文章进行词语替换，句式转换，句子重组等，以及对某一主题展开写作。多动手才能提高笔下功夫，才能保证在考场上顺利写作。可以说背诵范文是培养语感，积累素材，掌握写作方法，动手写作是实践，是最终目的，这两者结合起来，就是“理论联系了实际”。另外，背诵范文应有针对性，写作训练也是一样，在训练中要掌握每一类型作文的写作规律，根据其每一类作文的写作特点——如提纲式作文就要求考生根据提纲提示的思路和规定的要点展开段落——全面训练，但不要带有押题的心理，靠背几篇范文就能应付考试的心态是不可取的。

下面说一下英语写作过程中的注意事项

一、认真审题

作文第一步是仔细审题，考生要仔细阅读试题要求及相关信息，如图表，图画，数字等，准确把握出题者意图。考研作文忌信手掂来，提笔就写，根本不审题，想到哪儿就写到哪儿，或完全凭自己想象编故事，置考试要求于不顾， “下笔千言，离题万里”。比如1998是一幅卡通画，老母鸡申明外加一首打油诗，讽刺一些企业把该尽职之事作为推销产品的承诺。如果考生说老母鸡很可爱，但爱自夸，然后说自己某个同学也爱自夸，这就偏离主题。2000年的作文“A Brief Histiry of World Commercial Fishing ”.它给出了两张图，从1900年的渔船和鱼量之比到1995年的渔船和鱼量之比的变化谈如何保护渔业资源，应从商业性滥捕鱼这一主题展开话题，有的考生却大谈环境污染，其它英语写作《如何在短期内提高考研英语作文》。这就偏离了主题，因为题中自始自终都没有谈到环境污染问题。

有的同学没有审题习惯，或担心时间不够草草审题，最后发现文不对题，草草收场，这就影响了英语成绩，同时也会影响后两门考试的考试心情。

二、列出提纲

考试规定的时间是很有限的，所以不能花太多时间准备一个详细的提纲，但关键词提纲或粗略提纲还是非常有必要的。对原始材料分析归纳后要形成一个基本的框架。文章打算分几段写，每段大概怎样写，自数控制在多少，开头段落是道破主题，点名要旨，引人入胜还是先给出主题一般的背景情况和对主题进行浓缩的陈述呢，中间段落和结尾有怎样写呢。这些都要心中有数。有的考生习惯用汉语构思文章，逐句翻译提纲，当碰到某个词卡住时就翻译不下去，僵在那里。要注意列提纲是为了更好更全面的表达主题。主题的表达可有多种形式，不一定非要寻找一个特定的词或句子。考试时考生要充分调动大脑，灵活运用以前所学知识。

三、开始写作

一篇文章往往由四部分组成，标题(title)，首段(opening paragraph),主体(body paragraph),结尾段( concluding paragraph)。标题要新颖，能引起读者兴趣，首段的内容根据文章的体裁而变化，比如议论文可以从一种现象，一种观点出发引出作者的观点。记叙文往往交代人物和故事背景。主体是文章的主要部分，通过合适的语篇模式表达一定的观点，考生要围绕中心按一定顺序分层次有重点的展开叙述，描写，议论。结尾段是对全文的总结，论点上要与前面的叙述一致和统一。写作时要注意以下几点。

1、要统一，连贯。

选择那些最能体现中心思想最具代表性的材料，这些材料要共同表达一致的信息。选材时切忌胡子眉毛一把抓。词语堆积，不伦不类。前后及段落之间在逻辑关系上要紧密衔接，不能把没有任何逻辑关系的词放在一起。可以用恰当的关联词把思想连贯的表达出来。

2、用词准确，语法正确

考试时要特别注意语法，此语，语气，标点符号等，为了避免太多单词拼写错误，语法错误，不要为了追求词语的华丽而堆积一些自己也没把握的单词，不要刻意追求长句而写一些自己不知对错的有多个从句组成的长句。考试时最好选择自己最有把握的词汇，短语，句式。

