英语四级写作方法【经典20篇】

几乎99％的面试都需要应聘者进行自我介绍。自我介绍是在规定的时间内向面试官简短的诠释自己各方面能力及与职位的适合程度的一个过程，需要面试者在此过程中高度概括，并且用自信语言表现出来。虽然是一个临场发挥的过程，但却是面试中唯一一个可以预先准备的“问题”。

自我介绍应该侧重于：

侧重于自身与工作相关的技能和教育水平

表露你对生活的侧重点

使雇主洞察到你的价值

让雇主了解你的成就

使雇主明白你是否有能力，是否有自觉能动性，能否很投入地工作

须有助于雇主判断你在多大程度上能融入公司的文化

自我介绍的内容应该包括：

你所申请的职称或职位

你的学历

曾经担任过的职务

适用于该工作的具体技能

相关的职业培训或实践

曾获得的荣誉或成就

你的目标

你的人生或经营理念

自我介绍的注意事项：

以事例（物）证明你所说的言论

中心突出，回答问题围绕并适合谋求该工作所需要的资格

言简意赅，一般不超过二、三分钟

介绍完以后，随即询问考官，是否他还需要知道其他的事

充满信心，声音洪亮

自我介绍的准备工作：

第一步：非常扼要地介绍一下你早年的背景情况：(你是在哪里长大的?)

有无任何有关父母/家庭的有趣或重大的事件可介绍？（如果没有，可略去这一部分）：

第二步：介绍自己所受教育情况：

第三步：介绍你的实践经历：

可以提一下自己在兼职工作中担任过哪些职位，说明这些职位能够使自己学到什么对现在应聘的工作有用的技能或经验。

第四步：对自己的长处进行归类

才智因素

包括：

天性方面（如“口才相当好”）

思维能力（如“我常能急中生智”）

知识与经验因素

包括：

很强的实践经验（如“是否参加过农药销售实践”）

其它卓越的经验（如“曾负责某区的规划图”）

个性因素

包括：

人际关系技巧（如“我爱管事，也不怕担负责任”）

助人的行为（如“我发现自己能够很快为周围的人所接受”）

动机因素

包括：

兴趣（如“我喜欢能使我保持活力、不断进步的工作”）

动机（如“我的目标是在两年后成为办公室主管”）

精力（如“我能长时间地工作而不感到疲劳”）

发言前

收集话题——看、听、读、回忆、思考。

发言的准备运动——在“题目、导入、主故事、主题、结尾”的发言架构和措词上下工夫。

想要写好初中作文，多掌握一些写作技巧方法是很有必要的。以下是小编要与大家分享的初中中考满分作文，供大家参考!

初中作文写作技巧一：亮出题目

题目是文章的眼睛。题好一半文，一个亮丽的题目给人以悦目之感，给人以击节之叹，给人以回味之思。简洁、清晰、生动、新颖是题目亮丽的要素。

谈生命的价值，题为《把握生命的脉搏》、《与生命同行》;谈社会的公德，题为《归来吧，良心》、《同心灵一个共振》;谈审美取向，题为《美，在于发现》、《美是一种透明的情怀》;谈读图与读文，题为《各得其所，各取所需》、《读图，大众文化的需要》，如此等等。总之，题目是给人的第一印象，是你必须为之推敲再推敲的重要领域。

初中作文写作技巧二：亮出开头

开头是文章的脸面。万事开头难，也许正因为难，它才有价值值得我们去为之琢磨。简洁地引述材料，准确地提出观点，用题记点睛，用名言开门见山……

例如作文：《忘忧草———人类的悲哀》的开头：若世上真的有忘忧草，那将是一件多么可怕的事!在辉煌世界文坛上，有多少璀璨的明珠都放在了“忧愁”这座伟岸的丰碑上，然而，仅仅一颗忘忧草就会令整座丰碑瞬间化为灰烬。没有了仇恨，就不存在哈姆雷特的复仇之剑;没有了猜忌，也不会有奥赛罗可悲的命运;没有烦恼，何来李白“抽刀断水水更流，举杯消愁愁更愁”的感慨;没有了痛苦，又怎能听见李清照“寻寻觅觅，冷冷清清，凄凄惨惨戚戚”的呻吟?……

初中作文写作技巧三：亮出语言

语言是文章的材料。准确、得体、生动、形象的语言材料，才能构建起漂亮的“高楼大厦”。同义词、反义词、俗语、成语的合理应用，多种修辞手法的灵活使用……都是亮语言的好方法。

例如作文《月远，月近》的精彩语言：月光是月亮的长发，它长长地垂下，直垂到离人的窗台，拉近了千山万水的距离。月亦洒下冰冷的寒霜，薄薄地覆在汉节上，苏武轻轻拂去它，仰见明月，想象既遥远而又近在咫尺的故乡。

初中作文写作技巧四：亮出层次

层次是文章的眉目。层次又是文章逻辑线索的外在体现：并列式、递进式、总分分、总分总……总之，你的文章，要有你的思路标志——层次、段落。

初中作文写作技巧五：亮出材料

材料是文章的血肉。材料要做到典型性：必须是众所周知的;必须是吻合观点的;必须是“意料之外，情理之中”的。熟、俗、怪、僻的材料要避而远之。

例如作文《有志者事竟成》的材料：临池洗墨，磨杵成针，斧凿龙门，愚公移山;大禹过家门而不入，李冰胼手足而不息。大江东去，千古风流，有志者事竟成。

初中作文写作技巧六：亮出结尾

结尾是文章的帷幕。当帷幕拉上的瞬间，给读者(阅卷教师)留下一个美好的印象，是文章结尾义不容辞的责任：与题目呼应，与观点呼应，与开头呼应……用短句结束，用哲理收尾，用抒情结语……

例如作文《面对大海》的结尾：大海神秘吗?大海美丽吗?大海欢快吗?我不知道。但我想，我会知道的。

初中作文写作技巧七：亮出标点

标点是文章的呼吸。标点也是文章准确表情达意的工具。不要只是“一点到底”，不要只会单纯地使用逗号、句号。一篇文章应该能够准确、灵活、生动地使用六七种标点符号。

初中作文写作技巧八：亮出书写

书写是文章的服饰。尽最大的努力展示你的书写水平：一要端正，二要清楚，三要美观。

写作是运用语言文字符号反映客观事物、表达思想感情、传递知识信息的创造性脑力劳动过程。下面就是小编为您收集整理的初中作文

一忌、陈词老套

有些文章开头总是从形势写起，言心称“在××的领导下，在××的支持和关怀下，在××的帮助下”有的文章开头总是“太阳”、“月亮”，“光阴似箭、日月如梭”，这些调子老唱，这些套路老用就成了令人生厌的陈词老套了，初中毕业作文开头。

二忌、故弄玄虚

有些文章开头，故意耍花枪，兜圈子，有意让人琢磨不透，进入“迷魂阵”，不愿将意思直截了当地写出来。仿佛这就是文章新颖巧妙的所在，见水平、见功力的地方。其实这种故弄玄虚的作法，恰恰是写作的弊病。

三忌、开头突然

有些文章开头，缺乏应有的交代，显得突如其来，没头没脑，不知所云。如写读后感，有的文章在不作任何交代的情况下就开始“感”起来了。写供料作文一开头就说“读了这个材料我有深刻的体会……”材料内容只字不提就这样写，太突然了。

四忌、不必要的解释

文章开头，突如其来、不作交代不行，作不必要的解释也不行。如写《女排五连冠给我的启示》，要是一开头就用较长篇幅去说明女排的组成、女排五次获冠军的时间、地点，同谁争夺冠军等情况，就不必要了。当然，根据需要，适当对所写的问题作些解释也是必要的。

五忌、凭空抒情

有的文章的开头，特别是议论文的开头，不管与中心、主题有无关系，议论还没有展开，问题还没有说清，就“啊”“呀”不断，感慨万端。这种凭空抒情，只能叫无病呻吟。

六忌、绕大圈子

有的文章开头，不管中心需不需要，与主题有关无关，就先秦两汉、前村后店地谈开了。不着边际，空发议论，下笔千言，离题万里，绕了好大个圈子，才说到正题上来。

七忌、堆砌名言锦语

有的文章，开头想先声夺人，想不出好的办法，于是就把格言、警句等一股脑儿地搬出来，以为这样就算是个好的开头，中学生作文《初中毕业作文开头》。其实这种做法带有很大盲目性，效果往往很差。

八忌、开头重复

文章只能有一个开头，可是有的文章有两个开头。比如有的文章本想从引用写起，写好后又觉得扣题目谈更好，于是又开个头。有的文章一开头就介绍背景，写好后又觉得首先应该揭示文章的中心，于是又开个头。这样都会出现两个开头。出现这种情况，可根据题目或中心的要求，取其一个开头即可。

九忌、盲目写景

写景的主要目的，或是为了突出主题，或是为了刻划人物，或是为了烘托气氛，如果与此无关，一般来说这样的写景是没有意义的。有些文章一开头就“花儿”、“鸟儿”、“草儿”地写一通，实在是不必要。

十忌、盲目引用

引用应根据主题、中心的需要，盲目引用应尽量避免。特别是供料作文，供给的材料如果很长，要是一开头就不加选择地大量引用，或全盘搬用，必然重点不明，主旨不清，文字不精，陷于盲目性，而且下文再谈到它，必然还会重复，所以引用应有所取舍和选择。

导语：以下是一直六年级的语文作文的写作方法，希望对大家有帮助!

