钢铁是怎么样炼成的英文读后感和翻译(汇集20篇)

Notre Dame DE Paris is the French Victor Hugo wrote. First of all, he is bell ringers Quasimodo ugly, hes ugly, let a person feel afraid: horseshoe mouth, in the right eye is covered with a large tumor, big buck teeth... . Quasimodo is deaf, kyphosis, and the lame, and cruel and unreasonable, who saw all hate him.

Gypsy girl esmeralda has fairy beauty, love as long as she appeared, would have caused a sensation. All the men in the book saw she will fall in love with her. She was very kind, in order to save the poor poet and his false get married, she gave her money to busk income homeless children.

This book mainly to write only listen Quasimodo raised by his vice bishop Notre Dame DE Paris, but vice bishop assassinated, esmeralda royal captain of love, also forced love, esmeralda to marry her, or she was hanged. When love the esmeralda condemnation of that day of, Quasimodo brave love, esmeralda to Notre Dame tower. But the king sent against the cathedral of Notre Dame, and the girl hanged. Quasimodo grieving, and finally find love, esmeralda bones, committed suicide in beside her.

巴黎圣母院是法国维克多.雨果写的。首先他讲的是敲钟人卡西莫多的丑陋，他的丑陋让人感到 害怕：马蹄形的嘴巴、右眼被一个大瘤遮盖，大龅牙……。卡西莫多也是个聋子、驼背和瘸子，而且凶暴、蛮横，谁见了都讨厌他。

吉普赛少女爱森梅拉达有仙女般的美貌，只要她一出现，就会引起轰动。这本书中所有男人一见到她就会爱上她。她非常善良，为了救穷诗人和他假结婚，她把自己卖艺所得的钱都分给流浪孩子。

这本书主要写卡西莫多只听抚养他长大的巴黎圣母院副主教的话，但副主教刺杀了爱森梅拉达爱的皇家卫队长，还逼爱森梅拉达嫁给她，否则将她绞死。当爱森梅拉达受刑的那天，卡西莫多勇敢的把爱森梅拉达举到圣母院的钟楼上。可国王派人攻打圣母院，并将姑娘绞死。卡西莫多悲痛欲绝，最后找到爱森梅拉达的尸骨，在她旁边自杀了。

These days, I am reading foreign novels "the miseries of the world", it is a famous French writer Victor Hugo wrote a work. The book tells the story of good and evil, hypocritical and sad stories of the kind.

O male ran to caused by excessive poor and stole the bread in the shop, was closed the captivity of 19 years, 19 years in prison. This 19 years and let him turn over a new leaf, let the heart of the greater corrosion, he also became the evil. After prison, MiLiYi leader that moved his kind heart, let the misfortune to turn over a new leaf and heavy work. Later, he again use intelligence when the mountains, the mayor of the citys situation. But persons fate, he revealed to you. In his later years, he had other sons and daughters sacrifice happiness, the fate of the childrens marriage.

Reading this book, I realize the integrity of jean valjean, fang ding, the maternal love, cosette Seths misfortune and luckily, thenardier terminating, javerts hard and slow maroussi in spirit. Ive learned integrity, kindness, and cold and evil.

这几天，我在读外国名著《悲惨的世界》，它是法国著名作家雨果写的一部作品。书中讲述了正义与邪恶，虚伪与善良的悲惨故事。

公冉阿让曾因过度贫穷而偷了商店里的面包，被关了十九年的囚禁，十九年的牢狱生活。这十九年并让他改过自新，而让心灵受更大的腐蚀，他也变的得的凶恶。出狱后，米里艾教主那善良的心打动了他，让不幸改过自新，重活。后来，他又用的聪明才智当山上了市长，了城市的状况。可人的命运，他向大家透露了的。晚年，他又养女的命运而牺牲了的幸福，了儿女的婚姻。

读了这本书，我体会冉阿让的正直、芳丁那的母爱，珂塞特的不幸与万幸，德纳第的心狠手辣，沙威的冷酷和马洛斯保家卫国的精神。我明白了正直，善良，与冷酷，邪恶。

This winter vacation, I read one of the world famous book called one thousand one night. It is also called Arabian Nights，This is an ancient book, there are many old stories about people in Arabia.

Once upon a time, there was a king, he married a woman every day, but the next morning the king killed his wife. After three years, he has killed more than one thousand women. Once, the prime minister’s daughter thought of a way to prevent the king’s cruel killing. Then, the girl asked the king to marry her. Every night, she told a wonderful story to the king, and when the king want to kill her, her story was getting into the most exciting part, so the king has to give up. Night after night, the girl told about one thousand one nights, and finally, it affected the king to change his mind about her. This is the origin of one thousand one night.

In this book, there are a lot of very strange story, the story of the fisherman and the devil , fisherman and four-color fish story, the story of Aladdin and the Magic Lamp and so on, some stories tell about the brave spirit of adventure, and some praise people’s brave daring to fight with the evil forces. there are humorous, sad, interesting, horrible, tragic and all sorts of stories.

时间就是金钱。Time is money.

欲速则不达。Haste makes waste.

说起来容易做起来难。Easier said than done.

人各有所好。Every man has his taste.

物极必反。Extremes meet.

活到老学到老。Live and learn.

事出必有因。Nothing comes of nothing.

隔墙有耳。Walls have ears.

失败是成功之母。Failure is the mother of success.

江山易改，本性难移。A leopard can not change his spots.

好心有好报。Good mind,good find.

得饶人处且饶人。Forgive others whenever you can.

爱乌及乌。Love me ,love my dog.

有其父，必有其子。Like father,like son.

再晚也不算迟。Better late than never.

条条大路通罗马。All roads lead to Rome.

并非闪光的都是金子。All that glitters is not gold.

种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。As you sow,so shall you reap.

物以类聚。Birds of a feather flock together.

不劳无获。No pain,no gain.

入乡随俗，When in Rome,do as the Romans do.

那恰是我所喜欢的。Its my cup of tea.

一日一苹果，医生远离我。An apple a day keeps the doctor away.

患难见真情。A friend in meed is a friend indeed.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。A young idler; an old beggar.

熟能生巧。Practice makes perfect.

一分耕耘，一分收获。No sweet without sweat.