3、足够字数，卷面整洁

绝对不能字数不够，即使一句话颠来倒去说也要凑够字数。字数不够，即使写的非常精彩，也不能拿高分。

四、修改

英语写作时考生由于仓促，紧张等原因，很容易犯一些简单的，一眼就能发现的错误。所以考生一定要留出几分钟时间用于修改。不要大幅度进行修改，更不要因为修改破坏卷面整洁，影响阅卷老师心情。修改时可以从以下几点进行

1、语法

包括时态是否一致，主谓是否一致，名词单复数是否对应，被动主动语态是否错用等

2、词汇

包括连接上下句或段落的关联词，习惯用语，固定搭配，词类混淆，误用及物不及物动词等。

3、拼写和标点符号

我的故乡是X。我们自从祖父是小孩时，就定居在此地。换句话说，我们家人在此地已经住了一百余年了。

这个小村庄。居民大约有一千人。他们大部分是农夫。他们的生活方式很简单。然而，他们已拥有电视和冰箱。他们下定决心要过一个现代的生活。

My native town is X. We have settled down here since my grandfather was a child. In other words, my family has lived here for more than one hundred years.

It is a small village. There are about one thousand inhabitants. Most of them are farmers. The mode of their living is very simple. However, they have already possessed television sets and refrigerators. They made up their minds to live a modern life.

[我的故乡高三英语日记带翻译

英语写作的开头结尾是写作的重点。下面语文迷为大家带来了经典的句型，供大家阅读参考。

一.开头句型

1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言

2.It goes without saying that... 不言而喻，...

3.It can be said with certainty that... 可以肯定地说......

4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到，...

6.Its generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...

7.Its likely that ... 这可能是因为...

8.Its hardly that... 这是很难的......

9.Its hardly too much to say that... 它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是

11.Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that... 更重要的是…

二.衔接句型

1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...

2.As is often the case...由于通常情况下...

3.As stated in the previous paragraph 如前段所述

4.But the problem is not so simple. Therefore 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……

5.But its a pity that... 但遗憾的是…

6.For all that...对于这一切...... In spite of the fact that...尽管事实......

7.Further, we hold opinion that... 此外，我们坚持认为，...

8.However , the difficulty lies in...然而，困难在于…

9.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样，我们要注意...

10.not(that)...but(that)...不是，而是

11.In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势

12.As has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的…

13.In this respect, we may as well (say) 从这个角度上我们可以说

14.However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is... 然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 …

三.结尾句型

1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…

2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…

3.All things considered,总而言之 It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......

4.Therefore, in my opinion, its more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…

5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…

6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，....

7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好

How time flies, it is a year, this morning, the winter holiday will begin school. I like past holidays, there will always be on the first day of the holiday started, make a plan for the feasible, purpose is in order to be able to make myself in the holiday, have a more happy and substantial, and can learn more knowledge outside, and after a joy.

I want to develop my interests and hobbies, I want to practice calligraphy, together with dad grow up can also write good word. See the TV news report, understand the society. I more exercise and keep healthy.

I want to insist on keeping a diary, composition. Before, I write diary "dry", mainly is the lack of observation; Later, Im going to look at 30 minutes a day of extra-curricular, put some thoughts and recorded during winter vacation, and some meaningful person or thing written in the article. See some excellent composition, learn other peoples writing strengths. To find on the Internet to write good articles, learn from somebody elses learning. In addition, I have a brochure, called "diary of a small material", at ordinary times is trivial to observe, record some wonderful things, writing an article that is a good material! When the time comes to write something, then dont worry about "theres nothing to write"!

Visiting relatives and friends, do civilized manners, respect their elders, to the relatives and friends about their own learning, to their peers share their experiences in learning.

This is my winter vacation plan, I not only want to strengthen learning, also want to do more to help parents, do you think I do this winter holiday plan?

时间过得真快,转眼又是一年,今天上午，学校开始放寒假了。我与以往放假时一样，总会在假期开始的第一天，订一个切实可行的计划，目的是为了能够使自己在假期中，过得更加的充实和快乐，并能学习到更多的校外知识，欢欢喜喜喜过个年。

我要培养我的兴趣和爱好，我要跟爸爸一起练练书法，长大以后也能够写一手好字。多看电视里的新闻报道，了解社会。我还要多锻炼身体，保持身体健康。

我要坚持写日记、作文。以前，我写的日记“干干的”，主要就是缺少观察;以后，我打算每天看三十分钟的课外书，在寒假期间把一些所见所闻记录下来，并把有一些有意义的人或事写成文章。看一些优秀的作文，学习别人的写作长处。在网上查找写的好的文章，向人家学习学习。另外，我还要一个小册子，起名为“日记小材料”，平时发生一点小事都要留心观察，把一些精彩的东西记录下来，那可是写文章的好材料哟!到时候要写东西，那就不愁“没事可写”了!

