美国文化和历史英文作文(20篇)

在一个阴云密布的早晨，露珠站在小院的花草上，而教学楼的喧闹，打破了这宁静的早晨。今天是去社会实践活动的日子，我们将要去历史悠久的大足石刻。同学们都兴高采烈地在教室里等待老师，然后带领同学去坐大巴车。

有着八百年的名胜古迹——大足石刻是我梦寐以求的地方，那里有着许多的石像，有些雕刻着栩栩如生的石像。经过两个半小时的路程我们终于来到大足石刻。一下车，我就迫不及待地想去看看，但前面雾太大，什么都看不清。先换上了相似古代的衣服，花色斑斓，然后就来到门口前，那里的石桌上都摆着一些东西。

我们先在门口前合了影，再去拜孔子。我学者前面的讲解员，两手相叠，向孔子鞠躬，看见桌上的毛笔、纸和书卷，就用毛笔写“人”字。接着就诵读经典弟子规，最后由老师为我们点朱砂，一个个头上都有着拇指大的朱砂印，就进入了门口。

上午我们学习了如何泡茶，而下午则是我最喜欢的事情：参观石像及博物馆。

讲解员带领我们来到景点，那里的墙壁都雕刻着许多的佛像，每个佛像都不一样：有些石像小的像水桶；有些石像大的像树木；有些石像又高又廋；有些石像又胖又矮。我觉得这些石像的雕刻人一定很有智慧，把笨重的石头变成美丽的石像，栩栩如生，每个石像都有属于自己的故事。接着又来到一座寺庙，我很好奇，走进去一看：“哇——”这尊佛像与众不同，是千手观音！每只手臂和佛像都是用金帛雕刻而成的，而每只手上都有一个法器，雕刻的这个人肯定花费了不是精力和心血，每一步都小心翼翼，绝不会有一点马虎儿。我细细端详着，看见有些地方都装修过，可能是经过这么久的时间，连再好的材料都会溃烂，不堪入目。

最后来到了博物馆，参观了一些佛像及一些珍贵画，馆中的每一件物品都是无价之宝，那些残缺的佛像，更能体现出它的古老。

今天是我最开心的一天，八百年历史的大足石刻让我感受到这里的古文明历史悠久，也让我明白在外出玩耍的时候务必文明参观，不许诋毁文物，做一个文明人。

中国酒的历史，可以上朔到人类社会发展史的上古时期。《史记.殷本纪》中便有纣王“以酒为池，悬肉为林”，“为长夜之饮”的记载，《诗经》中“十月获稻、为此春酒”和“为此酒春，以介眉寿”的诗句，都以人类不同的社会活动表明中国酒的兴起已有五千年的历史了。

另据考古学家证明，在近现代出土的新石器时代的陶器中，已有了专用的酒器，这说明，在原始社会，中国酿酒已很盛行。有关酒的起源，历史文献记述有四种各据理论的说法。

一、上天造酒说

自古以来，中国人的祖先就有酒是天上“酒星”所造的说法。《晋书》中有关于酒旗星座的记载：“轩辕右角南三星日酒旗，酒官之旗也，主宴饮食。”轩辕，中国古称星名，共十七颗星，其中十二颗属狮子星座。酒旗三星，呈“一”形排列，南边紧傍二十八宿的柳宿入颗星。明朗的夜晚，对照星图仔细在天空中搜寻，狮子座中的轩辕十四和长蛇座的二十八宿中的星宿一，很明亮，很容易找到，酒旗三星，则因亮度太小或太遥远，而用肉眼很难辨认。

酒旗星的发现，最早见于《周礼》一书中，据今已有近三千年的历史。二十八宿的廉洁，始于殷代而确立于周代，是中国古代天文学的伟大发现之一。在当时天文科学仪器极其简陋的情况下，能在浩焱的星汉中观察到这几颗并不怎样明亮的“酒旗星”，给予命名并留下关于酒旗星的种种记载与传说，这不能不说是一种奇迹。

二、猿猴造酒说

唐人李肇所撰《国史补》一书，对人类如何捕捉聪明伶俐的猿猴，有一段极精彩的记载。

猿猴是十分机敏的动物，它们居于深山野林中，出没无常，很难捉到，经过细致的观察，人们发现猿猴“嗜酒”。于是，人们便在猿猴出没的地方，摆上香甜浓郁的美酒。猿猴闻香而至，先是在酒缸前流连不前，接着便小心翼翼地蘸酒吮尝。时间一久，终因经受不住美酒的诱惑，而畅饮起来，直到酩酊大醉而被人捉住。这种捕捉猿猴的方法并非中国独有，东南亚一带的群众和非洲的土著民族捕捉猿猴或大猩猩，也都采用类似的方法。

猿猴不仅嗜酒，而且还会“造酒”，这在中国历史的典籍中都有记载。清代文人李调元在他的著述中有“琼州多猿.....尝于石岩深处得猿酒，盖猿酒以稻米与百花所造，一百六轧有五六升许，味最辣，然极难得。”的记载;清代的一本笔记小说中也道：“粤西平乐等府，山中多猿，善采百花酿酒。樵子入山，得其巢穴者，其酒多至数百。饮之，香美异常，名曰猿酒。”无独有偶，早在明朝时期，这类猿猴“造”酒的传说就有过记载。明代文人李日华在他的著述中，也有过类似的记载：“黄山多猿猱，春夏采花果于石洼中，酝酿成酒，香气溢发，闻数百步”。

昔年，《安徽日报》曾刊登老画家程啸天先生在黄山险峰深谷觅得“猴儿酒”的事情。这些不同时代人的记载，都证明在猿猴的聚居处，常常有类似“酒”的东西发现。由此也可推论酒的起源，当由果发酵开始，因为它比粮谷发酵容易得多。

酒是一种由发酵所得的食品，是由一咱叫酵母菌的微生物分解糖类产生的。酵母菌是一种分布极其广泛的菌类，在广袤的大自然原野中，尤其在一些含糖分较高的水果中，这种酵母菌更容易繁衍滋长。山林中野生的水果，是猿猴的重要食物。猿猴在水果成熟的季节，收贮大量水果于“石洼中”，堆积的水果受到自然界中酵母菌的作用而发酵，在石洼中将一种被后人称为“酒”的液体析出，因此，猿猴在不自觉中“造”出酒来，是合乎逻辑与情理的。

三、仪狄造酒说

史籍中有多处提到仪狄“作酒而美”、“始作酒醪”的记载。

一种说法叫“仪狄作酒拨，杜康作秣酒”。由字面看，是讲他们在作不同的酒。“拨”，是一种糯米经过发酵加工而成的“酪糟儿”。性温软，其味甜，多座于江浙一带。现在的不少家庭中，仍自制醒糟儿。醋糟儿洁白细腻，稠状的糟糊可当主食，上面的清亮汁液颇近于酒。“林”，高梁的别称。杜康作林酒，指的是杜康造酒所使用的原料是高梁。由此看来，仪狄是黄酒的创始人，而杜康可能是高梁酒创始人。

另一种说法是“酒之所兴，肇自上皇，成于仪狄”。意思是说，自上古三皇五帝的时候，就有各种各样的造酒的方法流行于民间，是仪狄将这些造酒的方法归纳总结起来，始之流传于后世的。

仪狄是什么时代的人呢?比起杜康来，古籍中关於仪狄的记载比较一致。例如《世本》、《吕氏春秋》、《战国策》中部认为他是夏禹时代的人。那么，仪狄是不是酿酒的“始祖”呢?此说自古看法就不一致，甚至有与《世本》相矛盾的说法。例如孔子八世孙孔驸，说帝尧、帝舜部是饮酒量很大的君王。黄帝、尧、舜，部早于夏禹，早于夏禹的尧舜部善饮酒，他们饮的是推人制造的酒呢?可见，说夏禹的臣属仪狄“始作酒醪”并不确切。事实上用粮食酿酒是件程序、工艺都很难的事，单凭一个人力量是难以完成的。

【酒之典故】

欢伯：因为酒能消忧解愁，能给人们带来欢乐，所以就被称之为欢伯。这个别号最早出在汉代焦延寿的《易林·坎之兑》，他说，“酒为欢伯，除忧来乐”。其后，许多人便以此为典，作诗撰文。如宋代杨万里在《和仲良春晚即事》诗之四中写道：“贫难聘欢伯，病敢跨连钱”。又，金代元好问在《留月轩》诗中写道，“三人成邂逅，又复得欢伯;欢伯属我歌，蟾兔为动色。”

杯中物：因饮酒时，大都用杯盛着而得名。始于孔融名言，“座上客常满，樽(杯)中酒不空”。陶潜在《责子》诗中写道，“天运苟如此，且进杯中物”。杜甫在《戏题寄上汉中王》诗中写道，“忍断杯中物，眠看座右铭”。

