翻译硕士应用文真题【精选20篇】

To have my parents, surely you must will be proud of.

I remember in fifth grade one afternoon ahead of the final exam last semester, I suddenly got a strange disease, my leg pain not only can walk, and the body appeared purple dots. Then the doctor says is called; allergic purpura. ,

So the teacher call the parents, when parents know I sick they stunned. They were immediately drove to the school. Saw I inquired about the concrete, the mother then asked his father whats the matter with me? Because my father is a rural doctor. Said her father; Im not sure, or go to the township hospitals. kingdom in township hospitals, township hospital doctors said, "didnt check me the instrument of the disease. But under parents and I drove to the county womens and childrens hospital. But unfortunately county maternal and child hospital outpatient service building of doctors has been off work, can only to the inpatient to see a doctor on the third floor. But, on the third floor and there is no elevator to the inpatient, and I can walk. Random back me up, so my father mother aside to shield, so step by step to go see a doctor, so the parents back and forth several times, but the two of them to the beginning to end without a complaint, the result is checked I have allergic purpura. Then give me to see the doctor the doctor gave me some medicine, under the care of parents, I dont have all the more in a few days.

This is just I grew up in a small thing, but let me realized that candle no love, I also because there are so proud parents.

能有我的这样的父母，想必你们一定也会自豪的。

我记得在五年级上学期 期末考试前夕 的一个下午，我突然得了一个奇怪的病 ，我的腿不仅疼痛难忍走不成路，而且全身出现了紫色的小点点。后来医生说是一种名叫;‘过敏性紫癜’的病。‘，

于是老师 打电话通知了父母，当父母知道 我得病了 他们惊呆了。他们二人 便立即驾车来到了学校。见了我便 询问了具体的情况，母亲随后又问父亲我得了什么病?因为父亲是一名乡村医生。父亲说;’我拿不准，还是去乡医院吧。’谁料到了乡医院，乡医院的医生说：“没有检查我这种病的仪器”。无奈之下父母二人和我又驱车去了县妇幼医院。但是又不凑巧县妇幼院的门诊楼的医生已经下班了，只能到住院部的三楼去就诊。但是，去住院部的三楼又没有电梯，我又走不成路。所以爸爸随机背上了我，母亲在一旁护着，就这样一步一步地去就诊了，就这样的情景父母二人来回好几次，但他们二人至始至终没有一句怨言，结果经过检查我得是过敏性紫癜。后来给我看病的医生给我开了一些药，在父母的精心呵护下我没过几天就全愈了。

这只是我成长中的一件小事，却让我体会到了那份烛一无二的爱，我也因为有这样的父母而自豪。

Smoking And Health

Today smoking is a widespread habit ali over the world. Not only the old,

the youth, but also middle school students have been engaged in smoking. Many of

them think that smoking is a smart symbol.

However, smoking is harmful to one’s ,health. It contributes a lot of lung

cancer, from which many people have died in the past years. It can also cause

many other diseases. In a word, if you smoke, you do have a much greater chance

of losing your health. Furthermore, scientific research shows that smoking is

not only harmful to smokers themselves, but also a threat to public health,

especially to women and children. Therefore, many countries have made laws

forbidding smokers to smoke m public places such as cinemas, stations,

hospitals, and so on Giveup smoking! If you don’t smoke, don’t start. Give

upsmoking for the sake of your health, for the sake of your family, and for the

sake of the whole world.

吸烟与健康

现在，吸烟是一个世界范围的习惯，不仅老年人、青年人吸烟，就连中学生也加入到这个行列中来，他们中的许多人认为吸烟是一种潇洒的象征。

然而，吸烟对人的健康是有害的，它会引起肺癌，在刚刚过去的几年中;许多人因此而丧命，还可能引发其他的疾病。总之，如果你吸烟的话，你就很可能失去拥有健康的机会，更进一步说，科学研究显示，吸烟不仅危害吸烟者本人，而且对公共健康来说，也是一个凶兆，尤其是对妇女和孩子。因此，许多国家都制定了不准在公共场合吸烟的法规，例如：电影院，车站，医院等地。

戒烟吧，如果你还未染上，请不要开始;戒烟吧，为了你的健康，为了你的家庭的健康，为了整个世界的健康。

上网对孩子好还是不好，好在哪里，不好在哪里，并谈谈自己对这个问题的看法

We should say that every coin has its two sides. So it is with surfing on line.

我们应该说，每个硬币都有两面。所以这是与网上冲浪。

Generally speaking, students will benefit a lot from Internet. People can get lots of useful information through the Internet quickly ,no matter it is national or throughout the world. We can also listen to the music and chat with the friends far away.The most important of all is that we can search many foreigners who speak English as their native languge, which can help us improve our Enlish rapidly.We can send Email to our good friends in a few seconds---with the internet your friend dont need to wait for so long time as receiving a letter as before.