走亲访友，做到文明礼貌，尊敬长辈，向亲戚朋友介绍自己的学习情况，向同龄人交流学习心得。

这就是我的寒假计划，我不但要加强学习，也要多帮爸妈做事，大家觉得我这个寒假计划怎么样?

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

拿到英语试题不知道从哪里下手吗?那么下面这套英语写作流程对你会有一定的帮助。

一.审题。

拿到题目后，手中拿铅笔，手脑眼嘴并用，开始审题。看题目的要求是什么，要点是什么，特殊要求是什么。譬如你是叫李华，还是随便一个名字? 要议论文还是记叙文?对分几段写有无要求?等等。诸如此类的硬性要求信息，都最好用铅笔划下来，以免出错，也许你一开始会记得，可随着时间的流逝，你会不会因紧张而遗忘这些信息呢?还是小心为妙。边看最好边张嘴默读，这样就不会遗漏或忽略任何一个字了。

二.草稿。

有的同学怕出错，全文都打草稿再誊写，我姑且认为不太可取，毕竟考场时间宝贵，即使我有四十分钟时间写作文也不敢贸然这么做，更何况考场时我们留给作文的时间往往一再被压缩。有的同学不打草稿，我认为更不太可取。一来容易出错，二来边写边想思维不连贯，即使思维连贯也无法审词酌句，展现自己最好的一面，容易后悔。

草稿怎么打?

1.结构就是你打算分几段写，每段都写什么?哪段转哪段承哪段起合?心里都要是有谱的。

2.关键词：结构拟定后，迅速在草稿纸上写下自己这篇作文可能用到的一些关键词。包括一些漂亮的词和自己可能会忘记的词。主要是动词和名词。

譬如一省作文题： 假设你的名字是李华，亚洲冬季运动会将在你居住的地方举办，现招募志愿者。你希望成为志愿者。申请信的格式已经写好了，你直接写内容就可以。你的个人情况：年龄性别学历，个人条件。英语好，爱好体育，擅长交际，乐于助人。承诺提供最佳服务。

关键词就是学历、爱好、擅长、乐于、承诺，和你对这篇作文初步构思时想到的一些词。先把这些词(指词的英文表达)写在纸上。有一些词的拼写，譬如学历，可能你本身就记得不是特别清楚，这时一定要在开始写作文前先把它写下来，以免一会因干扰而遗忘。

可能看到聪明这个关键词时，你最初写下的往往是clever，再仔细想想，你是不是又想到了smart,deligient好多词，挑个漂亮和合适的用吧。再比如转折，你写了but，这会再想想，是不是又有一堆表示转折的词在你脑里打转呢?挑一个吧。千万别用but.

3.句式：词写下来了，其实你构建这篇作文的建筑材料就到位了，下步就是要把它们盖成漂亮的作文。先用最普通的陈述句把它们在头脑中过一遍，然后看看都能改成什么句式。能不能把一句陈述句改成问句?能不能用上一个双重否定句?能不能用一个主语从句套定语从句的长句?能不能用一个插入语?等等。把你高中三年的英语积累展示出来。在草稿纸上同样标注。

三.正式写。

这样的草稿打完后，就要快快写了。注意，英语作文的卷面简直太重要了，一定要把字写整齐，写大。没有把握的词和句子不用。别忘了遵守你最初用铅笔划下的题目的规定。

四.检查。

注意，最最重要的一步来了。尽管很小心，可是我们写英语作文还是会犯下很多错误。单词拼写的，大小写的，等等。这些错误会极大破坏我们在阅卷老师心目中的形象，一定要坚决誓死消灭。即使时间再紧，请务必留下1——2分钟检查作文的时间，消除隐性错误。

