腊八英语作文写作素材（汇集20篇）

1 天空没有翅膀的痕迹，而鸟儿已飞过

there are no trails of the wings in the sky, while the birds has flied away。

2 没有谁对不起谁，只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。

no one indebted for others,while many people dont know how to cherish others。

3 我的世界不允许你的消失，不管结局是否完美。

no matter the ending is perfect or not, you cannot disappear from my world。

4 凋谢是真实的 盛开只是一种过去

fading is true while flowering is past。

5 为什么幸福总是擦肩而过，偶尔想你的时候…。就让…。回忆来陪我。

why i have never catched the happiness? whenever i want you ,i will be accompanyed by the memory of.。。

6 如果你为着错过夕阳而哭泣，那么你就要错群星了

if you weeped for the missing sunset,you would miss all the shining stars

7 如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见

if we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other,then i wish we had never encountered 。

8 宁愿笑著流泪，也不哭著说后悔 心碎了，还需再补吗？

i would like weeping with the smile rather than repenting with the cry,when my heart is broken ,is it needed to fix?

9 爱情是一个精心设计的谎言

love is a carefully designed lie。

10 当香烟爱上火柴时，就注定受到伤害

when a cigarette falls in love with a match,it is destined to be hurt。

11 人活着 总是要得罪一些人的 就要看那些人是否值得得罪

when alive ,we may probably offend some people.however, we must think about whether they are deserved offended。

12 命里有时终需有 命里无时莫强求

you will have it if it belongs to you,whereas you dont kveth for it if it doesnt appear in your life。

13 爱情就像一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。

love is like a butterfly. it goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes。

14 永远不是一种距离，而是一种决定。

eternity is not a distance but a decision。

15 在回忆里继续梦幻不如在地狱里等待天堂

dreaming in the memory is not as good as waiting for the paradise in the hell。

16 哪里有真爱存在，哪里就有奇迹

where there is great love, there are always miracles。

17 每一个沐浴在爱河中的人都是诗人

at the touch of love everyone becomes a poet。

18 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。

if i had a single flower for every time i think about you, i could walk forever in my garden。

19 有了你，我迷失了自我；失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。

within you i lose myself, without you i find myself wanting to be lost again。

20 承诺常常很像蝴蝶，美丽的飞盘旋然后不见

promises are often like the butterfly, which disappear after beautiful hover。

[优美英语写作段落句子摘抄中英互译

导语：自私是指只为自己、只为个人利益考虑. 于是,在社会生活中的各个场合、各个角色里就有了自私. ­ 拥挤的公交车上,自私是不顾他人地乱挤; 下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关高考素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

有些文章你注定一辈子没法忘记。我做编辑时，接到过一篇来稿，读后，感动异常。这位作者名不见经传，但，我把它一字一字地抄了下来。

现在，我把这篇文章抄给你：

这是一个听来的故事。

越南战争中，一个美国士兵打完仗后回到国内，在旧金山旅馆里他辗转反侧，夜不能寐。午夜，他给家中的父母打了一个电话。

“爸爸，妈妈，我要回家了。但是我要你们帮一个忙，我要带一个朋友一起回来。”

“当然可以。”父母亲回答说。“我们见到他会很高兴的。”

“但是，有件事一定要告诉你们，他在那可恶的战争中踩响了一个地雷，受了重伤，他成了残疾人，少了一条腿和一只手。他已无处可去，我希望他能和我们住在一起。”

“我们为他感到遗憾，孩子，我们帮他另找一个地方住下，好吗?”

“不，他只能和我们住在一起。”

“孩子，你不知道，这样他会给我们造成多大的拖累，我们有我们的生活。孩子，你自己一个人回家来吧。他会有活路的。”话没说完，儿子的电话就断了。

父母在家等了许多天，未见儿子回来。一个星期后，他们接到警察局打来的电话，被告知他们的儿子坠楼自杀了。悲痛欲绝的父母飞到旧金山，在停尸房内，他们认出了他们的儿子，然而，他们惊愕地发现：他们的儿子少了一条腿、一只手。

我说过，有的文章注定让你记住一辈子。因为，它震撼我们的心灵。

Time is a file that wears and makes no noise.光阴如锉，细磨无声

Time stays not the fools leisure.时间不等闲逛的傻瓜

Time and I against any two.和时间携起手来，一人抵两人

Time is life and when the idle man kills time, he kills himself.时间就是生命，懒人消耗时间就是消耗自己的生命。或时间就是生命，节省时间，就是延长生命

Time spent in vice or folly is doubly lost.消磨于恶习或愚行的时间是加倍的损失

Time undermines us.光阴暗中催人才。或莫说年纪小人生容易老

Time and tide wait for no man.岁月不待人

Time cannot be won again.时间一去不再来

Time is , time was , and time is past.现在有时间，过去有时间，时间一去不复返

Time lost can not be recalled.光阴一去不复返

Time flies like an arrow , and time lost never returns.光阴似箭，一去不返

Time tries friends as fire tries gold.时间考验朋友，烈火考验黄金

Time tries truth.时间检验真理

Time is the father of truth.时间是真理之父

Time will tell.时间能说明问题

Time brings the truth to light.时间使真相大白。或时间一到，真理自明。

Time and chance reveal all secrets.时间与机会能提示一切秘密

Time consecrates: what is gray with age becomes religion.时间考验一切，经得起时间考验的就为人所信仰

Time reveals(discloses) all things.万事日久自明

Time tries all.时间检验一切

There is no time like the present.现在正是时候

Take time by the forelock.把握目前的时机

To choose time is to save time.选择时间就是节省时间

Never put off till tomorrow what may be done today.今日事，今日毕

Procrastination is the thief of time.拖延为时间之窃贼

One of these days is none of these days.拖延时日，终难实现。或：改天改天，不知哪天

Tomorrow never comes.明天无尽头，明日何其多

What may be done at any time will be done at no time.常将今日推明日，推到后来无踪迹

Time works wonders. 时间可以创造奇迹或时间的效力不可思议

Time works great changes.时间可以产生巨大的变化

Times change.时代正在改变

Time is money.时间就是金钱或一寸光阴一寸金

Time flies.光阴似箭，日月如梭

Time has wings.光阴去如飞

清明，是24节气之一，是中国的流传千年传统节日，我想，在每一个人的心中，它都有着不一样的含义。它的由来很耐人寻味。

Qingming Festival, is one of the 24 solar terms, is Chinas thousands of years of traditional festivals, I think, in each persons heart, it has a different meaning. Its origins are quite afford much food for thought.

清明节与春秋五霸晋文公重耳有关。重耳耳垂大，肋骨是连在一起的，一只眼睛里有两个眸子。晋国内乱，公子夷吾和重耳逃亡在外。公子夷吾杀太子自封晋惠公，对他更加无礼，重耳只好带着狐偃、狐毛、介子推等人去投奔齐国，在途中公子重耳因连日吃野草，发病了，奄奄一息，可在荒山野岭中哪有大夫?为了就自己主公，介子推割下身上的一块大腿肉生火做汤，把肉汤送给重耳，他的病好了。

The Qingming Festival is associated with the spring and Autumn Annals chonger. One ear, the ribs are linked together, one eye in two eyes. The civil strife, Wu and his son in exile. Who killed the prince - Wu Jin Hui Gong, more rude to him, he had to take the Huyan, fox fur, Jie et al to Qi, on the way to one of the princes due to days of eating weeds, disease, be at ones last gasp, but in the wild hills where the doctor? In order to his master, the muon push to cut a piece of thigh meat fire off the soup, broth gave Chonger, his disease.

他到了秦国，在秦穆公的帮助下回了晋国做了晋文公，国家建立之后，晋文公把手下的有功之臣都封了官，有人告诉他那肉汤是介子推的肉，说重耳忘记给介子推封官了。于是他后悔忘了给介子推封，可是现在六部的尚书都有人做了，他去请介子推去做官，谁知介子推隐居绵山，文公不忘本，就亲自去绵山请他，但是就是找不到他。

He went to Qin, Qin Mugong help next time in the Jin Jin, after the establishment of Jin State, his meritorious official seal, someone told him that the broth is muon push meat, that he forgot to give demonstration of the muon push. So he regrets that he forgot to muon push email, but now six of the book is done, he went to please muon push an official, who knows the meson pushes in Mianshan, Wen did not forget, then went Mianshan to please him, but I could not find him.

