美国文化和历史英文作文（精品20篇）

河南为中华民族主要发祥地之一。物华天宝，人杰地灵，英才辈出。从中国第一个世袭王朝夏朝至清王朝覆灭的4000余年历史中;有10多个朝代在河南建都，河南共有7座国家级历史文化名城，还有21座省级历史文化名城，中国八大古都河南就占有四个 (洛阳、开封、安阳、郑州)。

这些数字令我们叹为观止，也充分彰现了河南历史文化是悠久，地位之重要。

另外河南诸多名胜古迹也是吸引着世界各地的人们络绎不绝的景仰她。上古文化遗址、太昊陵、东周王陵、北宋皇陵等古代陵墓让河南文化犹添浓厚的历史气息;苏秦故里、玄奘故里、杜甫故里等名

人故居，洛阳太学、嵩阳书院、应天府书院等古代学府让河南文化笼罩在浓郁的书香墨韵中……

一一细数，这座座名胜古迹以它们独特的魅力诠释着河南文化的博大精深与无穷无尽的魅力。

“君到姑苏见，人家尽枕河。古宫闲地少，水巷小桥多。”今天我们要去的就是水乡古镇——千灯。

千灯已有两千五百多年的历史，人文荟萃，经济发达，百姓生活富裕。沿着弯弯曲曲的街巷，走在青石板铺成的街道，我们来到了杰出的思想家顾炎武先生的故居。顾先生与黄宗羲、王夫之并称为明末清初“三大儒”，著有《日知录》《音学五书》等。

走进顾先生的故居，一棵百年大树印入我的眼帘，树干十分粗壮，两个成年人都抱不住；树叶翠绿翠绿的，绿得发亮，密密麻麻地遮住了一片小小的天地。它就像故居的守护者静静矗立在这里，枝干伸向四面八方，就像是在欢迎我们的到来。站在客厅里，耀眼的阳光透过一扇扇窗，满满地照在“怡安堂”的匾额上。穿过客厅一条很长的走廊来到花园，只见亭子被花草树木簇拥着，不知名的红色藤蔓从空中垂下，如瀑布，不见其发端，也不见其终极。

参观完顾炎武先生的故居，又走过了延福禅寺，我们来到热闹的街巷。一股带着鲜、带着辣、带着麻的味儿钻进我的鼻孔，香香的、辣辣的，勾得我的口水充盈了整张嘴，吆喝声传入耳中：“香香的烤面筋，要不要来一串儿啊，走过路过不要错过！”小街两旁的店面一家挨着一家，街上、店里来来往往的人川流不息，各种吆喝声、讨价还价声不绝于耳。小街真热闹啊！

细觅千灯古镇，踏寻历史文化，这次的社会实践活动让我记忆深刻。

样板戏 model opera

地雷战 The Mine Warfare

霸王别姬 Farewell to My Concubine

群英会 Gathering of Heroes

借东风 East Wind

将相和 General and Premier Make Up

凤阳花鼓 Flower Drum Dance

醒世恒言 Lasting Words to Awaken the World

梁祝（小提琴协奏曲）Butterfly Love

红楼梦 A Dream of Red Mansion/Chamber

桃花扇 The Peach Blossom Fan

儒林外史 The Scholars

京剧 Peking Opera

炎黄子孙 Chinese descent

五行 five elements

观音菩萨 Avalokitesvara

菩萨 Boddhisattva

清真寺 mosque

道士 Taoist

和尚 monk

尼姑 nun

罗汉 arhat

财神爷 the God of Wealth

阎王爷 King of Hell

炉火神 the Fire God

佛经 Buddhist scriptures

七十二般变化 seventy-two different forms

弼马温 the Protector of the Horses

八卦炉 Eight Trigrams Furnace

金 metal

木 wood

水 water

火 fire

土 earth

灶王爷 the Kitchen God

9月28日，老师带我们来到苏州现代传媒广场，参观“时光里，新中国成立70周年苏州历史文化主题展”。

这次活动主题是苏州历史文化，当然少不了一张张照片了，繁华的老街、七八十年代的居家生活……照片林集中展现了奋斗的苏州，也让我们体会到了发生的巨变。

有一个场景令我记忆深刻。那是一辆老式自行车，两只脚在踏板上轻轻踏动，眼前会渐渐浮现出以前的大街小巷，孩子们拿着玩具互相追逐，大人们在小巷中和邻居唠唠家常、谈谈趣事，真是别有一番韵味呢！

再看看现在，玩的花样可多了！男孩子玩着新式小汽车、大恐龙；女孩子拿着芭比娃娃和朋友们玩得不亦乐乎。大人的娱乐方式就更多了，年轻人在手机上购物打牌，老人们也会在公园里下棋、跳广场舞、做运动。

又是一道长廊，我们好奇地走进去，这里展示了多项重大建设成果，其中有2000年1月10日苏州被评为“国家历史文化名城”、2005年7月1日沪宁城际高速铁路运营、2012年苏州实现了“四个百万亩”……

最后，我们到了“时光杂货铺”。里面有许多纪念品：羽毛毽子、沙包、铁皮青蛙……这些具有年代记忆的文创产品致谢了苏州发展。

今天，我感受到了时代发展的脚步永不停歇，祖国在前进，前进得更快；我们在努力，努力让祖国发展得更好、前进得更快，永远屹立在世界的东方！

秦人贾平凹，对于秦地的热爱、对于秦文化的思考，我们从其散文、小说中都能够了解到。这其中，我想，他的散文作品《秦腔》可以被视作分析贾平凹“寻根”情愫的很好例证。当然，这似乎和已然被我们认作是寻根文学代表作品的贾平凹的《商周系列》有着一脉相承的地方。

我喜欢从“秦人”、“秦地”和“秦腔”的三者关系来读这部作品。这主要也是因为我在阅读贾平凹其他作品的时候发现，他的情感及其所生发出的文字都源于对秦地文化的深厚热爱。由此，我们不禁想到文学史上，上世纪八十年代中期“寻根作家”的作品。这些文学作品都触及了作家们对于民族文化心理的挖掘和对传统文化意识的思考。

“山川不同，便风俗区别，风俗区别，便戏剧存异”。《秦腔》中，作者在开篇就给了我们他自己对于地域文化的理解。显然，作家的思考是很受大家认同的。

这篇文章的结构思路很清晰，由议论展开、夹叙夹议;先后写了等戏、看戏、议戏的场面，生动、形象，有感染力。想必给读者印象最为深刻的就是这种场面的描写，地域色彩浓厚，给读者一种对秦地、秦人、秦腔的感性认识。而透过这些作品内容，我们能够看到的更有秦川一带文化具象后的影子。秦地自然条件的恶劣连结着秦人悲苦而又奋争的生命;秦人的释放和粗犷又造就了秦腔“吼”的艺术。秦人、秦地、秦腔就在这种必然的联系中完成着一次又一次的生命延展，绵延千年而历久弥新、生生不息。

也许，有人说“文化的交流是文化发展的动力”。我不否认这种观点，我只是想明确一个小问题，即文化的交流和借鉴一定不可忽视自身文化的价值。

“寻根文学”，乃至“文化寻根”不是复归传统，而是为西方现代文化寻找一个较为有利的载体。

在对于西方现代文学历史和作家的状况有了较多了解之后，迫切要求文学“走向世界”的作家也已经意识到，追随西方某些作家、流派，即使模仿的再好，也不能成为独创性的艺术创造。在他们看来，以“世界文学”的视镜从中国文化寻找有生命力的东西，才应该是中国文学更为可行之路。而这种“寻找”，正是“寻根文学”曾经做出的有力探索，正是像《秦腔》这样的文章背后隐含的、给予这个时代的巨大诉求。

在当今这个城市现代化、乡村城镇化的时代，我们见到的是街道两旁西式建筑林立、高校教舍竞仿白宫。那些涵养国人千年的民族文化也似乎止于考卷而距我们渐行渐远。这种退变是对自身文化忽视的必然。文化就似植物，倘若只顾枝叶而不重根基，那么再艳丽的枝叶也只是表面的繁荣。

“历史上与中国文化若后若先之古代文化……或已夭折，或已转易，或失其独立自主之民族生命。惟中国能以其自创之文化绵永其独立民族生命，至于今日岿然独存”②。我们应当珍惜这种文化的传承和积淀，珍视民族传统文化的意义和价值。

然而，凡是都要立足正反两面去看待。从上个世纪改革开放以来，寻根文学的兴盛在文学上引起了很多寻根作家在创作时吸收了大量现代主义甚至后现代主义的表现方式，在促进中国文学自身的发展上功不可没。在文化上，也引起了人们对文化继承问题的思考。但是，大多数作家对"文化"概念的理解是"以偏概全"的，“他们往往抓住某种民俗、习惯便刻意进行渲染，而忽略了对"民族性"的真正解剖。尤其是一些作家对现代文明的排斥近乎偏执，一味迷恋于挖掘那种凝滞的非常态的传统人生，缺乏对当代生活的指导意义，而导致作品与当代现实的疏离，这造成了几年后"寻根文学"的衰微”。这也启示我们如何在外来文化影响和自身文化有效传承之间摆正自己的位置;如何平衡这种关系。

我想，“寻根文学”所带来的“文化寻根”可以被视作为一种文学干预现实的努力。“寻根文学”和“寻根作家”的认识饱含着文学作品的现实意义，同时也告诉我们在分析现实问题时，不应当、也不能忽视文学作品的智慧。

North side of the Mall, 14th St NW and Constitution Ave; closest Metro Smithsonian.