一般而言，学生会受益很多，从互联网。人们可以通过互联网获得大量有用的信息，不管是国家还是世界。我们也可以听音乐和外地的朋友聊天。最重要的是，我们可以寻找许多外国人讲英语作为他们的母语，这可以帮助我们快速提高我们的英语水平。我们可以在一个网上朋友不要几秒钟---我们的好朋友发电子邮件需要等待很长时间才收到一封信。

But it also can spread many side effects.for example ,there are some sexy news and pictures on web which will not do good to teenagers. And there are some games that can easily attract the students and even make you addict to the games so you can waste a lot of valuable time.

但它也可以传播许多副作用的例子，网络上有将不利于青少年的一些性感的新闻和图片。还有一些游戏，可以很容易地吸引学生，甚至让你沉迷于游戏，这样你可以浪费很多宝贵的时间。

On the whole it will give you both good and bad things, the thing matters much is how do you make use of it.

总的来说，它会给你既好又坏的东西，这件事很重要的是你如何利用它。

[对上网的看法高考英语作文及翻译

It was sunny and hot today.I got up early at half past six.I read English

and then had breakfast.I helped my mother washed the dishes.Then I did my

homework and cleaned my room.I went shopping with my mother in the

afternoon.Then I played table tennis with my friends.In the evening I watched TV

and read a book.I really had a busy and interesting day.

今天阳光明媚，很热，六点半早起，读英文，然后吃早餐，帮妈妈洗碗，做功课，打扫房间，和妈妈一起去超市购物。下午。然后我和朋友们打乒乓球。晚上我看电视，看书。我真的度过了忙碌而有趣的一天。

Bacchus has drowned more men than Nepture.

酒神淹死的人比海神多。

work today,for you know not how much you may be hindered tomrrow.

今朝有事今朝做，明朝可能阻碍多。

Bad news has wings.

坏事传千里。

punctuality is the soul of business.

守时为立业之要素。

Bare words, no bargain.

空言不能成交易

procrastination is the thief of time.

因循拖延是时间的大敌;拖延就是浪费时间。

every tide hath its ebb.

潮涨必有潮落时。

A word spoken is past recalling

一言既出，驷马难追

wisdom is more to be envied than riches.

知识可羡，胜于财富。

I like reading. I think I’m not a sporty person, so in my spare time I spend much time reading. Reading newspapers, I can know the important events in the world. Reading work-related books, I can learn a lot of knowledge to benefit my career. Reading magazines, I can relax myself after stressful works. I often read in my study, on bus, in subway and so on. On the average, I spend three or four hours reading every day. Although the life in my spare time is not colorful enough, I enjoy it very much.

我喜欢读书。我想我不是一个运动型的人，所以在我的业余时间我花了很多时间看书。读报纸，我可以知道世界上的重要事件。阅读与工作相关的书籍，我可以学到很多知识，对我的事业有好处。阅读杂志，我可以放松自己后，压力的作品。我经常在我的书房里看书，在公共汽车上，在地铁等。平均来说，我每天花三到四个小时读书。虽然我的业余生活是不够丰富，我非常喜欢它。

[关于My hobby 我的爱好的英语作文及翻译

Dear Tom,

How are you doing? Currently, 为了欢迎新同学，晚会在我们学校被举办。

inordertowelcomethenewstudents,aneveningpartywillbeheldinourschool. As the chairman

of the Students’ Union, I’m writing to invite you to join us.

Here is a 简单(简洁)安排briefschedule . First, it

will be held in the school meeting hall from 7:00 to 9:00 p. m. next Sunday.

Additionally, 将会有很多被老师和学生们所呈现present的很棒的表演(there be句型)therewillbemanywonderfulperformancespresentedbytheteachersandstudents, such as singing, dancing, performing plays and so

on.

Everyone is longing for your coming, and

如果你能给出一个表演，它将会是更令人欢呼的。itwouldbemorecheerfulifyoucouldgiveaperformance.

I sincerely hope that you can accept our invitation and I have the

confidence that we students would be extremely delighted to see you.

请让我知道你的决定如果方便的话。Pleaseletmeknowyourdecisionifitisconvenientforyou.

I am looking forward to your reply.

Yours,

Li Hua

导语：校园生活是多姿多彩的，你的校园生活是怎么样的呢?下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理了优秀英语作文经典模板，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Some people say that campus life was boring but I felt the school life is colorful.

Class we discuss a fierce comment on each other. Once I had a fight with my classmates for the sake of a problem we all were at sixes and sevens reach a consensus. Later we have solved the problem calmly all made up. After class my teacher and I talk together playing chess we get along busy talking; After dinner the classmates speak heart to each other solve problems make the bridge of our friendship more stable . We laughed together cried help each other when in trouble. When the school sports they cheered each other each other go failed classmate we encourage him to his confidence not discouraged.

Campus life is colorful make I benefit from awakening to the joy of learning.