有人出了一个馊主意：烧山必他出来。但是介子推和老母就是不出来，后来两个人抱着两棵老柳烧死了。文公命一看追悔莫及，下令举国哀悼介子推，把绵山重新命名介山，规定每年的这一天全国不许用火，并要插柳，还将4月5号命名为清明，又称寒食节。

Someone out of a bad idea: burning mountain will him out. But Jie Zitui and mother is not out, then two people holding the two old tree willow. Wen Gongs life at her mourning, ordered the muon push, to rename the Mianshan medium mountain, stipulated every year on this day the no fire, and must be inserted Liu, also named April 5th as the Qingming Festival, also known as.

两千年来，我们中国人很重视这个节日，在清明节这一天家家不动火，只吃一些隔天的菜或青团之类的。近来我国又把它定为法定假日。让人们有时间去祭祖、扫墓、踏青。

In two thousand years, we the Chinese people attach great importance to this holiday, during the Ching Ming Festival this day every family does not get angry, just eat some vegetables such as green or the next day. Recently, our country had made it a statutory holiday. Give people time to worship ancestors, sweep the tombs, outing.

清明节，标示着中国千百年来的一个传统，说明中国人是讲义气的，重感情的，中国人有恩不忘。

The Qingming Festival, marked by a tradition for thousands of years in China, shows that the Chinese people is the sense of obligation, the feelings of the Chinese people did not forget, grace.

关于人物描写的英语作文素材——1.描述人物心情的常用词语;2.表达人物兴趣和爱好的常用词组或短语;3. 描写人物外貌和性格特征的常用词语;4.介绍人物的姓名、出身...

1.描述人物心情的常用词语：

sad 难过的 happy 高兴的

excited 兴奋的 pleased 高兴的

satisfied 满意的 angry 生气的

worried 担心的 disappointed 失望的

terrified 恐惧的 friendly 友好的

anxious 焦虑的 curious 好奇的

eager 急切的

2.表达人物兴趣和爱好的常用词组或短语：

like ------very much 非常喜欢------ love 喜爱

be interested in 对------感性趣 be fond of 喜欢

hate 憎恨 be tired of 对------厌倦

be crazy about 对------极度喜欢 enjoy 喜欢

lose interest in 对------失去兴趣

3. 描写人物外貌和性格特征的常用词语：

good-looking 长得好看的 ugly-looking 长得难看的

funny-looking 长相滑稽的 ordinary-looking 长相一般的

white-haired 白头发的 warm-hearted 热心肠的

kind-hearted 好心的 absent-minded 心不在焉的

bad-tempered 脾气不好的 near-sighted 近视眼的

far-sighted 远视眼的 tall 个高的

short 个矮的 pretty 漂亮的

naughty 淘气的 lovely 可爱的

easy-going 温和宽容的 smart 精明的

wise 明智的 bright 聪明的

diligent 勤奋的 lazy 懒惰的

clever 聪明的 healthy 健康的

humorous 幽默的 funny 滑稽的

silent 沉默的 attractive 有吸引力的

talkative 多话的

杏眼：almond-shaped 小而亮的眼睛：beadlike 美丽的: beautiful 大的: big/large 明亮的: bright 眼珠突出的: bulging 离的很近的: close-set 深陷的: deep-socketed/deep-sunken 水灵灵的: dewy 梦幻般的: dreamy 呆滞的: glazed 柔和的: gentle 呆板的: fishlike 凹陷的: hollow/sunken 远视的: longsighted/farsighted 近视的：myopic/shortsighted 眼梢上斜的: oblique 老花眼的: presbyopic 圆的: round 性感的: sexy 锐利的: sharp 斜的: slanting 细长的: slitty 小的: small/tiny 斜视眼的: squint 明亮的: starry 水汪汪的: watery 分的很开的: wide-spaced 肿胀的：swollen

4.介绍人物的姓名、出身

She was born in Beijing on Oct. 12, 1986.

She was a great woman with the name ---.

Born of a poor clerk’s family, she had little schooling.

导语：现在的人们，常常背负着各种问题和压力。他们整天灰头土脸的生活，迷茫在城市的海市蜃楼下，不在乎每天的感受，慢慢地，都变成了千篇一律的机器，笼罩着阴郁。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

我从不把什么东西珍藏在身边，因为，我总觉得，东西放在身边会遗失的，只有珍藏在心里的，永远都不会忘却……

那是一年暑假，我由于钢琴考级，便只能按捺住考上初中的喜悦，闷在家里练琴。天那样闷热，我嘴里含着冰。发狠地练着。从早晨到中午，再到傍晚，我终于可以甩一下酸疼的膀子，情不自禁地，我走到阳台上……忽然，我听到一个声音，和着夏日傍晚那特有的微风，忽而朦胧忽而清晰，飘入我的耳朵，拂过我的脸颊，掠过我的刘海儿。树叶沙沙作响，晚霞含蓄柔美。在这一刻，世界变得静得出奇，仿佛只有这声音存在。哦，是笛声，是有人在吹笛子，这笛声婉转悠扬，舒心流畅，只有心静的人才能吹得如此之好。

我陶醉了，沉静了……许久，才从思索与想像中醒来。

后来的几天，我注意到每天傍晚，这笛声都会响起，只是，后来听到的笛声总没有第一次那么好了。每天，只要我一放下琴，笛声便准时地响起，我就跑到阳台上望着楼下的建筑工地仔细地听。我想像着，吹笛子的是个孤独的老人，在诉说着心事;也许是个孩子，我的眼前浮现出一个孩子骑在老水牛背上吹笛子的情景……有一天，当我照例走到阳台上向下看时，我看到一位建筑工人坐在地上，他正吹着笛子。忽然，笛声戛然而止，当它再次响起时，我惊异地发现，他吹的是我弹的曲子!虽然笛声时断时续，但我仍能分辨出来，这是我喜爱的一首曲子。不是亲眼所见，我无论如何不能相信，一个人仅凭耳朵听曲子，就能用手中的笛子原封不动地吹出来，而且吹得如此准确，虽然吹得不太熟练。做到这一切的，还是我往日十分轻视的工人!我感到震惊!

晚上，妈妈竟也谈到了这位工人：“你看看人家，天天在太阳底下盖房子，比你累多了吧?人家晚上雷打不动地吹到你上床，人家活得不是挺轻松嘛!”

我不再叫苦。于是，早晨，梦中的笛声把我惊醒;晚上，窗外的笛声陪我入睡。在我练那首曲子时，笛声总悄然响起，只是，轻轻地，似乎生怕被我听见作文吧http://wwW.ZuowEn8.coM/作文吧。终于，他不再害怕。于是琴声和着笛声融会在一起，分外地和谐、优美、宁静，妙不可言。我激动了，泪珠在眼眶里打转，我觉得，我找到了这首曲子的真谛，是这位工人朋友帮我找到的。是的，我的感情得到了升华……

考级时，我的耳边始终萦绕着笛声，我以自己的方式理解着乐曲，终于，我考上了十级!当我兴奋地冲到阳台上准备鼓起勇气把这个好消息告诉那位素未谋面的朋友时，我怔住了。几天的激动与紧张使我忘却了眼前拔地而起的大楼。是的，我将永远不能再与那笛声合作!不知在哪一天的哪个角落，我又听见了笛声。我总觉得这笛声好耳熟，原来，那笛声，那段记忆已被我永远珍藏在我心底!