需要说明的是，英语的开头和结尾是最关键的，尤其是开头。基本上，不跑题，遵守题目要求，一个漂亮的开头，一个还过得去的结尾，2-3个高级词汇，1-2个漂亮的句子，加上整齐的字迹，作文的分就不会低了哦。所以，精心为你的作文想个漂亮的开头吧。

写作训练是掌握技能的必经途径，所以，要掌握应用文的写作，学生必须多练。因此，作为《应用写作》课的科任老师必须要掌握一套激发学生愿意甚至喜欢进行应用文写作的教学技巧。

一、兴趣与写作的联系

(一)兴趣的概念

兴趣是人积极探究某种事物的认识倾向。这种认识倾向使人对某种事物有稳定的指向、倾向，并具有向往的心情。如对书法感兴趣的人，不论是现场观摩即席挥毫还是观看电视上的书法讲座，都会全神贯注;在日常的谈论中，对书法也会津津乐道;对报刊杂志上有关书法展览和比赛，也总是予以极大的关注。

由此可见，要使学生喜欢应用文的写作，我们作为老师的，就是要想方设法使他们对应用文的写作产生兴趣。

(二)兴趣与需要的关系

兴趣和需要有着密切的联系。兴趣的发生以一定的需要为基础。当一个人有某种需要时，他必然会对有关事物予以关注，也就是对有关事物发生兴趣，不仅反映已有的需要，又可产生新的需要，不断探究，并在需要的基础上激发动力，去做好或完成感兴趣的事情。

需要对于兴趣的产生是直接的，而应用文是一种在日常生活中非常实用的文章，在学习、生活、工作中经常用到，所以，只要我们做老师的，做个生活的有心人，就不愁找不到写应用文的需要。学生一旦对应用文有了需要，也就对应用文的写作产生了兴趣，那学生怕写应用文的难题就迎刃而解了。

二、激发学生进行写作兴趣的种类

激发学生对应用文的写作兴趣，按照对象的不同，可以分为以下几种:

(一)学校实际的需要

《应用写作》是一门应用性行极强的学科，即使在学校读书期间也可能经常用到。在一个学期里每个阶段都可能会用到一些应用文。一般来说，开学初估计要用到的应用文有计划、规章制度、通知等;学期中可能遇到的有:申请书、演讲稿、广播稿、新闻、调查报告等;期末可能用到的有求职信、总结等。读书期间运用的知识，对于学生来说是最感兴趣和最容易掌握的，所以，作为《应用写作》的科任老师，应该要因地制宜，因势利导，利用学生要写好这类文章，争取得到好的结果这个心理需求，学习和掌握所学的应用文。

(二)社会现实的需要

社会上每天都会发生很多新事情新情况，这些新事情新情况有些是意义重大，如汶川大地震、中国2008年的奥运会、神舟飞船上天、爱国人士保钓行动等大事可以写成新闻;有些社会上的事情与学生有直接的关系，如有关禁止中小学生进入某些娱乐场所的通告、青少年犯罪的通报等，都可以通过引导，激发学生的写作兴趣和热情。

(三)学生家庭的需要

一个家庭就是一个社会的缩影，一个家庭不管是贫穷的还是富裕的，都会经历很多事情，这些事情都很有必要用到一些应用文，从而获得较大的利益和保障。如果一些比较富裕的做生意的家庭，可能要写的应用文将会有:广告、合同、法律文书、请柬等;比较困难的家庭也可能要用申请书、感谢信等。不管哪一种情况，老师都可以引导学生进行写作，帮助学生，为家庭提高经济效益，创造幸福和谐的生活，。

(四)学生自身的需要

学生在读书过程中，也会很多时候要用到应用文，如入学时学生干部竞选，可以学习演讲稿的写作，提高竞争能力，为班级、为自己写计划，做好一个学期的打算;一个学期里可能有的活动如演讲比赛、田径运动会、晚会，这些活动就可以写演讲稿、新闻稿、解说词;期末如果是毕业班的学生，就要引导写求职信，以期通过有创意、水平高的求职信，谋得一份好工作。