金波：因酒色如金，在杯中浮动如波而得名。张养浩在《普天乐·大明湖泛舟》中写道，“杯斟的金浓滟滟”。

秬鬯：这是古代用黑黍和香草酿造的酒，用于祭祀降神。据《诗经。大雅·江汉》记载，“秬鬯一卣”。〔传〕：黑黍也。鬯，香草也，筑煮合而郁之曰“鬯”。「笺」：秬鬯，黑黍酒也，谓之鬯者，芬香条畅也。王赐召虎，以鬯酒一尊，以祭其宗庙，告其先祖。

白堕：这是一个善酿者的名字。据北魏《洛阳伽蓝记·城西法云寺》中记载，“河东人刘白堕善能酿酒，季夏六月，时暑赫羲，以罂贮酒，暴于日中。经一旬，其酒不动，饮之香美而醉，经月不醒。京师朝贵多出郡登藩，远相饷馈，逾于千里。以其远至，号曰鹤觞，亦曰骑驴酒。永熙中，青州刺史毛鸿宾赍酒之藩，路逢盗贼，饮之即醉，皆被擒。时人语曰，‘不畏张弓拨刀，唯畏白堕春醪’”。因此，后人便以“白堕”作为酒的代称。苏辙在《次韵子瞻病中大雪》诗中写道，“殷勤赋黄竹，自劝饮白堕”。

冻醪：即春酒。是寒冬酿造，以备春天饮用的酒。据《诗·豳风·七月》记载，“十月获稻，为此春酒，以介眉寿”。【传】：春酒，冻醪也。宋代朱翼中在《酒经》写道，“抱瓮冬醪，言冬月酿酒，令人抱瓮速成而味薄”。杜牧在《寄内兄和州崔员外十二韵》中写道，“雨侵寒牖梦，梅引冻醪倾”。

壶觞：本来是盛酒的器皿，后来亦用作酒的代称，陶潜在《归去来辞》中写道，“引壶觞以自酌，眄庭柯以怡颜”。白居易在《将至东都寄令孤留守》诗中写道，“东都添个狂宾客，先报壶觞风月知”。

壶中物：因酒大都盛于壶中而得名。张祜在《题上饶亭》诗中写道，“唯是壶中物，忧来且自斟”醇酎这是上等酒的代称。据《文选·左思》记载，“醇酎中山，流湎千日”。张载在《酃酒赋》中写道，“中山冬启，醇酎秋发”。

酌：本意为斟酒、饮酒，后引申为酒的代称;’如“便酌”“小酌”。李白在《月下独酌》一诗中写道，“花问、壶酒，独酌无相亲”

酤：据《诗·商颂·烈祖》记载，“既载清酤，赍我思成”。〔传」：酤，酒。醑：本意为滤酒去滓，后用作美酒代称。李白在《送别》诗中写道，“借别倾壶醑，临分赠鞭”。杨万里在《小蓬莱酌酒》诗中写道，”餐菊为粮露为醑”。

醍醐：特指美酒。白居易在《将归一绝》诗中写道，“更怜家酝迎春熟，一瓮醍醐迎我归”。

黄封：这是指皇帝所赐的酒，也叫宫酒。苏轼在《与欧育等六人饮酒》诗中写道，“苦战知君便白羽，倦游怜我忆黄封”。又据《书言故事·酒类》记载，“御赐酒曰黄封”。

清酌：古代称祭祀用的酒。据《礼·曲礼》记载，“凡祭宗庙之礼，……酒曰清酌”。

昔酒：这是指久酿的酒。据《周礼·天宫酒正》记载，“辨三酒之物，一曰事酒，二曰昔酒，三曰清酒”。贾公彦注释说：“昔酒者，久酿乃孰，故以昔酒为名，酌无事之人饮之”。

缥酒：这是指绿色微白的酒。曹植在《七启》中写道，“乃有春清缥酒，康狄所营”。李善注：缥，绿色而微白也。

青州从事、平原督邮：“青州从事”是美酒的隐语。“平原督邮”是坏酒的隐语。据南朝宋国刘义庆编的《世说新语·术解》记载，“桓公(桓温)有主簿善别酒，有酒辄令先尝，好者谓‘青州从事’，恶者谓‘平原督邮’。青州有齐郡，平原有鬲县。从事，言到脐;督邮，言在鬲上住”。“从事”、“督邮”，原为官名。宋代苏轼在《章质夫送酒六壶书至而酒不达戏作小诗问之》中，写有“岂意青州六从事，化为乌有一先生”的诗句。

曲生、曲秀才：这是酒的拟称。据郑棨在《开天传信记》中记载，“唐代道士叶法善，居玄真观。有朝客十余人来访，解带淹留，满座思酒。突有一少年傲睨直入，自称曲秀才，吭声谈论，一座皆惊。良久暂起，如风旋转。法善以为是妖魅，俟曲生复至，密以小剑击之，随手坠于阶下，化为瓶榼，美酒盈瓶。坐客大笑饮之，其味甚佳”。后来就以“曲生”或“曲秀才”作为酒的别称。明代清雪居士有“曲生真吾友，相伴素琴前”的诗句。清代北轩主人写有“春林剩有山和尚，旅馆难忘曲秀才”的诗句。蒲松龄在《聊斋志异·八大王》一节中，也写有“故曲生频来，则骚客之金兰友”的词句。

曲道士、曲居士：这是对酒的戏称。宋代陆游在《初夏幽居》诗中写道，“瓶竭重招曲道士，床空新聘竹夫人”。黄庭坚在《杂诗》之五中写道，“万事尽还曲居士，百年常在大槐宫”。

曲蘖：本意指酒母。据《尚书·说命》记载，“著作酒醴，尔惟曲蘖”。据《礼记·月令》记载，“乃命大酋，秫稻必齐，曲蘖必时”后来也作为酒的代称。杜甫在《归来》诗中写道，“凭谁给曲蘖，细酌老江干”。苏拭在《浊醪有妙理赋》中写道，“曲蘖有毒，安能发性”。

春：在《诗经·豳风·七月》中有“十月获稻，为此春酒，以介眉寿”的诗句，故人们常以“春”为酒的代称。杜甫在《拨闷》诗中写道，“闻道云安曲米春，才倾一盏即醺人”。苏拭在《洞庭春色》诗中写道，“今年洞庭春，玉色疑非酒”。

茅柴：这本来是对劣质酒的贬称。冯时化在《酒史·酒品》中指出了，“恶酒曰茅柴”。亦是对市沽薄酒的特称。吴聿在《观林诗话》中写道，“东坡‘几思压茅柴，禁纲日夜急’，盖世号市沽为茅柴，以其易著易过”。在明代冯梦龙著的《警世通言》中，有“琉璃盏内茅柴酒，白玉盘中簇豆梅”的记载。

香蚁、浮蚁：酒的别名。因酒味芳香，浮糟如蚁而得名。韦庄在《冬日长安感志寄献虢州崔郎中二+韵》诗中写道，“闲招好客斟香蚁，闷对琼华咏散盐”。

绿蚁、碧蚁：酒面上的绿色泡沫，也被作为酒的代称。白居易在《同李十一醉忆元九》诗中写道，“绿蚁新醅酒，红泥小火炉”。谢眺《在郡卧病呈沈尚书》中写道，“嘉鲂聊可荐，绿蚁方独持”。吴文英在《催雪》中写道，“歌丽泛碧蚁，放绣箔半钩”。

天禄：这是酒的别称。语出《汉书·食货志》下，“酒者，天子之美禄，帝王所以颐养天下，享祀祈福，扶衰养疾”。相传，隋朝末年，王世充曾对诸臣说，“酒能辅和气，宜封天禄大夫”。因此，酒就又被称为“天禄大夫”。

椒浆：即椒酒，是用椒浸制而成的酒。因酒又名浆，故称椒酒为椒浆。《楚辞。九歌·东皇太一》写道，“奠桂酒兮椒浆”。李嘉**在《夜闻江南人家赛神》诗中写道，“雨过风清洲渚闲，椒浆醉尽迎神还”。浆本来是指淡酒而说的，后来亦作为酒的代称。据《周礼.天官，浆人》记载，“掌共主之六饮：水、浆、醴、凉、医、酏，入于邂逅，又复得欢伯;欢伯属我歌，蟾兔为动色”。

忘忧物：因为酒可以使人忘掉忧愁，所以就借此意而取名。晋代陶潜在《饮酒》诗之七中，就有这样的称谓，“泛此忘忧物，远我遗世情;一觞虽犹进，杯尽壶自倾”。

扫愁帚、钓诗钩：宋代大文豪苏拭在《洞庭春色》诗中写道，“要当立名字，未用问升斗。应呼钓诗钩，亦号扫愁帚”。因酒能扫除忧愁，且能钩起诗兴，使人产生灵感，所以苏轼就这样称呼它。后来就以“扫愁帚”、“钓诗钩”作为酒的代称。元代乔吉在《金钱记》中也写道，“在了这扫愁帚、钓诗钩”。