小学一年级作文：

一、写作目的：

1.对写话有兴趣;

2.能够把句子写完整、通顺。

二、写作内容：

1、通过看图、影视节目、观察周围事物等，写几句完整、通顺的话;

2、能运用生活中学过的词语造句，并根据表达的需要，学习正确使用“句号、问号、叹号”等符号。

三、写作形式：

观察写话;用词造句;仿句练习。

小学二年级作文：

一、写作目的：

1. 能乐于表达自己看到的、听到的、想到的事物;

2. 能写几句连贯、通顺的话;能写留言条、请假条;

3. 学写简单的日记。

二、写作内容：

1. 从能看图并展开想象、观察大自然和周围的事物，写几句连贯、通顺的话，逐步向连句成段过渡;

2. 能用几个词语写几句连贯、通顺的话;

3. 会写留言条、请假条。学写简单的日记。

三、写作形式：

看图写话;观察日记;用词造句;连句成段;结合阅读练习，仿写、续写。

小学三年级作文：

一、写作目的：

1.乐于用书面语言表达自己的见闻、感受和想象;

2.能写内容较具体的片段，修改明显错误的词句;

二、写作内容：

1.通过观察(抓住特点)写一段内容较具体的片段;

2.用一段连贯的话写下来，字数不少于300字;

3.能根据提供的词语展开想象，书写内容丰富的语段。

三、写作形式：

仿写练习; 连句成段;修改练习; 结合阅读仿写、扩写、续写练习。

小学四年级作文：

一、写作目的：

1.能用书面表达自己觉得新奇有趣、印象深刻、最受感动的内容;

2.愿意将自己的习作读给人听，与他人分享习作的快乐;

3.能用简单的书信、便条进行书面交际;能修改有明显错误的词句;

二、写作内容：

1.能围绕习作要求，自主收集习作素材;

2.能抓住特点观察自己周围的事物，并用几段连贯的话写下来;

3.学写书信、便条，掌握其格式;

4.能修改有明显错误的短文;

三、写作形式：

书信练习; 修改短文; 学习命题及自由作文; 结合阅读进行扩写、续写练习。

小学五年级作文：

一、写作目的：

1.懂得写作是为了自我表达和与他人交流;

2.学习写简单纪实作文和想象作文，内容具体，感情真实;

3.学写板报稿、建议书;

4.自拟题目，学习编写作文提纲;

5.能从内容、词句、标点等方面修改自己的习作;

二、写作内容：

1.能审清题意，围绕中心选材;

2.初步掌握纪实作文及想象作文的一般规律，养成勤于练笔的习惯;

3.培养先列提纲后作文的习惯;

4.学写板报、建议书，掌握其格式。

三、写作形式：

板报及建议书的练习;习作的互评互改; 命题或自由作文; 结合阅读进行扩写、续写练习。

小学六年级作文：

一、写作目的：

1.有自我表达和与人交流的欲望;

2.能写简单的纪实和想象作文，内容具体，感情真实，条理清楚;

3.学写会议记录和读书笔记;

4.能根据习作要求自主选材，编写作文提纲;

5.能独立修改自己的习作，并与人交流修改，做到语句通顺，行款正确，学写规范、整洁。

二、写作内容：

1.能围绕目标系统地搜集、整理材料。

2.能进行初步的记叙、议论、抒情的综合训练，为升入中学打好基础。

3.能写简单的会议记录和读书笔记，做到格式正确。

4.能熟练运用常用批改符号进行习作的互评互改。

三、写作形式：

综合练习;会议记录; 命题或自由作文; 文章修改。

作文基础知识

作文是字、词、句、段篇的综合训练，它体现出每位同学的认识水平和文字表达能力。那么，怎样才能写好作文呢?一般说来应做到：

一、思想健康，中心明确。

二、内容具体，条理清楚。

三、语句通顺，意思连贯。

四、详略得当，主次分明。

五、善于观察，想象丰富。

六、书写工整，格式正确。

下面是小编整理的把叙事与描写结合的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

在写记叙文时，如果要使文字内容更具体，不空泛，一定要把叙述与描写结合起来。那么如何才能结合好呢?我们首先需要了解一下这两者的基本概念和作用。

叙述和描写。是作文中两种不同的表现方式。我们这里说的叙述是指把人的经历行为或事件的发生、发展变化表述出来的一种表达方式，它常常把分散的场景，片断的故事和人物的身世，地位，经历，事迹等贯穿起来。它要求做到头绪清楚，脉络分明，有条有理，重点突出。

在记事、写人、状物的文章中，叙述是不可少的，尤其是在介绍人或事物变化为主的文章中叙述的作用更大，甚至有的文章专以叙述为长。我们本讲选的优秀作文《男班长，女班长》就是一个很好的例子。文章中描写部分很少，介绍事件发展过程的叙述占了很大的篇幅，如开头对男女班长来自何方的介绍，女班长对男班长的观察，正副班长必须合作的现实，以及同学们的揶揄，思想的顾虑，同学开玩笑不断，“收到副班长纸条”，到结尾“男女班长仍然合作着处理班里的事务”。这篇文章用很短的篇幅，以叙述为主，把一波三折的事件按发展轨迹清晰有序地介绍出来。对发展过程虽是梗概地介绍，但文章的思想内涵却非常丰富，也可以说在写法上是比较巧妙的。

叙述在按事件发生发展、人物经历的时间来划分，可以有顺叙，倒叙、插叙、补叙等方式，我们在写文章时，可以根据表达的需要去选择叙述的方式。

描写是对人物，事物和环境所作的具体的描绘和摹写，描写是再现描写对象状态的一种表达方式。描写需要采用绘声绘色的办法，把事物的状貌、神采和动态，具体地、真切地饱含情意地勾画出来。写人要使其声可闻，其容可睹;写物要使之可见，可闻，可触，可感;写景要意境鲜明，使读者产生仿佛置身其间的幻觉。

在我们学过的课文中，传神的描写是很多的。如《天山景物记》中对天山深处的描写，“山色逐渐变得柔嫩，山形也变得柔和，很有一伸手就可以触摸到凝脂似的感觉。这里溪流缓慢，萦绕着每一个山脚，在轻轻荡漾着的溪流的两岸，满是高过马头的野花，红、黄、蓝、白、紫，五彩缤纷，像绵延的织锦那么华丽，象天边的彩霞那么耀眼，像高空的长虹那么绚烂。”这段描写抓住山色、溪流、野花这三种最能表现天山特点的事物，重彩浓墨，绘声绘色地把天山美景表现出来。既能使读者如身临其境，也增添了作品的文采。我们在作文时，如果能恰当地运用描写来表现形象，借以表达某种强烈的思想感情。文章的感染力就一定能有所增强。

叙述和描写在记叙性的文字中都是不可缺少的表现方式。叙述着重于一般情况过程的交待，描写则着重形象的描摹和刻画;如果说叙述是纵的绵延，那么描写便是横的扩展。一篇文字若无叙述，就会显得杂乱无章;没有描写，则会干瘪枯燥，毫无生气可言。

实际上，成功的作品中，常常是叙述与描写交错在一起的。我们所选优秀作文，《奶奶与花》就是叙述与描写交融在一起的，近似于一线串珠式的一篇记叙文。

文中以时间为序，先从小时候家门前有一个很大的“花园”叙述开始，然后再描写人物行为语言、花的形态、气味。从而表现我“深深地爱上花”的过程。接着叙述自己病中见到花的情景，描写花的形态，写出自己感受到“花能给人一种强盛的生命力”。接着是叙述“随着年龄的增长，这种认识愈来愈深”又通过对“死不了”“仙人球”的描写，感悟出“花，让我感到一种无尽的生命力，一种明亮的期望”。第五自然段叙述自己养花的过程。这里又运用描写的方式，描绘出花园的美丽，各种花的特点，表现出花可以陶冶情操的作用。这段描写是比较突出的，描写了花的各种色彩，各种形态，用排比、比喻的手法绘色绘形，有丰富的想象力。为了把文章写得曲折有致，第七段、第八段叙述搬进高层楼房前、后我与奶奶对花的珍爱，对小花园的怀念，这里又有对人物的心理、动作的描写，为“小花园”遭到破坏，我和奶奶沉痛心情做了铺垫。

这篇文章用叙述的方式。介绍了事件发展曲折过程，使文章头绪清楚，脉络分明，重点环节突出。这是文章的一条线。在每个重要环节上，作者都生动形象地描绘了人物的行为、场景、物态，内容丰满。叙述和描写有机地结合在一起，深刻地表达了文章的主题思想，增强文章的感染力。

在作文时，恰当地运用叙述与描写，做到有机结合，要注意以下几点。

一、要熟练掌握叙述与描写的功能，注意二者之间互相依存、互相交通的关系。根据作文内容和思想表达的需要，交错运用。

二、在描写范围比较大、内容比较丰富的地域景物或事物状貌时，(例如《天山景物记》等一些游记式的文章)需要有一条贯穿始终的线索，有一个逐步转移、推进的过程，那么这个线索或过程就要依靠叙述来表现。如我们常讲的“移步换景”的写法，其中对“移步”的交代，往往需要叙述。用时间推移来描写事物或人物的发展变化时，对每个阶段的交代，一般也是要运用叙述来完成的。在这种情况下描写的条理性要依靠叙述来体现。

三、在写故事情节比较强文章时，人物的语言，行动往往是构成情节的重要因素、情节又要依靠叙述来展开，这就需要描写人物语言行动与铺叙故事情节同时进行，也就是说要把叙述故事融化在描写中，或把描写融化在叙述情节中。我们仔细玩味一下作文《奶奶与花》，其中有些地方就是把描写与叙述这样融合在一起的。