【参考译文】

有人说校园生活枯燥无味，可我却觉得校园生活是多姿多彩的。

上课的时候，我们讨论激烈，互相发表意见。有一次，我为了一个问题和同学吵架了，大家都各持己见，不能达成共识。后来，我们冷静地解决了问题，大家和好了。下课后，我和老师一起谈心，下棋，大家融洽相处，谈得不亦乐乎;饭后，同学们互相讲心事，解决问题，令我们的友谊之桥更加稳固。大家一起笑过，哭过，遇到困难时互相帮助。校运会时大家互相喝彩，互相加油，失败了的同学我们鼓励他，令他重拾信心，不再气馁。

校园生活多姿多彩，令我获益良多，领悟到学习的乐趣。

my plan of next year

a new year ，a new start，when i stand on the edge of a new year，i can’t help  thinking about my plan of next year.

but ，what i really decide to do is that i must make good of anytime i can  spare though it seems impossible. while，i will do my best to live up with what i  have planned，and the result will prove it.

关于春节的英语作文带翻译四：

我明年的计划

新的一年，新的开始，当我在新的一年的边缘立场，我不禁在想我明年的计划。

正如古人云：“。好开始是成功的一半“，所以我决定，我应该是在工作，而另一些性传播疾病就会放松，然后，在开始时，我比其他人更快，我当然会得到比别人更好的结果。

但是，我真正决定做的是，我必须利用好，我可以随时备用，虽然它似乎是不可能的。虽然，我会尽我所能，用我生活已计划了，结果将证明这一点。

Mathematics was too difficult for me, the teacher spoke so fast that I

could not understand. I failed every math exam, my dad was very angry, he

wouldnt let me watch TV, or let me go out, I was very sad. The math teacher

always asks me to go to the office and tell me the problem. I am not afraid to

make mistakes, because I can correct them. I keep practicing, speed up my

problem, and dont forget to preview and review. In the most recent exam, I

achieved excellent results in maths. A good learner has many good learning

habits.

数学对我来说太难了，老师讲的太快，以至于我不能听懂。每次数学考试我都不及格，我的爸爸很生气，他不让我看电视，也不让我出去玩，我很难过。数学老师总是让我去办公室，给我讲题。我开始不害怕犯错，因为我还可以改正。我不断的练习，加快了我的做题速度，并且不忘记预习和复习。在最近的一次考试里，我的数学成绩达到了优秀。一个好的学习者有很多好的学习习惯。

导语：生日，是一个人出生的那天，是个美好的日子，在这个美好的日子。小编整理准备了英文版生日快乐祝福语（带翻译），欢迎大家阅读!

1. Happy birthday. May gladness fill your every hour on this special day.

生日快乐!愿这特殊的日子里，你的每时每刻都充满欢乐。

2. Warm wishes on your birthday. I send along my love and affection for you as well as a small gift. Take care!

热烈祝贺你的生日，捎给你我对你的爱，也寄去一件小礼物，多保重!

3. Affectionate birthday greetings. Birthday means a new beginning and a new chance to take hold on life.

在你生日之际，向你致以亲切的祝贺。生日意味着一个新的开端，意味着重新把握生活的机会。

4. Its time to celebrate your birthday. Happy birthday to an attractive and intellectual girl.

是庆祝你生日的时候了，祝福美丽、聪颖的你生日快乐!

5. Many happy returns of this special day. All our best wishes go to you on your birthday.

祝你生日快乐，给你我们所有的祝福!

6. We hope that you enjoy this special day and your birthday grows happier by the minute!

我们祝你欢庆这一天，愿你生日的快乐与分俱增!

7. I want to tell you on this special day that Im very glad, time hasnt changed our friendship any. Hoping your birthday is great.

在这特殊的日子里，我想说我真高兴，时光没有改变我们的友谊，祝你生日其乐无穷。

8. Wishing you a birthday that is among your very best. I hope that all the years ahead will be as happy as you have been in the past.

祝你度过一个最美好的生日，希望你未来的日子与以往一样快乐!

9. Congratulations on your birthday. May the coming year be filled with happiness and success.

敬贺诞辰!愿这一切充满欢乐、成功!

10. May every special happiness fill this day for you and may the year bring all the best things you are looking forward to.

愿你的生日特别快乐，愿新的一年中心想事成!

11. Congratulations and warmest wishes for your birthday and every day.

祝你生日快乐，天天快乐!

12. Time flies. Today comes your birthday. The best of all good things for this special day and all the many more to come. Many happy returns!

时光飞逝，今天又是你的生日，愿今天你拥有一切美丽，来年生日更美好，一年更胜一年。生日快乐!

13. May you keep in good health and good spirit both on your birthday and all through the year. Hope your birthday is happy and your wishes all come true.

祝你生日健康愉快，祝你天天健康愉快，愿你一切愿望都能实现。

14. Happy birthday. I hope today treats you well.

生日快乐，祝你今天过得愉快!

15. Each birthday is a milestone we touch along lifes way. May your birthday be happy in more ways than one.

每个生日都是我们人生之旅的一个里程碑，愿你的生日百事顺意。

16. Wishing you a happy birthday! May the best and loving things be some of the joy your birthday brings.

祝你生日快乐!愿生日带给你的欢乐中蕴涵着一切美好!

17. Permit me to congratulate you on reaching another of these anniversary landmarks today. May each day be as happy as your birthday. Have a wonderful birthday!