If you like kitsch, you wont want to miss the bizarre melange of cultural artefacts at theNational Museum of American History. George Washingtons wooden teeth, Muhammad Alisboxing gloves, and the ruby slippers Judy Garland wore in the Wizard of Oz are set amongdidactic displays tracing the countrys development. Its not so much a center for scholarlystudy as a sanctuary for vanishing Americana, incorporating Model T Fords, old post officesand even a restored, turn-of-the-century ice-cream parlor, which still serves up banana splits.

As you enter from the Mall, directly on to the second floor, a sound-and-light displayshowcases the battered red, white and blue flag that inspired the US national anthem - theStar-Spangled Banner itself, which survived the British bombing of Baltimore harbor during theWar of 1812. The worthier exhibits are also on this floor: an account of the rural farm-basedsociety of the early US stands across from an examination of the mass movement of African-Americans from Southern farms to the wartime industries of northern cities. A lunch counterfrom Woolworths in Greensboro, North Carolina, evokes the sit-in of 1960, while "AmericanEncounters" focuses on New Mexico, looking at how tourism has affected communities such asthe pueblo of Santa Clara and Hispanic Chimayo. On the first floor, the "Information Age"gallery traces communications from Morses first telegraph to Apple Macintoshes, whileseparate galleries display in glorious profusion the artefacts and machines that have shapedmodern America - from lightbulbs and motorbikes to trains and atomic clocks. The top floorholds political memorabilia (much of it over a century old), stamp and coin collections, old TVsets and typewriters, though two final outstanding exhibits inject a serious tone - "PersonalLegacy: the Healing of a Nation" brings together some of the 25,000 items left by relatives atthe Vietnam Memorial in DC, while "A More Perfect Union" deals candidly with the shamefulinternment of Japanese-American citizens during World War II.

The main content of American culture is the emphasize on individuals value, the pursue of democracy and freedom, the promotion of deploitation(开拓, 经营) and competition and the need of realistic and practicality. Its core is individualism: self first, personal need first, pursue of individual benefit and enjoyment, emphasize on achieving individual value by self-strive and self-design. This type of intentionally build up of personality and pursue customized individualism has its pros and cons, it gives incentives to people and make them exert on their potential and wisdom and as a result accelerate the development of the entire race and nation; on the other hand it is difficult to keep good relationship among people if everyone is egocentric thus make the entire society lack of unity.

American citizens emphasize on achievements and respect heroes. They have great sense in their hearts to praise succeand heroes. Personal achievements are one of those with the highest value in Americans mind. Americans have very strong senses of success. Succeis the pursuit of most Americans, it is their attractive future and the incentives for moving forward. They believe that ones personal value is equivalent to his achievements in his career. Some high achievers in their career such as entrepreneurs, scientists, artists and all kinds of super starts became modern heroes. The proceand result of how they strived have become the frame of reference of social culture value and the real life text book for parents to educate their children.

American society has great movements within itself. These movements are shown in two aspects: movements amongst locations and movements inside the society. The United States are relatively more open and have more freedom. Developed transport and the tradition of adventure and sporty makes a lot of American migrate from countryside to cities, from downtown to uptown; and from north to the southern sunny land, from one city to another. Unlike European countries, the social classes in America is not so stable. Further more, with the advocation of public education, movements upwards along the social ladder have become possible. Many people living in the states, no matter whether they are Native American or immigrants from overseas, have the same dream of changing their social claand make their lifetime dream come true through their own efforts. This is what they often called "American dream".

从童话大王到“羊羔体”，从小沈阳到鲁迅先生，每一个事件都在如实地反应是文化在当代社会的弊端与缺陷。文化，本应该是历史的助推器，为何沦落到这种地步了？

答案是显而易见的。随着社会经济的不断发展，文化的商业性不断显现出来，大众传媒的商业性也使当代文化失去了应有的精神面貌。文化，似乎也走入了一种“潜规则”，低俗文化风靡，黑色幽默盛行，相反的，鲁迅的“归隐”郑渊洁的暗然离去，都在预示着文化的堕落与委靡。

文化的“不给力”对于社会的发展有着十分消极的影响。文化的倒退不反没有起到对历史的推动作用，反而对历史的发展起到了阻碍作用。人们对传统文化的忽视与丢失，不反使人们丧失了对传统文化先生的传统道义与美德，也是人们对现代文化产生了一种歪曲的理解，从而使现代文化“日渐消瘦”与“单薄”。也是人们产生了一种不同于主德思想的一样的精神信仰。

文化是一种对人们思想的启迪，正是由于当代文化的不断低俗化，使人们的思想也变得日渐消极。黑色幽默中展现的正是人们这种对现世的无奈以及内心的迷茫。而低俗文化的兴起更是使人们的心灵蒙上了更为灰暗的阴影。

低俗文化作为一种文化糟粕，理应得到人们的丢弃与改造，如今却成为人们热捧的焦点。小沈阳的“千娇百媚”，虽博众人一笑，但其低俗之风也渐渐靡滥。

因此，所谓当代社会的领跑者，我们应端正对待低俗文化的态度，真正做到文化的“给力”，使其实现自身在历史中的价值。

面对低俗文化，沉着冷静面对，不盲目跟风，认真对待和分辨文化的性质，坚决抵制低俗文化。面对传统文化，积极继承优秀传统文化及其内在精髓，使其真正服务于当代社会，使其迸发出活力。

文化，作为历史的助跑器，应实现自身价值，真正为当代社会与人民贡献出应有的力量。

导语：自从盘古开天，人类就在大地上生生不息地一代一代繁衍下来。从此，人类的历史就有了曙光。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

10年前的今天，江泽民主席庄严宣告中华人民共和国香港特别行政区正式成立。今天，我们在这里隆重举行本次演讲，庆祝香港回归祖国10周年。此时此刻，我们大家心中都充满了喜悦之情。

1842年，清政府在鸦片战争失败，与英国签订南京条约，香港被永久割让，正式成为殖民地。一百多年来，中国人民曾经为收复香港作过英勇顽强、不屈不挠的斗争。但是，由于中国的落后、封闭、贫弱，这些斗争都失败了。

现在，被侵占近两个世纪的的香港，终于以和平的方式回到了伟大祖国母亲的怀抱。香港的回归是中国人民洗雪百年国耻的大喜事，是全世界华人的大喜事，也是全世界爱好和平的人民的大喜事。是完成祖国统一大业的重要步骤。

1949年中华人民共和国的成立，开辟了中国历史的新纪元，最终结束了列强的帝国主义对中国的统治。建国后特别是党的十一届三中全会后实行的改革开放，使我国国力大增，国际地位日益提高，为香港的回归奠定了坚实的基础。

香港回归祖国10年来，同祖国内地的关系日益密切。中央政府高度关注香港的发展，全力支持香港同内地加强在各个领域的交流和合作。包括实施内地与香港更紧密经贸关系安排、开放内地地区居民个人赴香港旅游，为香港的发展注入了活力、拓宽了空间。与此同时，香港同胞的国家观念和民族观念进一步增强。在中央政府支持下，实践证明，伟大的社会主义祖国始终是香港发展的坚强后盾。

在此扬眉吐气、举国欢庆香港回归的日子里，我们更应当牢记住历史的教训刻苦顽强努力拼搏，学好文化专业知识，培养适应时代需要的各种能力，以更加昂扬向上的姿态，迎接中国历史的新曙光，跨入充满挑战和希望的新世纪。让我们衷心祝愿香港这朵祖国美丽的紫金花开放得更加绚丽多彩!

为什么美国文化是独特的

American culture is unique because it is nurtured， formed and developed under certain conditions， which are characteristically（特性）American. The major factors contributing to the making of this new nation and the forming of a new culture are the hard environment， ethnic diversity（多民族） and plural religion， which is quite different from other nations in the world. What is more， these elements are still influencing the American culture.

1. Rough Environment

The early immigrants who were English Puritans settled down in northeast part of American. The environment there was very rough but they believed the poor land could purify their mind so they chose the place along the coast. From 1607 to 1892， frontiers were pushed further west. The American frontier consisted of the relatively unsettled regions of the United States， usually found in the western part of the country. The frontiersmen looked for a land of rich resources and a land of promise， opportunity and freedom. Actually they looked for a better life. So individualism， self-reliance， and equality of opportunity have perhaps been the values most closely associated with the frontier heritage（遗产） of American.