狂药：因酒能乱性，饮后辄能使人狂放下羁而得名。唐代房玄龄在《晋书·裴楷传》有这样的记载，“长水校尉孙季舒尝与崇(石崇)酣宴，慢傲过度，崇欲表免之。楷闻之，谓崇曰，‘足下饮人狂药，责人正礼，不亦乖乎?’崇乃止”。唐代李群玉在《索曲送酒》诗中也写到了“廉外春风正落梅，须求狂药解愁回”的涉及酒的诗句。

酒兵：因酒能解愁，就象兵能克敌一样而得名。唐代李延寿撰的《南史·陈庆之传》附《陈暄与兄子秀书》有此称谓，“故江谘议有言，‘酒犹兵也。兵可千日而不用，不可一日而不备;酒可千日而不饮，不可一饮而不醉’”。唐代张彦谦在《无题》诗之八也有此称谓“忆别悠悠岁月长，酒兵无计敌愁肠”的诗句。

般若汤：这是和尚称呼酒的隐语。佛家禁止僧人饮酒，但有的僧人却偷饮，因避讳，才有这样的称谓。苏轼在《东坡志林·道释》中有，“僧谓酒为般若汤”的记载。窦革在《酒谱·异域九》中也有“天竺国谓酒为酥，今北僧多云般若汤，盖瘦词以避法禁尔，非释典所出”的记载。中国佛教协会主席赵朴初先生对甘肃皇台酒的题词“香醇般若汤”，可知其意。

清圣、浊贤：东汉未年，曹操主政，下令禁酒。在北宋时期李昉等撰写的《太平御览》引《魏略》中有这样的记载，“太祖(曹操)时禁酒而人窃饮之，故难言酒，以白酒为贤人，清酒为圣人”。晋代陈寿在《三国志·徐邈传》中也有这样的记载，“时科禁酒，而邈私饮，至于沉醉，校事赵达问以曹事，邈曰，‘中圣人’……渡辽将军鲜于辅进曰，‘平日醉客谓酒清者为圣人，浊者为贤人。邈性修慎，偶醉言耳’”。因此，后人就称白酒或浊酒为“贤人”，清酒为“圣人”。唐代季适在《罢相作》中写有“避贤初罢相，乐圣且衔杯”的诗句。宋代陆游在《溯溪》诗中写有“闲携清圣浊贤酒，重试朝南暮北风”的诗句。

A folk culture is a small isolated， cohesive， conservative， nearly self-sufficient group that is homogeneous in custom and race with a strong family or clan structure and highly developed rituals. Order is maintained through sanctions based in the religion or family and interpersonal. Relationships are strong. Tradition is paramount， and change comes infrequently and slowly. There is relatively little division of labor into specialized duties. Rather， each person is expected to perform a great variety of tasks， though duties may differ between the sexes. Most goods are handmade and subsistence economy prevails. Individualism is weakly developed in folk cultures as are social classes. Unaltered folk cultures no longer exist in industrialized countries such as the United States and Canada. Perhaps the nearest modern equivalent in Anglo America is the Amish， a German American farming sect that largely renounces the products and labor saving devices of the industrial age. In Amish areas， horse drawn buggies still serve as a local transportation device and the faithful are not permitted to own automobiles. The Amish＇s central religious concept of Demut "humility"， clearly reflects the weakness of individualism and social class so typical of folk cultures and there is a corresponding strength of Amish group identity. Rarely do the Amish marry outside their sect. The religion， a variety of the Mennonite faith， provides the principal mechanism for maintaining order.

By contrast a popular culture is a large heterogeneous group often highly individualistic and a pronounced many specialized professions. Secular institutions of control such as the police and army take the place of religion and family in maintaining order， and a money-based economy prevails. Because of these contrasts， "popular" may be viewed as clearly different from "folk". The popular is replacing the folk in industrialized countries and in many developing nations. Folk-made objects give way to their popular equivalent， usually because the popular item is more quickly or cheaply produced， is easier or time saving to use or leads more prestige to the owner.

American culture, in a sense, is an extension of European culture, because the language of the Americans, demographic composition and her spirit of the foundation are from Europe. On the other hand, American culture with Europe, because European immigrants in the North American continent to drive away after taking the Indians, in a barren wilderness land to create a stunning is the splendid civilization. Therefore, in the United States talk about cultural practices and social propriety, it is necessary to take account of the same culture of Europe and the United States, but also pay attention to both of the opposite sex. Cultural practices is a wide scope and complexity of the topic, people involved in social life and relations In all aspects.

Of tolerance.

The United States is a country of immigrants, the ancestors from around the world. People emigrated to the United States, not only in the location to move on, but also in their country and customs of the council to a new place of residence. As miscellaneous, people their differences very obvious because the differences are very common, people do not particularly pay attention to unity. In time, the cultural practices of the Americans formed a higher level of tolerance (tolerance), the different cultures and different appraisals on tolerance, an acceptable attitude. At this point, the U.S. society feasible than the custom of other countries in the world more broadly.

From a political perspective, this tolerance of performance in the pursuit of freedom and the right to freedom of maintenance. From the religious that it reflected in the harmonious coexistence of different faiths. From the viewpoint of life, and it appeared in different communities, different ethnic communities live in peace. In a nutshell, in the United States, each person can basically arbitrary choice of different ideas, beliefs, traditions and customs and way of life; people can also keep a considerable extent, their customs and instrument. For example, Jews can celebrate their religious festivals, and Christians are to their Christmas and Easter. For example, again, the United States by Chinese in Chinatown Chinese live and work; the same token, the Vietnamese immigrants in their "little Saigon" according to Vietnams way of doing business and engaged in various activities.

Americans of tolerance, in addition to the above United States is a country that factors other than immigration, and the frequent movement of the Americans. As everyone knows, the history of the United States in the development of an important part of her history of the development of the western region. At that time, the United States Blazers or hiking, horseback or car, from east to west, from north to south, wherever there are opportunities, there Jiuwang resettlement. The frequent migration and continuous replacement of the Habitat so that people will always be in the "mobile", and the occasional different facing the phenomenon of tolerance and more easily accepted. Moreover, the current migration also can help people expand the field of vision, known more widely know, the different practices with sympathy, understanding, and gradually formed diversity rather than uniformity of the openness of the concept.

As the Americans tolerant of stronger, so very few Americans to impose its will on other people, with China Confucius "by the others do not want to, not to impose on" the very Guxun like. For example, a husband may be a Republican, but he must not support the Democratic Party forced his wife to change political stance. Similarly, perhaps the mother is a Catholic, but she must not have forced her into a Muslim convert son to change religion. In their daily lives and habits of business in normal times, this spirit of tolerance is a common occurrence, commonplace.

I am going to Hawaii for vacation .I am going in December ,and I am staying for three weeks.Hawaii is comprised of a chain of 132 islands.We usually think of the eight main islands when we think of Hawaii.This is not surprising as the other 124 islands only total about 3 square miles in land area.

Hawaii is home of the worlds most active volcano,the crater of Kilauea on Mauna Loa.Sandy beaches,towering volcanoes,and lush valleys lure thousands of tourists each year to this tropical paradise.

Hawaii is the most ethnically and racially diverse state of any state in the union,a mix that includes Caucasians,Americans of Japanese descent,and Polynesians,among others.Native Hawaiians have held on to many of their customs and traditions despite the influx of non-natives over the years.Hawaii is the only state that has an official native language.Statehood had been proposed many times throughout Hawaiis history,but it was not until 1959 that Hawaii became the 50th state of the United States.

为宣传肇庆深厚的历史人文底蕴，讲好肇庆历史、文化、旅游故事，传承优秀岭南文化，弘扬社会主义核心价值观，我市举办“讲好肇庆历史文化旅游故事”有奖征稿活动，在全国范围内征集稿件，欢迎踊跃参与。

一、征稿要求

题目自拟，内容包含流传在民间的和新创作的肇庆历史文化旅游故事，要求主题鲜明，传播正能量，故事性、可读性强，字数在1500字以内。

二、奖项设置

征稿活动结束后，评审小组将对所有文章进行认真评选，好中选优，对获奖作品颁发奖金和证书。一等奖3名(奖金5000元)、二等奖10名(奖金3000元)、三等奖20名(奖金1000元)。

三、投稿须知

1、来稿请标明“讲好肇庆历史文化旅游故事”有奖征稿字样，须邮寄纸质稿件到：广东省肇庆市沙墩路10号西江日报社副刊部，邮编：526020。作品后面请注明作者姓名、性别、单位、通讯地址和电话等个人准确信息，以便于联系。稿件请自留底稿，恕不退稿,同时发电子版至邮箱：FKW26046@163.com。

2、征稿作品须为原创作品，凡涉及版权等法律责任由作者负责。优秀征文除在《西江日报》或西江网发表外，还将结集出版。

四、征稿时间

即日起至2015年9月30日止。

Different social attitudes: The british are, in some ways, less conservative than Americans - the drinking age is 18, not 21, homosexual civil unions are legal, and abortion hasnt been a serious political issue in years. Mixing religion and politics is extremely rare in the UK. On the other hand, there are stricter controls on some things - its much harder to get a driving licence, and the age requirement is higher than in most states, there are speed cameras everwhere, CCTV cameras in many public places (although they may or may not be working), and carrying weapons or other objects for "self defence" is illegal (in particular, note that pepper spray is illegal).