亲爱的朋友，你是否仍在吹笛子?你知道吗?一位远方的姑娘多么希望和你合奏一曲——《思乡曲》。

孝道当竭力，忠勇表丹诚;兄弟互相助，慈悲无边境。

勿以恶小而为之，勿以善小而不为。

吾见世间无教而有爱，每不能然，饮食运为，恣其所欲，宜诫翻奖，应呵反笑，至有识知，谓法当尔。

吾家食宋禄三百余年，勿忘后裔不仕。

无瑕之玉，可以为国器;孝悌之子，可以为国瑞。

我今仅守读书业，汝勿轻捐少壮时。

维祖卓识图迁，艰难风雨肇云，世系移蕃，各省籍贯他州;欲报之德，昊天罔极焉。

提倡勤俭持家，节约光荣，浪费可耻。

书山有路勤为径，学海无边苦作舟。

少年不知勤学苦，老来方悔读书迟。

赡养父母是中华民族的传统美德，从我做起代代相传。

人遗子孙以财，我遗子孙以清白。

人生内无贤父兄，外无严师友，而能有成者少矣。

人皆因禄富，我独以官贫。所遗子孙，在于清白耳。

亲贤者远小人;重礼仪讲诚信。

刻薄成家骄奢淫逸，就是败家相。

见不义之财勿取，遇合理之事则从。

家家有本难念经，唯有开心念得通。

活到老学到老躺在棺材里不算巧。

黄金非宝书为宝，万事皆空善不空。

汉之袁氏累世忠节，吾心所尚，尔等宜以之为师，时时训诫自己。

广积聚者，遗子孙以祸害;多声色者，残性命以斤斧。

妇女奢淫者败;子弟骄怠者败;兄弟不和者败;侮师慢客者败。

奉先思孝，处下思恭;倾己勤劳，以行德义。

非淡泊无以明志，非宁静无以致远。

房氏后裔起名，班辈按一字居中，一字居后，不得紊乱。

凡是不 爱已的人，实在欠缺做父亲的资格。

儿童是创造产业的人，不是继承遗产的人。

儿孙自有儿孙福，莫为儿孙作马牛。

独立人格勤俭节约凡事忍耐不断学习为人正直用心做事。

读古书以训诂为本;作诗文以声调为本;养亲以得欢心为本;养生以少恼怒为本;立身以不妄语为本;治家以不晏起为本;居官以不要钱为本;行军以不扰民为本。

传家两字曰读与耕，兴家两字曰俭与勤。

成家子，烘如宝，败家子，钱如草。

常将有日思元日，莫待无时思有时。

不以已长望人，虽卑贱皆得尽所能。

不孝父母，敬神无益;兄弟不和，交友无益;存心不正，风水无益;行止不端，读书无益;心高气傲，博学无益;做事乖张，聪明无益;时运不济，妄救无益;妄取人财，布施无益;不惜元气，服药无益;淫恶肆意，阴陟无益。

做人要做老实(遵纪守法)诚实(表里如一)善良人，多做好事，终有好事。

族内子孙人等，妄作非为，有干名教者，不待鸣官，祠内先行整治。

粥一饭，当思来处不易;半丝半缕，恒念物力维艰。

重道德修养，严情操品性;扶正义，斥邪恶。

欲高门第须为善，要好儿孙必读书。

有百世之德者，必有百世之子孙保之;有十世之德者，就有十世的子孙保之;如果是斩焉无后者，那是德至薄也。

一粥一饭，当思来之不易;半丝半缕，恒念物力维艰。

一身能勤能敬，虽愚人亦有贤智风味。

一戒是(晚)起;二戒懒惰;三戒奢华;四戒骄傲。既守四戒，又须规以四宜：一宜勤读;二宜敬师;三宜爱众;四宜慎食。

学生要三勤：手勤脑勤读书勤。

休存猜忌之心，休听离间之语，休作生分之事，休专公共之利。

行军打仗，兵最怕骄，骄兵必败;儿女也最怕娇惯，一娇惯，那一定出现问题。

孝敬老人，严教子孙;尊老爱幼，亲穆存心。

【作文材料】

南极大陆的水陆交接处，全是滑溜溜的冰层或者尖锐的冰凌，企鹅身躯笨重，没有可以用来攀爬的前臂，也没有可以飞翔的翅膀，如何从水中上岸?

纪录片《深蓝》，详尽地展示了企鹅登陆的过程。在将要上岸时，企鹅猛地低头，从海面扎入海中，拼力沉潜。潜得越深，海水所产生的压力和浮力越大，企鹅一直潜到适当的深度，再摆动双足，迅猛向上，犹如离弦之箭蹿出水面，腾空而起，落于陆地之上，画出一道完美的弧线。

这种沉潜为了蓄势，看似笨拙，却富有成效。

人生何尝不是如此?企鹅的沉潜原则一定能给你一些人生哲理的启示。请根据你对这段文字所蕴涵哲理的理解，以“沉潜”为话题，写一篇不少于800字的议论文或记叙文。

【写作指导】

“沉潜”“蓄积与勃发”有三个层次含义：一是指一种策略，一种权宜之计，一种智慧，属于谋略层面意义;二是指一种思维方式，一种量变到质变的过程;三是指一种“忍”“韧”的哲学理念，一种“于无声处听惊雷”的心理素养，一种收敛、内向、自省，锻造灵魂的手段。它当然可以指具体的人或物，可以写个人的体验和感受。也可以指抽象的哲学思辨。可以写韬光养晦积蓄力量，更可以写果断出手一鸣惊人。

人生又何尝不是如此?当我们面前困难重重，出头之日遥不可及时，何不学学企鹅的沉潜?这种沉潜绝非沉沦，而是自强。如果我们在困境中也能沉下气来，不被“冰棱”吓倒，在喧嚣中也能沉下心来，不被浮华迷惑，专心致志积聚力量，并抓住恰当的机会反弹向上，毫无疑问，我们就能成功登陆!反之，总是随波浮沉，或者怨天尤人，注定就会被命运的风浪玩弄于股掌之间，直至筋疲力竭。甘于沉下去，才可浮出来，企鹅的沉潜原则，也适用于人的生存。

导语：善意应该是一种常态，是流在血液里的基因，是不需要大肆宣扬的品质。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

有些善意，并非只有在紧要关头才能感受到它。

有次等红灯，我低头看手机，突然有只大手轻轻地护住我，我抬头看到一个白发老人，他说：“这车开得太快了。”原来是老爷爷担心车蹭到我而保护我。

在伦敦街头常常遇到没有交通灯的小路，我每每停下来等着过马路的时候，汽车也总是停下来，我们就僵在那里，司机总是示意一定要行人先走。

这些细微的善意，让我感到被这个世界温柔地对待。无论种族、财富、出身，它们如呼吸的空气，如土地里钻出的绿草，不知不觉中让人们柔软。那些生命中曾经出现的温柔又害羞的人，他们默默给予善意，却绝口不提，这是一种恩惠。

很难承认这个事实，但我们确实太久难以感受到善意，就像感官系统生了锈，像忘掉了所有读过的童话和寓言。在工作中，原本很简单的事总有人故意设置障碍，并非出于伤害的目的，甚至有时不为获取利益，只是为了让别人不那么顺利。小心思在兜里捏来捏去，把简单变复杂，只为让彼此别太舒服，给人添堵成了一个重要环节。

缺乏善意，人们相互不信任，即便收到好意也不敢简单相信，总是揣测这背后出于什么目的。久而久之，人们恶性循环，对匮乏善意的世界习以自然，把恶意当常态，在算计与谎言中筋疲力尽。

缺乏善意，人们不愿意相信那些看上去美好的人，更愿意偏执地认为比自己优秀的人只不过交了好运，比自己勤奋的人只不过更功利。他们诽谤自己没有的品质，看不到他人身上的优点，欣赏不到他们发光的才华和人格。真的智慧不是以刻薄的面目出现的，那充其量是一点自不量力的小聪明。人的困境已经很多，真无需再相互添堵。

善意应该是一种常态，是流在血液里的基因，是不需要大肆宣扬的品质。遇到己所不知的不立刻否定，有一种开放的态度;遇到与己不同的，不去批判，而去理解和接纳。世间没有绝对的好，没有绝对的坏，只有善意，是一种远见。

导语：一台机器，有千万颗齿轮和螺丝钉;一条大道，有无数块铺路石。雷锋把自己定位在“革命机器上的一个永不生锈的螺丝钉”上，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1、宝物放错地方就是废物。——富兰克林

2、一面镜子摔成许多碎片，镜中的世界就会错位。——培根

3、是光就有光的辐射，是星就有星的位置。——无名氏

天空中，不但有太阳，有月亮，更有数不清、叫不出名的繁星;舞台上，不但有主角，有配角，更有许多不能算“角”的“龙套”;庭院中，不但有大树，有鲜花，更多的是绿叶，是小草……