2. Ethnic Diversity

The population of the United States includes a large variety of ethnic groups coming from many races， nationalities， and religions. People refer to the United States as "melting pot "and the dominant people are British. American is made up of WASP MM， that is， White， Anglo Saxon， Protestants plus Middle Class and Male. In history， people from different countries in the world rushed to American three times. They brought their own culture to American and later on different cultures were mixed together. Thus the unique American culture is formed， a common cultural life with commonly shared values.

3. Plural religion

The fundamental American belief in individual freedom and the right of individuals to practice their own religion is at the center of religious experience in the United States. The great diversity of ethnic backgrounds has produced religious pluralism； almost all of the religions of the world are now practiced in the United States. Christianity（基督教） is the dominant religion in American and Protestant （新教）is predominate（主导）。 Any individuals are equal before God and they believe they can communicate directly to God so they can share the same idea. Under the protestant， many new ones are formed and different explanations produce different sect of religion. Churches are independent and American religion is no longer religion seculars. The institution permits the practice of religion and the political power is separate form religion. So there are more religions in American than in other countries.

4. Current influence：

Nowadays， we can see the continual influence of the three elements in the current American society. American family is typically parents and their unmarried children. Middle-aged and elderly people generally do not live with their married children. Many Americans live in mobile homes whose homes are built with wheels. They can be moved. The people in American have a very strong desire to start a new life in a new place. Quite a number of people change residences（住所） every year. The average American moves fourteen times in his lifetime. The courage to try something new has been an American characteristic. American democracy means majority rule， but it also means protection of minority rights. There are certain freedom which the United States promises to all its citizens and members of minority group cannot be denied these rights by a vote of the majority. Americans also like to be involved in many challenge activities and sports to show their adventurous spirits. All of these are affected by the heritage of the American history.

From the facts above， we can see American culture is unique which was cultivated， formed and developed by the main three factors， rough environment， ethnic diversity and plural religion and still is affected and determined by them now.

美国人最喜欢的小食品鸡翅

From its humble beginnings and unlikely origins， the chicken wing has become one of Americas best-loved snack foods.

The chicken wing first evolved from soup stock staple to American delicacy in 1964. John E. Harmon， in his Atlas of Popular Culture of the Northeastern United States， points to the Anchor Bar in Buffalo， N.Y. as the birthplace of wings. In 40- plus years， chicken wings have become a truly all-American food， showing up on dinner tables， at neighborhood bars， and in chain restaurants， pizza joints and even restaurants where the wings themselves are the focus.

Pace Foods has improved on the original formula for chicken wings with a recipe that combines the spice of Pace Picante Sauce， the sweetness of honey and the zest of fresh ginger to create Hot `nHoneyed Chicken Wings.

"Pace Picante Sauce isnt just for dipping，"said Chris Foley with Pace Foods. "A recipe like Hot `nHoneyed Chicken Wings， which combines sweet and spicy flavors of the Old Southwest and the Far East， shows how versatile， and yet how easy， it can be in cooking."

With this recipe， Pace Foods had taken the delicacy created in snowy Buffalo and made it the perfect summer food.

鸡翅越来越成为美国人最喜欢的小食品。1964年的时候它首先是在汤里出现的。John E. Harmon在他的美国东北部通俗文化地图集里指出鸡翅已经成为全美真正的食物，它在晚餐桌上，在邻居酒吧里，在连锁餐饮店里，在比萨店里，甚至在一些餐馆里它是主打菜。

美国爱国者巧克力PatriotTruffles

Try our delicious European truffles. Our Swiss trained chocolatier starts by importing the finest raw chocolate from Switzerland. Our cocoa beans are roasted by artisans who use centuries-old， closely guarded techniques. We then use the freshest creams， fruit purees， pure cocoa butter and nuts to create the most flavorful of fillings.

This gift box of premium Chocolates contains 36 pieces （1 lb） of assorted chocolate truffles with delicious fillings such as mint， peanut butter， raspberry puree， orange， caramel and hazelnut to name a few. Beautifully packaged， these premium chocolates are packed fresh and delivered directly from Cherry Moon Farms with your personal message.

这些巧克力原料是从瑞士进口的上好的原巧克力。巧克力豆要经过工匠烘烤，这是一个百年的老工序，一直被继承了下来。然后用最新鲜的奶油，浓水果汁，纯可可油和坚果来做最可口的夹心。

美国 Alagnak Wild River（奔河）

Alagnak Wild River is located in the beautiful Aleutian Range. The river provides unparalleled opportunities to experience the wilderness of the Alaska Peninsula.

The Alagnak Wild River， designated as a wild river by Title VI， Section 601（25） and 603（44） of ANILCA， preserves the upper 56 miles of the river in a free-flowing condition， and protects the river and its immediate environments for the benefit and enjoyment of present and future generations. The river is managed free of impoundments and diversion， inaccessible by road， its shorelines primitive and its water unpolluted. The Alagnak is the most popular fly-in fishery in southwest Alaska， and has experienced a significant increase in use over the last several years. The Alagnak Wild River protects populations of all five species of pacific salmon， was well as significant rainbow trout， arctic char， arctic grayling， and northern pike populations. The increasing sport fishery on the river is a topic of concern to many subsistence users and other local residents.

夏天是美国人旅游的好季节

Its summertime， and the livinis easy. For many Americans， this is the season to travel. Why？ Because school is out. Because the weather is great. And most of all， because we all deserve a break. When Americans take a break， they often head for their favorite vacation spot.

Throughout their history， Americans have been people on the move. The early immigrants had to travel to get to the New World. Once they arrived， they settled along the East Coast. But they werent content to stay there. Explorers and traders journeyed to the unknown western territories. Later， settlers moved west to develop these new areas. As a result of this westward migration， Americans eventually occupied the whole continent-from the Atlantic to the Pacific. Even today， Americans seem unable to stay put. Research says that the average American moves every five years.

Besides their habit of changing addresses， Americans are used to traveling. Some people make long-distance commutes to work daily. Their jobs may even require them to take frequent business trips. Most companies provide an annual vacation for their employees， and people often use that time to travel. Some people just visit friends or relatives in distant states. Others go on low-budget weekend excursions and stay in economy motels. Those with more expensive tastes choose luxurious resorts and hotels. Camping out in the great outdoors appeals to adventurous types. Some travel in recreational vehicles （RVs） to camp out in comfort， while others "rough it"by sleeping in tents.

Most Americans prefer to travel within their nations borders. Why？ For one thing， its cheaper than traveling abroad， and theres no language problem. But besides that， the vast American territory offers numerous tourist attractions. Nature lovers can enjoy beaches， mountains， canyons， lakes and a wealth of natural wonders. Major cities offer visitors a multitude of urban delights. The convenience of modern freeways， railways and airplanes makes travel in America as easy as pie.

Many American vacations are as unique as the people who take them. Families often plan their trips with the kids in mind. More and more "family friendly"vacation resorts offer special programs for children. History buffs seek out famous historical sites and museums. Environmentalists prefer "green vacations."These trips allow them to observe flora and fauna up-close without disturbing the sensitive balance of nature. Some people find sea cruises relaxing and refreshing. Others hit the water to go fishing， skiing or white-water rafting. Daring souls get the thrill of a lifetime on trekking expeditions and safaris in remote places from Africa to Asia.

Americans arent the only people in the world who travel. International business， mass communication and jet airplanes have created a world of globetrotters. People all over the world enjoy going abroad to travel. And no matter where they live， people enjoy visiting scenic spots in their own country. But being on the go makes Americans what they are： people on the move. In America， almost every-body is a tourist sometime.

夏天到了，生活很惬意。对很多美国人来说，这是个旅游的季节，为什么？因为学校放假，因为天气很好，但最重要的是，休个假是我们所应得的。美国人休假时经常会去他们最喜欢的渡假地点。

纵观整个历史，美国人一直是个迁移的民族。早期的移民者必须长途跋涉才能抵达新大陆，他们一到达就沿着东岸定居，但却不满于长居那地，冒险家和商人旅行至未知的西部地区。稍后，移民者也向西迁移去开发这些新地区。由于向西迁移，美国人最后占据了整块新大陆——从大西洋到太平洋。即使到今天，美国人似乎仍然无法在一地久居。根据研究，美国人平均每五年要搬一次家。

除了搬家的习惯以外，美国人也很习惯旅行。有些人每天上下班得做长距离的通勤，工作上甚至经常需要因公旅行。大部分的公司每年会提供年假给员工，人们通常会利用这段时间去旅行。有些人去远一点的别州拜访朋友或亲戚，有些则在周末有个经济的小假期，并住在花费不高的旅馆里。品味较昂贵的人选择豪华的渡假地点和饭店；绝佳的户外露营则吸引冒险型的人。有些人开着旅行车出游，以舒适的方式露营；有些人则睡帐篷尝试野外生活。

大部分美国人比较喜欢在国内旅游，为什么呢？其中一个原因是，国内旅游比国外旅游便宜，也没有语言不通的问题。但除此原因以外，占地极广的美国国土提供了许多能吸引游客的地点。爱好大自然的人可以到海滩、山上、峡谷、湖泊和很多大自然奇景地区游览。大城市也提供给游客们很多都市型态的娱乐。现代高速公路、铁路和飞机使得在美国旅行很容易。