Getting into a debate about the right to bear arms will be very time consuming, and may also lead people to think that youre a gun-nut before theyve got to know you properly.

Smoking in enclosed public places is illegal - that includes pubs, the underground, train stations... more or less any non-residential building actually... (similar to New York, so not so much of a cultural difference there).

“君到姑苏见，人家尽枕河。古宫闲地少，水巷小桥多。”今天我们要去的就是水乡古镇——千灯。

千灯已有两千五百多年的历史，人文荟萃，经济发达，百姓生活富裕。沿着弯弯曲曲的街巷，走在青石板铺成的街道，我们来到了杰出的思想家顾炎武先生的故居。顾先生与黄宗羲、王夫之并称为明末清初“三大儒”，著有《日知录》《音学五书》等。

走进顾先生的故居，一棵百年大树印入我的眼帘，树干十分粗壮，两个成年人都抱不住；树叶翠绿翠绿的，绿得发亮，密密麻麻地遮住了一片小小的天地。它就像故居的守护者静静矗立在这里，枝干伸向四面八方，就像是在欢迎我们的到来。站在客厅里，耀眼的阳光透过一扇扇窗，满满地照在“怡安堂”的匾额上。穿过客厅一条很长的走廊来到花园，只见亭子被花草树木簇拥着，不知名的红色藤蔓从空中垂下，如瀑布，不见其发端，也不见其终极。

参观完顾炎武先生的故居，又走过了延福禅寺，我们来到热闹的街巷。一股带着鲜、带着辣、带着麻的味儿钻进我的鼻孔，香香的、辣辣的，勾得我的口水充盈了整张嘴，吆喝声传入耳中：“香香的烤面筋，要不要来一串儿啊，走过路过不要错过！”小街两旁的店面一家挨着一家，街上、店里来来往往的人川流不息，各种吆喝声、讨价还价声不绝于耳。小街真热闹啊！

细觅千灯古镇，踏寻历史文化，这次的社会实践活动让我记忆深刻。

Franklin is the Founding Father who is seen as the master of home-spun(朴素的) practical wisdom. Of humble origins, Franklin began as a printer and writer (the author of Poor Richards Almanack), then became an inventor and scientist, and concluded his long career as the consummate(完美的) diplomat. He played a key behind-the-scenes role at the conventions that led to the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.

富兰克林是美国开国元勋，被誉为朴素、务实的智慧大师。他出身贫寒，最初从事印刷和写作(《穷人理查德年鉴》一书的作者)，后成为发明家和科学家，最后作为杰出的外交家结束了漫长的职业生涯。他从幕后为各种重要会议发挥了关键作用，最后导致《独立宣言》和《美国宪法》的诞生。

George Washington (1732-99)

The first president of the United States and the American commander in chief during the War of Independence from Great Britain, Washington is often called the "Father of His Country." Originally a gentleman farmer from Virginia, Washington showed great leadership qualities as a soldier. Highly popular with the American public, he was eulogized by a member of Congress as "first in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his countrymen."

乔治?华盛顿(George Washington, 1732-1799)

华盛顿是美国第一任总统，在摆脱英国统治的独立战争(War of Independence)时期担任总司令，常被尊称为“国父”。他原是弗吉尼亚州(Virginia)一位从事农业的乡绅，后成为一名军人，表现出非凡的领导能力。他在美国公众中享有崇高的声望，一位国会议员曾赞颂他

是“英勇作战第一人，争取和平第一人、國人心中第一人”。

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)

Jefferson was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. "We hold these truths to be self-evident," he wrote, "that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness." Jefferson, who was later elected the third president of the United States, also wrote the state of Virginias law establishing religious freedom and founded the University of Virginia. 托马斯?杰佛逊(Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826)

杰佛逊是1776年《独立宣言》主要起草人。他写道：“我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的 : 人人生而平等，造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。”杰佛逊后来当选美国第三任总统。他还起草了弗吉尼亚州保障宗教自由的法律，并创办了弗吉尼亚大学(University of Virginia)。

Sacagawea (ca. 1786-1812)

A young woman of the Lemhi Indians in present-day Idaho, Sacagawea helped the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804-06 explore vast newly acquired lands in the American West. Sacagawea, who spoke several Indian dialects, served as a guide and interpreter to various Native American tribes during this peaceful expedition. When the expedition encountered the Lemhi band, she arranged for the Lemhi to provide the horses, provisions, and shelter that made the journey to the

Pacific Ocean possible. One of Sacagaweas descendants, Willow Jack, is pictured in authentic costume.

莎卡嘉薇亚(Sacagawea, 1786-1812)

莎卡嘉薇亚是印第安人莱姆哈伊(Lemhi)部族的成员，该地现属爱达荷州(Idaho)。她在1804年至1806年间帮助刘易斯(Lewis)和克拉克(Clark)远征队在美国刚获得的西部广袤土地上探险。莎卡嘉薇亚通晓好几种印第安人的方言，为这项和平探险任务担任向导并充当译员，与各种各样的印第安人部族进行沟通。在探险队遇到莱姆哈伊部族时，该部族经过她的安排为他们前往太平洋沿岸的旅途提供了必需的马匹、粮草和住所。图中身穿正统印第安人服装的威洛?杰克(Willow Jack)是莎卡嘉薇亚的后裔。

Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865)

President during the American Civil War, 1861-65, Lincoln is revered for having kept the Union together and freeing the slaves. A legislator from Illinois, Lincoln won the Republican nomination for president and was elected on an anti-slavery platform in 1860. As a result, 11 southern states seceded and war began. In the Gettysburg Address, he stated his resolve “that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

亚伯拉罕?林肯(Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865)

林肯在1861年至1865年美国南北战争时期担任美国总统，他因维护美国统一和解放黑奴而广受尊崇。林肯原是伊利诺伊州(Illinois)联邦议员，后获共和党提名为总统候选人，1860年以反对奴隶制的政纲当选总统。此后，南方11个州脱离联邦，引发美国内战。林肯发表的葛底斯堡演说(Gettysburg Address)表示，决心“使民有、民治、民享的政府与世长存”。

Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906)

Appalled that the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1870) guaranteed the right to vote to newly freed slaves but not to women, Susan B. Anthony led a group of women to the polls in Rochester, New York. She was arrested several times for trying to vote, and later organized the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. She died in 1906, having paved the way for the ratification of the 19th Amendment, which granted American women the right to vote in 1920. 蘇珊?安東尼(Susan B. Anthony, 1820-1906)

蘇珊?安東尼对1870年美国宪法第15条修正案表示极为不满，因为该修正案只保障新获得解放的奴隶有选举权，但不给妇女同样的权利。她带领一群妇女去纽约州罗切斯特(Rochester, New York)投票站表达抗议。她因试图投票参加选举多次被捕，后来组织了国际妇女选举权同盟(International Woman Suffrage Alliance)。她于1906年逝世，但她为1920年保障妇女选举权的第19条宪法修正案获得通过创造了条件。

Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

The foremost physicist of the 20th century, Albert Einstein developed the theory of relativity, which overturned previous ideas on the nature of the physical universe. Born in 1879 in Germany, he developed his important ideas as a young man. In 1933, Einstein took a position with the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton, New Jersey, and became an American citizen in 1940." His ideas would prove instrumental in developing the atomic bomb during World War II. 阿尔伯特?爱因斯坦(Albert Einstein, 1879-1955)

爱因斯坦是20世纪久负盛名的物理学家。他创立了相对论(theory of relativity)，推翻了关于宇宙本质的旧观念。他1879年生于德国，很年轻时就提出了许多重要观点，1933年，他到新泽西州普林斯顿(Princeton, New Jersey)的高等研究院(Institute for Advanced Studies)任职， 1940年成为美国公民。他的学术思想对于美国在第二次世界大战(World War II)期间发明原子弹发挥了关键作用。

富兰克林?戴莱诺?罗斯福(Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1882-1945)

罗斯福以其乐观的精神和政治智慧帮助美国渡过了南北战争(the Civil War)以来最艰难的时期：大萧条(the Great Depression)和第二次世界大战(World War II)。他于1933年就任总统，执政长达12年。在此期间，美国经济得到恢复，轴心国军队(the Axis forces)被打败。罗斯福是贫苦民众心目中的英雄，但众多工商界人士并不认同他在“新政” (New Deal)时期实施的经济和社会改革。

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945)

Franklin D. Roosevelts optimism and political savvy helped carry the United States though its greatest domestic crisis since the Civil War: the hard times of the Great Depression and World War II. He assumed the presidency in 1933 and—during his 12 years at the helm—saw his country recover economically and triumph over the Axis forces. FDR was a hero to the poor, but many businessmen did not favor his economic and social reforms, called the New Deal.