1.(凶险可怕) dangerous; perilous; ominous

详细解释

(1).险峻而贫瘠。《史记·张仪列传》：“ 韩 地险恶山居，五穀所生，非菽而麦，民之食大抵菽饭藿羹。一岁不收，民不饜糟糠。”

(2).危险可怕。 唐 韩愈 《泷吏》诗：“险恶不可状，船石相舂撞。” 明 刘基 《公无渡河》诗：“世路如何险恶实多，平地倏忽滔天风波。” 郁达夫 《感伤的行旅》：“﹝我们﹞谈到了社会上的险恶的人心。”

放下这本书，我的心情仍久久不能平静。主人公保尔的身影在我眼前挥之不去，他的一生，平凡而伟大。

他是个贫苦家庭的孩子，从小被社会暗面所欺负，就去从了军，投入了革命的浪潮。然而他这一投，投去的是一生的革命意志。无数次在刀尖上跳舞，三次与死神擦肩而过，就算下了战场，失明了残疾了，他也在文学上继续主张他的革命。面对同龄的孩子，他表现出的是更加理智与冷静样貌。他的生命，如同只为革命燃烧。

这种爱国爱民的献身精神，是我们叹为观止的。这样舍身卖命的工作决心，是我们无法效仿的。那么，难道他做这些的毅力，我们不可以学习运用上半分吗？哪怕是在做事时认真一些，都很难吗？

再之，这本书中最的一句话：回想这一生，不因虚度年华而悔恨，不因碌碌无为而羞愧。是的，保尔的一生都在追逐着自己的梦想，自己的事业，为祖国而艰苦卓绝的奋斗着，没有虚度光阴。而现在的孩子们，整天贪图享受，懒于学习，在电子玩具的包围中长大。殊不知，他们的未来还没有底。不懂得珍惜时间，与时间赛跑，把握光阴，去做一些有价值的事情。看着保尔高大的身影，我们理应继承他的精神，去把握时间与精力，都注入到学习上，生活中！

读一本好书，如同与一个有学问的人对话。这本书，告诉我们至关重要的人生之道。而我们，不仅要明事理、顾大局，更要体现在行动上。可能现在我们的梦想还遥不可及，我们的力量还很渺小，但也要去做、去思考。我们通过读书，认识到各种看世界的方式，叫我们做一名合格的人。我们看过了保尔的一生，以一个旁观者的角度，从保尔身上看到了无法比拟的热情。从懵懵懂懂到理智判断，这需要成长。青少年们，多读书，多实践，让热情从我们的眼中燃烧起来！

《雾都孤儿》是狄更斯第一部社会小说，小说中“奥利弗要求添粥”一节已被编入多种英语教科书中。以下是小编带来的雾都孤儿英文读后感，希望对你有帮助。

Here I am sitting on a couch alone thinking about what I have just finished reading with tears of sadness filling my eyes and fire of indignation filling my heart which revived my exhausted soul that has already been covered by the cruelty and the selfishness of the secular world for a long time. It is truly what I felt after reading Oliver Twist written by the prominent British author Charles Dickens.

The resonance between me and the book makes me feel not only the kindness and the wickedness of all the characters in the novel but what this aloof society lacks and what I lack deep inside. These supreme resources I’m talking about right now are somewhat different from minerals oil that we usually mention. They’re abstract like feelings and some kinds of spiritual stimulation that all of us desire anxiously from one another —— love and care.

Those charitable figures whom Dickens created in the novel are really what we need in life. They showed love and care to others just as the gentle rain from the sky fell upon the earth which was carved into my heart deeply.

Mr. Brownlow is one such person.

The other day he had one of his elaborate watches stolen by two skilled teenage thieves Artful Dodger and Charley Bates and thought naturally it was Oliver who was an orphan and forced to live with a gang of thieves that had done it because he was the only one near by after the theft had taken place. Being wrathful he caught Oliver and sent him to the police station where the ill-tempered unfair magistrates worked. Fortunately for him Oliver was proved innocent by one onlooker afterwards. With sympathy Mr. Brownlow took the injured poor Oliver to his own home. There Oliver lived freely and gleefully for some months as if he were Mr. Brownlow’s own son. One day however Mr. Brownlow asked Oliver to return some books to the bookseller and to send some money for the new books that he had already collected. The thief Oliver once stayed with kidnapped him. After that he disappeared in Mr. Brownlow’s life. Searching for a while Mr. Brownlow had to believe the fact that he had run away with his money. But dramatically they came across each other again a few years later. Without hesitation Mr. Brownlow took Oliver home for the second time not caring if he had done something evil.

Perhaps most of us would feel confused about Mr. Brownlow’s reaction. But as a matter of fact this is just the lesson we should learn from him. Jesus said in the Bible. “Forgive not seven times but seventy-times seven.” Why is that? Because forgiveness is our ability to remove negative thoughts and neutralize them so our energy may be spent on doing what we came here for. We cannot move forward in our future if past issues cloud our thinking. Stop put Mr. Brownlow into the list of your models. Always give people a second chance no matter what they might have done. That’s also a substantial part of loving and caring others.

Then there are Mrs. Maylie and Rose Oliver’s other benefactors. Maybe the reason they loved and cared Oliver was not because of forgiveness. In my point of view it was trust. They had faith in Oliver when he was considered to be a filthy burglar who tried to break the front door of Maylie’s at midnight. But this wasn’t how these two ladies saw the whole thing. They denied Oliver’s crime immediately and listened attentively to Oliver’s own description of his miserable life. They were deeply touched by Oliver’s strong perseverance and astonishing vitality. Accordingly they remedied Oliver’s body and heart and turned him into a different boy. He began to wear appropriate and clean suits which were tailor-made for him and receive education.

As far as we can see it is trust that helps us all live together without precaution. Sometimes trust can even lead us to miracles which we often expect to come about so why not trust? Trust yourself trust others and you’ll salute miracles every single day.

In the novel though the young Oliver again and again fell for conspiracies of those hideous thieves who tried to torture Oliver’s body and poisoned Oliver’s heart intensely he always lived on and tried hard to seek for his own life. Then I realized what supported him all through were actually beliefs. In most cases what you believe is what you’ll become. Believe that you are unlimited that you can do anything you commit to doing and when you do your accomplishments will know no bounds. You control your beliefs and that is how you ultimately control your life. It’s all dictated by your attitude.

In the final analysis love and care contain numerous forms there are love of forgiveness love of trust etc. but they all come from your beliefs in life. When someone tells you he’s deceived you forgive him anyway when someone tells you what he’s done trust him anyway and when you face adversities while chasing your dreams think about your beliefs then what hinders you will become a piece of cake in no time.