很多美国假期非常特别，和参与此种假期的人一样特别。全家出游时通常会将孩子考虑在内，有愈来愈多「适合全家出游」的渡假地点为孩子提供特别的活动。对历史有兴趣的人会找一些著名的历史据点和博物馆。有环保意识的人喜欢「环保假期」，这样的旅行使他们能近距离观察动植物，并且不会扰乱了大自然敏感的生态平衡。有些人觉得海上旅游能使心情放松并感到清爽，有些人则到水边钓鱼、滑水或泛舟。胆子大的人到亚洲和非洲去探险狩猎作长途旅行，享受一辈子难得一次的刺激。

美国人不是世上唯一爱旅行的人。国际企业、大众传播与喷射机创造了一个环游世界者的世纪。全世界的人都喜欢到海外旅游，不管住在那里，人们都喜欢去造访自己国家内风景优美的地区。不过好动的本性使美国人变成今天的模样：成为爱迁移的人。在美国，几乎每个人都有旅游的经验。

美式食物：吃什么就成为什么样子

"You are what you eat."Nutrition experts often use this saying to promote better eating habits. What we put in our mouths does become a part of us. But we can look at this statement another way. What we eat reflects who we are——as people and as a culture. Do you want to understand another culture？ Then you ought to find out about its food. Learning about American food can give us a real taste of American culture.

What is "American food"？ At first you might think the answer is easy as pie. To many people， American food means hamburgers， hot dogs， fried chicken and pizza. If you have a "sweet tooth，"you might even think of apple pie or chocolate chip cookies. Its true that Americans do eat those things. But are those the only kind of vittles you can find in America？

Except for Thanksgiving turkey， its hard to find a typically "American"food. The United States is a land of immigrants. So Americans eat food from many different countries. When people move to America， they bring their cooking styles with them. Thats why you can find almost every kind of ethnic food in America. In some cases， Americans have adopted foods from other countries as favorites. Americans love Italian pizza， Mexican tacos and Chinese egg rolls. But the American version doesnt taste quite like the original！

As with any large country， the U.S.A has several distinct regions. Each region boasts its own special style of food. Visit the South and enjoy country-style cooking. Journey through Louisiana for some spicy Cajun cuisine. Take a trip to New England and sample savory seafood dishes. Travel through the Midwest， "the breadbasket of the nation，"for delicious baked goods. Cruise over to the Southwest and try some tasty Tex-Mex treats. Finish your food tour in the Pacific Northwest with some gourmet coffee.

Americans living at a fast pace often just "grab a quick bite."Fast food restaurants offer people on the run everything from fried chicken to fried rice. Microwave dinners and instant foods make cooking at home a snap. Of course， one of the most common quick American meals is a sandwich. If it can fit between two slices of bread， Americans probably make a sandwich out of it. Peanut butter and jelly is an all-time American favorite.

Americans on the go also tend to eat a lot of "junk food."Potato chips， candy bars， soft drinks and other goodies are popular treats. Many people eat too many of these unhealthy snacks. But others opt for more healthy eating habits. Some even go "all natural."They refuse to eat any food prepared with chemicals or additives.

American culture is a good illustration of the saying "you are what you eat."Americans represent a wide range of backgrounds and ways of thinking. The variety of foods enjoyed in the U.S. reflects the diversity of personal tastes. The food may be international or regional. Sometimes its fast， and sometimes its not so fast. It might be junk food， or maybe its natural food. In any case， the style is all-American.

"你吃什么就成为什么样子"营养专家经常使用这句话来倡导更好的饮食习惯，入嘴的东西确实成为我们的一部分。但我们也可以从另一个角度来看这句话，我们所吃的反映出我们自己——不论就人或文化而言。你想了解另一种文化吗？那么你应该去认识他们的食物。认识美国食物可以让我们得知美国文化的精髓。

何谓「美式食物」？乍听之下你可能认为答案容易得很。对许多人而言，美式食物就是汉堡、热狗、炸鸡和披萨。如果你是好吃甜食的人，你可能会想到苹果派或巧克力片饼干。美国人确实吃这些东西，但这些就是你在美国唯一找得到的食物吗？

除了感恩节火鸡以外，挺难找到典型的美国食物。美国是个移民之地，所以美国人吃的食物来自许多不同的国家，当人们移居美国，他们也将自己的烹调带了进来。那也就是为什么在美国你几乎可以看到所有不同民族的食物。在某些情况中，美国人把外国的食物视为最爱。美国人喜爱意大利的披萨，墨西哥的玉米饼和中国的春卷，但是这些东西的美国版味道却不很道地！

和许多大国一样，美国有数个截然不同的地区，每个地区都以自己特有的食物夸口。走访美国南部享受乡村式的烹调；到路易斯安纳州品尝辛辣的凯郡式料理；走一趟新英格兰试尝它美味的海鲜；再到中西部「美国的面包之乡」品尝可口的烘培食品；乘船游览至西南部尝试一些好吃的墨式德州小吃，最后到太平洋西北岸，啜饮美食家的咖啡，作为美食之旅的句点。

生活在快速步调之下的美国人通常只能「很快地吃几口」。快餐店提供赶时间的人各种食物，从炸鸡到炒饭，应有尽有。微波炉晚餐和实时餐点使得在家烧饭省事又快速。当然，最平常的美式速餐之一就是三明治。任何能夹在两片土司中间的东西，美国人就可以把它作成一份三明治，花生酱和果酱更是一直都深受美国人的喜爱。

忙碌的美国人也趋向于吃一大堆「垃圾食物」。洋芋片、糖果、汽水和其它好吃的东西都颇受欢迎。许多人吃了太多这类不健康的零嘴，但是其它人则选择较健康的饮食习惯，有些人甚至选择「全天然」的食物，他们拒绝吃任何有化学制品或添加物的食物。

美国文化是「你吃什么就成为什么样子」这句话的好写照。美国人代表了范围广泛的背景和想法。在美国可享受到的各式食物正反映出个人品味的多样化。这食物可能是国际性也可能是地区性的；有时是快餐，有时也不见得；它可能是垃圾食物，也可能是天然食品。然而无论如何，它们都是美式的。

[美国独特文化作文及翻译

世间最坚强的东西是什么？是血肉之躯里深藏着的意志。摆在面前的有这样一个人的履历：他，21岁时做生意失败；22岁时，角逐州议员落选；24岁时，做生意再次失败；26岁时，爱侣去世；27岁时，一度精神崩溃，曾想到自杀；34岁时，角逐联邦众议员落选；36岁时，角逐联邦众议员再度落选；45岁时，角逐联邦参议员落选；47岁时，提名副总统落选；49岁时，角逐联邦参议员再一次落选；52岁时，当选为美国第16届总统。这个人，就是阿伯拉罕·林肯--美国历史上最伟大的总统之一。

在海南的历史文化名人中，丘濬、海瑞最为人们所熟知。而被《明史》誉为“岭南人士之冠”的唐胄，人们了解得还不多。这背后隐藏的深层次的文化原因，尤其发人深思。

唐胄(1471-1540)，字平侯，号西洲，琼山人。明弘治十五年(1502)考中进士，官至户部左侍郎。《明史》有传，称其“耿介孝友，好学多著述，立朝有执持，为岭南人士之冠。”前面三句话都切合实际，说得很实在。最后一句话，评价之高，则超出了一般人的意料之外。

“岭南人士之冠”

《明史》的修纂，始于清初，历经康熙、雍正、乾隆三朝，方告竣工。康熙年间编纂的徐乾学本《明史》、王鸿绪本《明史稿》(实为万斯同所纂)和乾隆年间作为最终定稿的张廷玉本《明史》对唐胄的评价是一致的，均有“耿介孝友，好学多著述，立朝有执持，为岭南人士之冠”这一句话。

笔者翻阅《明史》之前的一些早期文献资料，并未发现有称唐胄“为岭南人士之冠”这样的说法，故而基本可以认定，这是由《明史》修纂者对唐胄作出的评价。现存最早的唐胄传记资料，出自唐胄生前故交钟芳之手。钟芳《祭唐西洲文》(见《钟筠溪集》卷十六)有一句“岭海精英，公评端在”，这大概就是《明史》所本。而此后钟芳为唐胄所作《墓志铭》、王弘诲所作《神道碑》，均无类似评语。自明代万历至清代康熙年间修纂的《广东通志》、《琼州府志》、《琼山县志》等各类地方志中，对唐胄的评价一般是“耿介有器识，尤孝于亲。服食澹泊，足振靡俗。为文尚理，不事浮华。”也没有“为岭南人士之冠”这句话。

值得注意的是，雍正初修《大清一统志·琼州府》中对唐胄的评价是“胄耿介有器识，立朝执义不挠，海南推为冠冕。”这与《明史》的论断已经比较接近了，应当是受到了《明史》稿本的影响。而乾隆之后重修的地方志中，在评价唐胄时，有的就直接援引《明史》的论断了。