我们就应当多选读一些优秀作文或名家的文章，刻意体味一下的相依关系，学习二者的结合形式。使自己的作文能更加条理清晰，情节曲折跌宕，内容丰富有致，更具有感染力。

一、法学论文写作的意义

法学论文写作对于学习法学和研究法学的人来说都至关重要。对于本科阶段的同学们来说，法学论文主要体现为两种：一种是学年论文，也就是在每门课程结束的时候，作为一种考试方法的法学论文;另外一种是毕业论文，也就是为了取得法学学士学位而写作的论文。两者尽管具有不同的要求，但是对于写作方法的要求基本相同，我们在这里所谈论的法学论文写作包括这两种形式。

法学论文的写作最能够锻炼同学们用法学的思维方法进行思考和研究的能力，培养和提高搜集资料、发现问题、分析问题和解决问题的能力。同时也为同学们将来在研究生阶段的进一步研究和学习奠定基础。

二、 法学论文写作的目的与态度

通常来说，法学论文，属于学术论文，也就是用来表述学术研究成果的一种文体。学术论文包括一般的学术论文和学位论文。通常我们写的学术论文为一般的学术论文。从学位论文的层次上来看主要可以分为三种：学士学位论文、硕士学位论文和博士学位论文。不同的层次的学位论文有着不同的要求，特别是在创新性、规范性和篇幅上等等。硕士论文一般要求字数在2.5万字以上，而博士论文的要求是在12万字以上，对于学士学位论文来说，只要求5000字以上;硕士学位论文要求对所研究的客体应当有新的见解，博士学位论文要求在科学或专门技术上做出创造性的成果。

实际上来说，写论文只是学习如何做研究的方法与过程，以便在将来学业完成后能够继续从事研究，并将自己的研究成果以比较符合学术规范的形式予以公开和传播而已，所以本科阶段学习写论文的目的在于掌握基本的学术规范和写作技巧。著名的当代经济学家张五常曾经说到：太阳底下没有新东西，只要不抄袭，是自己想出来的，要完全没有创见就不容易。

所以在法学论文写作的态度上我们应注意两点：

一是端正态度，自己创作，把写作的过程作为自己学习的机会和过程，禁止抄袭。

在目前网络极为便利的时代，在互联网和局域网上可以很轻易地获得各种题目的论文，要把不同的论文题目剪切组合在一起拼凑成新的论文，简直就是易如反掌，而且说实话，有的论文或者文章指导老师也不一定看得出来，所以这里就需要自律，有一种起码的学术道德的自我约束。他律，也就是将来的答辩委员会、指导教师或者同学们的约束也会起点作用，但最为关键的是自己对自己的约束。所以撰写论文也是学习做人的过程，实事求是，诚信做人，一旦发现抄袭和请人代替，毕业论文成绩就将一律按照不及格处理。

二是要区分抄袭与引用、模仿的区别。

完全的不假思索的大幅的照抄照搬，是抄袭，是剽窃，是对他人的知识产权的侵犯，而对于别人的观点的引用，最好是加上自己的评论，这就不属于抄袭。

引用必须要注明出处，要注明你这个文献是从哪里得到的，这个文献的基本信息，也就是文献的作者、名称、公开的时间等等，还要说明你引用的文字是从哪一页上得来的。为什么要写的这么详细啊?还要便于你的文章的读者可以自己去获得这些资料，也便于别人去核查一下你的资料是真的还是假的，你的资料引用是否有错误。这也是一个起码的学术道德水准和学术态度问题。

本科生(包括自考生)和研究生论文答辩的时候，答辩老师首先看什么?首先看你的论文的格式是否符合学位论文的要求啊，尤其是行为的段落格式(比如首行缩进两个字符等)，再看你的注释(脚注和尾注)，然后再看看你引用了哪些人的文章，你的文献的来源是否是来自高品位和高质量的学术刊物，你的文章总体上是否引用了该领域内最为重要的和最新的文献，最后才是看看你的论文的结构、论证方法、论证主题、结论又没有问题。

象很多论文比赛等，作为评审老师，也是这么看待的。这里可以说用一本书的名字来表达“漂亮者生存”，学术论文也是，没有漂亮的外表是无法在读者和评阅者的世界里存活的，因为“外表是一个人最公开、最外在的部分，它是我们的仪式，是这个世界认为可以由此而得知其内在心灵的人的可见的自我。”对于初学写作的人来说，模仿是可以比较快速地学习和掌握法学论文写作的基本方法和规范的。

【思考：有的同学认为，我自己写的文章全部都是我自己写的，是我自己一个人思考出来的，这就是我的文章的创造性，我不需要引用任何他人的文献资料。请谈谈对这个问题的看法?】

三、 法学论文写作的基本问题

(一) 法学本科论文的写作程序

现在我们学校的法学本科毕业论文的写作的要求是比较严格的，主要体现在：

1、严格确定一个指导教师所能够指导的毕业生的数量，是1比20，也就是说一个老师最多只能够指导20各学生的毕业论文。

2、加强了在选题、开题、中期检查、评阅、答辩以及成绩评定等环节的监督和管理。

具体来说，法学本科论文写作的程序一般要经过以下几个步骤：

(1)确定指导教师。选择指导教师和选择题目一样重要，有时仅仅从名气和一些外在的东西作为选择的标准不见得是明智之举，应当以是否严格作为标准，因为这样的教授，因为他们更有效率，而且更看重你的研究。

(2)确定题目，进行开题。主要的内容就是要向指导教师或者开题委员会报告你选择的题目的意义以及研究现状，你所要研究的主要内容、研究的方法和思路，你做了哪些准备，比如已经发表或撰写的文章，搜集到的文献资料，以及你对自己论文写作的总体安排和进度。指导教师或者开题委员会回你就所拟写的题目提出各种意见，支持的意见，反对的意见，改进的意见等等。

按照现在不少老师的要求，在正式写作之前，是先要搜集资料和撰写提纲的，因为对于指导老师来说，判定一个学生的论文到底能够写道什么水平，一个很重要的因素就是看你搜集到了什么样的文献资料，没有好的米是一定做不出味道好的米饭的，另一个就是要看你的论文的提纲如何安排布局，这个论文提纲包含了你的论文的结构和主题，一定程度上也决定了你的写作思路，所以至关重要。

(3)初稿写作阶段。在完成了以上准备工作之后就可以进入初稿写作阶段了;在初稿写作之中，可以就遇到的问题同指导教师交换意见，也可以向同学或者其他的先进们寻求帮助。

(4)定稿和答辩。初稿写就之后，要送给老师审阅，请老师提出相关的意见和建议，在发给同学们进行修改，这样的修改可能会经过好几次，直至最后，经指导老师同意就可以定稿了，

教师签署意见推荐答辩。

与同学们论文写作密切相关的主要的就是要经过这几个步骤。

(二) 题目的选择与设计

1、 题目的选择

题目的选择有的是教师制定题目，有的是同学们自主选择题目。目前在我们学校的做法是向指导教师征集本科毕业论文选题，力争达到一人一题。

指导教师指定题目，分配给大家，这样也可能写出好的学位论文来，但是学生没有学会如何选题，学术研究能力就不完整，缺乏选题的能力。学会选题，学会自己设计课题，对于培养高水平的法学人才来说，是极为重要的一项能力。

2、 题目的设计

题目的设计，也就是题目如何表述的问题。题目应当设计的尽可能的适中，不宜过大或者过小，而且题目的设计尽可能的表明你的论文写作的主要内容，往往各个教研室提供给学生的题目清单，都是比较大的题目，学生自己选择了一个之后，应当对这个题目在进行细化，确定自己所要研究的内容。

比如在今年民商法学院的学年论文题目清单中就有很多题目，其中选择不当得利制度研究的就有很多人，如果每个人都选择相同的“不当得利”作为题目，势必造成协作的论文的结构上和内容上的雷同，反而使得自己的论文不能够在成绩评定中胜出，所以选择这个主题的人就开始对题目进行分工，有的写不当得利的构成要件，有的写不当得利制度的历史沿革，有的写不当得利与侵权行为制度价值取向的比较等等，这样就能够比较有的放失，写出出色文章来。

(三) 论文提纲的组织与安排

论文提纲的组织和安排注意两个问题：

1、论文提纲应当是由一系列的命题所组成的，这一系列的命题代表了论文的基本观点和论证的逻辑思路。

对于写作者来说，便于检查自己的论证思路在逻辑上和事实上是否站的住脚;

对于指导者来说，便于检查写作者的论证方法和主要观点是否能够通过答辩。

2、数字标题从大到小的顺序写法：一、(一)1.(1)实例： 当代俄罗斯宪法对私有财产的保护

一、当代俄罗斯宪法精神的变化和基本原则

二、当代俄罗斯宪法对私有财产保护的一般规定：私有财产上的自由与义务

(一)当代俄罗斯宪法对私有财产保护的模式：自由与义务

(二)当代俄罗斯宪法对私有财产保护的自由方面

(三)当代俄罗斯宪法对私有财产保护的义务方面

1.对一般私有财产的限制

2.对特殊私有财产的限制

三、俄罗斯宪法法院在私有财产保护方面的作用

(一)俄罗斯宪法法院的历史和运作机制

(二)对俄罗斯宪法法院在保护私有财产的实践

(四) 论文资料搜集

1、 论文资料搜集的意义

论文资料的搜集就是信息情报的搜集，使整个论文写作成功的关键所在，论文的创造性的一个重要指标就是资料的新颖性，新资料是非常珍贵的和值得研究的对象。尤其在我国法学转型的过程中，亟需从国外了解更多的关于某些法律制度的情况，梁慧星教授也认为，把某外国某项法律制度研究清楚，工作我国立法和理论研究的参考，这就是价值。将外国的某项制度、理论引入国内，使之体系化、条理化，以便我们能够了解、把握、借鉴，这就是学术性和实践性。