So find out “Olivers” in your life and do as Mr. Brownlow and Mrs. Maylie do: love them and care them which cost nothing but save much. They enrich those who receive without impoverishing those who give. They can be certain smallest words or actions but the memory of them sometimes last forever.

Charles Dickens said:“Love makes the world go around.” These immortal words have inspired and will keep on inspiring us to chant the melody of love and to say the prayer of care forevermore. Let us therefore enjoy life and treat other people lovingly. These principles are the roots and foundations of beliefs supporting this article and our mission together.

合上书本又再次翻开，熟悉却每次又带来不一样含义的字句又一次浮现在我的眼前。

翻动书页，看着书中的地名与人物，我的心中涌起了一种陌生的感情，那些书中的人物似乎正在通过插图里挥汗如雨的躯体与我打招呼，而他们包含笑意的眼睛似乎直直地射出一道目光来看向我，向我诉说他们的劳动的艰辛与由无数钢铁般的群众养育出来的果实。在这一刻，我忽然觉得自己读懂了《钢铁是怎样炼成的》，读懂了保尔·柯察金的决心，与冬妮娅之间的分歧，阿尔青的抉择，以及与他们一样的，书中或是现实中无数的为共同的理想而奋斗的人民的理想。

当我一开始听说这次寒假要读《钢铁是怎样炼成的》这本书的时候，其实我时非常不愿意的。因为那时的我仅仅是天真的认为这本书是讲述各式各样的大道理，用一些无趣的故事填补中间的空白罢了，而我也无法理解平时听闻的那些。但正值最近新型冠状病毒肺炎发作时期，所有人只能在家中歇息。而无聊到发慌的我偶然间打开了手边的《钢铁是怎样炼成的》，权当是当作完成寒假作业而已。

但是当我一开始阅读保尔的遭遇后，书里的情节宛如一只钩子一般紧紧地攫住了我的心，让我无暇再去顾及其他的事情而一心沉浸在那副宏伟壮丽的劳动全景之中：人们用自己的血肉躯干来换取铁路的畅通，为后方的物资向前方运输的过程打通了一条坚实的道路：阅读到此处的时候我心潮澎湃，似乎自己也来到了那个时代，与钢铁般的同志们同生死共存亡;当阅读到保尔与冬妮娅分手的片段时，我一开始的确感到不舍且疑惑，但在保尔义正言辞说出他的理由之后，我不解的心情转而变得晴朗，甚至不禁向保尔的行径开始鼓掌，因为他越活越明白了;而读到关于列宁逝世的电报从远处传来，将听到这条讯息的人都落下泪来的时候，我也不由得是潸然泪下，但转而这种心情就像演讲中所说，它不在是为了失去一位伟大的领导者而悲哀的心情，变成了一份要继承这样的精神，为平等幸福的社会而斗争的信念。而在阅读结束时，我已经读懂了他们的举动究竟为何而生———他们是为了自己关乎所有人类命运的信念而生。

我看向窗外，此时正值病毒肆虐的时期，黑压压的云层笼罩在天空上，但我的心底却一片温暖。因为我读懂了这本书向我们传达的消息：不论是怎样的困境，只要人们愿意与他人携手并进，一定可以被冲破的。

《钢铁是怎样炼成的》一书描写了一位工作阶级子弟-保尔·柯察金从劳苦大众真正觉醒为革命战士，将自己的生命毅然投入到革命的赤潮中，终于炼成了“钢铁”的故事。

诚然，这烈火的冶炼中少不了对主人公情感的炽痛。在保尔的三段感情中，最令我铭心的，当属少年保尔与冬妮娅的爱情。这段爱情像一朵洁白无瑕的梨花，是注定要被阶级革命的暴风雨所撼动的。

年少懵懂期，赤浪蓄势时。那时，冬妮娅过着贵族小姐的生活——“令人腻烦而厌恶，千篇一律”。而敢出拳打跑纨绔子弟的保尔，好似热爱冒险的她生活里的一抹亮色，是千篇一律、循规蹈矩中的波澜。不难看出，冬妮娅和保尔性格是相像的，他们率性、正直、勇敢，充满理想的活力。真正可贵的是，冬妮娅迈出了资产阶级的小圈子，为搭救被通缉的保尔做出了巨大的努力，丝毫不介意保尔卑微的出身，并鼓励他去做自己热爱的事情。

时间的流逝带来了这对年轻人心灵上的成长，随着思想的丰盈，他们眼界同样开阔了起来，两人的感情里，悄然掺进了举止背后的观念习惯和人情世故。

保尔认为，人生的意义在于流汗、拼搏，他要用历经的苦难来感受自己的价值，才不会因“虚度年华而悔恨”、“碌碌无为而羞耻”。而冬妮娅不需要这种“革命”的生活，也不能接受下级阶层种种粗鲁无文化的表现。

冬妮娅思想独立，能够理解并支持保尔去参加革命战争，可以在政治立场上不反对苏维埃，但就是无法与保尔一起革命。因为二人虽有契合，但随着保尔信仰的逐渐建立与明确，冬妮娅无法将自己趋向西方的理念与保尔的事业和集体主义相协调。究其根本，仍是因为二人所处社会阶层与成长环境不同，导致二人看待和处理事情的方式上相差甚远。冬妮娅爱保尔“这一个人”，一旦保尔丢弃了自己，选择投身事业，她的所爱就毁灭了，所以二人的理想冲突不可避免。正如保尔所说，“你有勇气爱上一个工人，却不能接受我们的信仰，你的骄傲把你害了”。

时代没有给他们接受彼此观念的机会。保尔继续冲锋陷阵，越发认为资产阶级作风腐败糜烂，冬妮娅在优越的环境中长大成人，越发嫌弃无产阶级开荒派粗鲁的作风。于是就有了后来两人再相遇，保尔指责冬妮娅酸腐，冬妮娅惋惜保尔事业失败。两人互相有着深深的误解，所以完全决裂了。

理想的分歧，时代的撼摇，最终敲落了一树雪白。就像鲁提辖过不了寻常百姓的生活，便与金秀莲再无交集；就像唐僧决意取经得道，便与女儿国国王诀别；即便是像梁祝那般冲破了世俗生活的羁绊，也只能双双化蝶，才得以长相厮守。