对于我们每一个人来说，不在于你是什么，而在于你是否摆正了自己的位置。也许大多数人都把目光聚焦于红花，但是，总会有人倾情于绿叶;绿叶完全有资格这样想，自己同样也是美的，是花园中不可或缺的。但是，如果你仅仅是一段朽木，能当柴火，却硬是要充房梁，一根锈铁，能当烧火棍，却硬要去造桥梁，那么你的错就大了，等待着你的无疑是屋毁桥垮，遗臭于万年。

古往今来，无数文人曾发出同一感慨，叫做“怀才不遇”。其实，从大道理上说，“是金子总会闪光”，有时候，只是自己都没有搞清楚自己是块怎样的“金子”，该放在哪一个合适的“位置”(哪里)上而已。李白“仰天大笑出门去，我辈岂是蓬蒿人”，但唐玄宗似乎比他清醒，认为李白“非廊庙器”，不是经邦济世之才，最终让李白回归于“诗仙”、“酒仙”;同样，如果柳永官运亨通，也许中国历史上就多了一个平庸的官员，在文学史上却少了一个极其出色的词人。宋徽宗感慨不幸生于帝王家，李煜不知道有没有相同的感慨，但他们在现实生活中的“位置”是他们所不能胜任的，让他们吃尽了苦头，这已是不争的事实。

如果你有才能，你应该尽量争取做元帅，做拿破仑;如果你才能不足，不妨做元帅、拿破仑身边的传令兵，在拿破仑的功绩之中也包含着你的努力。

有人说，“是光就有光的辐射，是星就有星的位置。”一台机器，有千万颗齿轮和螺丝钉;一条大道，有无数块铺路石。雷锋把自己定位在“革命机器上的一个永不生锈的螺丝钉”上，朋友，你呢?

一个浪子所走的路是跟太阳一般的，可是他并不像太阳一样周而复始。--莎士比亚《雅典的泰门》

虽然紫菀草越被人践踏越长得快，可是青春越是浪费，越容易消失。--莎士比亚《亨利四世上篇》

不要让小小的误会使春天的花儿枯萎。春天的花儿，发了芽，又枯萎，就不能再开了。在太阳中闪光的喷泉，不应当仅仅为了三心二意加以阻塞;撒哈拉沙漠中的沃壤，不应当加以懒懒地耕耘。--狄更斯《大卫科波菲尔》

你知道，我的天性喜欢抓紧眼前的现实而生活。你能够了解：要我等待未来是多么痛苦的拘束。--《罗兰与梅森葆的通信》

青春啊!难道你愿意倒卧在尘土之中，埋葬在累累赘赘的废物之下?黎明给你带来黄金的冠冕。火焰向天空放射，太阳在你身上看到了他自己的形象。--泰戈尔《鸿鹄集》

我有了这样一宗珍宝，就像是二十个大海的主人，它的每一粒泥沙都是珠玉，每一滴海水都是天上的琼浆，每一块石子都是天上的黄金。--莎士比亚《维洛那二世》

弓弦越拉得紧，生命之箭射得越远。--罗曼·罗兰《母与子》

凡有能力对人世有的贡献的人就必须经常记住，决不能胡乱浪费掉自己的资本，不然的话，他就会慢慢失去济世助人的能力了。--泰戈尔《沉船》

春天把花开过就告别了。如今落红遍地，我却等待而又流连。--泰戈尔《吉檀迦利》

任何事物都无法抗拒吞食一切的时间。(《泰戈尔评传》)

人的一生是短的，但如卑劣地过这短的一生，就太长了。--《莎士比亚戏剧集》

时间的无声的脚步，是不会因为我们有许多事情需要处理而稍停片刻的。--莎士比亚《终成眷属》

宝贵的光阴，总是像箭一样地飞逝着。--狄更斯《游美札记》

时间是人的财富，全部财富，正如时间是国家的财富一样，因为任何财富都是时间与行动化合之后的成果。--《巴尔扎克论文选》

记住吧：只有一个时间是重要的，那就是现在!它所以重要，就是因为它是我们唯一有所作为的时间。--托尔斯泰《三个问题》

青春是有限的，智慧是无穷的，趁短短的青春，去学习无穷的智慧。--高尔基《外国名人名言录》

世界上最快而以最慢、最长而又最短，最平凡而又最珍贵、最容易被人忽视而又令人后悔的就是时间。--高尔基《外国名人名言录》

一个个生日，组成一条朝伟大的未知不停地走去的长长的行列，就像千条江河归大海那样向它们的最终目的地奔去。--《泰戈尔评传》

1)做模版：拿几片范文，找几句比较拽的结构型句子，拼凑出一个你自己顺手的框架即可。不用到处找，也不用找很多，一个框架即可，当然，准备一些可以替换的词：比如recommendation替换conclusion.漂亮句子很多，但若水三千，我只掬一瓢饮。

2)找出主要的错误类型，每种写出一道两句经典的表述即可。

3)考时30分钟分三个阶段：一)12-15分钟，写出完整的第一段，三个征文段的topic sentence，和完整的末段。写第一段的同时就构思topicsentence,末段无非是重复结论和三句topic。这样的好处是结构已经完整了，你不用慌了。。二)13-10分钟，完成三段正文。我以前觉得这个很困难，后来想通了。无非是把这层意思说清楚就行。3句话就够了。也够长了。三)5分钟check.还一个作用时，是在前面没有完成，还有一个buffer,也不至于弹尽粮绝。

4)非常措施：考试万一时间不够，首段就抄原句;如果时间还不够，末段就cut-paste首段和topic 的文本，稍加修改即可。但是，结构是完整的。

5)ok作文法的精髓和适用范围：精髓：看上去很美。适用范围：不想得6分的人(因为想的6分的人追求的是实际上也很美。如果运气好，可以的5分，运气不好，可以的4分。

要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径：

１．问题现状

２．怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)

In recent days, we have to face I problem-----A, which is becoming more and more serious. First, ------------(说明Ａ的现状)．Second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状) Confronted with A, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, ---------------(解决方法一). For another -------------(解决方法二). Finally, --------------(解决方法三). Personally, I believe that -------------(我的解决方法). Consequently, Im confident that a bright future is awaiting us because --------------(带来的好处).

卷面整洁 书写清楚

构思简单 少犯错误

中心突出 层次分明

借助经典 名句俗谚

重在变化 避免重复

卷面整洁，书写清楚

1、打好腹稿再动笔，减少涂改。

2、书写漂亮的当然更好，达不到的最起码也要工整。

3、使用黑色水笔作答，白纸黑字，这样能够有效提高整洁度。

构思简单 少犯错误

根据阅卷经验，四级作文的主要错误集中在思路、标点、时态、单复数、结构等五个方面。

英语四级错误十错十察

1.句子成分残缺

We always working till late at night before taking exams.(误)

We are always working till late at night before taking exams(正)

2.句子成分多余

This test is end, but there is another test is waiting forus. (误)

One test ends, but another is waiting for you. (正)

3.主谓不一致

Someone/Somebody think that reading should be selective. (误)

Someone/Somebody thinks that reading should be selective. (正)

4.动词时态误用

I was walking along the road, and there are not so many cars on the street. (误)

I was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street. (正)

5.动词语态误用

The driver of the red car was died in the accident. (误)

The driver of the red car died in the accident. (正)

6.词类混淆

It is my point that reading must be selectively. (误)

In my opinion, reading must be selective. (正)

Honest is so important for every person. (误)

Honesty is so important for everyone. (正)

7.名词可数与不可数的误用

In modern society, people are under various pressures(误)

In modern society, people are under various kinds of pressure. (正)

8.动词及物与不及物的误用

Because of his excellent performance, the boss rose his salary. (误)

Because of his excellent performance, the boss raised his salary. (正)

9.动宾搭配不当

We must make solutions to the problem. (误)

We must find a solution to the problem. (正)

It also may help you to make success. (误)

It may also help you succeed/obtain your goal. (正)

10.根据中文逐字硬译

Let us touch the outside world of campus.

Let’s keep in touch with the world outside of the campus.