“海南推为冠冕”

岭南是一个相当广阔的地区，包括了现在的广东、广西及海南全境。虽然由于地理位置偏远，岭南在历史上文化相对落后，但也出了不少名人。略举几例，如唐代名相张九龄，宋代名臣余靖、崔与之，都是大名鼎鼎的人物。所以，在《明史》对唐胄的评价中，大概省略了一个时间定语，即“为岭南人士(一时)之冠”。清代光绪十九年，来海南督学的徐琪作《西洲侍郎像赞》，文中便称唐胄“耿介孝友，一时之冠。”然而，就算是在唐胄同时代的岭南人物中，也有像陈献章、湛若水这样的大思想家，不论在当时还是后世，他们的知名度都在唐胄之上。所以，我们似乎还得把空间范围再缩小一些，就像雍正初修《大清一统志·琼州府》中对唐胄的评价那样，“海南推为冠冕。”

即便如此，恐怕仍然有人会提出异议。明代是海南文化史上的一个黄金时代。这一时期，海南产生了64名进士，举人数量约有600名左右，占海南历代举人总数的四分之三强，可谓人才济济。《明史》为之立传的海南人，共有5名进士和1名举人，分别是：薛远、邢宥、丘濬、廖纪、唐胄和海瑞。另外，有一个名叫荣瑄的琼州普通老百姓，也因为孝义事迹而有幸跻身国史。荣瑄属于特例，姑且不论。就其他人物而言，薛远、廖纪、王弘诲等海南人均官至尚书，丘濬更是入阁为相，地位都在唐胄之上。海瑞与丘濬并称为“海南双璧”，邢宥与丘濬、海瑞并称“奇甸三名贤”，其思想影响和文化意义都不容小觑。台湾国学大师钱穆对于邢宥就有很高的评价，他说：“论者谓公(邢宥)与丘、海二公，为奇甸三名贤，他人之贤弗及……而其德功言三者，俱得先文庄、忠介而合称为一鼎之三足，此决非偶然矣。”

邢宥、丘濬的生活年代较唐胄为早，海瑞、王弘诲则比唐胄略晚一些。如果我们将时间范围再缩窄一些，仅就与唐胄同时代的海南人而论，也有不少人可以和唐胄媲美。例如，比唐胄年龄稍长的临高举人王佐虽然没能考取进士，官做得不是很大，但不论在当时还是后世，世人对其评价都相当高，唐胄本人也对王佐十分尊重，以师事之。还有钟芳，官至户部右侍郎，被《广东通志》称为“上接文庄，下启忠介”的“岭海巨儒”，虽然《明史》只提及钟芳的名字，没有单独为他立传，但其才学和功名与唐胄相比，也不遑多让。

后人眼中的“全能冠军”

那么，《明史》对唐胄的评价，是否有些夸大其辞呢?并非如此。应当注意到，《明史》在得出唐胄“为岭南人士之冠”的判断之前，有三句话作为前提，即：“耿介孝友，好学多著述，立朝有执持”。这三句话是一个不可分割的整体。其中，“耿介孝友”是立德，“好学多著述”是立言，“立朝有执持”是立功。儒家有“立德、立言、立功”的“三不朽”之说。如果单就某一方面而言，唐胄也许不是最突出的。但如果将上述三个方面结合在一起来看，则很少有人能够超过唐胄，他是一个各方面实力都比较均衡的“全能冠军”。

例如“耿介”，这几乎可以说是海南人出外为官者的一个共性，至海瑞而造乎其极。《明史》中海瑞的传记超过三千字，其中批评嘉靖皇帝的《治安疏》占了一千三百字。但《明史》称海瑞“意主于利民，而行事不能无偏云。”对海瑞也不是完全肯定的。

再比如“好学多著述”，丘濬在这方面一直被视为海南人民的骄傲。万历《广东通志》引何乔新语，称“唐张九龄，宋余靖、崔与之，及濬四人，为岭南人物之首”。在何乔新眼中，明代只有丘濬才是真正的“岭南人物之首”。何乔新之语曾经被广为引用，然而《明史》却没有转述，这颇耐人寻味。《明史》中丘濬的传记近千字，赞美之余，也不无微词，称其“议论好矫激，闻者骇愕。”

《明史》中，薛远的传记附在其祖父薛祥的传记之后，不足百字。邢宥的传记全文二百余字，主要是赞其“廉介”。而唐胄的传记有一千一百余字，扣除引用的唐胄《谏征安南疏》近七百字后，还有四百余字。文中对唐胄几乎全是正面赞美之词，没有任何非议。

唐胄考中进士之后，因遭逢父丧，同时不满于明代正德时期的黑暗政治，加之母亲又年迈多病，回故乡隐居了前后长达二十年之久。在此期间，他淡泊自守，侍亲至孝，和睦亲族，对乡人的孝行义举也大加揄扬。说起来，荣瑄能够进入《明史》，也得感谢唐胄。《明史》记载的荣瑄孝义事迹，采自唐胄主持修纂的正德《琼台志》。这是他“耿介孝友”的一面。

唐胄博览群书，注意向岭南先贤学习，整理出版过岭南人崔与之、余靖、白玉蟾、王佐等人的诗文别集，修纂过正德《琼台志》等多部地方志，文章力求经世致用，不务浮华。这是他“好学多著述”的一面。

嘉靖元年(1522)，唐胄应召复起，在各地为官期间，政绩卓著。在京期间，屡屡上疏纵论天下大事，显示出卓越不凡的器识。同时，唐胄还很注意进行政治斗争的方式、方法，平时不为矫激之举，但在原则问题上却也毫不退让。这是他“立朝有执持”的一面。

综合起来看，唐胄在各方面都堪称典范、楷模。前人评价唐胄时，也屡以“典型”称之。如明人黄表衷《唐西洲公石像赞》中有“典型在兹”之语，民国时期王国宪在《敬题唐西洲公三父子诗集》中也用“百代奉典型”来称赞唐胄。

《明史》为何如此高评?

在《明史》早期的编纂者中，徐乾学是顾炎武的外甥，黄百家是黄宗羲的儿子，万斯同是黄宗羲的学生。他们的思想都受到清初三大思想家的影响，具有一种文化反思精神，一方面大力弘扬中国传统的儒家文化，另一方面将心学视为招致明代亡国的重要原因之一。

明代心学以陈献章、王守仁为代表。陈献章的心学思想主要在广东一带流行，其弟子湛若水热衷于讲学，与王守仁齐名，对传播陈献章的心学思想作出了重要贡献。《明史·儒林传》的序言说：“学术之分，则自陈献章、王守仁始……有明诸儒，衍伊、雒之绪言，探性命之奥旨，锱铢或爽，遂启岐趋，袭谬承讹，指归弥远。……经学非汉、唐之精专，性理袭宋、元之糟粕，论者谓科举盛而儒术微，殆其然乎。”对明代心学的不满之情溢于言表。正因为如此，《明史》在品评岭南人物时，没有将在当时思想界影响巨大的陈献章、湛若水举作代表。海瑞的思想也受到心学的影响。丘濬则著有《大学衍义补》，自成一家之言。

唐胄在科举考试的省试、会试当中两次夺得“礼魁”，在经学方面有所专精。唐胄与当时思想文化界的名流如湛若水、何景明等交往密切，但他在思想上不趋时逐新，不标新立异，而是踏踏实实地去实践、履行传统的儒家思想。不论是用“立德、立功、立言”的“三不朽”标准，还是用“修身、齐家、治国、平天下”的标准来衡量，唐胄都堪称弘扬儒家传统思想文化的表率。或许，这就是《明史》将唐胄视为“岭南人士之冠”的真正原因吧。

What Is American Dream?

什么是美国梦?

What is the American Dream? Is it the same for all Americans? Is it a myth? Is it simply a search for a better life? How has the American Dream changed over time? Some see their dreams wither and die while others see their dreams fulfilled. Why? Everyone has dreams abut a personally fulfilled life... and what is your dream?

什么是美国梦?所有的美国人都是一样的吗?它是虚构的事吗?它是为了追求更好的生活吗?美国梦随着时间是如何改变的?有些人的梦想破灭了而有些人却实现了梦想。是什么原因呢?每个人都有自己想要实现的梦想，你的梦想是什么呢?

The term American Dream was first used by James Adams in his book The Epic of America which was written in 1931. He states: The American Dream is that dream of a land in which life should be better and richer and fuller for everyone, with opportunity for each according to ability or achievement. It is a difficult dream for the European upper classes to interpret adequately, and too many of us ourselves have grown tired and mistrustful of it. It is not a dream of cars and high wages merely, but a dream of social order in which each man and each woman shall be able to get to the fullest stature of which they are capable, and be recognized by others for what they are, regardless of the fortuitous circumstances of birth or position."