对于一个现代的高素质的法学专家，无论是律师，还是法官，特别是法学研究人员来说，信息搜集能力是一个人工作能力高低的体现，同时也是一个人专业素养的体现。据说，在日本的中小学校里就开设了专门的情报搜集课程。

2、 论文资料的类型

论文资料的类型主要可以分为：

(1)书面文件和电子文件。

前者包括教科书、专著、论文(学术论文和学位论文)、法律文件(法典、法律、司法解释)、法院判例;

后者主要是指来自联机网上数据库[DB/OL]、磁带数据库[DB/MT]、光盘图书[M/CD]、网上期刊[J/OL]。

(2)中文资料和外文资料。

在目前中国的法学论文中，存在着对于外文资料的偏好。甚至存在着照搬外文资料的情况。

对于外文资料的运用应当注意从中提炼出基本的命题或者问题出来。如何从外国法学文献中学习法学论文写作?邓正来先生在一次讲座中提到，他原来是川外外语专业毕业的，在多年的研究中，坚持边读外语原著，便将外语原著翻译为汉语，积累了几百万字的素材和资料，翻译出版了多部著作，也出版了多部专著。纵观当今时代的青年法学家如贺卫方、顾陪东等都有一个阶段翻译了许多外语原著的时期，所以朱苏力曾经说过年轻的转型时期的法学家都有一个通过翻译学习的阶段。

【思考：外语水平的高低对当代法学人才培养有何重要意义?】

(3)文献的类型的缩略语

专著为M,期刊文章J，报纸文章为N，学术报告为R，学位论文为D，论文集为C，不知道的文献类型为Z。

3、 论文资料的搜集方法

(1)【按图索骥法】

根据所搜集的论文的参考文献和注视中去寻找你所需要的论文资料;查到了这些论文所在的期刊、期号、页数之后就可以在图书馆里查找了;

(2)【图书馆实地搜检法】

当然如果有时间和空闲的话，就不停地在图书馆里转悠，将图书馆里相关部分的资料，反复搜检，将发现的有用的资料全部借阅。

(3)【e时代的e方法】

【寻找文献信息的一般方法：一般的互联网查询方法】

有的人喜欢使用google、百度、雅虎、搜狐等一般地互联网搜索网站，使用这种网站的缺点是资料信息太多，内容和主题驳杂，而且搜集来的资料缺乏准确性和可复查性，往往是没有办法和对你查询到的东西是否就真是的和准确的。通常的论文写作中很少用这些东西去搜集。

但是最近google推出了专门的学术互联网搜索网站，这个比较好，能够检索都所有的关于某一主题的期刊文章，他列出了文章的名称、作者、发表的期刊的刊名和期号，便于大家去寻找原文。较为方便，目前由于刚刚推出所以使用的还是比较少的。建议大家使用!

【寻找文献信息的专门方法：专门的电子查询系统】

在各大学或者国家图书馆的查询系统上查询，在此类的查询系统上，只能够免费得到论文的题目、所在的期刊的名称、期号，作者等等，但是不能够得到原文;查到了这些目录后就可以在图书馆里查找这些论文了。

【查询电子全文的方法】

在不少大学，图书馆都购买了专门的电子数据库，特别是cnki、万方数据库、人大报刊资料复印中心、北大法宝等都可以查询文章的电子版全文。在我们学校就有以上数据库，同学们可以在宿舍里直接通过互联网查询(方法是登录学校图书馆网站，点击相应的主题，就可以进入某一数据库进行查询，校内用户不需要密码和用户名)。

对于在校外的时候如何查询?通常在校外登录这些数据库是需要密码和用户名的，校内可以免费使用的在校外的时候就不可以使用了。建议大家登录“听风博客”，这个个人博客里边搜集了相当多的这些数据库的密码和用户名，还有相当多的电子图书的信。

函对于不相隶属机关之间相互商洽工作、询问和答复问题，起着沟通作用，小编收集了公务员考试写作指导函的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

一、函的分类方法

从函所起的作用来看，可分为以下几种：

1.告知函。即把某一事项、活动函告对方，或请对方参加(如会议、集体活动)。这种函的作用和内容类似通知，只是由于双方不是上下级和业务指导关系，使用“通知”行文不妥，故应该用“函”。

2.商洽函。主要用于请求协助、支持、商洽解决办理某一问题。比如干部商调函，联系参观学习函、要求赔偿函等。

3.询问函。主要用于询问某一事项、征求意见、催交货物等。

4.答复函。主要答复不相隶属机关询问相关方针、政策等问题而不能用批复时使用。

5.请求批准函。主要是指向有关机关、部门请求批准时使用。如果是下级机关向上级机关请求批准，只能用请示，而不能用函。

二、函的结构

函由标题、主送机关、正文、具名和日期组成。

1.标题。有三种写法：一是完整式标题，由发函机关、事由和文种组成，如《××部关于选择出国人员的函》;二是

由发函机关、事由、受理机关和文种组成，如《国务院办公厅关于悬挂国旗等问题给湖北省人民政府办公厅的复函》;三是由事由和文种组成，如《关于订

购的函》。

2.发文字号省略

3.主送机关：即收函单位名称，要写全称。

4.正文。其结构一般由开头、主体、结尾、结语等部分组成。根据去函、复函的不同，其写法也有区别：其结构一般由开头、主体、结尾、结语等部分组成。

(1)开头。主要说明发函的缘由。一般要求概括交代发函的目的、根据、原因等内容，然后用“现将有关问题说明如下：”或“现将有关事项函复如下：”等过渡语转入下文。复函的缘由部分，一般首先引叙来文的标题、发文字号，然后再交代根据，以说明发文的缘由。

(2)主体。这是函的核心内容部分，主要说明致函事项。函的事项部分内容单一，一函一事，行文要直陈其事。无论

是商洽工作，询问和答复问题，还是向有关主管部门请求批准事项等，都要用简洁得体的语言把需要告诉对方的问题、意见叙写清楚。如果属于复函，还要注意答复

事项的针对性和明确性。

(3)结尾--希望请求。一般用礼貌性语言向对方提出希望。或请对方协助解决某一问题，或请对方及时复函，或请对方提出意见或请主管部门批准等。

(4)结语。通常应根据函询、函告、函商或函复的事项，选择运用不同的结束语。如“特此函询(商)”、“请即复函”、“特此函告”、“特此函复”等。有的函也可以不用结束语，如属便函，可以像普通信件一样，使用“此致”、“敬礼”。

5.落款。一般包括署名和成文时间两项内容。

三、函的写作要求

1.针对性。函有鲜明的针对性，主要表现在：一是紧紧围绕函中所提出的问题和公务事项来写。二是往来机关应当与函中所提出的问题和公务事项相称。也就是，函中所提出的问题和公务事项应该是函往来机关有可能解决的。三是除特殊情况外，应坚持一函一事。

2.分寸感。函的用语，力求平和礼貌，特别忌讳命令语气，但是也不能为了谋求问题解决，极尽恭维逢迎之能事。

3.开门见山。无论是来函还是复函，在写作中都应该开门见山，尽快接触主题，力戒漫无边际，故意绕弯子，忌讳那些不必要的客套，尽量少讲空泛抽象的大道理。

【邀请函参考范文】

弘扬地方文化 期待您的参与

丰台区久经历史沧桑，见证了北京及其周边的历史脚印与时代变迁，当前城镇化建设步伐加快，为进一步做好我区改造前古镇文化的挖掘和保护工作，弘扬地

方精神，提升地方文化，我区将于今年6月中旬举行“传递文化，弘扬精神”的原创文学作品朗诵比赛，期待广大人民群众的积极参与。

参赛的具体要求如下：

一、参赛作品必须是原创，能够体现我区地方历史和文化特色，能够引起我区人民的共鸣与归属感感。

二、参赛作品最好能够结合时代主题，体现传统与现代的结合。

三、参赛作品主题健康阳光、积极向上，能够激发我区的文化自信、提升我区的城市形象。

比赛热烈欢迎来自社会各界的人士参赛，无论你是田垄上的农夫，马路上的警察，企业里的白领，讲台上的老师……凡是有原创的积极作品，我们都热烈欢迎。参赛者可提前将作品发送至本网站邮箱。

丰台区文化局

2016年1月14日

Direction: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic Choosing an Occupation. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese:

1.职业的选择很重要

2. 如何明智的选择自己的职业

3. 你的职业选择。

作文范文

Every individual faces the problem of choosing an occupation after graduating from university, which is of great importance in ones whole life. An appropriate occupation makes a man work with vigor and zest. Besides, it is beneficial for both the individual and the country。

To make an advisable choice, a graduate should take into account at least two aspects, namely, individual interest and the demand of the society. Only when the two aspects are connected, can a man show his ability and talent to the best advantage. If the two factors conflict, the former, in most cases, should give way to the latter, for it is interests that stimulate ones vigor and potentials。

In regard to my choice in the future, I want to work as an interpreter. I am keen on learning foreign languages, English in particular. Moreover, in the contemporary society, international exchange in economy and culture has been growing significantly. However, competent interpreters are far from enough. So I am determined to be a qualified interpreter。