Don’t forget to keep a good body health.(误)

Don’t forget to keep fit/healthy.(正)

导语：在我们的人生路上最灿烂的阳光应该属于知恩图报,感谢帮助我们成长的每一个人。是的，学会感恩,是一种情怀，学会感恩,更是一种情操。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关中考素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

亲爱的同学们,我们的人生之路总是阳光明媚,晴空万里,到底哪一缕阳光最耀眼?有人说是优异的学习成绩,有人说是给予别人帮助……而我认为在我们的人生路上最灿烂的阳光应该属于知恩图报,感谢帮助我们成长的每一个人.是的,学会感恩,是一种情怀,学会感恩,更是一种情操.

两年前,我得了一场大病,父母背着我东奔西跑,到处求医,从他们焦急的神态中,从他们悉心的呵护中,我深深地体会到父母对我发自内心的爱.一天,爸爸用自行车驮我去医院,我坐车后发现爸爸骑得很慢.几个月了,爸爸是太累了,我的病让他身心疲惫.我无意中发现了爸爸头上的一些白发.啊,爸爸变了,变老了.我在他身上看到了岁月的沧桑,看到了生活的艰辛,更看到了爸爸为我操劳的痕迹.啊,爸爸没变,大山般的父爱没变.我依然感受着他的温暖,他的爱.

那是我住院期间的一天傍晚,天很冷,外面的雪下得很大.爸爸下班后赶来给我送饭,可是我想吃饺子.他二话不说,放下手里提来的家里做好的饭菜,迎着凛冽的大风,冒着漫天飞舞的鹅毛大雪又出去为我买饺子.天黑了,风更猛了,雪更大了.这时,雪人似的爸爸一边走还一边说：“饿坏了吧!”看着爸爸慈祥的面容,摸着爸爸冻得通红的双手,我感动得流泪了.“爸爸,爸爸……”我在心里一遍遍地念叨,“你真是我的好爸爸!”.冬天是寒冷的,而爸爸所做的一切,却仿佛阳光,温暖我病痛的躯体;又似暖流,融进我愁苦的心坎里;爸爸的关爱,撑起了我战胜病魔的信念,经过一个多月的治疗,我康复出院.

我永远不会忘记父母对我的爱,对我的呵护和关怀.我能为他们做些什么?我常常这样问自己.哪怕是为他们垂垂肩,洗洗碗,给他们唱段曲儿,陪他们逛逛街,散散步,我也会感到心里的安慰.学会感恩,学会报答,我仿佛一下子长大了:我用心学习,不让他们为我的操心;我抢着洗碗拣菜,让他们能多休息一会儿;我经常哼哼小曲,让家庭充满欢声笑语……我尽我所能给父母留下最难忘的美好时光,让他们开心,让他们骄傲,

我爱我的父母,普天下的孩子们都爱自己的父母.让我们一起对父母说一声：“我们爱您!”让我们一起行动,知恩图报,学会感恩.冬天就不再寒冷,黑夜就不再漫长,幸福快乐就时刻陪伴在你我身边.

1、拥有诚实，就舍弃了虚伪;拥有诚实，就舍弃了无聊;拥有踏实，就舍弃了浮躁，不论是有意的丢弃，还是意外的失去，只要曾经真实拥有，在一些时候，大度舍弃也是一种境界

2、真诚是美酒，年份越久越醇香浓型;真诚是焰火，在高处绽放才愈是美丽;真诚是鲜花，送之于人手有余香。

3、如果你失去了金钱，你只失去了一小部分;如果你失去了健康，你只失去了一小半;如果你失去了诚信，那你就几乎一贫如洗了。

4、一颗孤独的心需要爱的滋润;一颗冰冷的心需要友谊的温暖;一颗绝望的心需要力量的托慰;一颗苍白的心需要真诚的帮助;一颗充满戒备关闭的门是多么需要真诚这一把钥匙打开呀!

5、只有我们愿意打开心内的窗，才会看见心灵的宝藏;只有我们愿意打开心内的窗，才会看见门外清明的风景;只有我们愿意打开心内的窗，人间的繁花满树与灯火辉煌才会一片一片飘进窗来;只有我们愿意打开心内的窗，我们才能坦然勇敢走出门去，一步一步走向光明的所在。

6、尊重是一缕春风，一泓清泉，一颗给人温暖的舒心丸，一剂催人奋进的强心剂。

7、尊重别人是一种美德，受人尊重是一种幸福。

8、宽容润滑了彼此的关系，消除了彼此的隔阂，扫清了彼此的顾忌，增进了彼此的了解。

9、生活如海，宽容作舟，泛舟于海，方知海之宽阔;生活如山，宽容为径，循径登山，方知山之高大;生活如歌，宽容是曲，和曲而歌，方知歌之动听。

10、学会宽容，意味着成长，秀木出木可吸纳更多的日月风华，舒展茁壮而更具成熟的力量。

I love you not because of who you are, but because of who Iamwhen I am with you.

我爱你，不是因为你是一个怎样的人，而是因为我喜欢与你你在一起时的感觉。

No man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is,won‘tmake you cry.

没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。

The worst way to miss someone is to be sitting center besidethemknowing you can‘t have them.

失去某人，最糟糕的莫过于，他近在身旁，却犹如远在天边。

Never frown, even when you are sad, because you never know whoisfalling in love with your smile.

纵然伤心，也不要愁眉不展，因为你不知是谁会爱上你的笑容。

To the world you may be one person, but to one person you maybethe world.

对于世界而言，你是一个人;但是对于某个人，你是他的整个世界。

Don‘t waste your time on a man/woman, who isn‘t willing towastetheir time on you.

不要为那些不愿在你身上花费时间的人而浪费你的时间。

Just because someone doesn‘t love you the way you want themto,doesn‘t mean they don‘t love you with alltheyhave.

爱你的人如果没有按你所希望的方式来爱你，那并不代表他们没有全心全意地爱你。

Don‘t try so hard, the best things come when you least expectthemto.

不要着急，最好的总会在最不经意的时候出现。

Maybe God wants us to meet a few wrong people before meetingthecenter one, so that when we finally meet the person, we willknowhow to begrateful.

在遇到梦中人之前，上天也许会安排我们先遇到別的人;在我们终于遇见心仪的人时，便应当心存感激。

Don‘t cry because it is over, smile becauseithappened.

不要因为结束而哭泣，微笑吧，为你的曾经拥有。

导语：还在为处处苦寻作文素材而烦恼吗?还在为找不到新鲜视觉而挠头吗?原来，素材最多最全的竟是我们相伴三年的语文课本。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的高考作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

一、素材集成

1.《蜀道难》

(1)素材：蜀道之难，难于上青天。

其险也如此，嗟尔远道之人胡为乎来哉。

适用话题：面对困境

阐释：蜀道虽难，又怎比得上仕途之险恶。人们说李白豪放洒脱，赐金放还后游于名山大川，诗酒一生。他失意中发豪放之音，抑郁中唱洒脱之歌，终成就一代“诗仙”的美名。一生的游历，半个盛唐都有阴郁的灰色。

2.《杜甫诗三首》

(1)素材：画图省识春风面，环珮空归夜月魂。

适用话题：正直

阐释：汉元帝按图招幸宫人，宫人都贿赂画工。王昭君自恃美貌，不肯行贿，被画工丑化，不得皇帝召见。后汉与匈奴和亲，王昭君远嫁塞北，为汉朝和匈奴的和平作出了贡献。

(2)素材：一去紫台连朔漠，独留青冢向黄昏。

适用话题：个人与国家的关系

阐释：纵然被画工丑化的苦楚和不得皇帝召见的伤感依旧萦绕于心，但昭君在个人幸福和国家安定之间毅然选择了后者。她离开汉宫，远嫁极北荒漠之地。昭君墓穿越千年时空向我们展示着这个温柔女子的无悔选择。

3.《琵琶行》

(1)素材：别有幽愁暗恨生，此时无声胜有声。

适用话题：给人生“留白”

阐释：这句话表现了这位演奏琵琶的少妇技艺是如此的高超，在乐曲高潮后留一段曲调空白。这样一段空白，却使诗人对曲子意境的理解更加深刻。高超的山水画家在画山水画时也会留下空白。它们不仅不会影响画作的品质，反而会增加其价值。生活也是如此，留一点空白将会更加精彩。