祝贺你抵达了生命的又一个里程碑，愿你每天都象过生日一样充满喜悦。祝你生日无比快乐

The Spring Festival is Chinas most grand festival, the Spring Festival, means the New Year began, means that we again long one year old, means that we should be more reasonable. During the Spring Festival this day, everywhere is beaming, everyone mouth will hang a smile.

Year at night, the street is the most lively, everywhere decorated, kids candy in mouth, there are all kinds of fireworks in the street, occasionally a few adults put up the firecrackers, some children cheered, some children simply put his hand over his ears, and younger children are scared ran home.

This year Spring Festival, and some is not the same as usual, my mother help me raise the abundance of a table delicacies, invited a few best friend come to my house to eat dumplings, mom make dumplings and put the coin in eight dumplings, say who got a coin dumplings who have good luck this year, the result my mother and I and a friend eat to each two dumplings with COINS.

After the Spring Festival gala, the mother brought a large bottle of drink, and we do guess riddle games, method is riddle out by the mother, me and some children take turns to guess, guess, to reward a small glass of drink, had not found out or wrong did not drink, even a small performance.

Time passed in the tick of the clock sound, after half an hour, drink solve finished, I and the children all are sitting in a chair, constantly dozen satisfied ge, some still keep the toilet on the ground.

And had a rest, play a heated up again, you pick up the fireworks and ran outside, the start and the adult child put up outside, I also unwilling to lag behind, two hundred yuan to buy fireworks last year many left? Before long, the full fireworks bag empty belly.

"There is no such thing as a not good things come to an end", friends say goodbye in the firecrackers and laughter.

After you left, my mother began to busy tidying, I also come over to help mom. Although mother said that I dont need, can I still help my mother clean up the rest.

Family reunion dinner finished, the Spring Festival has passed, the New Year begins, I grew up a year old, also become more reasonable, the New Year, I want to study well, with honors returns mothers love for me.

春节是中国最隆重的节日，过了春节，就意味着新的一年开始了，就意味着我们又长了一岁，就意味着我们应该更懂事一些了。在春节这天，到处都是喜气洋洋的，人人嘴边都会挂着一丝微笑。

大年三十的晚上，街上最为热闹，到处张灯结彩，小孩子嘴里叼着糖块，在街上放着各式各样的烟花，偶尔也会有几个大人们放起了爆竹，有的孩子欢呼起来，有的孩子索性用手捂住耳朵，还有更小的孩子则吓得跑回了家。

这年春节，和往常有些不一样，妈妈帮我张罗了一桌丰盛的佳肴，邀请了几个最要好的朋友来我家吃饺子，妈妈包饺子时还在八个饺子里放了硬币，说谁吃到了硬币饺子谁今年就有好运，结果我和妈妈还有一个小朋友各吃到了二个带着硬币的饺子。

春晚结束后，妈妈拿来了一大瓶饮料，和我们做猜迷语游戏，方法是由妈妈出迷语，我和几个小朋友轮流猜，猜对的奖励一小杯饮料，猜不出或猜错的不但没有饮料喝，还要表演一个小节目。

时间在钟表的嘀哒声中过去了，半小时后，饮料解决完毕，我和小朋友们个个都坐在椅子上，不停地打着饱嗝，有的还不停地上厕所。

休息了一会儿，玩的兴头又上来了，大家拿起烟花就往外跑，开始和外面的大人小孩放了起来，我也不甘落后，去年买的两百元烟花还剩下不少呢。没过多久，装着满满的烟花的袋子就空了肚子。

“天下没有不散的宴席”，朋友们在爆竹声和欢笑声中告别了。

大家走后，妈妈又开始忙着收拾碗筷，我也过来帮妈妈的忙。虽然妈妈说不用我，可我还是帮妈妈收拾完才休息。

年夜饭吃完了，春节也过了，新的一年就开始了，我长大了一岁，也变得更懂事了，新的一年里，我要好好学习，以优异的成绩回报妈妈对我的爱。

New Years day is a traditional festival in China, it indicates the arrival of the past year is coming to an end, the New Year coming.

Do spring to winter, the birds have both branches, flowers, garden is a new start, I not only to greet the New Year with excitement, also want to have a tidy little drops of the recall the past three hundred and sixty-five days.

Over the past year, mixed emotions suantiankula, happy, sad, again a year away in an instant, the years in a hurry, let a person with emotion. I sat alone on the balcony, looking at little green, and drink a cup of hot tea. Back in the past year, the brain began to turn fast, like a silhouette many things in the mind. Time flies, time flies. Suddenly, in 2016, means that I am going to primary school, six years of primary school life let I learned many knowledge, let me know how many to truth, let me feel ease, learning will go to junior high school, have added a lot of pressure in my heart. All my fault, to reflect on the past to review and correct, to the best condition to greet the New Year, to own goal, ideal struggle, hard work, and create a bright future.

The sun will rise of 2016, a new round of "combat" also is about to begin, I have been ready, ready to go to meet new challenges, wish all of us can smoothly through all the difficulties, the victory.