我认为，冬妮娅也代表了一个社会现象。革命初期，某些资产阶级也曾随着社会进步，甚至与社会主义革命者携手，共同抗击旧社会，然而随着新政权的巩固与发展，这“资产阶级作风”的生活方式与理想，终归随着那个社会湮灭于时间的烟海。

在阶级斗争的劲风里，在身份差异的狂雨中，布尔什维克的红旗于空中烈烈放光，召唤着理想。

此恨无关风与月。

真金不怕火炼，百炼才能成钢！

保尔·柯察金儿时被迫成了童工，尝尽了人间的冷暖。是什么让他一次次硬挺下去？是钢铁般的毅力，是烈火焚烧若等闲的信念！柯察金青年，是冲破了拂晓的沉默，是即将到来的黎明。俄罗斯人民崛起，为法西斯的灭亡敲响了丧钟。

柯察金在革命者的影响下，逐步走上了革命道路。在战场上奋勇杀敌，在工地痛苦的磨练，在监狱非人的折磨。几十年辗转，几十年身体与精神上的双重压力没有让他倒下，反而让他更加坚强。因为他有比钢铁还硬上的坚强斗志，积极乐观上的人生态度。

他是一块会说话的钢板，一个硬朗朗的汉子，一个伟大上的革命者。他说过：“人为家庭活着，这是禽兽上的私心；只为一个人活着，那是卑鄙；只为自己活着，那是耻辱；一个人活着应该为祖国上的建设事业贡献一切。要磨砺自己上的意志，与各种困难作斗争，经受考验。

命运是不公平的，上天带走了他的双眼，无情的多去了他的健康。可他依然执着，紧紧的握着笔艰难的写作，以另一种方式实践他生命的誓言。贝多芬说过“我要扼住命运的咽喉”而保尔却把命运摁倒在地。他虽残疾了，但他的精神是永恒的，只有经历磨练才会有完美的人生。

人应该怎样的活着才有意义呢？保尔·柯察金告诉我们：人最宝贵的是生命。生命属于每个人，只有一次。人的一生应当这样度过：当他回首往事的时候，他不会因为虚度年华而悔恨，也不会因为卑鄙庸俗而羞愧；临终之际，他能够说：“我的整个生命和全部精力，都献给了世界上最壮丽的事业——为解放全人类而斗争。保尔为了人类的解放而斗争了一辈子，而我们的任务是将星星火炬传递下去，为了祖国上的命运而并肩奋斗。

As the only living things on a bare planet called “Just Like Home”， humans felt lonely and sad. In order to live, they must get married as often as possible and have children. Unwilling to get married, our 16-year-old protagonist named Humming Bird ran away from her planet and found a plastic space ship. There she met various kinds of animals, which frightened her even drove her crazy. She had never seen such things before. Only through ‘The Book Of Remembering’ did she get some rough idea of animals. After she took a small-copied cat home and showed it to the officials on her planet, the cat was shot to death and all the officials went crazy. Humming Brid didn’t give up her attempt to let people accept the animals. She decided to set about the job from children…

That’s the brief plot of Harry Gilbert’s science fiction—。 Based on the reality of increasing environmental problems, the writer uses his full imagination and creativity to produce this vivid imaginative and thought-provoking story.

As far as we know, animal numbers are now diminishing all over the world every years, and the living conditions we depend on a getting worse. We dirty the air with gases and smoke, poison the water with chemicals and other substances and damage the soil with too many fertilizers and pesticides. We also pollute our surroundings in many other ways. Air, water and soil are all very important and necessary to the survival of all living things all over the world. If we human don’t pay more attention to that, there will come a day when we have to live the kind of life described in this novel. As we know, the world is made up not only of human beings but also a lot of other living things. If we don’t want to leave this perfect planet, we have to protect the environment; otherwise, without the company of other living things, people would only be half-alive, men only half-men.

Nowadays, I should say, people have realized the importance of environmental protection and ecological balance. Slogans that remind us to save water and electricity are stuck everywhere, but how many are treated as requirements or duties and not just a piece of paper. If we pay a little attention to our working and study places, we always find some taps half opened with running water, and large numbers of people get used to leave lights on during the day. Dustbins for both recycled and unredeemable rubbish are placed in high density but no one bothers to throw the rubbish into the right dustbins. Nor do they even know what kind of rubbish could be recycled and what kind could not.

Conservation centers for protecting animals are built in many countries. Our government also passed some acts to protect animals; however, there do exist some law-breakers who are driven by money. We plant trees very year, but no one bothers to water and care for them after planting them. For money, some farmers drive their sheep and cattle to grasslands and charge it into desert.

All in all, to every one, I want to say, “Living on this wonderful planet earth, we are lucky and happy. In order to enjoy this kind of wonderful life, we must care for mother earth and put this kind of care into practice.”

Facing the world, to be or not to be, it’s up to you. We must make a choice without any hesitation!

Ugly duckling illustrated, many tribulations into a white swan, it is because it has a dream of mind. It supports dream. In fact, no trajectory fate lies in the realm of beautiful, beautiful pursuit of ideals. The frustration and pain of life is inevitable, they should learn to walk the feet. Every child will have a dream of their own, as long as they learn to establish life goals, self-confidence, self-improvement, Independence grow up, they will really struggle through the original can also become aware of their "white swan" like the ugly duckling can achieve the same dream in the heart.

丑小鸭历经千辛万苦、重重磨难之后变成了白天鹅，那是因为它心中有着梦想，梦想支撑着它。命运其实没有轨迹，关键在于对美好境界、美好理想的追求。人生中的挫折和痛苦是不可避免的，要学会把它们踩在脚下，每个孩子都会有一份属于自己的梦想，只要他们学会树立生活目标，在自信、自强、自立中成长，通过拼搏他们会真正的认识到自己原来也可以变成“白天鹅”，也可以像丑小鸭一样实现心中的梦想。

The sorrows of young werther is a German writer johann Wolfgang Goethe is one of the most famous masterpiece. Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, a German modern outstanding poets, writers and thinkers. The sorrows of young werther this epistolary novel written in first person, not only conveys the feudal system in Europe from the ancient to the capitalist system of excessive transformation period, the middle-aged and young generation to pursue "personality liberation", "emotional freedom", "return to nature of social status", "establishing equal relationship" between peoples strong desire, also illustrates the authors own distinct position. In 1774 published a novel has aroused strong repercussions, the whole of Europe an victor hot, Goethes hand revealed deep sleep in contemporary deeply excited all the secrets of the mind.