(2)素材：同是天涯沦落人，相逢何必曾相识。

座中泣下谁最多，江州司马青衫湿。

适用话题：沟通与理解

阐释：江州司马，出官二年，依然恬然自安;但听到琵琶女用真情弹奏出的仙乐后，也不禁感迁谪之意，泪湿青衫。真情是事物的灵魂，有了它，琵琶音才能打开白乐天的心扉，触动他心中那根绷紧的弦;有了它，《琵琶行》才能穿越历史的天空，引起读者强烈的共鸣。

4.《李商隐诗两首》

(1)素材：沧海月明珠有泪，蓝田日暖玉生烟。

适用范围：理想类话题

阐释：中唐诗人戴叙伦曾说：“诗家之景如蓝田日暖，良玉生烟，可望而不可置于眉睫之前也。”李商隐化用其意，表示美好愿望终如蓝田之烟云，可望而不可即。

(2)素材：空闻虎旅传宵柝，无复鸡人报晓筹。

适用话题：逸豫可以亡身

阐释：唐玄宗晚年沉迷于享乐，“春宵苦短日高起，从此君王不早朝”，于是渔阳鼓动起来，惊破《霓裳羽衣曲》，在马嵬坡“空闻虎旅传宵柝”。

二、素材集成

1.或百步而后止，或五十步而后止。以五十步笑百步，则何如?(《寡人之于国也》)

适用话题：“看问题抓事物本质，不能仅停留表面”“对人与对己”“谦虚”

精彩运用：其实“五十步笑百步”是一般人的通病，他们往往只看到別人的缺点和短处，却不明白自己也犯了相同的错误和毛病，还一味批评別人，而不会检讨自己并改正自己的缺点和错误，这实在是标准的“五十步笑百步”。朋友，当你想取笑别人的错误时，先要扪心自问，这样的错误，我犯了吗?

2.不违农时，谷不可胜时也;数罟不入洿池，鱼鳖不可胜食也;斧今以时入山林，材木不可胜用也。(《寡人之于国也》)

适用话题：“遵循自然规律”“保护生态平衡”“坚持可持续性发展的道路”“人与自然的和谐”

精彩运用：近百年来，不和谐的场景一幕幕在加速上演着。当蒸汽机代替了手工作业，当电能、核能代替了煤炭石油时，人们逐渐破坏了自然的和谐。不知道多少黑烟毒气排入了原本湛蓝的天空，不知多少农药灰尘在大地肆意飞舞。而一次性餐具、不可降解的塑料袋、电池等产品也正在不断地破坏着生态的和谐，破坏着整个人类赖以生存的家园和谐。或许几十年、几百年后我们将没有了赖以生存的淡水，也许石油等一次性能源也将很快被用尽，届时我们又该何去何从?生态的和谐是多么的重要啊!听听孟子的呼声吧!

3.青，取之于蓝，而青于蓝。(《劝学》)

适用话题：“学习”“超越”“进步”

精彩运用：这句话的原意是指靛青染料是从蓝草中提炼出来的，但颜色比蓝草更深。用在此处其意是强调学习的功效。是的，学习者不是简单地重复已有的知识，每个人都要善于在前人的基础上有所创新，有所进步。人只有不断学习，改造自己，才能不断地超越自我。后世一般把“青出于蓝胜于蓝”用来形容学生胜过老师，与长江后浪推前浪的意思相似。

4.君子博学而日参省乎己，则知明而行无过矣。(《劝学》)

适用话题：“学习与思考”“反思与进步”

精彩运用：我们在成长的过程中，难免会染上一些灰尘——诸如懒惰、自卑等等。而这些灰尘虽然用肉眼不能看清，却会让我们的大脑运转不灵，直接影响我们的前程。这个时候，我们就需要时时反省，就像曾子那样每日多次反省：“为人家办事情是不是尽心尽力了呢?和朋友交往是不是真诚呢?老师传给我的知识是不是复习了呢?”

5.故不积跬步，无以至千里;不积小流，无以成江海。(《劝学》)

适用话题：“坚持积累”“量变与质变”

精彩运用：“泰山不择细壤故成其高，江海不择细流故成其深”，无论学习还是生活，我们都应加强积累，注重积累的重要性。法国作家大仲马说:“生活是由无数个烦恼组成的念珠，你必须微笑着数完它”。生活本身就是一个积累的过程，我们只有在积累中走完人生这个过程，才能体会生活的真谛。

6.锲而舍之，朽木不折;锲而不舍，金石可镂。(《劝学》)

适用话题：“持之以恒”“执著”

精彩运用：执著是“咬定青山不放松，任尔东南西北风”;执著是坚守，在纷至沓来的诱惑面前，如锚碇般坚强稳定，稳住左顾右盼，游离不定的心思;执著是忘情是专注，是一心一意的全神贯注的追寻、探索，是锲而不舍孜孜不倦的探求;执著是热情的投入，是一份深深的眷恋;执著也是给予是付出，是全副身心的追求。

7.蚓无爪牙之利，筋骨之强，上食埃土，下饮黄泉，用心一也。蟹六跪而二螯，非蛇鳝之穴无可寄托者，用心躁也。(《劝学》)

适用话题：“恒心”“浮躁”“毅力”

精彩运用：蚯蚓的体内是没有骨头的，可偏偏就是这么一种无骨的动物，身上却具有比那些有骨者更多的坚强与韧性。一辈子锲而不舍地躬行，用柔弱的躯体，在漆黑的无路的地下，开辟出一条生之路来。

8.师不必贤于弟子，弟子不必不如师，闻道有先后，术业有专攻。(《师说》)

适用话题：“各有所长”“自信”

精彩运用：不要看轻自己，不必自怨自艾，世间很少全才，更少有十全十美的人，只要你有一技之长，你就可能在这方面胜过别人。古人云：“师不必贤于弟子，弟子不必不如师”。作为师长，我们应该始终坚持着“礼贤下士”的原则，真诚地、虚心地向每一个孩子们请教，哪怕是一个很不起眼的问题，孩子们也耐心地、认真地、幸福地告诉我《谁动了我的奶酪》的主要内容，《哈里·波特》怎么怎么好玩，他们还会告诉我新建的儿童公园在哪……

9.是故无贵无贱，无长无少，道之所存，师之所存也。(《师说》)

适用话题：“真理”“盲从”“赏识”“学习”“合作”“帮助”

精彩运用：互帮互学，方能共同进步。孔子当年就认为“三人行，必有我师焉”;韩愈当年也批评了“耻学于师”的风气，提倡“不耻相师”。在今天激烈竞争的年代，有些人暗自发力，以为“留一手”，自己可以脱颖而出，其实封闭自己，只会变成井底之蛙，你虚心求教，必有进步;你帮助别人的同时，也促使自己提高。没有赏识就没有教育，每个孩子仿佛都是为得到赏识而来到人世。每一个人，无贵无贱，无长无少，都有他光彩夺目的一面，作为教师，要寻找学生的闪光点，挖掘学生的优势潜能，树立学生的自尊自信，让孩子在赏识中点燃生命的理想，实现生命的价值。

三、素材集成

曹雪芹与《红楼梦》素材与话题：

“字字看来皆是血”

曹雪芹晚年贫病交加，在北京西村时，“蓬牖茅椽，绳床瓦灶”，“举家食粥酒常赊”。在这样的困境中，他仍然勤奋写作《红楼梦》，批阅十载，增删五次，真是“字字看来皆是血，十年辛苦不寻常”。《红楼梦》问世已两百余年，成为我国古典文学的光辉巨著，也是世界文化艺术的瑰宝。

适用话题：人生的困境与奋斗、逆境与成才、正确对待困境、勤奋与成功、坚守等。

生成与运用：

●逆境能摧毁人，也能锻炼人。对于有坚强意志的人来说，逆境只不过是展示其毅力的一个平台，是其奋斗的一个缩影。面对逆境，努力者成功，畏缩者失败。晚年的曹雪芹移居北京西郊，生活穷苦，“满径蓬蒿”“举家食粥”。他以坚忍不拔的毅力，专心致志地从事《红楼梦》的写作和修订。《红楼梦》被他“披阅十载，增删五次”，真是“字字看来皆是血，十年辛苦不寻常”。正因为如此，《红楼梦》问世两百余年来，一直雄踞中国古典小说创作的最高峰。

●溶溶月，淡淡风，曹雪芹的名字留在了弥留花香的空气里，没有随世俗之波而逐流，于是有了如今众多致力于红学的学者。做自己，才有了红楼叠梦，做自己，才有了万古流芳。

心境似云，有聚的浓烈，也有散的寡落;心境似水，有静的轻柔，也有动的汹涌。我们不做别人的模板，要做就做那参天直立的大树，根深深地扎进黑暗的泥土，树高高地伸进光明的苍穹。做高大的自己，每一片叶子都是一首欢歌。我们要时时保持心的洁净，不让雨下进真实的灵魂里。

●何必要穷根究底，去争论红楼中的花魁呢?不正是有了宝钗的端庄，黛玉的优雅，湘云的开朗，妙玉的清高，熙凤的泼辣，还有那晴雯的俏丽，紫鹃的聪慧，平儿的细致，大观园才得以流光、《红楼梦》才得以溢彩吗?不正是有了这么多性格迥异的人，才构成了这个多元丰富的社会大舞台的吗?所以，我们所提倡的“个性张扬”必须是针对自我的内在潜能。只有真诚、诚实地秀出自我，张扬个性，才能变成一颗耀眼璀璨的星星，升起在人生大舞台上。

《林黛玉进贾府》素材与话题：

满纸荒唐言，一把辛酸泪。都云作者痴，谁解其中味!