美国梦这个词最早出现在詹姆斯·亚当斯1931年写的《美国史诗》这本书中。他写道：美国梦是指渴望生活在能够让人们生活丰裕富足的热土上，每个人都有机会实现自己的价值。它是一个欧洲上流社会很难理解和体会的梦想，并且我们中的相当多人对此持怀疑和不信任的态度。这个梦想不仅仅是拥有汽车和高工资，而且还应当包括这样一种社会秩序，在这种秩序下，男人和女人不论他们出身如何，社会地位如何，都能最大程度地实现自己的潜能并为他人所认可和接受”。

In the united States Declaration of Independence, our founding fathers state: "... all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness." Might this view be considered the foundation of the American Dream?

在美国的《独立宣言》中，我们的创始人指出：“……所有的人人生而平等，创物主赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，这其中包括生命权，自由权和追求幸福的权利。”这一说法也许可能被视为美国梦的基础?

Were homesteaders who left the big cities of the east to find happiness and their piece of land in the unknown wilderness of the west pursuing these Rights? Were the immigrants who came to the United States looking for their bit of life, liberty, happiness and their Dream? And what did the desire of the veteran of World War II—to settle down, to have a home, a car and a family—tell us about this Dream? Is the American Dream attainable by all Americans? Would Martin Luther King feel his Dream was attained? Did Malcolm X realize his Dream?

农场主为了寻找幸福离开了东部的大城市，抛弃了他们在西部未知荒野上的土地，他们是在实现自己权利吗?移民来到美国，是为了自己想要的生活，追求自由、幸福和梦想吗?二战老兵的愿望又是什么呢，安定下来，有居住的房子，汽车然后组建家庭——告诉我们这就是梦想?所有美国人都能实现美国梦吗?马丁·路德金会认为自己能够梦想成真吗?马尔科姆·X实现自己的梦想了吗?

Some say, that the American Dream has become the pursuit of material prosperity—that people work more hours to get bigger cars, fancier homes, the fruits of prosperity for their families—but have less time to enjoy their prosperity. Others say that the American Dream is beyond the reach of the working poor who must work two jobs for their familys survival. Yet others look toward a new American Dream with less focus on financial gain and more emphasis on living a simple, fulfilling life.

有人说，美国梦已经演变成对物质繁荣的追求——为了买更高级的车，住更豪华的住宅，改善家庭经济状况，人们工作时间增长——却没有足够时间来享受他们的劳动成果。也有人说是美国梦是那些努力工作，为了养家一人兼两职，但是报酬却很低的穷人无法实现的。然而，还有一部分人开始追求新的美国梦，即注重简单而充实的生活，更少地关注经济利益。

[美国梦英文作文

中国有五千年悠久历史，中华文明是人类四大文明中唯一赓续不绝、没有中断过的文明。

习近平总书记指出，在5000多年文明发展中孕育的中华优秀传统文化，在党和人民伟大斗争中孕育的革命文化和社会主义先进文化，积淀着中华民族最深层的精神追求，代表着中华民族独特的精神标识。

北京大学艺术学院院长王一川认为，习总书记讲话在已有“三个自信”基础上增加第四个自信即文化自信，意味着将我们民族的生活价值系统及其表达形式提升到中国特色社会主义理论体系的核心层面，使中国特色社会主义真正植根于中华民族文化的沃土，从中汲取源源不断的生命力滋养，获得活的灵魂。

中国作协副主席李敬泽认为，“四个自信”是一个相互联系不可分割的整体，习近平总书记指出文化自信是更基础、更广泛、更深厚的自信，把我们党对文化的功能和作用的认识提升到一个新的水平。“正如总书记所说，文化自信包括中华优秀传统文化、革命文化和社会主义先进文化。因此，我们的自信不仅具有传统的和历史的根基，更是面向时代面向未来的。”

Independence Day is a day of family celebrations with picnics and barbecues,showing a great deal of emphasis on the American tradition of political freedom.Activities associated with the day include watermelon or hotdog eating competitions and sporting events,such as baseball games,three-legged races,swimming activities and tug-of-war games.

Many people display the American flag outside their homes or buildings.Many communities arrange fireworks that are often accompanied by patriotic music.The most impressive fireworks are shown on television.Some employees use one or more of their vacation days to create a long weekend so that they can escape the heat at their favorite beach or vacation spot.

Independence Day is a patriotic holiday for celebrating the positive aspects of the United States.Many politicians appear at public events to show their support for the history,heritage and people of their country.Above all,people in the United States express and give thanks for the freedom and liberties fought by the first generation of many of todays Americans.The Statue of Liberty is a national monument that is associated with Independence Day.

The first description of how Independence Day would be celebrated was in a letter from John Adams to his wife Abigail on July 3,1776.He described "pomp and parade,with shows,games,sports,guns,bells,bonfires,and illuminations" throughout the United States.However,the term "Independence Day" was not used until 1791.

“I pledge allegiance to the flag of the United States of America,and to the Republic for which it stands.One nation under God,indivisible,with liberty and justice for all.”

Happy birthday,America.

上海巨鹿路888号。好城市、好地段、好门牌，这么个“三好”最近不太好。

坐落于此的一幢老洋房遭到新主人的拆除，引起舆论大哗。事情并没有随着拆毁终止而宣告结束，更多的声音在讨论：为什么如此缺乏人文关怀、为什么历史建筑不能让人敬畏?

的确，一座有着近百年历史的建筑被毁，令人扼腕。可我想反问一句：如果被毁的不是洋房，而是贵州山区的一座百年老屋，还会有这么多人鸣不平吗?

以我小人之心揣度，恐怕一座乡间老屋不会引起知识精英们的义愤。同样是老建筑，洋房和农村老屋有何区别，我们为何要保护洋房呢?

晚清已降，西方文明以坚船利炮护航传入古老帝国，西风东渐，已垂百年。现代文明以西方为中心，近代开埠之通商口岸成为最早受到欧风美雨栉沐所在，租界内建起了造型不一的小洋楼，万国建筑博览馆南有申江，北有津门。

迩年，各地都在打造文化名片，曾经租界林立的城市多为晚近兴起的工商业都市，缺乏历史积淀，洋房成了对外输出城市文化的不二选择。

在我们的城市管理者、知识分子眼中，洋房有艺术美感、文化价值和城市自豪感。不可否认，租界内的生活方式超迈同时代的华界，今天国人海外疯狂抢购的冲洗马桶盖，早在70年前，租界里的上层社会已使用上了。

知识分子天然的彼岸存在感，令他们对过往和外来，无不保留着强烈依恋，概念不清的“民国范儿”不就是某些精英们念兹在兹的吗?

洋房经文化人的锦心绣口被描绘地无限美好，神圣不可侵犯。可惜，我们的精英只注重讲结果，忽略了过程，洋房是从哪来的?不论我们赋予它多少溢美，都不该忘记一个基本事实，这些都是殖民主义的产物，优雅、高贵、先进的背后是中国近代屈辱史的见证。

在我们宣介洋房、租界历史的时候，应该从源头讲起。高耸奇拔的哥特式、广远奇诡的巴洛克式背后，是一桩桩不平等条约、一次次割地赔款，完整的历史不该被碎片化理解。

诚然，很多知识精英是不大乐于这样看问题的。在他们看来，殖民带来了文明，带来了现代化。从结果看，这种结论不错，但是本末倒置。

以此类推，《赛德克·巴莱》中的高山族兄弟根本没有起义的必要。日本人为他们建起了医院、学校、邮局，让他们从山中的蒙昧人享受到现代化生活，这是在启蒙啊，为何要反抗呢?

这就涉及程序正义的问题，小洋楼的优雅不能掩盖一并带来的血腥和罪恶，文明只能自觉接受，不能强迫灌输。

看待历史要完整、客观，洋房的历史不仅有上流社会的衣香鬓影，曲水流觞，更有嗷嗷待哺的饥民，遭受无情压榨的底层劳动者。在口口声声“民国范儿”的先生们眼里，民国是黄金时代，心驰神往，无以复加。那是因为他们的眼睛只向上瞧，他们的“民国范儿”是官僚买办范儿、少爷小姐范儿、贵族名媛范儿，浑然不见饱受战火荼毒，挣扎在生死线上的平民。从完整的视角看待民国，实在太不美好。

历史建筑的价值，无外乎艺术价值和人文价值。评价一个建筑物该不该被保护，就是从这两方面入手，而不是用土与洋区分。

如果不具备以上两层价值，那么年代久远的建筑被拆除并不值得惋惜。譬如，贵州山区的一座老屋危房被拆，盖起的是新房，各方面都比原先改善，我们是该欢呼山民生活质量提高，还是哀婉历史建筑多舛?

急声呼吁保护洋房，还有一层文化不自信、不自洽的心理在骚扰着知识精英。西学东渐的结果之一是摧毁了国人的文化自信，首先我要声明这种冲击很有必要，否则我们还沉浸在不切实际的自满之中。但是，一个有着世界性影响的文明会走入绝境吗?中华文明经过冲击，不应该是浴火重生，走向新的文明吗?