约翰?菲茨杰拉德?肯尼迪(

John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1917-1963)

肯尼迪具有卓越的领导才能，建立了众多的业绩，风度优雅，充满智慧和魅力，人们经常怀着感念的心情回忆他担任美国总统的三年时光。在德克萨斯州达拉斯(Dallas, Texas)，刺客的一颗子弹夺走了他的生命，但是他激励了千百万人民。1962年，他以坚定的意志抗击来古巴的苏联导弹威胁，以后又与苏联进行合作，缓和了核军备竞赛。他还创立了争取进步联盟(Alliance for Progress)及和平队(Peace Corps)。

John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917-1963)

People everywhere look back nostalgically to JFKs three years as president of the United States because of his leadership, his accomplishments, and his grace, wit, and charisma. He inspired millions before he was killed by an assassins bullet in Dallas, Texas. Although not afraid to stand

The understanding of American culture must not end with what we know on TV, because she has the most distinctive features of her own, which is diversity. As a country with a large immigrant population, the United States does not have a unique way of life, there is no only standard of conduct, and there is no unique culture. The diversity of the United States penetration in all aspects of the country, the following guidelines may not be able to help you overcome all from the cultural differences, but hope to everyone to prepare for the basic study in the United States and general plan to help.

Americans have a very different lifestyle than Chinese people. American food is light and easy to make, and the main course is meat, fish and chicken. A meal usually consists of only one main course, and salads and coffee are by no means less. Hot dogs and hamburgers are two of the most popular fast foods.

Americans are so active that more than a fifth of them move every year. The most detailed list of houses and apartments available on Sunday in newspapers across the country can be used to find homes or to find local estate agents. In addition to paying for rent, the rent house generally pays for utilities, namely gas, electricity, heating, hot water and simple electrical repairs and other repairs. The rent is usually a month, usually on the first day of the month. Electricity in most parts of the United States is 110-120 volts, 60Hz.

Almost every home in the United States has a car, and the American highway is very developed and accessible, so many americans work very far from where they live. They often go on a family trip during the holidays. The most popular means of transportation in the city are buses and subways. The subway is usually run day and night. Taxis are usually paid by distance or by distance. The whole country executes the right driving, the big city executes traffic regulation especially strict.

The American concept of time

Because of the fierce competition, the American society is full of movement and change, people are always in a hurry, and the result also has formed the americans time view of tension. "Time is money" is the most accurate expression of the American attitude to time. Americans value time more than just because they think time is a tangible thing, but more importantly they recognize the urgency and lack of time. Americans believe that the question of time can fully reflect a persons self-cultivation, and his respect for others. Therefore, it is necessary to have a detailed schedule and strict adherence to it.

So we stress that being on time is not just about the individuals schedule, but if youre not on time, it reflects your lack of respect for others time. In the study of life, apart from being on time, it is necessary to observe the deadline of various learning tasks. American schools generally teach students a subject, and then a group of students form a study group. Everyone is responsible for different aspects of learning team, if you dont have the prescribed deadline to complete you responsible for that part, influence is the whole teams performance, it is also a lot of American students constantly complaining about a problem. So being on time is a basic requirement for studying and living in the United States.

The way americans communicate

Talking to people is the most basic form of interpersonal communication. When youre talking to friends from all over the world, youre not just talking to each other, youre communicating with each other. The way language is expressed can often reflect the characteristics of a particular region or country.

Direct refreshing

Most of the time, conversations in the United States belong to a tendency to get information. They like to ask a lot of questions, and in a very direct way. They will use the most simple and direct language to get the information they want, the process, if they do not pay too much attention to wording beautiful, whether express tactfully, it sometimes inevitably conceded the interlocutors have a feeling not too polite. Answer this question, too, when the answer is no, americans will tell you "no" directly, also wont go to touch up for his answer, and if you dont have to know in advance to their speech habits, it felt embarrassed is inevitable.

Positive questions

Another obvious feature of the American way of communication is that there is no hesitation in asking questions. In the course of conversation, if americans dont understand what they dont understand, they often ask each other questions in a timely manner until they understand it. This feature is encouraged in class. In American classrooms, students can present any questions to the classroom at any time, and the lecturers will be more than happy to answer questions for students. Therefore, American classroom will always make students absorb knowledge in a relaxed, interactive and positive atmosphere.

body language

The tools of human communication are not just words, but body language. Spoke of the gestures, body posture, and facial expressions are the key to proper use of body language, we will divide the occasion, object, subject of flexible adjustment and use body language. Eye contact is the key of the above elements. Keep your eyes on the other side of the conversation while youre talking. This is something americans value too much.

Here are a few topics that can be used to talk to almost all americans:

Weather and mood

Some of my past experiences

My own campus life, or work content

Car, fashion, shopping, TV, music, clothing and other casual topics

At the same time, we should avoid the following topics:

Savings, income and other topics related to the personal economic situation

Family situation

Religious beliefs and so on

The last thing to note is that when you dont have a good grasp of your sense of humor, its best not to play it at will. You know, different countries, different culture, have different understanding of humor, and the appropriate humor can active conversation atmosphere, it is easy to cause unnecessary misunderstanding, or conversely.

Were divided into 50 states, each state has different administrative rules and regulations, combined with geographical location, climate condition difference, leads to the residents of the states have different living habits. The same is true of Americas diversity.

Climate change is a top priority. On the other hand is psychological preparation. Residents in different regions have different characteristics, such as: the east people look is always in a hurry, rush about for work, but with their southern leisurely, quiet and warm hospitality is famous for its character, the residents of the Midwests character can be described as practical, stubborn, and tradition, the western residents seem to be more independent, attach importance to individualism, live along the west coast of the United States people impressed us is recreational, relaxed and optional. Youre going to be on a trip to the United States, and youre going to have to look at the cities where youre going to school, and youre going to have a general idea of what youre going to do in these areas.

对于美国文化的认识决不能止于从电视上了解到的内容，因为，她有着自己最鲜明的特点，那就是多样性。作为一个拥有庞大移民人口的国家而言，美国不存在唯一的生活方式，不存在唯一的行为标准，更不存在唯一的文化。美国的多样性渗透在国家的各个方面，以下的指南也许不能帮你克服所有因文化差异而带来的困扰，但希望能对大家为留学美国而做的基本准备和大致计划有所帮助。

美国人的生活习惯与中国人有很大不同，美国食物味道清淡，制作简单迅速，主菜为肉、鱼、鸡类。一餐中一般仅一道主菜，而沙拉和咖啡是绝不能少的。热狗和汉堡包是最流行的两种快速食品。

美国人生性好动，每年都有超过1/5的人搬家。各地星期日的报纸登载周内租售房屋与寓所的最详尽名单，可以通过这些资料找房子，也可以找当地的地产经纪人。租房子除要付租外，一般还要付公用事业费，即煤气、电、暖气、热水和简单的电器修理及其他修理费。租金通常一个月，一般每月的第一天付。美国大部分地区的电力为110-120伏，60Hz。

美国几乎每家都有小汽车，美国的高速路十分发达，四通八达，因此很多美国人工作地点与居住地很远。在假日里，他们经常全家驾车出游。市内最常用的交通工具是公共汽车和地铁。地铁一般都是日夜开行。出租汽车一般按路程(短程)或时间(远程)计费。全国实行靠右行车，大城市执行交通法规尤为严格。

美国人的时间观念

美国社会由于竞争激烈，充满了运动和变化，人们始终处于奔忙之中，结果也就养成了美国人的紧张时间观。“时间就是金钱”这句话是美国人对于时间的态度的最准确表达。美国人对于时间的珍视不仅仅因为他们认为时间是一种切实的事物，更重要的是他们认识到了时间的紧迫和缺乏。美国人相信，在时间的问题上可以充分反应出一个人的自身素质修养，以及他对于他人的尊重。所以，有一份详细的作息时间表，并严格的遵守它，是相当必要的。

所以我们强调做到准时，不仅仅是关乎到个人的日程安排，若你没有做到准时，反应出的是你对他人时间的不尊重。在学习生活中，除了准时上课外，更需要遵守的是各种学习任务的截止时间安排。美国学校的教学方式一般是老师安排给学生一项课题，然后会由学生几个人之间结成学习小组共同来进行。学习小组中的每个人都会负责不同的方面，如果你没有在规定的截止日期内完成你负责的那一部分，影响的就是整个小组的成绩，这也是很多美国学生不断在抱怨的一个问题。所以，做到准时是在美国学习和生活的一个最基本的要求。