[大学英语四级考试预测作文职业选择

首先明确立意，即本篇习作中你决定歌颂的人物身上具有的光辉品质是什么，这是本文的中心。要求孩子将老师的品质用两个四字词语概括归纳出来，写到草 稿纸上，在写作前坐到中心明确。如：认真负责、关爱学生、教学有方、治学严谨……在动笔写作时，此环节就是文章的开头段落，一定开头点明中心，让读者知道 你要写的是谁的什么事。

第二，根据中心选取素材，通过具体事例表现人物的精神风貌。也就是根据自己刚才列在纸上的两个四字词语选取 发生在老师身上的能表现老师品质的事例。可以是发生在自己身上的，也可以是自己看到的发生在身边的同学和老师身上的。两个事例详写一个，略写一个，做到详 略得当。这一环节应注意的是：每个事例写完后，要把自己在第一段中点明的中心拿过来写一写，这种方法是“自然点题”，保证孩子在写作过程中，时时牢牢把握 中心，写作不偏离主线。

第三，文章的结尾，要求与开头相呼应。即开头点明的中心——那两个四字词语再一次出现，进一步强调你歌颂的老师的美好品质是什么。深化主题，提升立意，使得本次习作圆满结束。

这是以老师的作文为例，其他的人物写作方法基本一致。不管写同学、妈妈爸爸，还是身边的普通人都可按照这种方法进行习作。

这 是一种最基本的写作方法，因为每个孩子的阅读积累不一样，因此写作水平肯定不在一条线上。如果你有标新立异的写法，老师欢迎。但前提必须是中心明确、事例 恰当、措辞合理、详略得当。据我观察，目前我班还没有能超水平发挥的人。希望每位同学能沉下心来，扎扎实实练好每篇习作，为未来的飞跃做准备，厚积将来才 有可能薄发。

下面就是小编为大家带来的大学生数学论文写作方法，希望对你们有帮助。

很多从事数学教育工作人士认为数学教育论文难写,事实上他们还没有掌握撰写数学论文的规律。

数学论文分两种,一种称为纯数学论文,另一种为数学教学论文。很多从事数学教育工作者很难拥有大量时间从事纯数学研究,而职称聘任制又需要公开发表论文,这样一来很多人将自己工作经验加以总结转而写一些数学教研论文。 数学教研论文是对课程论,教学法,教育思想,教材及教育对象心理加以研究。但无论哪一种数学论文都要遵从论文格式及写作规律。

1 撰写数学论文应具有原则

1.1 创新性

作为发表研究结果的一种文体,应反映作者本人所提供的新的事实,新的方法,新的见解。论文选题不新颖,实验没有值的报道的成果,即使有高超写作技巧,也不可能妙笔生花,硬写出新东西来。基础性研究最忌低水平重复,如受试对象,处理因素,观测指标,结果与前人雷同,毫无新意,这样论文不值得发表。

1.2 科学性

科技论文的生命在于它的科学性。没有科学性论文毫无价值,而且可能把别人引入歧途,造成有害结果。撰写论文应具备:(1)反映事实的真实性;(2)选题材料的客观性;(3)分析判定的合理性;(4)语言表达的准确性。

1.3 规范性

规范性是论文在表现形式上的重要特点。科技论文已形成一种相对固定的论文格式,大体上由文题,一般不超过20字;摘要(应用的方法,得到的结果,具有意义等);索引关键词;引言;研究方法,讨论,结果等部分组成。这种规范化的程序是无数科学家经验总结。它的优越性在于:(1)符合认识规律;(2)简洁明快,较少篇幅容纳较多信息;(3)方便读者阅读。

2 撰写数学论文忌讳

2.1 大题小作

论文不是书,如论文题目选的过大,那么泛论,浅论就在所难免。数学教育论文基本特征:有数学内容,讲数学教育问题,具有论文形态,不贪大,不求空,具有新见解。这样作者应将课题选的小一些,写出特色。

2.2 关门写稿

一本学术杂志中的论文,单独拿出来看自然是独立完整的。就杂志的整个体系来看就会有一些联系,它们或是构成一个小专题或是使讨论不断深入。这样作者就要对你准备投稿刊物有所了解,以免无的放矢。不能缺乏事实凭空捏造,夸大结论。首先应该知道别人做了些什么,写了些什么,避免在自己的 论文中重复。同时可以借鉴别人成果,在他人研究成果基础上进一步研究,避免做无用功。

2.3 形式思维混乱

科学发展到今天,科技论文的基本格式在世界范围内已趋向统一。论文要求规范化,标准化。有的论文东拼西抄,前后矛盾,这样的论文很难教人读懂。所以撰写论文应遵守形式逻辑基本规律,正确使用逻辑推理方法尤为重要。

3 关于数学论文选题

数学论文选题是找“热门”还是“冷门”?“热门”课题从事研究的人员众多,发展迅速。如果作者所在单位基础雄厚,在这个领域占有相当地位,当然要从这一领域深入研究或向相关领域扩展。如果自己在这方面基础差,起步晚又没有找到新的突破,就不宜跟在别人后面搞低水平重复。选择“冷门”,知识的空白处及学科交叉点为研究目标为较好的选择。无论选“冷门”还是“热门”,选题应遵循以下原则:

(1)需要性 选题应从社会需要和科学发展的需要出发。

(2)创新性 选题应是国内外还没有人研究过或是没有充分研究过的问题。

(3)科学性 选题应有最基本的科学事实作依据。

(4)可行性 选题应充分考虑从事研究的主客观条件,研究方案切实可行。

4 关于数学论文文风

4.1 语言表达确切

从选词,造句,段落,篇章,标点符号都应正确无误。

4.2 语言表达清晰简洁

语句通顺,脉络清楚,行文流畅,语言简洁。

4.3 语言朴实

语言朴实无华是科技论文本色。对于科学问题阐述无须华丽词藻也不必夸张修饰。总之撰写论文应有感而写,有为而写,有目的而写。借鉴他人成果,博采众长,涉足实践,提炼新意,在你的论文中拿出你的真实感受,不简单重复别人的观点,这样的论文才可能发表,并为广大读者接受。参考文献(略)(摘自《长春大学学报》2007.1，原文：“谈数学论文写作”，作者：王晓阳 长春大学学报编辑部)

词汇拼写错误较为严重，词汇选用上会有不当的情况。

应对策略就是平时阅读过程中注意单词拼写，关注单词使用语境，多积累高级词汇和句型。

语法掌握不好，句子的基本构成主谓结构掌握不清。

Due to the fact that the mental state, we have to keep a balance between the physical and the mental.

这句话中，due to the fact that后面需要接一个句子，而上句中只是一个名词性短语，所以错误。另外，between...and...需要连接两个名词短语，上句中形容词physical和mental后缺少名词性成分。改正为Due to the fact that the mental state plays a significant role, we have to keep a balance between the physical well-being and the mental health.

格式不正确，结构不清晰，汉语式英文思维太过明显，翻译的过程中常常不合英文写作要求。

应对的策略是多阅读范文，写作前列提纲，注意使用衔接词。

格式不正确常常出现在应用文中，有人会忘记写落款。这是我们在写作过程中特别需要注意的，否则格式错误就要相应的扣分。另外，有些文章结构不清晰，或者没有分段，或者段落之间的内容混乱。开头段就开始论述问题，第二段提出建议，结尾段又给出原因，逻辑混乱不清，抓不住重点。所以我们在写文章时一定要先打腹稿，明确行文结构和大概内容，这样在写作过程中才不至于不知道说什么，甚至瞎写一通。

总而言之，新大纲非常强调大家的英语写作技能，我们在平时的备考过程中一定要多进行英文文章的写作，养成良好的写作习惯，注意单词拼写、语法检查、逻辑结构，这样写出的文章才能过关。

一段短短的自我介绍，其实是为了揭开更深入的面谈而设计的。一两分钟的自我介绍，犹如商品广告，在有限的时间内，针对客户的需要，将自己最美好的一面，毫无保留地表现出来，不但要令对方留下深刻的印像，还要即时引发起购买欲。

1、自我认识

想一矢中的，首先必须认清自我，一定要弄清以下三个问题。你现在是干什么的？你将来要干什么？你过去是干什么的？

这三个问题不是按时间顺序从过去到现在再到将来，而是从现在到将来再到过去。其奥妙在于：如果你被雇用，雇主选中的是现在的你，他希望利用的是将来的你，而这将来又基于你的历史和现状。

所以，第一个问题，你是干什么的？现在是干什么的？回答这个问题，要点是：你是你自己，不是别的什么人。除非你把自己与别人区别开来，在共同点的基础上更强调不同点，否则你绝无可能在众多的应征求职者中夺魁。对于这第一个问题，自我反省越深，自我鉴定就越成功。

随后，着手回答第二个问题：你将来要干什么？如果你申请的是一份举足轻重的工作，雇主肯定很关注你对未来的自我设计。你的回答要具体，合理，并符合你现在的身份，要有一个更别致的风格。

然后，再着手回答最后一个问题：你过去是干什么的？你的过去当然都在履历上已有反映。你在面试中再度回答这个问题时，不可忽略之处是：不要抖落一个与你的将来毫不相干的过去。如果你中途彻底改行，更要在描述你的执着、职业目标的一贯性上下些功夫。要做到这一点，又要忠实于事实和本人，最简单的方法是：找到过去与将来的联系点，收集过去的资料，再按目标主次排列。

用这样的方法，以现在为出发点，以将来为目标，以过去为证实，最重要的是加深了你的自我分析和理解。其实，在面试的时候不一定有机会或者有必要照搬你的大作，但这三个问题的内在联系点一定会体现在自我表述的整体感觉中，使你的形象栩栩如生。