We can see victors image: tsing yi huang trousers and thin sensitive and sentimental. He kept the childlike innocence confronts the nature of his heart is bright and clean, like a deep stagnant water. He attaches great importance to the natural sincere feelings cherish his "heart is better than all other" Albert rational calm very unhappy. His love at first sight, for she had also because she is so innocent in manners do keep a girl lovely nature. Green, in the heart of victor is completely natural and beautiful his love for her is reached the degree of "forgetting"!

She is just victor lover? She is the embodiment of victor all ideal almost representative of beauty. When victors ideal in reality nothing is near, he met and she became his heart clings to object and shelter. His love for her is hot, unselfish, has deviated from the true meaning of love, because it is a kind of irrational and abnormal love, is not the final result of the destruction of others is to destroy them. Rather than his love and his love is his one thousand to from the conquest of the opposite sex to prove the existence of self value. Because of this, in the face of rational barriers victor heart will have such a complicated entanglements and deep pain. He hovered between reality and green, and the fact that, after all, not a lover and victor becomes more crazy. But he lost his friend victor all hope in life, the passion of youth, the courage of life is destroyed by a thus only to an extreme way -- suicide to show resistance of reality. Schiller profoundly analyzes the victors tragedy, he said: "a person with a warm feelings to hug an ideal and escape from reality in order to pursue the infinite reality; he constantly seek him in his outside forever in his own destruction in the nature of things; he felt his own dream is the only reality of his own experience is permanent; he sees their presence as bound shall crush it in order to further the absolute reality."

In the writers love is the greatest hero for it can cling to life; In the writers love is the small only is a tool for personality liberation and realize self value. The protagonist in the novel the continuous and endless memories, fierce inner conflict, also bitter sweet in love feeling, only when he was unable to get a beloved is cruel and gloomy beauty. The so-called vigorous love and heart full of tears, is actually a thick young feelings and deep that must not turn dark young sorrow. Youth it is destined to always full of unease and restlessness, too many boiling blood to be cathartic for ideal can be without any hesitation.

The heroine in the sorrows of young werther self-consciousness is quite strong. Youth and beauty are what he ardently desire. Born for freedom, he died for freedom, he would rather die than to give up his ideal and pursuit. However the value goal of how to implement? Will not, of course, through the practice of reforming society, we have not such ideological awareness, the hero of them, the fate of the palm is only one are pieces of quiet. So they can only choose to make love till death do it the end of time and regret, then maybe can express in the heart of anguish? In this sense it is not only their personal tragedy, also is the tragedy of The Times.

参考翻译：

少年维特之烦恼是德国作者约翰·沃尔夫冈·歌德最著名的代表作之一。歌德是德国近代杰出的诗人、作家和思想家。少年维特之烦恼这部以第一人称写就的书信体小说，不仅传达了欧洲从古老的封建制度向资本主义制度过度的转型时期，中青年一代追求“个性解放”、“感情自由”、“恢复自然的社会状态”、“建立平等的人与人之间的关系”的强烈愿望，也阐明了作者自身鲜明的立场。1774年小说一发表便引起了强烈的反响，整个欧洲掀起了一阵维特热，歌德的手揭开了沉睡在当代的深深激动着的心灵里的一切秘密。

我们可以想见维特的形象：青衣黄裤清秀而瘦弱敏感而多情。他保持了童真的本性面对世界时他的心明净如一泓清水。他重视自然真诚的感情珍视他的“心胜于其它一切”对阿尔伯特似的理智冷静的人非常不满。他对绿蒂的一见钟情、一往情深也正是因为她如此天真无邪在举止行事中保持了一个少女可爱的自然本性。绿蒂在维特的心中完全就是自然与美的化身他对她的爱简直达到了“忘我”的程度!

绿蒂难道仅仅是维特的恋人?她几乎是维特全部理想的化身美的代表。当维特的理想在现实中无所依傍的时候，他遇见了绿蒂，绿蒂成为了他心灵的攀附对象和避难所。他对她的爱虽是炽热的、忘我的，却已偏离了爱的真义，因为这是一种非理性的、变态的爱，最后的结果不是毁灭他人就是毁灭自己。与其说他爱的是绿蒂，不如说他爱的是他自己千方百计地要从对异性的征服中证明自我存在的价值。正因为如此，在理性的藩篱面前维特的内心才会产生如此复杂的纠葛和深沉的痛苦。他在现实与绿蒂之间徘徊而终究得不到爱人的事实又使维特变得愈加疯狂。最终他还是失去了绿蒂维特全部的人生希望、青春的热情、生活的勇气都被一道摧毁从而只得以极端的方式——自杀来表露对现实的反抗。席勒深刻地分析了维特的悲剧他说：“一个人物以热烈的感情拥抱一个理想并且逃避现实以便追求非现实的无限;他不断地在他身外寻求他永远在他自己的天性中所破坏的东西;他觉得他自己的梦想才是唯一现实的东西他自己的经验无非是永久的束缚;他把自己的存在看作是束 缚应当把它粉碎以便深入绝对的现实。”

在作家的笔下爱情是伟大的主人公为它生可以死死可以生;在作家的笔下爱情又是渺小的只不过是承载个性解放和实现自我价值的工具。小说里主人公那绵绵无尽的情思、激烈的内心冲突、亦苦亦甜的恋爱感受，只有在他无法得到心上人时才具有残酷而无望的美的意味。所谓轰轰烈烈的爱情与充满血泪的心路，事实上是浓得化不开的年少情愫与深黯的少年悲戚。青春向来就注定充满不安和躁动，太多沸腾的热血亟待宣泄为理想献身可以无半点犹疑。

在少年维特之烦恼中主人公的自我意识相当强烈。青春和美都是他热切向往的东西。他为自由而生，为自由而死，他宁死也不愿放弃自己的理想和追求。然而这种价值目标如何实现呢?当然不可能通过改造社会的实践，我们的主人公还没有这样的思想觉悟，他们，在命运的掌心里只能是一枚渺续安静的棋子。因此他们只能选择爱爱它个地老天荒、至死不悔，这样或许能抒发心中的苦闷?在这个意义上说这不仅仅是他们个人的悲剧，也是整个时代的悲剧。