美国人的交流方式

与人交谈是人际交往中最基础的形式。当你与来自世界各地的朋友们交谈时，你们之间交流的不仅仅是彼此的观点和话题，更深层次的是在进行着文化的交流。语言表达的方式往往可以反应出某个地区或是某个国家的特色。

◎直接爽快

大多时候，美国人的谈话属于有一种想要获取信息的趋势。他们喜欢提出很多问题，并且是用很直接的方式。他们会用最简单直接的语言表达来获取自己想要的信息，这过程中，他们并不太在意措辞是否优美，意思表达是否婉转等问题，这有时不免会让与之对话者有一种不太礼貌的感觉。回答问题也是一样，当答案是否定的时候，美国人会直接告诉你“不“，同样不会去为他的答案进行润色，若是你没有提前了解到他们这种说话习惯，那感觉尴尬就是在所难免的了。

◎积极提问

美国人的交流方式中还有一个明显的特点就是毫不犹豫的提问。在交谈过程中，如果美国人有不明白，没听清的地方时，他们通常会及时的向对方把问题提出，直到弄懂为止。这一特点在课堂上成为被鼓励的做法。在美国的课堂上，学生可以随时向授课教室提出任何相关问题，而授课者都会极为乐意的为学生解答问题。所以，美国的课堂总是会让学生在轻松，互动，积极的氛围里吸收知识。

◎肢体语言

人类交流的工具不仅仅是语言，还有肢体语言。说话时的手势，身体的姿势，以及脸部的表情都是恰当运用肢体语言的关键，我们要分场合，分对象，分话题的灵活调整和运用肢体语言。其中目光接触则是上述要素中的关键。交谈时要时刻保持自己的目光是与对方相接触的，目光自然和善即可。这一点也是美国人相当看重的。

这里我们给大家提供几个很适合与几乎所有美国人交谈的话题：

天气情况和心情

自己以往的某些经历

自己的校园生活，或是工作内容

汽车，时尚，购物，影视，音乐，服装等休闲话题

同时我们应该避免以下话题：

存款，收入等与个人经济情况有关的话题

家庭情况

宗教信仰等等

最后需要提醒大家的一点是，当你对自己的幽默感并没有十足的把握时，最好不要随意发挥它。要知道，不同国家，不同文化，对幽默的认识是有所不同的，恰当的幽默可以活跃谈话气氛，反之则很容易引起不必要的误解或是不愉快。

美国一共划分为50个州，每个州都有不同的行政法规，再加上地理位置，气候条件的差异，就导致了各州的居民都有着不同的生活习惯。这里同样体现的是美国的多样性。

气候不同是首要考虑的问题。另外一方面就是心理上的准备。不同地区的居民有着不同的性格特征，比如：东部的人看起来总是匆匆忙忙的，为工作而奔波着，南部的人却是以他们悠闲，平静并且热情好客的性格特点而闻名，中西部的居民的性格可以被形容成实际的，固执的，还有一点传统，西部居民显得比较独立，重视个人主义，沿西海岸居住的美国人给我们的印象就是休闲，放松，随意。将要踏上美国之旅的你，需要针对就读学校所处城市，在这些方面搜集资料，提前有个大体的概念。

[英语作文美国的文化

开元寺里的景色非常好，有竹子，有大树，还有一些是我从来没见过的植物。

我们立在石照壁前，看到了佛祖从“下天”到“涅槃”的景象，画面是那样的逼真。壁画上面还有仙女、僧人、麒麟、霸下、浮云等。仙女的衣角褶皱鲜明，那么多的神仙都站在浮云上，好像他们的家就在天上。照壁四周还有回形纹路，寓意吉祥。

我们站在石牌楼的正下方，仰望着这座石牌楼，那时我觉得它仿佛有好几万米那样高。石牌楼南北两侧共有十二尊石狮子，那它们怎么分辨公母呢？狮子的爪子下方，如果按着一个球，那它就是公狮子，如果它按着一只小狮子宝宝，那它就是一只母狮子。

一直往前走，有一条长长的青石甬道。甬道上面有三朵硕大的莲花，走上去，寓意着“步步生莲”。我们来到了天王宝殿，首先映入眼帘的是一尊佛像——弥勒佛。在大殿两侧还有四大天王，他们有的拿着琵琶，有的拿了一条蛇，还有的拿着一把神伞。

穿过天王殿，我们来到了安莲池，里面有九朵莲花和三十二朵荷叶，还有四个会喷水的龙头。

抬头往前看，有一个青烟袅袅的香炉。我们慢慢地走过去，老师给我们一人发了一根香，我们许了一个愿望，把香插在了香炉里面。这时我们有一个同学摸了一下那个香炉，不到两秒钟，他就把手收了回来。

接着我们又走到了一个亭子，叫澄公亭，亭顶绘有莲花，非常漂亮。

走到观音殿里面，有千手千眼观音，他们的手和眼我都数不过来了。最后来到了大雄宝殿，那里供奉着三尊巨大的佛，看起来他们得有三层楼那么高。

邢台是一座历史悠久的城市，我们要好好珍惜城中为数不多的古建筑。

为加强对中国特色社会主义理论体系特别是习近平总书记 《 在哲学社会科学工作座谈会上 的 讲话 》以及两次对黑龙江讲话 精神的 研究与学习、 阐释， 增强“四个自信”，助推 黑龙江经济社会发展，走出新形势下黑龙江全面振兴新路子， 黑龙江省社会科学信息中心 《学术交流》 和 《知与行》 两 编辑部 将 主办“龙江历史文化论坛·2017 ”征文活动。 现面向全国征集论文。

一、论坛主题

黑 龙江 历史 文化 研究、 黑龙江流域文明研究、嫩江流域文明研究、渤海国研究 、金源文化研究 等。

二、征文要求

1.论文主题鲜明，观点正确，论述深刻，体现科学性、思想性、学术性和创新性，未公开发表过。

2.严格遵守学术规范、学术道德，不得有剽窃、伪造、篡改、重复发表等学术不端行为。

3. 其他要求：

(1)所有稿件均需提供以下信息：作者姓名、工作单位、简介、所在省市、邮政编码、联系电话、电子信箱。

(2)论文的非正文信息须包括摘要(300字左右)、关键词(3-5个)，有基金项目的也要列出。

(3)文章参考文献至少6条，同时注意避免过多过滥。参考文献及注释 要 规范。

(4)具体论文格式请参照《学术交流》或《知与行》杂志。

三、征文时间

从征文发布之日起，至 2017 年 6月30 日 截止 。请于截止 日期 前将论文以WORD格式(文件名皆为“龙江 历史 文化论坛投稿论文+姓名+单位”)发送到547335022@qq.com和zhiyuxing111@163.com信箱。

四、 联系人及联系电话

杜 娟 0451-82808217 徐雪野 0451-82808211

征文活动结束后，将组织专家对论文进行评选，优秀论文作者代表将被邀请参加“龙江 历史 文化论坛·201 7 ”活动，论坛具体时间、地点另行通知。同时，优秀论文还将被选入《龙江 历史 文化论坛·2017》论文集，并根据具体情况在优秀论文中选择部分论文 推荐给 《学术交流》或《知与行》发表。

《学术交流》 编辑部

《知与行》编辑部

2016年11月21日

Los Angeles,known as LA,locates on the west coast of the states,which is the second largest city in America.West coast is known for the incredible weather year round.Days are longer here in August,and its pretty warm in the evening,so summer is the best time to visit LA.There are a lot of stuff to see here in LA,for example,Hollywood,Disneyland and China Town as well as Korean town,etc.Basically,LA is one of the few international cities around the world,where you can taste authentic cuisines from many other countries.Southern California is a very relaxing place,people go to beach,museums and games just to escape from a week of hard working.You should definitely come here for your summer vacation.I will be your tour guide for sure.