2、投其所好

清楚自己的强项后，便可以开始准备自我介绍的内容：包括工作模式、优点、技能，突出成就、专业知识、学术背景等。

好处众多，但只有短短一分钟，所以一切还是与该公司有关的好。(面试自我介绍 ) 如果是一间电脑软件公司，应说些电脑软件的话题；如是一间金融财务公司，便可跟他说钱的事，总之投其所好。

但有一点必须紧记：话题所到之处，必须突出自己对该公司可以作出的贡献，如增加营业额、减低成本、发掘新市场等。

3、铺排次序

内容的次序亦极重要，是否能抓住听众的注意力，全在于事件的编排方式。所以排在头位的，应是你最想他记得的事情。而这些事情，一般都是你最得意之作。与此同时，可呈上一些有关的作品或纪录增加印像分。

想要增加申请的成功率，新西兰申请文书要这么写，如下：

1、Resume

大多数同学都喜欢把时间花在PS上，而不是很看重Resume这份留学文书。其实，只要我们可以站在学校招生委员会的角度想一下，就知道为什么Resume是新西兰留学申请过程中所必需的了。

面对那么多份申请材料，评审委员会不会一开始就拿出你的PS进行研读，尤其是我们中国人写的巨篇PS。他们通常的做法应该是先看Resume，有什么感兴趣的地方，才可能翻读你的PS。所以，在进行留学申请文书写作时，各位要写出你自己出彩的地方。最具实施性的一种就是按照类别将近几年自己所取得的成绩或进步一一列出。

同时还要注意，Resume要写得简洁，最好限制在一张纸以内。

2、PS

PS的全称为Personal Statement，或者Statement of Purpose/Objectives。实际上更倾向于后一种，因为，留学文书的价值在于向学校展示你的研究水平，或者更全面地说，就是说服学校你就是他们需要招收的人才。

在进行留学申请文书写作时，各位要注意：

(1)新西兰本科留学ps文书的长度要适中，600—800英文单词。

(2)紧扣专业，主线明确，避免盲目个性化。让招生委员会知道你选择该专业的明确和强烈的动机，同时具备充分的条件完成该专业的学习。

(3)结构简单，衔接紧密，主线明确，便于理解。谨记：simple is the best。

(4)精心安排本科留学ps文书和其它文件的关系。本科留学ps文书，推荐信，简历等文件构成一整套申请文书，既需要相互应证，也需要这些文件各有侧重点。

(5)语言表达上，英语要地道、符合英语的思维习惯和文风，避免“中式英语”。

3、推荐信

在准备新西兰留学推荐信时有几点是需要学生记住的，除了书写的格式上必须符合留学文书中提到的要求，还需要更注意内容上的描述。

留学的推荐信中应该包括哪些内容。首先要提到的就是关于申请者的成就。新西兰留学推荐信一般情况下都是由比较权威的，比申请者地位相对高的上司或者导师来写，那么表达的就应该是比较客观地评价留学申请者，而不要过于讨好的语气。

新西兰留学推荐信力求真实，所以一般在讲述申请者的某个品质时最好可以举一些例子，让人一眼能信服。这也是写推荐信的技巧。比如如果是学生，那么导师可以根据学生在学习过程中，在完成某项任务时的认真态度，以及负责表现来举证，这样的新西兰留学推荐信可以吸引人阅读，而且给人一种平实感，不过于花哨。这在写作文体上也要注意，无需太渲染，只要用最简单易懂的话语表达清楚想要说的就行。

目前留学申请中经常出现推荐信问题主要有以下几点，正在准备写新西兰留学推荐信的学生要规避这些问题。首先就是推荐信中过于讲述申请者的优点，而不提缺点。

其实任何人都有缺点，都有可以进步的方面。所以如果在写新西兰留学推荐信时适当地提到不足，建议其改正，有时候反而更有价值。当然有些原则性的缺点是不能提的，比如粗心，为人处世等这些让人看了反感的缺点不能说。主要还是要根据学生日常生活和学习中的问题来提。

4、套磁

对象的选择

套磁一般都是套自己喜欢得教授，方向最好和自己得一致。先看看faculty那一栏，把教授做什么大概了解下，然后再给他介绍下你自己，说说你们感兴趣的方向或者试验是一致的。

套的时候最好不要一开始就在附件里加ps或者resume，最好等到有几封信交流下了后再把resume附上。一开始就隔附件教授很可能不看直接就删了。

一、compare与contrast的误用

我们先从两者的定义入手来看两者的区别。Compare的定义为：to examine people or things to see how they are similar or different. Contrast的定义为：to compare two or more things to show the difference between them. 由定义不难看出前者侧重于找到两个或多个事物的异同，而后者则侧重于它们的不同。

看个例句：

It is interesting to compare their situations to ours./It is interesting to contrast their situations to ours。

前一句翻译为：对比一下我们的情况与他们的情况会很有趣。

后一句的翻译为：我们的情况与他们的情况有很大的不同，这很有趣。

再看一个引自OXFORD ADBANCED LEARNERS DICTIONARY的例子：

There is an obvious contrast between the culture of East and West。

The company lost $7 million in contrast to a profit of $6.2 million a year earlier。

When you look at their new system, ours seems very old-fashioned by contrast。

不难发现，Compare 翻译为 与。。。相比而contrast可译为明显不同的是。。。，切记这种翻译方式就不会用错彼此了。

二、介词使用错误

1、普通介词的误用

一般表现为固定搭配错误，如常把provide sb with sth用成provide sb sth; be satisfied with用成be satisfied for等等，虽然这样的错误看似无伤大雅，但在考官眼里就是影响顺畅阅读的，当然会影响最终成绩。解决的办法简单而古老：把常见的固定搭配牢记于心，问题自然就解决了。

2、to作为介词的误用

to最常见的用法是以动词不定式符号的形式出现的，所以同学们也已经习惯了 to do的固定搭配。对于一些如walk to me, to the left等介词to表方向等常见用法一般也不会出现错误。但是对于与动词搭配的介词to就会经常犯错：

如：

More and more students have taken to depend on their parents to make decision for them。

这里的 take to means to begin to do sth as a habit 其中 to为介词，所以后面只能接名词或相当于名词的词，如动名词。所以黑体处应改为depending on。take to的另一个常用用法也需要牢记：

He hasnt taken to his new school. (这里take to means to start liking sb or sth)

Prefer A to B中的 to也是介词，会有 prefer doing sth to doing sth/ prefer sth to sth else, 这里朗阁海外考试研究中心提醒您，prefer to do sth rather than do sth中的to可是真正的不定式符号。

类似的常用用法请同学们牢记：

Be used to doing

Be accustomed to doing

See to doing

Adapt to doing

Adjust to doing

prefer doing sth. to doing sth。

等等，请注意平时仔细积累。

三、assume及claim使用不够准确

我们知道， think, assume, claim是议论文中常用引出观点的动词。在实际作文中，同学们往往认为几个词的意思是一样的，完全可以代换，所以拿过来就用。甚至还有同学把consider也拿过来与之混用。我们首先还是从定义来看这几个词的不同：

Think: to have opinion or belief about sth。

翻译为认为，通常接宾语从句来表达比较确定的观点。

Assume: to think or accept that sth is true but without having proof of it。

翻译为假设、假定，是否有事实依据是不确定的。

Claim: to say sth is true although it has not been proved and other people may not believe it。

翻译为声称，用这个词往往意味着不赞同紧跟其后的观点，所以很少用作 I claim that

Scientist are claiming a breakthrough in the fight against cancer, but in fact, 。

所以 It is claimed that 通常翻译为有报道称。。。。和it is reported that 的区别在于后者翻译为据报道，往往代表着作者赞同报告的内容，

Consider: to think about sth carefully, especially in order to make a decision

翻译为考虑，一般不用作引出观点，看个例子：

We are considering buying a new car。

所以，提醒您，千万不要在雅思大作文的第一段(观点表达段)就因为用词把握不准而导致对整篇文章的低分印象。

四、表建议的词汇后面忘记用虚拟从句

这是摘自学生作文中的一个病句：

I suggest he continues his study instead of working after graduation from high school。

因为 suggest翻译为建议，所以后面的从句应该用虚拟语气，黑体部分应该改为 (should) continue

提醒您，一定要牢记以下常见表建议的词汇，而且要记住这些词接从句时要用虚拟语气：

Recommend, suggest, advise

五、such as与for example的混用

我们知道，在表示举例子的时候，such as 与like是完全等同的，如：Wild flowers such as/like orchids and primroses are becoming rare。

但是同学们对于Such as、for example 的把握还是不够准确。我们都知道，后者接句子前者接词语表示举例子。于是就有了下面的写法：

There is a similar word in many languages, such as in French and Italian。

这里的such as改为 for example为好，因为in French and Italian其实是there is a similar word in French and Italian的简化，所以要用 for example来引出例证。再来看几个类似的例子：

It is possible to combine computer science with other subjects, for example physics。

最后，要提醒各位考生，在平时的写作中绝对不能放过任何的模棱两可，只有平时斤斤计较才能做到写作使人精确。

not only is summer a hot season but also diseases are apt to happen。 to us it is neither comfortable nor safe。

if we do not wish to get sick， we must pay attention to the following sanitary ways in summer。

both fresh air and clean food are indispensable to us。

we must try our best to get (obtain) them。

we should take at least one bath every day。

don’t wear dirty clothes。

in conclusion， if we can carry out the above – mentioned rules， we will neither get (take/fall) sick nor suffer pain。