One yuan after beginning, vientiane update, let the past unpleasant, to greet the New Year with a new mood.

元旦是我国的一个传统节日，它的到来预示着过去的一年即将结束，新的一年就要到来。

冬尽春来，鸟儿双双枝上啼，花儿朵朵园中绽，又是一个新的开始，我不仅要以兴奋的心情迎接新的一年，也要好好整理一下过去三百六十五天点点滴滴的回忆。

过去一年五味杂陈，酸甜苦辣，有高兴、有伤感，一年又在瞬间溜走，岁月匆匆，让人感慨万分。我独自坐在阳台上，看着点点绿意，饮一杯浓郁的热茶。回想过去一年，脑中开始像剪影般快转，许多事情历历在目。 光阴似箭，岁月如梭。转眼之间，2016年的来到，意味着我即将小学毕业，六年的小学生活让我学会了许多知识，让我懂得许多找人的道理，让我感到学习的轻松，即将升入初中，心中无故增添了许多压力。我要反省过去所有的过失，好好检讨并改正，以最佳状态迎接新的一年，为自己的目标、理想所奋斗、努力不懈，创造璀璨的未来。

2016的太阳即将升起，新一轮的“战斗”也即将开始，我已经整装待发，准备好要去迎接新的挑战，愿我们大家都能顺利度过一切难关，取得胜利。

一元复始，万象更新，就让过去的不愉快化为乌有，用新的心情迎接新的一年。

Today, I did housework for grandmother. She is not very healthy and I

decide to do housework for her more frequently. And she will feel happy and

become better. Suddenly, an idea hit me that it’s terrible to grow old becuase

you have to worry about both your health and others’ opinions. Once again, I

make a decision to be a good girl.

今天，我帮助了奶奶做家务。奶奶的身体不好。我以后要常帮她做事。这样她就会高兴身体也会好一些。突然觉得，人老了真不好。不但身体不会好，而且一不小心就会惹得大家讨厌。我又做了一个决定，以后一定要做个乖孩子。

How to have a healthy body? First of all, you have to play sports like

playing basketball and running. You should also eat more fruits and vegetables,

such as apples and bananas, which are rich in vitamins. If you do that, you

wont get sick often. And you can not stay up late, to early to bed and early to

rise, you should speak hygiene, clean themselves, often to drink lots of water

every day, not to eat junk food, and so on are conducive to a healthy body, the

most important thing is to pay attention to safety.

怎样拥有一个健康的身体?首先你必须经常运动比如打篮球，跑步。你还要多吃蔬菜水果，例如苹果，香蕉，它们含有丰富的维生素。如果这样做，你就不会经常得病。并且你不可以熬夜，要早睡早起，你要讲卫生，经常清洁自己，每天要喝很多水，不能吃垃圾食品等等都利于身体健康，最重要的是注意安全。

第五章公文概述

一、公文的概念

公文是党政机关、人民团体、企事业单位在公务活动中使用的，具有法定效力和规范体式的文字书面材料。它是各机关单位依法行政和进行公务活动的重要工具。

公文有广义和狭义之分。广义的公文泛指各单位常用的应用文，种类繁多，大至总结、计划，小至条据、便函。狭义的公文也就是法定的公文，专指党中央办公厅、国务院和军委办公厅所规定的正式的文种。我们这里指的是狭义的公文，着重介绍国务院所规定的公文。

二、公文的种类

为适应文书处理上的不同需要，公文有多种分类方法。不同的分类方法，产生不同的分类结果。

(一)按行文关系分类

按行文关系分，可将公文分为上行文、下行文、平行文三类。

1.上行文，指下级机关对上级主管机关的行文，如请示、报告等。

2.下行文，即自上而下的行文，指机关单位对其下属单位的发文。如批复、通知、决定等。

3.平行文，指平行机关或不相隶属机关(即没有领导或业务指导关系的机关)之间的行文，如函。

(二)按机密性质分类

根据文件的机密性质，可分为绝密文件、机密文件、秘密文件三类。

1.绝密文件，指涉及国家核心机密内容的文件，一旦内容泄露会使国家的安全和利益遭受特别严重的损害。

2.机密文件，是涉及国家重要机密内容的文件，一旦泄露会使国家的安全和利益遭受较大的损害。

3.秘密文件，是涉及国家一般秘密内容的文件，一旦泄露会使国家的安全和利益遭受一定的损害。

(三)按办理时间分类

根据文件的办理时间要求，可以分为特急件、急件、平件三类。

1.特急件，是要求在最短的时间内以最快的速度处理的文件。

2.急件，是要求在确定的时间内处理完毕的文件。

3.平件，是没有特别时间要求的文件。

(四)按处理要求分类

按文书处理要求，可分为参阅性文件和承办性文件。

1.参阅性文件，指不需要办理，供沟通情况和工作参考的文件。

2.承办性文件，指需要某机关和部门具体办理的文件。

(五)按文件作用分类

根据文件所起的作用不同，还可以分为规范性文件、指挥性文件、报请性文件、公布性文件、记录性文件等。

1.规范性文件，如党务公文中的条例、规定。

2.指挥性文件，如命令、指示、决定、决议等。

3.报请性文件，如请示、报告、议案等。

4.记录性文件，如会议纪要。

(六)按制发机关分类

根据公文制发机关的性质和使用范围，可分为党务公文、行政公文和军用公文。根据中共中央办公厅1996年颁发的《中国共产党机关公文处理条例》，党务公文有14种;根据国务院2000年颁发《国家行政机关公文处理办法》，行政公文有13种;根据中央军委办公厅2006年颁发的《中国人民解放军机关公文处理条例》，军用公文有12种。详见下表：