(五)创设情境的需要

应用文虽然也被称之为实用文体，但并不是所有的应用文在学生的读书时期都可以用得上。实际上，《应用写作》这本教材里，有很多文体学生在读书期间是用不上的，如公文的大多数文种、经济应用文、涉外应用文等，对于这些文体，科任老师只能创设一定的环境和情景，让学生有一种身临其境的感觉，从而使之不写不快，这样同样能达到训练写作，巩固和提高应用文写作水平的目的。

三、激发写作兴趣的运用

学生对写作训练有了兴趣，这只是写作训练的第一步，也是非常重要的的一步。但要学生真正达到提高学生应用文写作水平的效果，还要做好一系列的工作。

(一)在教学过程中一定要把握好时机,

人们常说，机会是属于有准备的人。学校、社会、家庭、学生个人并不是任何时候都有应用文等着去写的，所以，我们做老师的就要做个有心人，把握好每一种文体练习的机会。

1.对于写学校需要的应用文，科任老师接到上课任务后，就要了解在一个学期中，学校、班级要开展什么活动，需要那些文体，做到心中有数。

2.对于写社会需要的应用文，科任老师要像抓小偷的警察一样时刻竖起耳朵，及时捕捉社会上出现的新事物新情况，然后把材料发给学生或者引导学生何如获取材料，最后要求按要求进行写作。

3.对于写家庭需要的应用文，科任老师应该在开学的第一节课后，就布置学生，关注自己的家庭需要，如有需要写的及时提出来，让大家一起写，把写得最好的应用文交给他的家里。这样，学生得到了锻炼，需要应用文的学生家庭又得到了一篇质量较高的应用文，真正起到了一箭双雕的作用。

4.对于写学生需要的应用文，方法与第一点差不多，只不过写作的目的而已。第一点的写作目的是为集体，这一点所说的写作目的是为个人。

5.对于创设情境而写的应用文来说，就不需要把握什么时机了。这种教学方法，不受现实的限制，更能发挥老师的能动性，只要老师充分发挥想象力，从趣味性以及从学生的切身利益相关的角度出发，创设出生动有趣的情景就可以说已经成功了。

(二)要根据需要调整上课的内容

应该说，绝大部分的应用文的文体都不会与上述五点需要同步，科任老师应该把需要用的文体调前或者推后来学习，然后按照学校、社会、家庭、学生的需要指导写作，由于所写的文体与学生的需要关系密切，学生一定会仔细听，认真写，从而达到学好应用文的目的。

(三)要做好指导工作

对应用文的教学，并不只是引导学生对写作感兴趣就行了，在教学中，首先要上好应用文的文体知识，然后指导学生认真审题，特别是指导好学生运用所写的文体知识，选取有用的材料进行写作。这个方面很重要，指导得好，学生就会觉得应用文并不难写，就会有兴趣写下去，指导得不好的话，结果也会相反，从而大大地影响应用文的教学效果。

(四)注意反馈信息，不断总结提高写作水平

学生把需要写好的应用文用到需要的地方之后，科任老师要时刻注意学生所写的应用文的效应和反响。例如是学生为自己写演讲稿的，就要了解学生的演讲是否成功、是否获奖。是学生为自己写求职信的，就要了解他们的求职是否成功，是为班级写规章制度的，要向班主任了解有没有采纳;是为家庭而写的法律文书，就要了解有没有帮助打赢官司;写的广告是否提高了经济效益;为社会而写的动态新闻稿件是否得到广播或发表等等。对于取得好结果的，要及时给予总结，找出成功的地方，便于今后继续发扬，取得更大的成功;对于失败的应用文，也要找出失败的原因，避免重蹈覆辙。

四、注意事项

运用上述方法进行应用文的写作教学时，还要做好以下几点:

(一) 兴趣与强制结合

兴趣这个东西，并不是人人都可以激发，种种文体都可以引起学生的兴趣，对一些启而不能发的学生或者难以激发写作兴趣的文体，做老师的必须实行强制的措施，强调写作的要求和交文时间。这样，才能达到全班步调一致的整体效果。

(二)方法交叉运用

以上五种激发学生进行写作的方法只是为了说明清楚而分开说明，并不是每一种文体只能用一种方法，有时候，同一文体可以用两种甚至几种激趣法。例如，写经济合同，既可以是为自己写的，也可以是为家庭和社会某些企业而写。通过多种方法进行引导，学生的写作兴趣就会更大，写作就会更积极，写作水平也就提高得更快。