这种文化不自信、不自洽在知识分子身上普遍存在，看歌剧就雅、看京剧就土;喝红酒时尚，喝白酒落伍;起英文名高端，起表字酸腐…….如此斑斑，不一而足。看看北京前几年盖起的一众新地标，这些西方建筑师在噩梦中得来的灵感试验品，过上若干年也是老洋房。如果它们被拆，我们的知识精英会不会也嚎啕大哭呢?

如果再有老建筑被拆除，我希望大家问一问它深层的艺术价值和人文价值，而不是纠结于浅层、廉价的“人文关怀”。拆了一个民国年间的日式厕所也如丧考妣一般，精英们的精神状态真是令人隐忧。

American culture

The main content of American culture is the emphasize on individuals value,the pursue of democracy and freedom,the promotion of deploitation(开拓,经营) and competition and the need of realistic and practicality.Its core is individualism:self first,personal need first,pursue of individual benefit and enjoyment,emphasize on achieving individual value by self-strive and self-design.This type of intentionally build up of personality and pursue customized individualism has its pros and cons,it gives incentives to people and make them exert on their potential and wisdom and as a result accelerate the development of the entire race and nation; on the other hand it is difficult to keep good relationship among people if everyone is egocentric thus make the entire society lack of unity.

[美国文化特色英语作文

华盛顿自然历史博物馆，是世界上规模最大的自然历史博物馆之一，是世界上最大的博物馆体系史密森尼博物馆所属的十六所博物馆之一。下车了，我带着满心的好奇心，恨不得立刻就冲进博物馆。

然后我迫不及待地进了博物馆，只见一个以古典风格设计的圆形大厅，大厅中央，是一个大象标本。这个大象栩栩如生的，看起来与活的大象没有区别，只是不会动。我们到处游游逛逛，看到了许许多多标本。有一个水母标本，红红的，约有三米高，红红的“伞”，红红的“须”，非常漂亮!还有一只海鸟，它的翅膀长得不得了，是一条优美的弧线，让人担心，它的翅膀会不会折断。还有许许多多远古时代的海底生物骨骼化石。

更有趣的是：很多博物馆都在每个地方写“禁止触碰”，可是我们走到了一个地方有许多展品没有摆在玻璃陈列柜里，旁边还有一块牌子，我还以为是叫人们：“不要碰!”的呢，没想到仔细一看：呀!上面写着：“Pleasetouch”(请触碰)我惊讶了!还以为是看错了，没想到我反反复复读了5遍，啊!还真的是让我们触摸，了解这种海螺的呢!我便“touch”了一下，它的表面很粗糙，纹理不怎么清晰，但很坚硬。时间过得很快!我们还没有参观那个叫“希望”的钻石呢!于是我们狂奔上2楼，只见这时一个硕大的钻石，有人的半个耳朵那么长、宽。又厚又大，在灯下，闪闪发光，璀璨夺目，无比迷人。展示台旋转着，让周围围得水泄不通的“人墙”中的每一个人，都能从正面欣赏它。这粒钻石有45.5克拉重，它是该是博物馆的镇馆之宝。

在它被捐进这所博物馆之前，他会给每个拥有它的人带来灾难。不是家破人亡，就是各种不好的事发生。因为这样，它的最后一个买主就把它捐给了博物馆。

要回去了，我告别博物馆前的树木化石，告别这美丽的博物馆…

有人说，中国古代的物理是阴阳，中国古代的哲学是五行，中国古代的数学是八卦，那么中国的文化呢？——是流放。

——题记

说起流放，似乎人们大都会想起大漠，的确这个词在某种程度上是对大漠的诠释，但是中国的流放文化并不是都于大漠，比如说，柳宗元捕蛇者的千年等待，再比如说，苏东坡对于大宋王朝的文化挽歌。

苏东坡确实是大宋王朝中一名不可缺少的文人，可以这么说，历史可以没有大宋王朝，但是中国文化却离不开苏东坡！苏东坡本名原是苏轼，但后人却固执

而坚决的叫他苏东坡，因为他从苏轼到苏东坡吃了太多的苦，笑了太多的不合时宜。他的大笑让自己开怀，却让中国文人内心中有了一声哭。

我们喜欢苏东坡总是没有理由，可能是因为他上可陪玉皇大帝，下可陪贫民乞丐，眼前所见天下没有一个不是好人。其实那些彪炳史册的人物，在他们的日常生活中，并不总是在圣殿里，呆在祭坛上，奔驰在战场上，翻滚在硝烟里……

他们也并不总是在舞台上领取荣誉和奖杯，就像今天人们供奉而成的那样，他们耕作早田野，他们工作在窗前，他们生活在邻家，他们抽烟，喝酒，煮肉，写作，闲话，头顶一个大西瓜……

忽然想起了一个关于苏东坡的小故事：东坡被贬与儋州，一个边走路边唱歌的老婆婆忽然问他：大人，您以前在朝中做官，是否像一场梦？东坡答道：是像一场梦似的。对与苏东坡来说他一生被流放至死未归，对于中国文化来说是一件好事，如果没有他的流放会有那名传千古的《念奴娇。赤壁怀古》，前后《赤壁赋》，《水调歌头》和《记承天寺夜游》吗？历史根本不是什么编年史，断代史，而是一代一代鲜活的存在，挠了会痒，伤了会疼。在一次又一次的改朝换代中，中国历史总是用竹简抑或纸张记录下来，于是在那幽静优美的后院中，总会燃烧起一把熊熊火焰……

苏东坡比中国其他的诗人更具有心灵的天真，可如今，越来越豪华的装饰，使人们不再关注问题的实质，仿佛一个个买椟还珠的郑人…苏东坡在流放的途中进行了一场心灵的调整，他通过这场洗礼走向了自己人生的真理，他对与自己人生的思考越来越多，人一生活着究竟是为什么，东坡穷尽了一生告诉了后世的人们，人活着是为了真实而自由的活着，只有这样才能拥有一个完整而幸福的人生。现在，物欲横流的社会使孩子们还未长大就成熟了，那一双双天真的眼早已变的污浊，我们能做什么呢？

朝野何常不是这样的，能够记住自己的梦想，并坚持到最

后的有几个，恐怕屈指可数。苏东坡由朝到野，朝朝野野，

他真正领悟到了：宠辱不惊，看庭前花开花落；去留无意，

看天空云卷云舒。只有做到了宠辱不惊、去留无意方能心

态平和，恬然自得，方能达观进取，笑看人生。着名的社

会活动家、杰出的爱国宗教领袖赵朴初同志遗作中写道：

生亦欣然、死亦无憾。花落还开，水流不断。我兮何有，

谁欤安息。明月清风，不劳牵挂。

对于中国文人来说，最宝贵的就是这份气节了，徐悲鸿先生说：“人不可无傲气，但不可无傲骨。”传说李白腰间一根傲骨，以至于他晚年不能弯腰。提起李白，不得不提他的豪放，那一字上九天的风发意气，汉儒怎能敌？李白和苏东坡可以算得上是中国的两个代表人物，其中两人的优势劣势就不在此一一评论了，但是两人却有一个共同点就是那一份壮志豪情可以相媲美。

流放的中国文化在历史的上空翻飞盘旋，吟唱着一首又一首的玉树后庭花……

[被历史流放的中国文化初二作文

"America， to endure， must change…… Change to preserve Americas ideals—— life， liberty， the pursu

"america， to endure， must change……

change to preserve americas ideals—— life， liberty， the pursuit of happiness. though we march to the music of our time，our mission is timeless."

—— president bill clinton， 1993

a society in transition

shifts in the structure of american society， begun years or even decades earlier， had become apparent by the time the 1980s arrived. the composition of the population and the most important jobs and skills in american society had undergone major changes.

the dominance of service jobs in the economy became undeniable. by the mid-1980s， capping a trend under way for more than half a century， three-fourths of all employees worked in the service sector —— for instance， as retail clerks， office workers， teachers， physicians and other health care professionals， government employees， lawyers， and legal and financial specialists.

service-sector activity benefited from the availability and increased use of the computer. this was the information age， with hardware and software that could aggregate previously unimagined amounts of data about economic and social trends. the federal government had made significant investments in computer technology in the 1950s and 1960s as part of its military and space programs. in the late 1970s， two young california entrepreneurs， working out of a garage， assembled the first widely marketed computer for home use， named it the apple —— and ignited a

revolution. by the early 1980s， millions of microcomputers had found their way into u.s. businesses and homes， and in 1982， time magazine dubbed the computer its "machine of the year."

meanwhile， americas "smokestack industries，" such as steel and textiles， were in decline. the u.s. automobile industry reeled under competition from such highly efficient japanese car makers as toyota， honda and nissan —— many of which opened their own factories in the united states. by 1980 japanese automobile manufacturers controlled a quarter of the american market. only by the late 1980s and early 1990s did u.s. manufacturers begin to match the

cost efficiencies and engineering standards of their japanese rivals， and start winning back the share of the domestic car market they had ceded to imports over the previous two decades. although consumers were the beneficiaries of this ferocious competition —— and in other highly competitive industries， as well， such as computers —— the painful struggle to cut costs meant the permanent loss of thousands of jobs in the u.s. auto industry.

population patterns shifted as well. after the end of the postwar "baby boom，" which lasted from approximately 1946 to 1964， the overall rate of population growth declined and the population grew older. household composition also changed. in 1980 the percentage of family households dropped; a quarter of all groups were now classified as "nonfamily households，" in which two or more uelated persons lived together.

new immigrants changed the character of american society in other ways. the 1965 reform in immigration policy shifted the focus away from western europe， and the number of new arrivals from asia and latin america increased

dramatically. vietnamese refugees， for example， poured into the united states in the aftermath of the war. in 1980， 808，000 immigrants arrived， the highest number in 60 years， as the country once more became a haven for people from around the world......