三、公文的特点

(一)策令性。公文是传递治理国家策令的，它担负着其他文体不能也不允许担负的使命。在阶级社会，公文的内容是阶级利益的体现，直接反映了国家政权的政治态度和根本利益。

(二)严密的程式性。公文具有一定的格式，这种格式有的是国家规定的，有的是约定俗成的。公文的篇章结构上也有一系列的层次要求，如篇前撮要、分项标号、分层列段等。

(三)作者和阅者的特定性。公文的作者，必须是法定的作者，即依法成立并能以自己名义行使权力和担负义务的组织及其代表人。公文行文的对象也是特定的。

(四)时效性。所有的公文都以成文日期为生效时间。文件时效的丧失，有两种情况：一是某一文件被新文件所替代，从新文件产生之日起原文件即行失效;二是随着客观形势的变化，有些文件的时效自然地被终止。

(五)有的公文还具有严格的保密性。涉及到国家政治、经济、军事等方面机密的公文，关系到国家的根本利益，必须严格保密。

四、公文的作用

(一)规范作用。党和国家的方针、政策、法规、规章是以公文的形式制定和发布的。一经发布生效，在有效的时间和范围内，就必须坚决执行，成为各级组织和亿万人民行动的规范。

(二)宣传作用。各级党政机关颁发的公文，可以提高广大人民群众对党和国家的路线、方针、政策的认识。

(三)联系作用。公文的往来，可以把下级机关的情况、要求及时向上反映，以利上级掌握全面情况。也可以把上级机关的意见、指示及时下达，以便指导下级机关的工作。在各机关单位之间，可以加强联系，互相配合，促进各项工作的顺利开展。

(四)凭证作用。公文是公务活动的原始记录，公务处理完毕之后，公文立卷归档，可以起到记载、凭证和查考的作用。

五、行政公文文种介绍

国家行政机关所用的法定的公文文种有13种，它们适用于不同的工作情形。

(一)命令(令)。国家机关公布性文种的一种，适用于依照有关法律公布行政法规和规章;宣布施行重大强制性行政措施;嘉奖有关单位及人员。如《中华人民共和国主席令》、《国务院关于在我国统一实行法定计量单位的命令》。

(二)决定。下行文的一种，适用于对重要事项或重大行动做出安排，奖惩有关单位及人员，变更或者撤销下级机关不适当的决定事项。如《国务院关于体制改革的决定》。

(三)公告。公布性文种，适用于向国内外宣布重要事项或者法定事项。如《浙江省人民政府关于打击走私活动的公告》。

(四)通告。公布性文种，适用于在一定范围内公布各有关方面应当遵守或者周知的事项。如《北京市人民政府关于查处违法建设的通告》。

(五)通知。下行文，用途广泛。可用于批转下级机关的公文，转发上级机关和不相隶属机关的公文，也可用于传达要求下级机关办理和需要有关单位周知或者执行的事项，任免人员等。如《贵州省人民政府关于加强水土保持工作的通知》。

(六)通报。下行文，适用于表彰先进，批评错误，传达重要精神或者情况。如《大庆市人民政府办公室关于2005年度全市政府系统公文检查情况的通报》。

(七)议案。平行文，专用于各级人民政府按照法律程序向同级人民代表大会或人民代表大会常务委员会提请审议事项。如《国务院关于提请审议兴建长江三峡工程的议案》。

(八)报告。上行文，适用于向上级机关汇报工作，反映情况，答复上级机关的询问。如《财税局关于2006年上半年工作情况的报告》。

(九)请示。上行文，适用于向上级机关请求指示、批准。如《××区关于申请改建扩建海洋博物馆的请示》。

(十)批复。下行文，适用于答复下级机关请示事项。它是根据下级机关的请示而制发的。如《××物价局关于虹苑小区普通住宅商品房价格的批复》。 (十一)意见。既可以是上行文，也可以作为下行文发文，适用于对重要问题提出见解和处理办法。上行文具有参谋性质;出自上级机关的“意见”，虽叫“意见”，但具有指挥性质。如《××县人民政府关于进一步加强和规范农村集体资产管理的意见》。

(十二)函。唯一的一个平行文，适用于不相隶属机关之间相互商洽工作、询问和答复问题,请求批准和答复审批事项时用。如国家税务局写给对外经济贸易部的《关于经援项目税收问题的函》。