提示：这是《红楼梦》全书首先进行的自我总评。整部小说也确然如此，写尽荒唐之事，然情节最是牵动人情，所谓“千红一哭”“万艳同悲”。从封建阶级的正统观念来看，作者写石头“幻形入世”是荒唐的，写大观园内小儿女之间你你我我、恩恩怨怨的情爱也是荒唐的，揭露那些诗礼蓉缨之族、钟鸣鼎食之家内部的腐朽堕落，则更是荒唐、无有意义的。所以作者解嘲似地“承认”是“满纸荒唐言”。然而作者自己深深懂得他绝不是为了给世人消愁破闷儿来写这部书的，而是把自己一生“历尽离合悲欢炎凉世态”的经历，加以艺术的概括和提炼。塑造了众多类型的人物，来表明他对人生社会的认识，寄托他难以言喻的感慨，既是赞歌，又是悲歌和挽歌。

生成与运用：

●大观园是作者精心虚构的一座人间仙境，是宝玉和少男少女的人间乐园。这座花园寄寓了作者的人生和社会理想，它干净、闲雅、脱俗，人与人间相亲相爱，主仆间没有差别。这里面没有功名利禄世俗干扰，也没有外界污浊恶臭。但大观园毕竟是作者理想的存在，它依托贾府现实环境而存在，不可避免地受世俗侵扰，大观园的命运最终是归于毁灭。这是《红楼梦》小说悲剧精神的核心之所在。抄检大观园总体上是一场悲剧。小人之得逞，无辜之受害，探春之悲愤，王夫人之刚愎，凤姐之无奈，以及从总体上看贾府之走向败落，俱足以悲。

●在以后的日子里，我读《红楼梦》的次数多起来。我逐渐懂得颦儿“孤高自许，目下无尘”背后的无奈，渐渐了解贾宝玉“富贵闲人”中隐藏的叛逆精神，慢慢明白薛宝钗“任是无情也动人”的世故冷漠，我会为金钏儿的投井身亡洒一掬同情之泪，我会为晴雯的反抗拍案叫绝，我会为袭人的谨小慎微而悠然叹息……

吟着“我所居兮，青埂之峰，我所峰兮，鸿蒙太空，吾维于是逝，谁与吾从，渺渺茫茫，归彼大荒”，我不再只醉心于词句的优美，而是对那个时代的悲哀与无奈有了更深刻的认识。

如今，我再次阅读《红楼梦》，得出新的认识：《红楼梦》中的“千红一哭(窟)，万艳同悲(杯)”昭示着封建制度的必然灭亡。《红楼梦》的成功不仅仅在于其文学价值，更在于其社会意义。

《祝福》素材与话题：

反对封建，提倡民主;反对迷信，提倡科学，已经整整一个世纪了，然而，在今天，受迫害的“祥林嫂”时有所闻，满脑子牛鬼蛇神轮回报应的“柳妈”更随处可见，而且，“柳妈”更是年轻化、低龄化，这难道不应引起我们高度的重视吗?

适用话题：提倡科学，反对迷信

《老人与海》素材与话题：

一个人并不是生来要给打败的，你尽可把他消灭掉，可就是打不败他。

提示：桑地亚哥是个可怜的老渔夫——看上去似乎是的。海明威以自己精炼的语言塑造了这个形象，可以说，海明威并没有给予老人成功，却赋予老人在压力下优雅而坚韧的形象。

老渔夫在海上一无所获地漂流了84天后捕到了一条巨大无比的马林鱼，这是一条比他的渔船还长的鱼，是在拖着渔船三天两夜之后才被刺死的。但老人的归途并不顺利，他又遭遇了鲨鱼，经过殊死的搏斗，马林鱼只剩下一副骨架。

骨骼是精神的支柱，海明威看似没有让老人桑地亚哥成功，却以光秃秃的骨骼奏出了老人生命的硬度。

适用话题：人生意义类、培养坚强品质类。

生成与运用：

●“我要跟它们斗到死”——这个硬汉面对挑战如是说。他自身的英雄主义，还有他趋向坚韧的力量咄咄逼人。老人是孤独的，他是在理想的道路上前行的旅人，但他又是不孤独的，因为他的意志是那样的坚强。一个人并不是生来要给打败的，你尽可把他消灭掉，可就是打不败他。这副铮铮铁骨难道不为我们所崇敬、所供奉、所学习吗?年轻，象征着力量和希望。我们怎么去面对生、老、病、死，我们的心该有多宽?

一个真正的强者，只能被摧毁而不能被击败。

●人性是强悍的，人类本身有自己的限度，但正是因为有了老渔夫这样的人一次又一次地向限度挑战，超越它们，这个限度才一次次被扩大，一次次把更大的挑战摆在人类面前。在这个意义上，老渔夫桑地亚哥这样的英雄，不管他们挑战限度是成功还是失败，都是值得我们永远敬重的。因为，他带给我们的是人类最为高贵的自信!

人生本来就是一种无止境的追求。它的道路漫长、艰难，而且充满坎坷，但只要自己勇敢顽强地以一颗自信的心去迎接挑战，他将永远是一个真正的胜利者!

导语：白发婆娑，婆娑：纷披的样子。形容满头白发的老年人的样子。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的形容年老的词语及解释，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1.【白首之心】老年时的壮志。