[少年维特之烦恼英语读后感及翻译

“哦！这个神父可真坏呀！”“哇，阿尔青真是个好哥哥。”……读着读着，我竟情不自禁发出了感叹，这次是我第二次读这本书。

第一次读的时候，看着书名，还以为是讲钢铁呢。而第二次读了，有了与那时不同的想法。

宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来。是啊，保尔他是不幸的，因为他成为一位坚强的布什维克战士时，好景不长，他庆幸着能拥有一份好的事业，可他的右腿残废，脊椎骨有问题，到最后，他瘫痪了。我很伤心，因为保尔是个大英雄，他应该拥有英雄的美好生活，读到了这里，我怀揣着许多不好的想法，我以为他会彻底放弃自己，而他没有，他开始了自己的写作生涯，不断的跟病魔战斗，一直坚持着。

那些痛苦的回忆，血与生的考验，不放弃的梦想，恰好是他留下最辉煌的成绩吧。

保尔是个坚强的人，受伤时，并没有停下追逐梦想的脚步。他是一个认真的人，对待工作从来都是认真负责的。在黑暗的社会中，他是一股清流，与众不同，大多数人都只知道顺从，可保尔就不，他从没向困难低头，我特别敬佩他。

钢铁很坚硬，在熊熊火焰中不断改造自己，使自己接近完美，保尔就是钢铁，不断创造着新的奇迹。

这本书给我带来了视觉盛宴，让我学会了坚强，要想成为钢铁一样，就必须炼。

人生是一个漫长的过程，会经历困难，在困难前，我从来都是低头认输，看了这本书，我不禁嘲讽自己，看看保尔多么厉害，比我不幸，但遇到困难时，钢铁的精神使他从不向困难低头。

若没有这本书，我还是一个胆小的人，困难一直退缩，庸碌的过完一生。可现在，我一定要尝试挑战困难，过着乏味的生活，不如去闯一闯大千世界，去挑战困难。我觉得，当在战胜困难后，回味一下，是多么有成就感。所以，也必须去挑战困难。

“人最宝贵的是生命，生命每个人只有一次，一生应该这样度过：等他回首往事的时候，不因虚度年华而悔恨，也不因碌碌无为而羞愧；这样，在临时的时候他就能够说，我的整个生命和全部精力都奉献给了世界上最壮丽的事业。——为人类的解放而斗争。”这句话使我深有感触，我一个坚强的人，不要当逃避的人，像保尔一样成为一个大英雄。

就像奥斯特洛夫斯基所说的，“人最宝贵的是生命，而生命终是有限的，但因为有限的生命留下了无限的爱和美好的憧憬生命的长度继而被延成无限。”

谢谢你！让我感受到了钢铁的力量，就如他们所说，你是人类心理的天才描绘者，性格描写的巨匠。

——致奥斯特洛夫斯基

保尔，你好，我很佩服你钢铁的精神。希望我能成为跟你一样的人。

——致保尔

前些天，我读了一本好书《钢铁是怎样炼成的》。

《钢铁是怎样炼成的》是苏联一位杰出的无产阶级作家奥斯特洛夫斯基的作品。小说中的保尔就是作家本人。小说讲述了奥斯特洛夫斯基的一生。他只读了三年学，就被迫弃学打工，在十月革命爆发后年仅十四岁的他自愿加入了红军，参加过各种战役，锻炼成一名钢铁般坚韧的勇士。后来他在与波兰白匪军战斗时，头部中了弹片，伤势非常严重，可他以爱国精神和旺盛的生命力战胜了死神，但他的右眼却完全失明了。几年后，他由于旧伤复发和辛勤忘我的工作，导致全身瘫痪和双目失明，在休养期间，他仍然从事宣传工作，在他双目失明以后，他拿起笔开始创作，仍然为祖国，人民而奉献自己。

书中最让我感动的是保尔在得知自己将全身瘫痪时，并没有去找医生医治，而是打算把自己的余生都交给革命事业吗，坚持工作直到死去为止。啊，军人多么伟大啊!他们把自己的生命置之度外，把祖国和人民放在自己的生死之上。

“人最宝贵的是生命。每个人只有一次生命。因此，一个人的一生应当这样度过，当他回首已逝年华时，不因虚度光阴而悔恨，也不因一事无成而羞愧：这样，在他离开人世的时候，就可以坦然地‘说我把整个生命和全部精力都奉献给了人世间最壮丽的事业-----为人类的解放而奋斗’。”这本书让我明白，生命不是为了索取而是为了奉献!

“人最宝贵的是生命，生命只有一次，人的一生不要碌碌无为，也不要虚度年华，要珍惜生命。”这是保尔曾说的一句话，最后他没有浪费生命，而走向了成功。

本书主要讲述了：少年保尔，在革命时接受的一次次困难，让他成为一个坚强，大无畏的战士，他忍受着周围的磨难，走向了成功。

对于保尔，在这本书读过后，我一直对他持以敬佩之情。当他被诊断出神经中枢有问题时，他没有退缩，一如既往的工作。当他因伤不得不退出战场时，他仍在后方不停地努力。当他双腿瘫痪，双目失明时，坚决的拿起手中笔，与命运拼斗。想起他说的那句话，的确，他没有虚度年华、碌碌无为，他把一生都献给了斗争，为解放而斗争，为命运而斗争。

每个人都要用有顽强的毅力，树立崇高的目标，并为之奋斗。保尔在两腿瘫痪，双目失明后，还将生命献给斗争，实现自己的目标，我们又何尝不能呢?生活中的小小挫败就将自己阻碍，任凭自己的情绪飞扬，真就是失败?既然选择了自己的路线，就坚持下去，何必畏惧。

所以，我要好好学习，实现人生价值，理解人生意义，扼住命运的喉咙。“人最宝贵的东西是生命，生命对我们而言只有一次，一个人的生命应是这样度过：当他回首往日，不因虚度年华而悔恨，不因碌碌无为而羞愧”。

最近读了法国著名作家小仲马的代表作：《茶花女》，连读两遍，意悠未尽。我被书中男女主人公的爱情故事而感动，读到伤心之处，未免掉泪。

Recently read on behalf of the famous French writer Alexandre Dumass work: "La Traviata", read two times, will you not. I was touched by the book of love stories, read the sad place, it tears.