"夏天讲卫生方法"英语作文译文:

夏天不仅是个炎热的季节，而且疾病也容易发生。它对我们既不舒适也不安全。我们希望不生病，就得注意下面那些夏天卫生的方法。

新鲜空气和干净的食物两者对我们是不可缺少的。我们必须尽全力去获得它们。

我们每天至少应当洗一个澡。

不要穿脏衣服。

总而言之，如果我们能实行上面所说的那些规则，我们既不会生病也不会吃苦。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导语：小编给大家介绍一种写作方法，叫对比叙述法，是不是很耳熟呢，就是我们写作中经常用到的 嘛。下面小编跟大家细说，附带优秀例文给大家参考~欢迎阅读~

对比叙述法，亦称对比叙写法，或称对比描写法。它是指将不同的事物或同一事物的两个方面进行对比叙述，以突出事物的特征，增强表达的效果，表现作者的爱憎的写作方法。

对比，可分为两种：横比，即正反或矛盾的两种事物进行对比，是通过各自不同的特点来说明问题，表现观点;纵比，即同一事物的两个不同方面或同一事物的前后变化进行对比，是通过事物的发展变化来说明问题，表现观点。

运用对比叙述法，要善于选择对比的对象，善于确定对比的焦点，力求反映出对比事物之间的矛盾、差异，以揭示事物的内在本质和鲜明特征。

如鲁迅的《一件小事》，有“我”对“人”的态度前后不同的对比;又有“我”与车夫对受伤老女人不同态度和感情的对比。两种对比，既赞扬了劳动人民富于阶级同情和勇于承担责任的高尚品德，也表现了一个知识分子勇于解剖自己，虚心向劳动人民学习的精神。

优秀例文

一朵晶莹美丽的浪花

初夏，青弋江水静静地向长江奔去。一只渡船在江上往来穿行。船尾坐着一位老艄公，饱经风霜的脸上，刻着深深的皱纹，面色黑里透红，白须飘飘。船头立着一个十四五岁的小姑娘，红扑扑的脸，头上梳着两只羊角辫。她身姿矫健，熟练地划着桨，船行如飞，轻快平稳。

在渡口的上游，有一个用毛竹和木板搭成的跳板，浮在水面上，沿河的居民们常挤在跳板上洗衣、淘米。劈劈啪啪的捶衣声和人们的欢笑声交织在一起，在江面上飘荡着。蓦地，一只货船，鸣着汽笛，飞快地向东驶去。沉重的船身激起了一阵阵波浪，冲击着河岸。跳板在水面上晃荡着，人们急忙护好自己手中的衣服。

在岸边玩耍的一个六七岁男孩突然惊叫了一声：“妈妈，衣服掉到江里啦!”一个中年妇女转身一看，只见堆满衣服的篮子倒在跳板上，掉进江里的衣服已不见踪影了。她望着深深的江水直发愣，旁边一个大妈忙说：“哎，还不想办法快捞呀!”那个妇女叹了一口气：“唉，怎么捞呢?”

“好捞，”一个待渡的小青年搭上了腔，“不过有一个小小的条件，你得给两块钱。”那个妇女摸摸衣袋，似乎没带钱，为难地望望他。小青年见她犹豫不决，便怪声怪气地说：“哼，一件衣服少说也值七八块钱，真是大账不算，算小账。”跳板上的人听了都不满地瞪了他一眼。一位大妈愤愤地说：“小青年，做点好事还要钱，真没见过!”小青年却像没听见似的，敞着衬衫，吸了一口烟，慢慢地从嘴里吐着烟圈，歪着脑袋，眯着眼睛等待着。

这时，渡船渐渐地靠岸了。那小青年做出要上船的样子，转身说：“一块五吧!愿不愿，随你便。再等一会儿，恐怕你出五块钱也捞不着蟫。”

摆渡的老爷爷早就注意到这边的喧闹了，等船靠稳时，他一面招呼乘客下船，一面朝小姑娘努努嘴。小姑娘会意地点点头。正待那个妇女要答应小青年的条件时，小姑娘一步跳到跳板上，轻蔑地瞥了那小青年一眼，对那妇女说：“大妈，别急!我来帮你捞。”说着，便纵身跃入江中，江面上激起了朵朵清亮晶莹的浪花。

跳板上和渡口边立刻寂静下来，人们都带着赞赏的神情注视着水中。只见小姑娘一会儿露出头来，一会儿又潜入水中，犹如一条蛟龙在水里翻来钻去。一分钟，二分钟，三分钟过去了，衣服还没有捞到。真是，在这深深的江水中，要捞一件衣服谈何容易啊!小姑娘深深吸了口气，顺着水流，潜水向下游摸去。十几双眼睛焦急地注视着水面上涌起的朵朵浪花。摆渡老人望望江水，却悠然地摸出烟袋，吸起烟来。站在岸边的小青年见此情景，得意洋洋，又点了一支烟，唱起洋腔：“有本事的怎么还没捞上来?刚学会个狗爬式就来逞能了，哼!”十几双眼睛又愤怒地瞪了那小青年一眼。

一个穿着满身油腻工作服的青年工人走过来，脱下工作服，准备下水。突然，小姑娘在四五丈远的水中冒上来了，她一手抹着脸上的水，一手拿着一件崭新的涤纶褂子。“好!”人们不约而同地喊了一声，脸上露出了欣喜的笑容。那位妇女忙跑上前去，把小姑娘拉上岸来，激动地连声说：“谢谢，小妹妹，谢谢你。”刚才还神气活现的小青年，像泄了气的皮球，蔫着脑袋，低着头，也不上船，灰溜溜地返身走上岸堤，向青弋江桥那边走去，消失在人们鄙视的目光中。

这时，那个小男孩跑到姑娘跟前说：“大姐姐，你要几块钱呀?”小姑娘的脸刷地红了：“谁要钱呀?”小男孩又说：“那个大哥哥不是非要钱不可吗?”小男孩的话把大家都逗乐了。跳板上、渡口边飞起了一阵笑声，笑声中，小姑娘飞身跳上渡船，渡船轻轻晃动着，在奔腾的江水中，激起了一朵朵晶莹美丽的浪花…

一、大学生自我评价的内容

1、介绍自己所学专业、主修课程、学习成绩和专业技能水平。

2、介绍自己的性格、爱好、特长、经验和能力等。

3、求职的愿望和态度。

二、大学生自我评价应注意的事项

1、介绍主修课程要重点突出自己擅长的、有兴趣的，特别是与求职岗位所需人才联系紧密的学科。学习成绩和专业技能水平要尽量举出事实来证明， 若获得奖励、取得相关工种证书的，可将各种证书复印附后。

2、在描述自己的性格与人际关系时，要注意与岗位要求一致或相关联（如性格开朗、外向、内向、稳重、随和）。写自己的爱好不要太多、太滥，要有针对性（如文学、音乐、书法、文体活动）。特长可以写得具体些，如在哪一级的比赛中获得过怎样的名次。自己在校期间曾担任过什么职务（如班干部、团干部、学生会、团委干部、各种社团职务），组织能力、工作态度如何， 参加哪些社会实践活动，有何经验等可在这一部分表述出来。

3、提出加入招聘单位的愿望要诚恳。如希望贵公司能给我一次机会，我将会竭尽所能为公司效力。或者说，望贵单位给我一次效力的机会，录用我，并在今后的工作中，我会积极进取，奋力拼搏，争创佳绩，报答您的知遇之恩。

描写景物，表现独特的自然景观和地域风貌，赞美祖国的壮丽山河和大自然的奇妙，是记叙文的又一个重要类型。下面是小编分享的有关写景作文的写作方法，欢迎大家阅读！

首先，景物有狭义和广义之分。狭义的景物指提供人观赏的风景、建筑等；广义的景物指自然景观和人文景观，即自然环境和身会环境。换句话说，记叙文中的景物描写是指对自然风光、建筑物、动物、植物等事物的描写，所描写的景物在文章里占重要位置，这是写景记叙文与写人记事的记叙文的主要区别写人记事的记叙文中，有对自然环境和人物活动的背景介绍、环境描写，但它们在文章中不是主要内容，是为交代事件发生的时间、地点、环境，为渲染气氛服务的。同理，写景记叙文里也有写人叙事的内容，但都是为写景服务的。

其次，写景记叙文的中心思想是通过对景物的描写和人物感情抒发表达出来的。作者可以在文章中直接抒发感情，即所谓直抒胸臆，也可以通过写景表达出来，即所谓寓请于景；还可以在景物描写中蕴涵自己的主观感受，即所谓情景交融。要注意景物描写必须为人物的思想感情服务，与人物的思想感情相一致，不能孤立地、无目的地写景。

怎样写好写景的记叙文？

（一）要写出有特色的景物

一般来说，景物是各有特色的。同样都是公园，但每个公园都有各自的独特之处。例如，北海公园的白塔、九龙壁、颐和园的香阁、十七孔桥；天坛公园的祈年殿、回音壁；紫竹院公园的竹子；香山公园的红叶等。同样是山，我国的四大名山各领风骚，独具特色。同样是水，长江、黄河源远流长，孕育了中华文明数千载。或烟波浩渺、横无涯际；或奔腾咆哮、气势磅礴。这些景色都以其特有的鲜明的特点闻名于世，只有把它们的独特之处描绘出来，才能给人一种身临其境之感，使人得到美的陶冶和享受。

（二）要学会观察

写景作文和看图作文有相似之处，都是以观察作为写作的前提。观察景物与观察图画不同，观察景物要确定观察点，也就是观察景物的立足点。观察点不同，所看到的景物也就不同。宋代文学家苏轼有《题西林壁》：“横看成岭侧成峰，远近高低各不同。不识庐山真面目，只缘身在此山中。”由于观赏庐山的角度不同，所看到的景象，所获得的感受也就迥然不同了。

（三）要借助想象和联想

从每年的考试情况来看，很多同学能完整地按照要求把文章写出来，但得分却较低。实际上，高考英语书面表达是一个分值颇高且易得分的题型，只是很多同学没有掌握得分技巧。下面我们一起看看怎样才能让高考作文拽起来。

一、几点重要原则

1.智者利用押题，傻子依赖押题!