(十三)会议纪要。既可作下行文，用于传达会议精神，要求与会单位遵守执行，也可作为上行文，报送给上级单位，向上级反映情况。还可作为平行文，发给平级单位，相互沟通情况用。如《全国农村工作会议纪要》。

六、公文格式

公文格式指法定文种外形结构的组织与安排。公文格式是公文保证质量和提高办事的重要手段，也是公文法定权威性和组织约束力在形式上的表现。

公文格式的组成要素有：秘密等级、保密期限、紧急程度、发文机关标识、发文字号、签发人、标题、主送机关、正文、附件说明、成文日期、印章、附注、附件、主题词、抄送机关、印发机关和印发日期等部分。具体的格式要求择要介绍如下：

(一)涉及国家秘密的公文应当标明秘密等级和保密期限，秘密等级和保密期限之间用“★”隔开。

(二)紧急公文应当根据紧急程度分别标明“特急”、“急件”。其中电报应当分别标明“特提”、“特急”、“加急”、“平急”。

(三)由发文机关全称或规范化简称后面加“文件”组成。联合行文时应使主办机关名称在前，“文件”二字置于发文机关名称右侧，上下居中排布。

(四)发文字号应当包括机关代字、年份、序号。年份、序号用阿拉伯数码标识;年份应标全称，用六角括号“〔〕”括入。联合行文，只标明主办机关发文字号。

(五)上行文应当注明签发人、会签人姓名。其中，请示应当在附注处注明联系人的姓名和电话。

(六)公文标题应当准确简要地概括公文的主要内容并标明公文种类，一般应当标明发文机关。公文标题中除法规、规章名称加书名号外，一般不用标点符号。

(七)主送机关指公文的主要受理机关，应当使用全称或者规范化简称、统称。

(八)公文如有附件，应当注明附件顺序和名称。公文如有附件，在正文下一行左空2字标识“附件”，后标全角冒号和附件名称。

(九)公文一般都要加盖印章，除会议纪要和以电报形式发出的外。联合上报的公文，由主办机关加盖印章;联合下发的公文，发文机关都应当加盖印章。

(十)成文日期以负责人签发的日期为准，联合行文以最后签发机关负责人的签发日期为准。电报以发出日期为准。不能标以撰稿日期。用汉字将年、月、日标全;“零”写为“○”。

(十一)公文如有附注(需要说明的其他事项)，应当加括号标注。标识在成文时间下一行。

(十二)公文应当标注主题词。上行文按照上级机关的要求标注主题词。 (十三)抄送机关指除主送机关外需要执行或知晓公文的其他机关，应当使用全称或者规范化简称、统称。

(十四)文字从左至右横写、横排。在民族自治地方，可以并用汉字和通用的少数民族文字(按其习惯书写、排版)。

(十五)公文用纸采用国际标准A4型(210mm×297mm)，左侧装订。张贴的公

文用纸大小，根据实际需要确定。

公文中各要素的标识规则，参照《国家行政机关公文格式》国家标准执行。本书受书本形式及篇幅限制，所举的公文例子都没有按“标准”排版。

七、公文办理程序

公文办理程序就是指公文在机关内部从形成到运转处理所必须经过的一系列环节。按照《国家行政机关公文处理办法》，公文办理程序分为发文办理和收文办理二个部分。

(一)发文办理

发文办理指以本机关名义制发公文的过程，包括草拟、审核、签发、复核、缮印、用印、登记、分发等过程。草拟，是指完成公文初稿;审核是指公文的草稿在送交机关领导人审批签发以前，对公文的内容、体式进行的全面审核和检查;签发是指机关领导人对文稿最后审批;核发是指在公文正式印发之前，对经领导人签发的文稿进行复核并确定发文字号、分送单位和印制份数的一项工作;缮印是对已签发的公文定稿进行印制;校对是对文件质量的最后一次检查;用印是指在印好的文件上加盖机关印章;登记指在收文登记簿上对所发公文进行编号，记载文件的去向等;分发，是指向受文单位发送文件。

(二)收文办理

收文办理指对收到公文的办理过程，包括签收、登记、审核、拟办、批办、承办、催办等程序。签收是指收到文件材料后，收件人在对方的公文投递单或送文簿上签字，以明确交接双方的责任;登记就是将需要登记的文件在收文登记簿上编号和记载文件的来源、去向;审核是指文秘部门收到下级机关上报的需要办理的公文时对其是否由本机关办理、是否符合行文规则等进行审核;拟办是指对来文的处理提出初步意见，供领导人批办时参考;批办是指机关领导人对送批的文件如何处理所作的批示;承办是指具体部门完成领导所布置的与该公文相关的任务;催办是指文秘部门对文件承办的情况进行督促和检查。

[思考与练习]

一、什么是公文?公文有哪些特点和作用?

二、学习《国家行政机关公文格式》，熟悉公文的格式。

三、公文的办理程序是怎样的?