(三)注重训练实效

按照唯物主义的观点，世界上没有一成不变的事物，也没有绝对最好的方法，激发学生对应用文写作兴趣的方法不是唯一，相信除了本文所列的方法意外，还有很多好方法，只要在实际训练效果明显的，就应该采用哪一种(包括本文没有列举的)。

一位著名的教育家说过这样一句话，没有教不好的学生，只有不会教的老师。的确，只要我们做老师的从多个方面、多种渠道去想，是有很多方法和技巧可以激发中职学生的对应用文的写作兴趣，从而提高他们应用文的写作水平。

Every day that goes over,finally,finally the students who entered the so-called "purgatory",Xue-mei,who yearn for the Tuotuo stage - the third year.I would like to have,the more senior Yes,in addition to review what can not,it more than the well-being.Shuzhi how he is a young Blair,as the math teacher said of the verbal phrase "set aside to see the essence of the phenomenon of" precarious,and this time I was deceived by the phenomenon to.As in his junior high school,middle school is very annoying; on how well the high school,when I used to think was the fact that on the high school,junior high school on time,remember life to death,and even repeating dreams are In the past,also did not expect to actually commit the same mistake in the past,did not progress.

Hated his high school,so why Naozhong,a three-year,the office is actually an unknown place of the small fry,that is not very good results,not too bad,not outstanding performance,but has never done a bad thing.In the early days,Oh,Bukanhuishou past.Mean people too,a little color,but there was almost a "color" (should be "injured").At that time expressly prohibited in the school Sunday to Internet cafes,I do not know where I had the courage to dare to "crimes against the wind" went.Shuiliao,but groups of teachers came for the "prey",of course,we have a class.Just when I was in a URL and find joy in cases of doubt in the back when it saw a familiar figure,saying it gave me the direct religious ties swallowed it,the first reaction is to affirm the end,inevitably Monday seized a public school guide,When they can really ruin and death without a burial.Immediately go back to running a boil over 3 hours writing a long 5 thousand seized the lead character (this is my longest to date,"works"),said his despicable act,so all kinds of bad machine David.Also in the evening to dream,a dream teacher Zhang Xuepentaikou to hit me,scared out in a cold sweat.Originally thought it very brave,the effect is so timid,have not always been afraid of problems at school.The next morning at the Dan Chan scared spent in determining their own have not been found,is still lingering fear.Breath back,God bless ah,but fortunately I have not found that would lead to pay up,otherwise I would not go home to die is you!After this difficult ordeal,it is no longer the brave dare not,will make their own good that this has become mediocre.

Mediocrity is,of course,get mad fan,a senior teacher would often talk to people to the office.It was not strange,all talk of the mysterious return of the sword have a sense of well-being,as if in the 5,000,000 awards,and asked him laugh and not always answer,it is more to this increase in the level of mystery,often It has to feel the desire to talk to the teachers were strict,very good results either,or misconduct,and no matter which one I do not fit,seems the middle is the least The rights.

Always thought that their problems can be independent of the Department.Simply turns a blind eye on the college entrance examination,the score was insignificant.But in fact they are themselves for the college entrance examination is still fighting and anger,if every time test scores will be lower still can not help the bad.After the test scores of feel sorry ourselves,very sorry,and regret that I did at that time was not seriously listening to a teacher clarified,and regret that I did not remember it,so why regret negligence,and how a "regret" terrible.At this time it felt "detached" just take it for granted,it is only their wishful thinking,the ideal and the reality is very different from the.Often hate themselves,and why others in the same classroom,a teacher in the same teaching,some people may be at Beijing University,Qinghua,and I do,but I just focus has been weighed down the line.Is it natural to me than they do worse?Careful not compare the gap between what you can score a big difference but also had to try,but still.Q with the Arab-Israeli trick that,"I do not want to be so good at the University of mud." Doing it for a long time for a long time and feel a natural,high-Trinity began to come to the waves,the number of examinations,the total will not always be The disappointing scores,right?Imagine my not so good psychological,not a blow,the second is not afraid,but afraid that a lot of times when its Sixinliefei how to put up with,if open to the Department would like to have nothing,perhaps many times After the fight against heart on the numbness,pain no longer.