2.【雪鬓霜鬟】白发。借指老年人。

3.【棺材瓤子】指快死的老年人。

4.【雪鬓霜毛】指老年人。同“雪鬓霜鬟”。

5.【宝刀未老】形容人到老年还依然威猛，不减当年。

6.【耆宿大贤】耆：老。指有名望有学问的老年人。

7.【日薄桑榆】犹日薄西山。比喻老年的时光。

8.【老天拔地】形容老年人动作不灵活。

9.【老来俏】衣着打扮如青年人的中老年人。

10.【年迫日索】老年逼近，馀日不多。

11.【老蚌生珠】原比喻年老有贤子。后指老年得子。

12.【黄梅不落青梅落】比喻青年人比老年人早亡。

13.【日落西山】太阳快要落山。比喻人到老年将死或事物接近衰亡。

14.【西山日迫】比喻事物接近衰亡或人近老年。同“西山日薄”。

15.【尊年尚齿】年：年龄。尚：崇尚。齿：岁数。指尊重老年人。

16.【丈人行】丈人：古时对老年男子的尊称;行：行辈。指长辈。

17.【年已及艾】艾：代指五十岁。老年头发花白如艾。指已到老年。

18.【白发红颜】头发斑白而脸色红润。形容老年人容光焕发的样子。

19.【白发婆娑】婆娑：纷披的样子。形容满头白发的老年人的样子。

20.【鬓丝禅榻】鬓丝：鬓发如丝;禅榻：僧床。本指老僧的生活。也指老年人所过的近似僧徒的清静生活。

21.【白首如新，倾盖如故】白首：老年;倾盖：停车，初见。有人相识到老还是不怎么了解，有人初次见面却一见如故。

22.【白首相知】白首：白头发，引申为时间长。意谓老年知己。

23.【不知老之将至】不知道老年即将来临。形容人专心工作，心怀愉快，忘掉自己的衰老。

24.【炳烛之明】点燃蜡烛，用以照明。形容人到老年，好学不倦。

25.【迟暮之年】迟暮：黄昏，比喻晚年。指人至老年。

26.【垂暮之年】垂：将，快要;暮：晚，老年。快要到老年。

27.【大化有四】化：变化。人生的最大变化有四个，即人生的婴儿、少壮、老年和死亡。

28.【反老成童】反：同“返”，归，还。道教语，由衰老恢复青春。形容老年人充满了活力。

29.【返老归童】由衰老恢复青春。形容老年人充满了活力。同“返老还童”。

30.【反老还童】反：同“返”，归，还。道教语，由衰老恢复青春。形容老年人充满了活力

31.【返老还童】反：回。由衰老恢复青春。形容老年人充满了活力。

32.【风前残烛】比喻随时可能死亡的老年人。也比喻随时可能消灭的事物。

33.【风中之烛】在风里晃动的烛光。比喻随时可能死亡的老年人。也比喻随时可能消灭的事物。

34.【华发苍颜】颜：容颜。头发花白，面容苍老。形容老年人的相貌。

35.【黄发骀背】指长寿的老人。后亦泛指老年人。同“黄发台背”。

36.【鹤发童颜】仙鹤羽毛般雪白的头发，儿童般红润的面色。形容老年人气色好。

37.【皓首苍颜】皓：白色的样子;首：头发;颜：面孔。雪白的头发，灰暗的面孔。形容老年人的容貌。

38.【红颜白发】颜：面容，脸色。头发花白，面色红润。形容老年人身体健康。指红颜少女和白发老翁。

39.【矜贫恤独】矜：怜悯;恤：周济;独：老年无子的人。怜悯救助贫苦和孤独的人。

40.【君子三戒】戒：戒规。君子有三条戒规：少年时戒美色;壮年时戒殴斗;老年时戒贪图。

41.【康强逢吉】康强：安乐强健;逢吉：遇到吉利。祝贺老年人身体健康，子孙吉利。

42.【枯杨生华】枯：干枯;华：同“?花”。枯萎的杨树重新开?花。比喻老年女子嫁了做官的丈夫，好景不长。

43.【老而益壮】老：老年;益：更加;壮：强壮，雄壮。年纪虽老而志气更强壮。

44.【邻父之疑】邻父：指邻居的老年人。比喻那些心存偏见而喜欢主观用事的人。

45.【年华垂暮】垂：将，快要;暮：晚，老年。快要到老年。

46.【老将出马，一个顶俩】老年人经验丰富，做起事来，一个能顶得上两个人。

47.【老马恋栈】恋：留恋;栈：马栈。老马不妒忌离开马栈。比喻老年人恋念旧情。也指年老还贪恋官位。

48.【老气横秋】老气：老年人的气派;横：充满。形容老练而自负的神态。现形容自高自大，摆老资格。也形容缺乏朝气。

49.【龙钟潦倒】龙钟：行动不灵便的样子;潦倒：失意颓丧。形容老年人衰老颓丧的样子。

50.【少壮不努力，老大徒伤】年轻力壮的时候不奋发图强，到了老年，悲伤也没用了。

51.【少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲】年轻力壮的时候不奋发图强，到了老年，悲伤也没用了。

52.【鲐背苍耈】鲐背：指老人背上生斑如鲐鱼背，因用以称长寿老人;耈：老年人。泛指老年人。

53.【童颜鹤发】颜：脸色。仙鹤羽毛似雪白的头发，孩子似的红润的面色。形容老年人气色好。

54.【西山日薄】薄：逼近。太阳快要落山。比喻事物接近衰亡或人近老年。亦作“日薄西山”、“西山日迫”。

55.【养儿代老，积谷防饥】指养育儿子以防老年无依靠，保存谷物为防备饥荒。同“养儿防老，积谷防饥”。

56.【养儿待老，积谷防饥】指养育儿子以防老年无依靠，保存谷物为防备饥荒。同“养儿防老，积谷防饥”。

57.【养儿防老，积谷防饥】指养育儿子以防老年无依靠，保存谷物为防备饥荒。

58.【养小防老，积谷防饥】积：聚，储蓄。生养儿子是为了方便老年生活，储存谷物是为了防备荒年挨饿

59.【养子防老，积谷防饥】指养育儿子以防老年无依靠，保存谷物为防备饥荒。同“养儿防老，积谷防饥”。

60.【朱颜鹤发】朱颜：红润的脸。红润的脸和像鹤羽毛一样白的头发。形容老年人精神焕发的样子。

61.【老妪能解】妪：老年妇女。相传唐朝诗人白居易每作一首诗就念给老年妇女听，不懂就改，力求做到她们能懂。形容诗文明白易懂。

62.【黄发台背】指长寿的老人。后亦泛指老年人。黄发，指老年人头发由白转黄。台背，指老年人背上生斑如鲐鱼背。台，通“鲐”。

63.【黄发鲐背】黄发：老年人头发由白转黄，后常指老年人。鲐背;鲐鱼背上有黑斑，老人背上也有，因常借指老人。指长寿老人，也泛指老年人。亦作“黄发台背”、“黄发骀背”。

长久以来，一颗流浪的心忽然间找到了一个可以安歇的去处。坐在窗前，我在试问我自己:你有多久没有好好看看这蓝蓝的天，闻一闻这芬芳的花香，听一听那鸟儿的鸣唱?有多久没有回家看看，听听家人的倾诉?有多久没和他们一起吃饭了，听听那年老的欢笑?有多久没与他们谈心，听听他门的烦恼、他们的心声呢?是不是因为一路风风雨雨，而忘了天边的彩虹?是不是因为行色匆匆的脚步，而忽视了沿路的风景?除了一颗疲惫的心，麻木的心，你还有一颗感恩的心吗?不要因为生命过于沉重，而忽略了感恩的心!

也许失败，我才体会的一句鼓励的真诚;

也许坎坷，让我看到互相搀扶的身影;

也许不幸，我才更懂得珍惜幸福。

生活给予我挫折的同时，也赐予了我坚强，我也就有了另一种阅历。对于热爱生活的人，它从来不吝啬。要看你有没有一颗包容的心，来接纳生活的恩赐。酸甜苦辣不是生活的追求，但一定是生活的全部。试着用一颗感恩的心来体会，你会发现不一样的人生。不要因为冬天的寒冷而失去对春天的希望。我们感谢上苍，是因为有了四季的轮回。拥有了一颗感恩的心，你就没有了埋怨，没有了嫉妒，没有了愤愤不平，你也就有了一颗从容淡然的心!

我常常带着一颗虔诚的心感谢上苍的赋予，我感谢天，感谢地，感谢生命的存在，感谢阳光的照耀，感谢丰富多彩的生活。

清晨，当欢快的小鸟把我从睡中唤醒，我推开窗户，放眼蓝蓝的天，绿绿的草，晶莹的露珠，清清爽爽的早晨，我感恩上天又给予我一个美好的一天。

入夜，夜幕中的天空繁星点点，我打开日记，用笨拙的笔描画着一天的生活感受，月光展露着温柔的笑容，四周笼罩着夜的温馨，我充满了感恩，感谢大地赋予的安宁。

朋友相聚，酒甜歌美，情浓意深，我感恩上苍，给了我这么多的好朋友，我享受着朋友的温暖，生活的香醇，如歌的友情。

走出家门，我走向自然。放眼花红草绿，我感恩大自然的无尽美好，感恩上天的无私给予，感恩大地的宽容浩博。生活的每一天，我都充满着感恩情怀，我学会了宽容，学会了承接，学会了付出，学会了感动，懂得了回报。用微笑去对待每一天，用微笑去对待世界，对待人生，对待朋友，对待困难。所以，每天，我都有一个好心情，我幸福的生活着每一天。

我感恩，感恩生活，感恩网络，感恩朋友，感恩大自然，每天，我都以一颗感动的心去承接生活中的一切。

我感谢……

感谢欺骗我的人，因为他增进了我的见识;

感谢遗弃我的人，因为他教导了我应自立;

感谢绊倒我的人，因为他强化了我的能力。

感谢伤害我的人，因为他磨练了我的心志;

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

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