2.书面表达整篇背诵绝无必要，可以以看读为主，关键是从中汲取一些常用的词汇和表达，并能得体熟练地运用。考场上应变能力很重要!

3.英文写作模仿很重要。有时也很有效。但不能过于牵强，尤其是对一些长难句的刻意模仿使用。

4.文似看山不喜平，起承转合一定要有!

5.见微知著，一叶知秋，几个亮点足矣：有道是：浓妆淡抹总相宜，作文写得简洁到位要比长篇大论更显功力。

6.心不为形役。不要身陷逐字逐句英汉对号式的字面翻译，要把表达的主动权始终握在自己手里。

二、善用万能句以不变应万变

历届高考，书面表达考得最多是提示作文，即提供一定的情景内容，要求考生完成100词左右的短文。

从命题方式看，有短文提示、要点提示、图画提示、情景提示以及图表提示等；体裁以应用文为主，记叙文为辅：题材为广大中学生所熟悉的日常生活。从提供要点的情景方面看，历届高考书面表达题均属供料小作文，采用文字供料或文字说明加图画(图表)的方式供料。

备考时，同学们要利用有限的时间把以前背的范文整理一下，从中选出不同体裁、不同题材的范文各一篇(范文以高考真题的高分作文为佳)，把它们重新记忆，一定记牢。这样，高考时不管什么样的文章都可套用背诵好的格式。避免考场上因紧张而无章可循。

最后阶段，还要总结一下写作时常用且能出彩的固定句型、句式，比如强调句型、定语从句、名诃性从句等，牢记英语的五个基本句式，背诵平时老师总结的万能句。以不变应万变。

考场答题前，应仔细审题，研究所提供的文字和图画(图表)材料和作文要求。分析、提炼要点，理顺要点，确立基本的写作思路，不要忽略任何一个词。关键的词更不能遗漏，构思好写几个方面，缺一不可。

写作时，尽量用学过的英语句型和词组。少写长句和复杂句以免弄巧成拙、漏洞百出。但目前高考有关书面表达的评分标准要求作文中应有较多的语法结构和词汇，因此同学们在书面表达中不能都写小句、短句和单句，还要正确运用高级词汇和复杂结构。恰当运用过渡词，使写出来的文章含金量更高，更具可读性。

三、高分作文六大特性

1.条理性。指的是合理安排文章结构。首先，在文章思路、组织材料、叙述顺序等方面要有一定的条理性。其次。根据需要，安排好段落，各段之间要层次分明，也要重视每一段的开头和结尾，开头语往往是总起句，结尾语往往是总结句。

2.准确性。指要求写出语法正确的句子，包括时态、语态、用词和句法等，要准确、地道地表达。必须要牢牢掌握一些常用句型或习惯表达，避免中式英语，在实践中不断总结中英用法的差异，养成用英语思维写作的习惯。

3.流畅性。指根据整篇文章思想的需要，有效采用不同的连接手段，使文章层次清楚、行文连贯。

4.简洁多样性。简洁性就是语言简洁，不重复。多样性就是能随情景内容的变化写出句式多样的语句。这也是新课程标准对写作的评价标准。

5.思想性。新标准对写作的要求，增加了情感因素，在准确流畅表达写作要点的同时，适当增加句子的感情色彩，增加一些人情味，使文章读起来更亲切，完全达到与读者进行交流的目的。

6.美观性。指的是卷面书写规范、清楚、干净、整洁。

四、怎样才能有拽的感觉

1.高考写作的实质变相考查句型与词汇的灵活应用

英语写作不同于语文作文的写作，如果说语文作文是一个自由发挥的舞蹈，那么高考英语写作就是带着枷锁在跳舞。我之所以这样来形容，是因为高考英语写作的内容都已经通过文字、表格、图片这三种形式给定，内容方面，不需要学生进行发挥，大家所需要发挥的就是不要老去给这个不变的内容穿毫无变化的校服(简单句)，而要去穿一些不一样的衣服，让它显得不那么单调，让阅卷老师能看到不同，而那些所谓的衣服也就是多变句型与词汇。

2.写作的评分标准怎么去迎合评卷老师的胃口

我了解到目前很大一部分学生的作文都处在15分左右，写作满分25分，15分也就是个及格分，那么15分和20多分的作文到底差在哪里?这个问题很容易回答。15分的作文中规中矩，该对的都对，包括内容要点的完整，语法与词形的正确，但是全都是简单句子的堆砌，没有任何亮点。而20多分的作文在句型词汇方面就做了很好的包装，它的句子穿的衣服已经不是校服，而是李宁、耐克，或者是阿迪，所以让人觉得很拽，而高考英语写作要的就是这种很拽的感觉。

3.写作提分的三要素句型。连词。高级词汇

句子是我们写作文最大的单位。有了漂亮的句子。用好的连词将其连句成段，再加上一些如星星般亮点词汇的点缀，一篇好的高考英语作文就诞生了。而这三个因素中最容易把握的是句子，最难的是高级词汇，限于大家的词汇还比较有限。一篇文章中出现那么一两个就够了。我们应该把重心放在句型上，因为这个最容易把握。

但是大家又有这样的困惑，学校里老师也给了我们很多的句型啊，动辄成五十上百句的，大家背得挺多，但是面对考试的时候，发现背的那些怎么也用不上。其实不是那些东西没有用，而是它们太干了，就好比一根干骨头，大家嚼起来很没有味。也不知道该把它们往哪里放。

在这里我给大家提供一种比较切实可行、迅速提高的练习方法，在接下来的时间里只要大家按照这个方法来，就一定会有收获。

找出历年真题，一周只需要写两篇。但是要这么来写。

1.把你要写的内容要点用九到十句的汉语表达出来。

2.逐一地进行翻译，不是用简单句。而是要刻意地去想：

(1)可以用什么样的复杂句；

(2)怎样去避开不会的表达，转义。

例如：

这本书是如此的有趣，以至于我读了一遍又一遍。

1.This book was so interest，ing that l read it again and again，

2.This was such an interest，ing book that l read it again andagain，

3.This was s0 jnteresting abook that l read it again and again

4.So interesting was thisbook that l read it again and again

这四句译文当中无疑评卷老师最欣赏的是第四句，因为它用了倒装。

4.如何备考

其实这种思维大家都有。但是没有成为一种思路，让它能在考试中起到作用，那是因为大家练得少。英语写作处在一种很尴尬的境地，一方面大家要分数。但另外一方面大家一个学期里写的作文也就是期中期末的两篇。毫不夸张地说，有的学生上了三年的高中可能只写了六篇作文，所以练习是很重要的，要是现在不练而把高考当练习。那么作文只拿14、15分也合情合理了，到那时你不要骂评卷老师不公平，而应该问问自己备考的时候为什么不多练几篇。时间都是挤出来的，希望大家可以挤出时间来练写作。

写人物的作文是最常见的一种作文，下面小编为大家带来了写人作文的写作方法，欢迎大家阅读，希望对大家有所帮助。

首先，要写好人物作文，就要写自己熟悉的人。只有自己熟悉的人，才能感受得最真切最鲜活，对他（她）的一言一行，一颦一笑，才能有最直接的、深刻的印象。如下面例文《我是你爹》（见后文），写的是作者非常熟悉的人，所以全文写来既栩栩如生，又给人非常亲切的感觉。如果你写一个陌生的人，虽然也能够写，但写出来的就可能毫无特色，会是千千万万个中的一个，这样写来不要说感动别人，有时就连自己都觉得别扭、生造。

其次，要凸显人物与众不同的个性。共性的东西人人都有，写得再多作用也是不大的。只有有特色的、独具个性魅力的东西，才能给人以冲击，才能给人留下深刻的印象，才能让人拍案称奇。

第三，不要什么都写，更不要事无巨细地写，要择其一二浓彩重墨地写。这当然是要根据主题需要去择取了，决不能无的放矢。如《我是你爹》中，“爹”的话语很少，前后加起来总共才三四句而已，可一个独特的“爹”的形象却跃然纸上了。

第四，要让人物的言行、心理、个性特征等符合人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点。不要让一个两三岁的孩子说六十岁人的话，也不要让一个无文化的老太太专说些理论大话等，否则就是无视人物的年龄、经历、身份、文化教养等特点而乱写人物，是不能写好人物的，更谈不上写出个性特点了。

第五，写人物离不开写事、写细节。要仔细地观察人物的日常行为，挖掘他们的典型事例，而且事例要新颖，因为人物的性格和品质，是通过具体的事例表现出来的。比如我们要写一个热心肠的人，就要写他怎样帮助周围的人，或哪里有困难他就在哪里出现等事例。写事的时候，我们完全可以从细节方面入手。细节描写包括对人物的动作、语言、神态和心理活动以及特定的环境等的描写。描写一个人的时候，我们要把这个人的每一个能体现人物特点的动作都描写清楚、具体、详细。

[写人作文的写作方法