[关于美国英语作文

这个暑假，妈妈要带我去西安，我得知这个消息之后很激动，立马从网上寻找西安的资料。

“西安市是中华人民共和国陕西省省会，兼具现代感和历史感，因为作为华夏文明的发源地，世界四大文明古都(西安、罗马、开罗、雅典)之一，西安历史悠久，文化积淀非常厚重。西安周围有120多座帝王陵墓围绕，有着”天然历史博物馆“的美誉;兵马俑坑被誉为”世界第八大奇迹“;秦始皇陵为最早列入世界遗产名录的中国遗迹;古城墙也是至今世界上保存最完整、规模最宏大的古城墙遗址。”当我看到西安的介绍时，我对西安这个神秘的城市产生了浓厚的兴趣。

对了，我们在学习语文的过程中，不是学习过《秦兵马俑》一课吗?我们来回顾一下课文吧：兵马俑规模宏大。已发掘的三个俑坑，总面积达19120平方米，足有两个半足球场那么大，坑内有兵马俑近8000个。在三个俑坑中，一号坑最大，东西长230米，南北宽62米，总面积有14260平方米，坑里的兵马俑也最多，共有6000个左右。一号坑上面，现在已盖起了一座巨大的拱形大厅。走进大厅，人们无不为兵马俑的恢宏气势和高潮的制作工艺所折服。站在高处鸟瞰，坑里的兵俑，马俑相间，一行行，一列列，十分整齐，排成了一个巨大的长方形军阵，看上去真像是秦始皇当年统率的一支南征北战，所向披靡的大军。

兵马俑不仅规模宏大，而且类型众多，个性鲜明。

将军俑身材魁梧，头戴金冠，身披铠甲，手握宝剑，昂首挺胸，站在队伍前列，像是在指挥身后的军吏和士兵行进。那神态自若的样子，一看就知道是久经沙场，肩负重任的高级将领。

武士俑高1。8米，体格健壮，体态匀称，身上穿着战袍，套着铠甲，脚上蹬着前端向上翘起的战靴，头发大多挽成了偏向右侧的发髻。它们有的握着铜戈，有的擎着利剑，有的拿着盾牌。个个目光炯炯，双唇紧闭，神态严峻，好像一场大战就在眼前。课文中的秦兵马俑真是写的惟妙惟肖，栩栩如生啊!

西安正向我招手，西安，我来了!

Traditional Chinese culture is beginning to capture the attention of the world. This is true even as popular culture that has traditionally been considered Western begins to spread throughout China. Kung Fu, especially, has had a great impact on the millions of people who first learned about China through it. From that, they may come to China and learn about other aspects of this culture, such as traditional operas like the Beijing and Sichuan ones. Asian nations have long known about the greatness of ancient Chinese culture. Their own cultures are a mix of native ones and those Chinese characteristics. Korea and Japan long ago adopted ideas such as Confucianism is something that continues today even as it is challenged by Pop Culture. This strength comes from the ideas given in the Four Books of Confucianism (The Great Learning, The Doctrine of the Mean, The Analects of Confucius, and The Book of Mencius). These books built upon the ideas of an even more ancient period codified in the Five Classics. From them, the West learns such things as Fengshui and other concepts that are uniquely Chinese. China has taken steps to further this spread of its culture by establishing Chinese Cultural Centers in such places as the United States and Europe.

从童话大王到“羊羔体”，从小沈阳到鲁迅先生，每一个事件都在如实地反应是文化在当代社会的弊端与缺陷。文化，本应该是历史的助推器，为何沦落到这种地步了？

答案是显而易见的。随着社会经济的不断发展，文化的商业性不断显现出来，大众传媒的商业性也使当代文化失去了应有的精神面貌。文化，似乎也走入了一种“潜规则”，低俗文化风靡，黑色幽默盛行，相反的，鲁迅的“归隐”郑渊洁的暗然离去，都在预示着文化的堕落与委靡。

文化的“不给力”对于社会的发展有着十分消极的影响。文化的倒退不反没有起到对历史的推动作用，反而对历史的发展起到了阻碍作用。人们对传统文化的忽视与丢失，不反使人们丧失了对传统文化先生的传统道义与美德，也是人们对现代文化产生了一种歪曲的理解，从而使现代文化“日渐消瘦”与“单薄”。也是人们产生了一种不同于主德思想的一样的精神信仰。

文化是一种对人们思想的启迪，正是由于当代文化的不断低俗化，使人们的思想也变得日渐消极。黑色幽默中展现的正是人们这种对现世的无奈以及内心的迷茫。而低俗文化的兴起更是使人们的心灵蒙上了更为灰暗的阴影。

低俗文化作为一种文化糟粕，理应得到人们的丢弃与改造，如今却成为人们热捧的焦点。小沈阳的“千娇百媚”，虽博众人一笑，但其低俗之风也渐渐靡滥。

因此，所谓当代社会的领跑者，我们应端正对待低俗文化的态度，真正做到文化的“给力”，使其实现自身在历史中的价值。

面对低俗文化，沉着冷静面对，不盲目跟风，认真对待和分辨文化的性质，坚决抵制低俗文化。面对传统文化，积极继承优秀传统文化及其内在精髓，使其真正服务于当代社会，使其迸发出活力。

文化，作为历史的助跑器，应实现自身价值，真正为当代社会与人民贡献出应有的力量。

This Thursday is Thanksgiving Day. The writer O’Henry called it the one day that is purely American. Thanksgiving is not a religious holiday. But it has ritual meaning. Some Americans attend religious services on the day before Thanksgiving or on Thanksgiving morning. Others travel long distances to be with their families. They have a large dinner which is the main part of the celebration. For many Americans, Thanksgiving is the only time when all members of the family gather. The holiday is a time of family reunion. Thanksgiving week is generally one of the busiest travel times of the year. However, experts say this year probably will be different. On September 11th, thousands of people died when terrorists hijacked airplanes that struck buildings in Washington D.C. and New York City. Many people now say they are worried about flying on a plane. Travel experts say almost 6 percent fewer people will make long trips this Thanksgiving compared with last year. Many Americans who usually visit family and friends by plane are driving shorter distances instead this week. Some mental health experts say the attacks have frightened people. They say people feel safer and happier close to home. More than any other holiday, Thanksgiving is a celebration of family and home. Many people say that this year they are especially thankful for their families and friends and the good things in their lives. On Thanksgiving, people enjoy a long day of cooking, eating and talking. The traditional meal almost always includes the turkey with a bread mixture cooked inside. Other traditional Thanksgiving food served with turkey are sweet potatoes, cranberries and pumpkin pie. Stores are said to sell more food at Thanksgiving than at any other time of the year, and many people eat more food at Thanksgiving than at any other time of the year. Over the years, Americans have added new traditions to their Thanksgiving celebration. For example, a number off professional and university football games are played on Thanksgiving Day. Some of the games are broadcast on national television.

Independence Day is a day of family celebrations with picnics and barbecues,showing a great deal of emphasis on the American tradition of political freedom.Activities associated with the day include watermelon or hotdog eating competitions and sporting events,such as baseball games,three-legged races,swimming activities and tug-of-war games.

Many people display the American flag outside their homes or buildings.Many communities arrange fireworks that are often accompanied by patriotic music.The most impressive fireworks are shown on television.Some employees use one or more of their vacation days to create a long weekend so that they can escape the heat at their favorite beach or vacation spot.

Independence Day is a patriotic holiday for celebrating the positive aspects of the United States.Many politicians appear at public events to show their support for the history,heritage and people of their country.Above all,people in the United States express and give thanks for the freedom and liberties fought by the first generation of many of todays Americans.The Statue of Liberty is a national monument that is associated with Independence Day.

The first description of how Independence Day would be celebrated was in a letter from John Adams to his wife Abigail on July 3,1776.He described "pomp and parade,with shows,games,sports,guns,bells,bonfires,and illuminations" throughout the United States.However,the term "Independence Day" was not used until 1791.

“I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America,and to the Republic for which it stands.One nation under God,indivisible,with liberty and justice for all.”

Happy birthday,America.

美利坚民族是个年轻、天真、自信、富有生气的民族。像个血气方刚的青年人，美国人生性好动，不甘寂寞。像个精力充沛的年轻人，美国人不停地干这忙那，似乎有永远也使不完的精力。城市里的人似乎永远赶着去什么地方;乡村里的人总是在农田、养鸡场、谷仓、奶牛场之间奔跑不停;办公室里的人有着堆成山似的文字工作(paper work)要做;公司里的秘书手脚不停地接电话、送文件。你在街上走逛，后面的人会大步流星地超赶到你的前面;你去餐馆就餐，难得寻觅到能与你说笑寒喧的伴侣。生活的节奏像一根上足了的发条一样，有条不紊地不停运转，构成了一幅繁忙、近乎于疯狂的现代人生活画面。

美国人的快节奏生活方式，除了止述美利坚民族好动不好静的秉性之外，很大程度上与他们社会的激烈竞争息息相关。美国是个市场经济高度发达的国家，“物竞天择，适者生存”的法则是它的运转规律，不进则退，不胜则败。为了生存和成功，美国人必须拼搏和奋斗，而拼搏与奋斗的一个重要方面是与他人抢时间、争速度，使自己始终处于依靠地位。由此可见，美国人的快节奏生活方式是被他们紧张激烈的社会竞争所“逼迫”出来的。因为这种“逼迫”无时不在、无处不有，美国人对快节奏生活方式也就习惯成自然了。

真话重于客气

在不少国家，人们互相交谈时，喜欢拣对方高兴听的知说，而不愿指出事实真相，以免伤了和气。这多半是出于客气(courtesy)和礼貌(politeness)。但在美国人的眼光里，这种心地善良的客气和礼貌不及真话重要。美国人的伦理价值观中有一条箴言：“诚实为上策” (Honesty is the best policy)。换句话说，在比较诚实、客气、礼貌、家族声誉孰轻孰重时，美国人把诚实放在首位。因此，在美国如果要说某人的坏话，最厉害的一句是“你不能相信他”(You cannot trust him)。