There is a third of the total teachers or parents tell you to set goals,which is the only goal for college entrance examination on what schools,said that the simple test is what University.I gave a "priority" for his high schools "emphasis on the country," University should be the last time was in any case are too unreasonable.Therefore,efforts have to,too many people you can not sleep.Do not kick the ball,not playing ping-pong,and not on the network,QQ is not a chat,about an impulse to open the QQ,the above message,they thought I was dead,I do not know they are in the third year,it involuntarily,Sleep,next year should not cliff-fall.As a teacher here by 11,insisted the 10 months of hard to eat in order to endure hardship will not endure hardship or less,"Kujinganlai" why are the so-called "fight a spring and summer,autumn and winter,a youth-for-no regrets." Several times to listen to It would appear that may have similar,only later to think about this carefully to know when the junior high school have said such words,but I think Daomei than junior high school easier.

Have to work hard,and a third,or there is no chance,I do not want to be next year,also stayed in the schools "four high"

首先，我讨厌英语高考试卷中最后一道试题被叫做“书面表达”，叫做“（英语）作文”难道有困难吗？如果说尽管是高考，实际写作情况算不上“作文”，那么，我们汉语考试中，小学生写的文章应该叫什么呢？叫“神马”吗？现代高考英语写作从本质上讲，写的水平大约也只能算是等于中国小学生汉语作文的水平。我们的孩子写作文，很难写出自由的、真实的内容来，高考英语作文从内容看、从形式看也是空空如也。如果持怀疑态度，你大可以看看高考以来英语作文的参考范文。正因为如此，我的学生在我的倡导下，开始了双腿走路的英语作文习练：也就是，作业本练习应试作文（100词左右的试卷末题“书面表达”）；日记本练习自由作文，无字数、题材、体裁限制，随便写。

一般而言，应试作文是“八股文”的翻版.每一种文体或题材内容都有相对固定的格式，也就是作文被“格式”化了，它是可以用来检阅学生英语习得的一些情况的。但是如同选择题的标准化一样，作文按照作文的“标准化”写作，根本就不如干脆考单句翻译或者句群翻译，免得徒有其名，未有其实。

下面是借用博友博文中的一个片段，对于其中的现象，不知你以为然否？华东师大的一位研究者曾经在中学做过一个简单的即兴调查：“作文写过自己妈妈的，请举手。”课堂上的学生几乎都举起了手。“文章里写自己生病，妈妈送去医院的，请举手。”多数又举起了手。“写去医院的时候，是半夜，天正下着大雨的，请举手。”举手的仍然是一大片。“写妈妈吃力地背着自己，身上被雨水淋透的，请举手。”下面不仅举起了一大片手，而且还有哄堂大笑。

如果是英语试卷，那么这个题目可能是这个样子的-----书面表达：人人都有自己的母亲，母亲是世界上最伟大的人。记得有一次，半夜里，天正下着大雨，我肚子疼得厉害，我母亲吃力的用自己肩，背着我冲向医院，她身上被雨水淋透了，我非常感动。请以John的名义，写一篇日记，字数100左右，参考词汇:XXX，注意，文章开头已经给出，不计入字数。

我想坚持让学生双腿走路。一方面，不瞄准应试，那是十分危险的；另一方面，坚持自由写作，“吾写吾心”会更好的锻炼学生的写作能力的。

1

主语＋谓语(不及物动词)：S+V

It will rain tomorrow.

He often runs in the morning.

They cried.

Tom exercises every day.

2

主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语：S+V+O

I miss my mother very much.

She wants to go home now.

The English club is going to hold an English party.

They all love her.

3

主语＋系动词＋表语：S+V+P

The music sounds wonderful.

The leaves have turned red.

She is a student.

We keep silent about that.

4

主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语（人）＋直接宾语（物）：S+V+IO+DO

The teacher gave a book to him.=The teacher gave him a book.

They told me an interesting story.

The waitress offered me a bottle of wine.

My father will buy me a bike.=My father will buy a bike for me.

Miss Smith teaches us English.

5

主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语：                                      S+V+O+C

They call me Xiao Wang.

I saw him swimming in the river.

We elected him monitor of the class.