现代人都想得到真挚的爱情，都想得到异性的真爱，也时刻在讨论什么是爱?是否有真正的爱情?《茶花女》给了我们一个正确的答案：男女之间的情爱，是一种奉献、是一种给予、是一种忠诚，是牺牲、是无私，不是索取，更不是骗取;真心实意的为对方着想，为对方去做事任可牺牲自己的一切，能使对方幸福做为自己最大的快乐和满足。

The modern people want to get true love, want to get specific moments in the discussion of love, but also what is love? If there is true love? "La Traviata" gives us a correct answer: between men and women in love, is a kind of dedication, is a given, is a kind of loyalty, sacrifice, selfless, not to take, but not to cheat; have a genuine and sincere desire for the sake of each other, each other to do any sacrifice everything, can to make each other happy as his greatest pleasure and satisfaction.

我想每个人在通读小说，在为男女主人公悲欢离合而高兴、而担心、而落泪的同时，检讨一下自己在情感方面的得与失，才能更加珍惜自己的爱情，善待亲情和友情。

I think everyone to read novels, and happy, in grief at separation and joy in Union for the hero and heroine and worry, and tears at the same time, to review their own in the emotional aspects of the gain and loss, to cherish their love, treat affection and friendship.

I have seen the novels name --the Kite Runner many times from the Internet,when it comes to "the novels moved you most".With curiosity,I downloaded it.When reading the novel,from the beginning to the end,I felt a heavy stone of sorrow on my heart.

It is a story about friendship,about fault and atonement,about the good and evil of human natual.

The narrator of the story,Amir ,is born in a rich family.Hassan is his servant as well as close friend.They both lose mother from birth and grow up like brothers.

From Hassan ,I see the most kind and beautiful soul.He never means to hurt anyone.he protects Amir bravely and has a broad mind to endure what Amir do to him.With the promise to run the kite,he hands the last cut kite to Amir though he has insulted by the bully,Assef. for lifetime,he cherishes the friendship,even he dies of protecting Amirs house."For you,a thousand times over"he does as he says…

If Hassan can be described as an angel, then Amir is just a person.when he is a boy,he is badly want fathers love and care.he will be jealous,he will fear and be cowardly.When he sees Hassan insulted by Assef,he is so scared that he only hides and watches.he sees what happened but keeps it as a secret.In order to escape the guilt,he makes another fault, making Hassan leave by framing Hassan .Years past, he is still haunted by betraying his childhood friend.

I was shocked when the big secret reveals: Hassan is Amirs half brother,the son of his father and a sevants wife! Amirs father lives a torturing life,he is torn into two parts.He cant give Hassan the love in the name of a father,which is unfair to Hassan.That explains why he seems care little about Amir …

Knowing the truth,Amir has a painful struggle at the first,and finally chooses the right way,a way of atonement.He rescues Hassans orphan ,Sorhab,from Assefs hand.At that time,he faces up to Assefs fists,being a man not cowardly.Having gone though a lot of difficulties,he finally brings Sorhab to American.But Sorhab is emotional damaged by adversity.Amir make efforts to revive the little heart.At the end of the story,Sorhab shows a lopside smile,which delights Amir much.Amir run kite for Hassans son,and says what Hassan once said,"for you, a thousand times over".The snow will be melt,and the spring is coming…The ending is not clearly told,but full of hope.

I like the author written style.Theres paragraghs of internal monologues,warm memorys , sad plots,horrible war scenes…the words,sentences always catch me tightly,make me think,make me cry…Now if someone ask me what novels impressed me most,The Kite Runner will be an answer.

It is the first time I have seen a novel in English.It is hard for me to insist on reading as there are so many words I have to look up.But it really benefit me in some way.

Dear Kate,

亲爱的凯特,

This term I moved to a new house and studied in a new school. But I always missed my friend. My old house was move comfortable than this new house. I wanted to go back to my old house.

这学期我搬到新房子,在一所新学校学习。但我总是想念我的朋友。我的老房子是比这舒适的新房子。我想回到我的老房子。

Everything was strange for me,so I couldnt study better. I felt nervous in the first test. And I got bad scores,I felt very sad. The teacher shouted at me. And then,I felt under too much pressure and very tired. My parents were also sad with me. When my classmates knew this thing,she helped me,and gave me some advice. Later,I thought I can be better next time.

一切对我来说是陌生的,所以我不能更好的学习。在第一个测试中我感到紧张。我得到糟糕的成绩,我感到非常难过。老师对我大吼大叫。然后,我感到太多的压力和很累。我的父母和我也难过。当我的同学知道这件事,她帮助了我,给了我一些建议。之后,我想我可以更好的下一次。

I hope to get on well with everyone and get a good mark soon.

我希望和每个人都相处得很好,很快就取得好成绩。

人们普遍认为《简·爱》是夏洛蒂·勃朗特“诗意的生平写照”，是一部具有自传色彩的作品。下面是语文迷网整理的简爱英文读后感范文，供大家参考选择。

篇1：《简爱》英文读后感

Jane Eyre, is a poor but aspiring, small in body but huge in soul, obscure but self-respecting girl. After we close the covers of the book, after having a long journey of the spirit, Jane Eyre, a marvelous figure, has left us so much to recall and to think:

We remember her goodness: for someone who lost arms and blinded in eyes, for someone who despised her for her ordinariness, and even for someone who had hurt her deeply in the past.

We remember her pursuit of justice. It’s like a companion with the goodness. But still, a virtuous person should promote the goodness on one side and must check the badness on the other side.

We remember her self-respect and the clear situation on equality. In her opinion, everyone is the same at the God’s feet. Though there are differences in status、in property and also in appearance, but all the human being are equal in personality.

We also remember her striving for life, her toughness and her confidence…

When we think of this girl, what she gave us was not a pretty face or a transcendent temperament that make us admire deeply, but a huge charm of her personality.

Actually, she wasn’t pretty, and of course, the ordinary appearance didn’t make others feel good of her, even her own aunt felt disgusted with it. And some others even thought that she was easy to look down on and to tease, so when Miss Ingram met Jane Eyre, she seemed quite contemptuous, for that she was obviously much more prettier than ‘the plain and ugly governess’. But as the little governess had said: ‘Do you think, because I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless? You think wrong!’ This is the idea of equality in Jane Eyre’s mind. God hadn’t given her beauty and wealth, but instead, God gave her a kind mind and a thinking brain. Her idea of equality and self-respect impress us so much and let us feel the power inside her body.