四、给学生一篇上行文和下行文，要求按公文格式标准进行排版。

五、学习下列一则公文，理解公文格式的规范性要求。

关于公文印章规范用字检查情况通报

市语委各成员单位;各县(区)教育局(社会工作局);市直各学校：

我市于二〇〇六年七月对各县区、市直各单位开展了公文印章规范用字检查工作，现将检查工作通报如下：

各单位公文印章用字基本规范，公文中无使用繁体字、异体字、二简字等不规范用字情况，印章的印文均使用宋体字和国务院公布实行的简化字，符合有关规定和要求。但在检查中也发现存在一些问题，有些是带有共性的，集中体现在以下方面，希望各单位认真对照检查，及时予以纠正。

一、发文字号

发文字号中年份应标全称，用六角括号“〔 〕”括起，如〔2006〕。注意六角括

The drawing portrays a tragic scene in which people are still polluting and leaving about the rubbish. Lots people show bad manners , entirely indifferent to the environment of the world we are living in.

The aim of the painter is assailing the serious environmental problem——pollution, for which several factors are responsible. Population as by far increased, our country is marked by the surpassing growth of economy; living standards are high up. But the environment leaves much to be regretted.

How miserable it is to live in such an environment! Who is to blame for the tragic？ Everybody should be responsible. we must prevent garbage from being thrown away into rivers, ponds, and lakes. With the water pollution going on someday we shall die with no water to drink at all. The scenery spots waiting to be re-beautified. Wild realization of what is our environment responsibility should be awakend. The must be exercises of our authority over the tourists to punish them sternly when they are found defiling our nature. Only in this way may can we cure the problems drastically, and regain perfect environment to live in.

这幅图画描绘了一幅悲惨的景象，人们仍在污染和留下垃圾。许多人表现不好的举止，对我们生活的世界环境漠不关心。

画家的目的犯了严重的环境问题——环境污染，所负责的几个因素。人口比我国的人口增长更为显著，我国的经济增长率明显超过了国民经济的增长，生活水平也很高。但是环境让许多遗憾。

生活在这样的环境中是多么的可悲！谁是谁的悲剧？每个人都应该负责。我们必须防止垃圾被扔进河里，池塘，湖泊。有一天我们会死，没有水喝的水污染。景点等待重新美化。我们的环境责任是什么野生的实现应该唤醒。必须锻炼我们的权力者的严厉惩罚他们，当他们发现玷污我们的本性。只有这样，我们才能彻底治愈这些问题，重新获得理想的生存环境。

[ 环境污染英语作文带翻译

日暮时投宿石壕村，夜里有差役来强征兵。老翁越墙逃走，老妇出门应付。差役喊叫得是那样凶狠，老妇人啼哭得是那样悲伤。我听到老妇上前说：“我的三个儿子去参加邺城之战。其中一个儿子捎信回来，说另外两个儿子刚刚战死。活着的人姑且活一天算一天，死去的人就永远不会复生了!老妇我家里再也没有其他的人了，只有个正在吃奶的小孙子。因为有小孙子在，他母亲还没有离去，但进进出出连一件完好的衣裳都没有。老妇虽然年老力衰，但请允许我跟从你连夜赶回营去。赶快到河阳去应征，还能够为部队准备早餐。”夜深了，说话的声音逐渐消失，隐隐约约听到低微断续的哭泣声。天亮后我继续赶路，只能与返回家中的那个老翁告别。

I woke up at two oclock in the afternoon today. There was nothing to eat

in the house so I went outside.

I wanted to go to a cheap restaurant and find some food to eat. When I got

to the restaurant, I realized that I forgot to bring money, so I went back

home.

Then I realized that I forgot my keys also, so I waited outside for my mom

to come home and starved the rest of the day.

参考翻译

我今天下午二点醒来。屋子里没东西吃，所以我出去了。

我想去一家便宜的餐馆找些吃的。当我到餐厅的时候，我意识到我忘记带钱了，所以我就回家了。

然后我意识到我也忘了带钥匙，所以我在外面等我妈妈回家，并在之后的时间里一直饿着。

The end of the summer, should have a good rest! But my mother is very busy.

As the daughter of course I want to help my mother to do some. Early in the

morning I got up, washed the dishes, sweep the floor, cooking and so on, at

noon, I tired, lying on the bed, fan fan, more comfortable.

译文：终于放暑假了，应该好好歇歇了!可是妈妈很忙。作为女儿的我当然要帮妈妈分担些了。一大清早的我就起来了，帮妈妈洗碗，扫地，做饭等等，到了中午，我快累死了，往床上一躺，扇扇电风扇，舒服多了。

I like riding bicycle

Today,I rode bicycle to travel around the Guilin central.I enjoy the

scenery while riding bicycle.The scenery of Guilin was so beautiful that I

couldnt help to take photos,which finally cause my cellphone lacked of

memory.Riding bicycle is not only helps me to keep fit，it also a good way for me

to travel and enjoy scenery.I like riding bicycle.

参考翻译

我喜欢骑自行车

今天，我骑自行车游玩桂林市区。我一边骑车一边欣赏风景。桂林的风景真的很美丽，让我忍不住拍照，结果导致我手机内存不足。骑车不仅帮助我保持身体健康，对我来说也是可以用于游玩和欣赏风景的好方式。