Franklin is the Founding Father who is seen as the master of home-spun(朴素的) practical wisdom. Of humble origins, Franklin began as a printer and writer (the author of Poor Richards Almanack), then became an inventor and scientist, and concluded his long career as the consummate(完美的) diplomat. He played a key behind-the-scenes role at the conventions that led to the Declaration of Independence and the U.S. Constitution.

富兰克林是美国开国元勋，被誉为朴素、务实的智慧大师。他出身贫寒，最初从事印刷和写作(《穷人理查德年鉴》一书的作者)，后成为发明家和科学家，最后作为杰出的外交家结束了漫长的职业生涯。他从幕后为各种重要会议发挥了关键作用，最后导致《独立宣言》和《美国宪法》的诞生。

George Washington (1732-99)

The first president of the United States and the American commander in chief during the War of Independence from Great Britain, Washington is often called the "Father of His Country." Originally a gentleman farmer from Virginia, Washington showed great leadership qualities as a soldier. Highly popular with the American public, he was eulogized by a member of Congress as "first in war, first in peace, first in the hearts of his countrymen."

乔治?华盛顿(George Washington, 1732-1799)

华盛顿是美国第一任总统，在摆脱英国统治的独立战争(War of Independence)时期担任总司令，常被尊称为“国父”。他原是弗吉尼亚州(Virginia)一位从事农业的乡绅，后成为一名军人，表现出非凡的领导能力。他在美国公众中享有崇高的声望，一位国会议员曾赞颂他

是“英勇作战第一人，争取和平第一人、國人心中第一人”。

Thomas Jefferson (1743-1826)

Jefferson was the primary author of the Declaration of Independence in 1776. "We hold these truths to be self-evident," he wrote, "that all Men are created equal, that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, that among these are Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness." Jefferson, who was later elected the third president of the United States, also wrote the state of Virginias law establishing religious freedom and founded the University of Virginia. 托马斯?杰佛逊(Thomas Jefferson, 1743-1826)

杰佛逊是1776年《独立宣言》主要起草人。他写道：“我们认为下面这些真理是不言而喻的 : 人人生而平等，造物者赋予他们若干不可剥夺的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。”杰佛逊后来当选美国第三任总统。他还起草了弗吉尼亚州保障宗教自由的法律，并创办了弗吉尼亚大学(University of Virginia)。

Sacagawea (ca. 1786-1812)

A young woman of the Lemhi Indians in present-day Idaho, Sacagawea helped the Lewis and Clark expedition in 1804-06 explore vast newly acquired lands in the American West. Sacagawea, who spoke several Indian dialects, served as a guide and interpreter to various Native American tribes during this peaceful expedition. When the expedition encountered the Lemhi band, she arranged for the Lemhi to provide the horses, provisions, and shelter that made the journey to the

Pacific Ocean possible. One of Sacagaweas descendants, Willow Jack, is pictured in authentic costume.

莎卡嘉薇亚(Sacagawea, 1786-1812)

莎卡嘉薇亚是印第安人莱姆哈伊(Lemhi)部族的成员，该地现属爱达荷州(Idaho)。她在1804年至1806年间帮助刘易斯(Lewis)和克拉克(Clark)远征队在美国刚获得的西部广袤土地上探险。莎卡嘉薇亚通晓好几种印第安人的方言，为这项和平探险任务担任向导并充当译员，与各种各样的印第安人部族进行沟通。在探险队遇到莱姆哈伊部族时，该部族经过她的安排为他们前往太平洋沿岸的旅途提供了必需的马匹、粮草和住所。图中身穿正统印第安人服装的威洛?杰克(Willow Jack)是莎卡嘉薇亚的后裔。

Abraham Lincoln (1809-1865)

President during the American Civil War, 1861-65, Lincoln is revered for having kept the Union together and freeing the slaves. A legislator from Illinois, Lincoln won the Republican nomination for president and was elected on an anti-slavery platform in 1860. As a result, 11 southern states seceded and war began. In the Gettysburg Address, he stated his resolve “that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.”

亚伯拉罕?林肯(Abraham Lincoln, 1809-1865)

林肯在1861年至1865年美国南北战争时期担任美国总统，他因维护美国统一和解放黑奴而广受尊崇。林肯原是伊利诺伊州(Illinois)联邦议员，后获共和党提名为总统候选人，1860年以反对奴隶制的政纲当选总统。此后，南方11个州脱离联邦，引发美国内战。林肯发表的葛底斯堡演说(Gettysburg Address)表示，决心“使民有、民治、民享的政府与世长存”。

Susan B. Anthony (1820-1906)

Appalled that the 15th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution (1870) guaranteed the right to vote to newly freed slaves but not to women, Susan B. Anthony led a group of women to the polls in Rochester, New York. She was arrested several times for trying to vote, and later organized the International Woman Suffrage Alliance. She died in 1906, having paved the way for the ratification of the 19th Amendment, which granted American women the right to vote in 1920. 蘇珊?安東尼(Susan B. Anthony, 1820-1906)

蘇珊?安東尼对1870年美国宪法第15条修正案表示极为不满，因为该修正案只保障新获得解放的奴隶有选举权，但不给妇女同样的权利。她带领一群妇女去纽约州罗切斯特(Rochester, New York)投票站表达抗议。她因试图投票参加选举多次被捕，后来组织了国际妇女选举权同盟(International Woman Suffrage Alliance)。她于1906年逝世，但她为1920年保障妇女选举权的第19条宪法修正案获得通过创造了条件。

Albert Einstein (1879-1955)

The foremost physicist of the 20th century, Albert Einstein developed the theory of relativity, which overturned previous ideas on the nature of the physical universe. Born in 1879 in Germany, he developed his important ideas as a young man. In 1933, Einstein took a position with the Institute for Advanced Studies in Princeton, New Jersey, and became an American citizen in 1940." His ideas would prove instrumental in developing the atomic bomb during World War II. 阿尔伯特?爱因斯坦(Albert Einstein, 1879-1955)

爱因斯坦是20世纪久负盛名的物理学家。他创立了相对论(theory of relativity)，推翻了关于宇宙本质的旧观念。他1879年生于德国，很年轻时就提出了许多重要观点，1933年，他到新泽西州普林斯顿(Princeton, New Jersey)的高等研究院(Institute for Advanced Studies)任职， 1940年成为美国公民。他的学术思想对于美国在第二次世界大战(World War II)期间发明原子弹发挥了关键作用。

富兰克林?戴莱诺?罗斯福(Franklin Delano Roosevelt, 1882-1945)

罗斯福以其乐观的精神和政治智慧帮助美国渡过了南北战争(the Civil War)以来最艰难的时期：大萧条(the Great Depression)和第二次世界大战(World War II)。他于1933年就任总统，执政长达12年。在此期间，美国经济得到恢复，轴心国军队(the Axis forces)被打败。罗斯福是贫苦民众心目中的英雄，但众多工商界人士并不认同他在“新政” (New Deal)时期实施的经济和社会改革。

Franklin Delano Roosevelt (1882-1945)

Franklin D. Roosevelts optimism and political savvy helped carry the United States though its greatest domestic crisis since the Civil War: the hard times of the Great Depression and World War II. He assumed the presidency in 1933 and—during his 12 years at the helm—saw his country recover economically and triumph over the Axis forces. FDR was a hero to the poor, but many businessmen did not favor his economic and social reforms, called the New Deal.

约翰?菲茨杰拉德?肯尼迪(

John Fitzgerald Kennedy, 1917-1963)

肯尼迪具有卓越的领导才能，建立了众多的业绩，风度优雅，充满智慧和魅力，人们经常怀着感念的心情回忆他担任美国总统的三年时光。在德克萨斯州达拉斯(Dallas, Texas)，刺客的一颗子弹夺走了他的生命，但是他激励了千百万人民。1962年，他以坚定的意志抗击来古巴的苏联导弹威胁，以后又与苏联进行合作，缓和了核军备竞赛。他还创立了争取进步联盟(Alliance for Progress)及和平队(Peace Corps)。

John Fitzgerald Kennedy (1917-1963)

People everywhere look back nostalgically to JFKs three years as president of the United States because of his leadership, his accomplishments, and his grace, wit, and charisma. He inspired millions before he was killed by an assassins bullet in Dallas, Texas. Although not afraid to stand