In my mind, though a person’s beauty on the face can make others once feel that one is attractive and charming, if his or her mind isn’t the same beautiful as the appearance, such as beauty cannot last for, when others find that the beauty which had charmed them was only a falsity, it’s not true, they will like the person no more. For a long time, only a person’s great virtue, a noble soul, a beautiful heart can be called as AN EVERLASTING BEAUTY, just as Kahill Gibran has said, that ‘Beauty is a heart enflamed and a soul enchanted’. I can feel that how beauty really is, as we are all fleshly men, so we can’t distinguish whether a man is of nobleness or humbleness, but fleshly men, so we can’t distinguish whether a man is of nobleness or humbleness, but as there are great differences in our souls, and from that, we can know that whether a man is noble or ordinary, and even obscure, that is, whether he is beautiful or not.

Her story makes us thinking about life and we learn much from her experience, at least, that is a fresh new recognition of the real beauty.

篇2：《简爱》英文读后感

I first read "Jane Eyre" in eighth grade and have read it every few years since. It is one of my favorite novels, and so much more than a gothic romance to me, although thats how I probably would have defined it at age 13. I have always been struck, haunted in a way, by the characters - Jane and Mr. Rochester. They take on new depth every time I meet them...and theirs is a love story for the ages.

Charlotte Brontes first published novel,www.99zuowen.com, and her most noted work, is a semi-autobiographical coming-of-age story. Jane is plain, poor, alone and unprotected, but due to her fierce independence and strong will she grows and is able to defy societys expectations of her. This is definitely feminist literature, published in 1847, way before the beginning of any feminist movement. Perhaps this is one of the reasons why the novel has had such a wide following since it first came on the market. It is also one of the first gothic romances published and defines the genre.

Jane Eyre, who is our narrator, was born into a poor family. Her parents died when she was a small child and the little girl was sent to live with her Uncle and Aunt Reed at Gateshead. Janes Uncle truly cared for her and showed his affection openly, but Mrs. Reed seemed to hate the orphan, and neglected her while she pampered and spoiled her own children. This unfair treatment emphasized Janes status as an unwanted outsider. She was often punished harshly. On one occasion her nasty cousin Jack picked a fight with her. Jane tried to defend herself and was locked in the terrifying "Red Room" as a result. Janes Uncle Reed had died in this room a little while before, and Mrs. Reed knew how frightened she was of the chamber. Since Jane is the narrator, the reader is given a first-hand impression of the childs feelings, her heightened emotional state at being imprisoned. Indeed, she seems almost like an hysterical child, filled with terror and rage. She repeatedly calls her condition in life "unjust" and is filled with bitterness. Looking into the mirror Jane sees a distorted image of herself. She views her reflection and sees a "strange little figure," or "tiny phantom." Jane has not learned yet to subordinate her passions to her reason. Her passions still erupt unchecked. Her isolation in the Red Room is a presentiment of her later isolation from almost every society and community. This powerful, beautifully written scene never fails to move me.

Mrs. Reed decided to send Jane away to the Lowood School, a poor institution run by Mr. Brocklehurst, who believed that suffering made grand people. All the children there were neglected, except to receive harsh punishment when any mistake was made. At Lowood, Jane met Helen Burns, a young woman a little older than Jane, who guided her with vision, light and love for the rest of her life. Janes need for love was so great. It really becomes obvious in this first friendship. Helen later died from fever, in Janes arms. Her illness and death could have been avoided if more attention had been paid to the youths. Jane stayed at Lowood for ten years, eight as a student and two as a teacher. Tired and depressed by her surroundings, Jane applied for the position of governess and found employment at Thornfield. The mansion is owned by a gentleman named Edward Fairfax Rochester. Her job there was to teach his ward, an adorable little French girl, Adele. Over a long period the moody, inscrutable Rochester confides in Jane and she in him. The two form an unlikely friendship and eventually fall in love. Again, Janes need for love comes to the fore, as does her passionate nature. She blooms. A dark, gothic figure, Rochester also has a heart filled with the hope of true love and future happiness with Jane. Ironically, he has brought all his misery, past and future, on himself.

All is not as it seems at Thornfield. There is a strange, ominous woman servant, Grace Poole, who lives and works in an attic room. She keeps to herself and is rarely seen. From the first, however, Jane has sensed bizarre happenings at night, when everyone is asleep .There are wild cries along with violent attempts on Rochesters life by a seemingly unknown person. Jane wonders why no one investigates Mrs. Poole. Then a strange man visits Thornfield and mysteriously disappears with Mr. Rochester. Late that night Jane is asked to sit with the man while the lord of the house seeks a doctors help. The man has been seriously wounded and is weak from loss of blood. He leaves by coach, in a sorry state, first thing in the morning. Janes questions are not answered directly. This visit will have dire consequences on all involved. An explosive secret revealed will destroy all the joyful plans that Jane and Rochester have made. Jane, once more will face poverty and isolation.

Charlotte Brontes heroine Jane Eyre, may not have been graced with beauty or money, but she had a spirit of fire and was filled with integrity and a sense of independence - character traits that never waned in spite of all the oppression she encountered in life. Ms. Bronte brings to the fore in "Jane Eyre" such issues as: the relations between men and women in the mid-19 century, womens equality, the treatment of children and of women, religious faith and hypocrisy (and the difference between the two), the realization of selfhood, and the nature of love and passion. This is a powerhouse of a novel filled with romance, mystery and passions. It is at once startlingly fresh and a portrait of the times. Ms. Bronte will make your heart beat faster, your pulse race and your eyes fill with tears.

1.(疲乏劳累) tired; fatigued; weary; become fagged

2.(机能或反应能力减弱) fatigue; strain

3.{物} fatigue

详细解释

◎ 疲劳 píláo

[tired;fatigued] 疲乏劳累

不要打疲劳战

(1).劳苦困乏。《六韬·武锋》：“不戒可击，疲劳可击。”《三国志·蜀志·谯周传》：“民疲劳则骚扰之兆生，上慢下暴则瓦解之形起。” 唐 杜甫 《飞仙阁》诗：“往来杂坐卧，人马同疲劳。” 柳青 《铜墙铁壁》第十六章：“瞅准了敌人饥饿和疲劳这个弱点。”

(2).因运动过度或刺激过强，细胞、组织或器官的机能或反应能力减弱。如：听觉疲劳;肌肉疲劳。

(3).因外力过强或作用时间过久而不能继续起正常的反应。如：弹性疲劳;磁性疲劳。