试举例说明。一个美国人驾车赶路，途中，他问一路人：“这里距离下一个市镇还有多远?”在一些把客气礼貌放在高于真实位置的国家里，路边这位先生也许马上想到赶路者已疲倦不堪，急欲抵达目的地，于是便客客气气地说，“顺着这条路走就到了”(Just down the road)。他以为这样回答能使赶路者心里宽慰从而更振足精神。然而，当这美国人开了好半天的车才到达要去的市镇时他会心情不畅，甚至气愤，觉得自己受骗了(feeling tricked)。在他看来，那位路边人明知路程很远，却存心欺骗他。同样的问题，美国人会怎样回答呢?美国人认为，假如他知道下一个市镇还有24英里的路程，回答说“Just down the road”是不诚实的表现。因此，尽管对那疲倦的寻路人极富同情，但他还是实话相告：“有好一段路呢，至少24英里”。(You have a long way to go ;at least 24miles more)。问路者听了也许会失望，但他明白了自己的处境，所以也不会产生误解。

交友

在美国这样一个地域流动(geographical mobility)和社会流动(social mobility)都很的国家里，交友自有它的特色。由于人们时常从一个地方迁徙到另一个地方，他们在交友时所建立的友谊可能一时密切而牢靠。但一旦彼此迁移他处时，他们的友谊可能不久即告消失，双方各自再找合适的新朋友。美国人不会因这种友谊的处理方式而感到“薄情”，更不会觉得自己受了对方的轻视，或者侮辱。大多数情况下，“劳燕分飞”的朋友可能保持通信、或者电话联系一两年，然后逐渐中断联系。有趣的是，一旦有机会再见面，不管间隔多久，昔日的朋友会“和好如初”，重温友情，甚至继续密切往来一段时间。

基于在这交友方式，外国客人去美国人家作客时，可以无拘无束、轻松自在地与他们闲谈、玩耍。他们可以与美国人共弃假期，甚至一起生活，而不必为保持终身友谊而担忧犯愁。就美国人而言，他们邀请外国客人去作客是出于一种友情和好客，他们乐意为这种短暂的友谊花费一定的时间和精力。

爱搞实验

美利坚民族性格中，爱搞实验是她的一个重要特点。从大的范围讲，美国本身就是一个最大的实验场。自哥伦布“发现”北美新大陆后，一批又一批移民涌入美国，根据他们各自理想蓝图，在美国进行不同类型的实验。清教徒要在那里建立一个“天府之国”，共和主义者想在那里建立一个“大同世界”，注重经济发展的人要把那块广阔富饶的土地变成“强盛之邦”。从小的范围看，一代又一代来自世界各地的开拓者，不断地利用一切机会进行各种各样的尝试。有的试图在政治上发迹，有的设法在经济上发财，也有的为了自己的理想之梦而孜孜以求。不管是大范围着眼，还是小范围角度，美国都被看作是“机遇之地”(land of opportunity)，因而可以在那里展开实验。

吃一口饭就是在吃一口美国文化

说起美国餐,你可能立刻想起热狗、汉堡包、薯条和炸鸡。但是,美国餐还包括沙拉、牛排、烤排骨、鲜虾、龙虾、新英格兰奶油蛤汤、炖鸡汤、奶油蘑菇汤等等。不仅如此,美国是个开放的国度,美国餐也是世界各国各地美食的总汇。

在美国餐里,我现在最喜欢吃的是沙拉。它的特点是生,生得颜色很鲜艳,红的是西红柿,绿的是生菜、菠菜、西兰花和芹菜,橘色的是胡萝卜,黄色的是烤面包块和奶酪,白色的是酱和酸奶酪。沙拉保持了原汁原味,各种菜香都可一口品尝到。有些沙拉也加上了烤鸡肉条或培根。沙拉的不同口味主要体现在酱上,有奶油味、意大利甜酸味、印尼千岛味、加州奶油味等等。我喜欢吃沙拉的另一个原因是它营养健康,维生素含量比炒的炸的菜更丰富。

我也爱吃牛排。好的牛排是棕色的,做得好的牛排可顺畅地一切到底。上面经常有很多香喷喷的肉汁。牛排一般半磅到一磅重。好餐馆里一块牛排差不多13美元,在快餐馆里,一块牛排才只有一两美元。

新英格兰奶油蛤汤是我最爱喝的汤。它美味可口,满齿留香。汤是乳白色的,有独特的浓浓的奶油味。除了奶油以外,汤里还包括蛤、贝、芹菜、洋葱和多种草药。这个汤已经在美国餐馆的菜谱里流行几百年了。

苹果派是传统饭后甜点。苹果派有格子的派壳,里面塞满了苹果酱果。甜点一般是为了哄小孩或帮助去除油腻味的。

我知道上面谈到的不能代表整个美国佳肴。但是,每当我品尝这些食品时,就仿佛感受到美国人对大自然的理解,对生活的态度。吃一口饭就是在吃一口美国文化。

自从上了初中，历史这门学科就出现在我们的视线里。我非常喜欢历史；所以，我在寒假期间去了趟北京，走进历史。

出于自身对历史的喜爱，在放假的第二天，我和我的家人就踏上了这段北京之旅。三天后，我们到达了北京；迫不及待的我拉着家人直接坐上了前往此行的目的地“中国历史博物馆”。不负众人所托，两个小时后，一座古色古香的建筑呈现在了我们的眼前；远远望去，给人一种气派庄严的感觉。那就是“中国历史博物馆”。我怀着一种兴奋地心情走进了博物馆，哇！我被眼前的景物惊呆了。四面几根打柱子冲天而起，支撑着整座博物馆。

我们走进了博物馆的甲骨文专区，专区的标示牌上写着甲骨文样的文字。看着这些文字，让我陡升一种民族自豪感：中国人是世界上最智慧的的民族，我为自己是一个中国人二感到自豪。

走上宽阔的甬道，只见两旁的玻璃上镶着一块块仿制的甲骨，上面刻着一个个象形文字。我便好奇地趴在上面，辨认了起来，虽然我不认识。后来，我们转到了它们的背面。哦！原来后面是前面刻着的甲骨文译文。我这才知道，这些文字主要记载的是当时人们的狩猎方式和文化传统。

走进博物馆的主展厅，首先映入眼帘的是一块一人多高的大石头，上面刻着两个鲜红的大字：论语。论语是中国文明礼仪的代表作。作者孔子的思想贯穿其中，名扬海内外。

中午，我们在馆外随便吃了点东西便又进入馆内浏览馆内的文物。

在我的前夫、强烈要求之下，我们来到了“八年抗战专区”，专区门口；有一尊八路军铜像。他手握钢枪，用他那坚定地眼神注视前方。在铜像商贩有一行大字“打倒日本帝国主义，中国共产党万岁！”

在宽敞的展厅中，易复发栩栩如生的油画展现在我眼前。我观察过，从第一幅到最后一幅，刚好重头到尾的诠释了八年抗战的全过程。在油画的旁边，配有一篇篇动人的小故事。当我从最后一幅图的最后一个符号中回过神来的时候，我的眼睛已是泪眼朦胧。在我的心中，油然而生出了一个个高大的形象。是他们，为了祖国的解放事业；不向敌人屈服，用自己的胸膛挡住了敌人打来的枪林弹雨，用自己的血肉之躯维护了祖国的和平；如果没有他们的牺牲，就没有我们的今天。这不正应正了一句话吗：人生自古谁无死？留取丹心照汗青。

中华文明有着五千年的历史，在一天的阅览中，我感觉我并不是在欣赏文化；而是在感知文化；用心的感知，我们的文化。

Three hundred years ago,the emigrants from England arrived at Maryland acrossing the Atlantic by "May Flower" to search for a "pure"land for the puritans to live.Since then American Dream has come up.America gives every person all over the world equal rights.people can achieve their dreams by hardworking.

Three hundred years later,this country has become a rich state.However,American Dream doesnt fade away.With the development of the history,it has many meanings today.What is the American Dream?different people hold different interpretations.but at any rate,American Dream contains several factors below:America offers every person an opportunity to succeed;Success depends on ones ability and effort regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position;Every person has equal rights;Every person has free belief.

When it comes to the 21st century-the information age,Bill Gatess success indicated that only if you have wisdom and talent,you can succeed in America.But American Dream has changed,compared with its original meanings.Whats the true motivation behind American Dream?Some historians considered it the thirst for wealth .Pursuing money is the eternal theme of American Dream.However,the over pursuit of wealth makes American Dream turn bad and lost its attraction to people worldwide gradually.

As the changes of the times,the influence of American Dream may become less and less.An increasing number of people confess to having lost faith in the American Dream.