初中期末英语作文写作九大技巧分析【精彩20篇】
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1000端午节英语作文初中
全文共 1303 字
+ 加入清单The Dragon Boat Festival is a lunar (阴历)holiday, occurring (存正)on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month (农历史五月第五天)
The Chinese Dragon Boat Festival is a significant (有意义的)holiday celebrated (庆祝)in China, and the one with the longest history (历史最悠久). The Dragon Boat Festival is celebrated by boat races (龙舟赛) in the shape of dragons. Competing teams (竞争团队) row their boats forward to a drumbeat (击古)racing to reach the finish end first.
The boat races during the Dragon Boat Festival are traditional customs (传统习俗)to attempts to (试图)rescue (搭救) the patriotic poet (爱国诗人)Chu Yuan. Chu Yuan drowned (溺死) on the fifth day of the fifth lunar month in 277 B.C. Chinese citizens now throw bamboo leaves (竹叶) filled with cooked rice into the water. Therefore the fish could eat the rice rather than the hero poet. This later on turned into the custom of eating tzungtzu and rice dumplings(棕子).
The celebrations is a time for protection (防护) from evil (邪恶) and disease (疾病) for the rest of the year. It is done so by different practices such as hanging healthy herbs on the front door, drinking nutritious concoctions (营养品), and displaying (展示) portraits (画像) of evils nemesis(邪恶报应), Chung Kuei. If one manages to (成功做...) stand (直立)an egg on its end at exactly 12:00 noon, the following year will be a lucky one.
更多相似作文
篇1:英语书信的常见写作模板
全文共 364 字
+ 加入清单开头部分:
How nice to hear from you again. Let me tell you something about the activity. I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th. I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit. I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.
结尾部分:
With best wishes. I’m looking forward to your reply. I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.
篇2:初中英语作文:我的表妹
全文共 688 字
+ 加入清单I am one year older than my cousin. Both of us are the only child in the family, so my cousin and I are very closed, we are just like the sisters. I like to share my secret with my cousin, because I don’t want to tell my parents.
My cousin is a good listener, when I feel not happy, I will tell her about my annoyance, then she will comfort me and make me feel better. When Friday comes, I will ask my cousin to sleep with me, we will talk about a lot of things.
I am so lucky that I have a cousin as my good friends.
我比我的表妹长大了一岁。我们都是家里的独生子女,所以我和我的表妹很亲近,我们就像姐妹一样。我喜欢和我的表妹分享我的秘密,因为我不想告诉父母。我的表妹是一个好的倾听者,当我感到不高兴时,我会告诉她我的烦恼,然后她会安慰我,让我感觉良好。周五时,我会叫我的表妹和我睡觉,我们会谈论很多事情。我很幸运,有一个表妹作为我的好朋友。
篇3:关于我的爱好英语作文初中
全文共 704 字
+ 加入清单I have a wide range of interests and enjoy doing many things during my free
time.
I am fond of reading. I often read after class. My classmates like watching
TV while I prefer to read. I read various kinds of books and newspapers that
they afford me stories and news. The book I like most isThe House on the Mango
Street. I am also a music lover. Pop music is my favorite. I often listen to the
music programs on radio and I also have an MP3 downloading all my favorite
songs. In addition, swimming and badminton are my favorites, too. They help me
build a healthy body.
In short, I enjoy my life in school very much. Reading books, listening to
music and doing sports are very helpful to my health and my studies.
篇4:初中英语作文之我的家人
全文共 648 字
+ 加入清单I am a chinese girl and i study in wuyilu primary school. i get up very early in the morning and then help my mother cook breakfast. after breakfast, i walk to school, because its not far from my house.
I have many friends at school. we often help each other with our lessons.my mother is forty-six years old, and she works in meet all supermarket. its near my school. the supermarket is very big, and it sells all kinds of things. the students in my school often buy school things there.
my father is two years younger than my mother. he is in the same supermarket, but he doesnt sell things. hes a driver.
my family is a happy one.
篇5:2024高考英语记叙文写作技巧
全文共 1759 字
+ 加入清单记叙文是以叙述人物的经历或事物的发展变化过程为主的一种文体。它是写作训练中最普遍、最基本的一种文体。记叙文以写实为主,但也可以虚拟。如人物传记、历史故事或新闻报导这类非虚拟的故事是记叙文,神话故事、寓言、幽默故事等也属记叙文。记叙文通常分为三类:
1. 以记人为主的记叙文。即以人物为中心组织材料,围绕这个人物来写一、两件事。
2. 以事件为主的记叙文。即以事件为中心组织材料,围绕中心事件,可以写一个人或几个人。
3. 以写景状物为主的记叙文。但应注意的是,在一篇记叙文中,写人、写景、写事往往是交织在一起的,不可截然分开,但各有侧重。
【写作注意】
写作中应遵循以下几点:
1. 交待要素,即人、时、地、事。
2. 按事件发生的先后顺序叙述, 完整、具体。
3. 要重点突出,目的明确。记叙文所记的都是过去发生的事,原则上通常用过去时态写。
【写作实例】
假如你是武汉大学附中高三(1)的李华,今年即将高中毕业。请根据以下要点给某英文报写一篇英语短文,谈谈你对高三生活的看法。
(1)对获得的帮助表示感谢;
(2)消除与 同学之间的误会;
(3)努力学习,实现人生梦想;
(4)对学弟、学妹的建议。
注意:
(1)可适当加入细节,以使行文连贯;
(2)词数:100左右(开头已给出,不计入总词数) 。
High school is regarded as the best time in a persons life. As a senior 3 student, it wont take lon g before I graduate._____________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________
【猜题理由】本篇书面表达能比较真实地反映学生的生活实际,话题内容关注学生的社交生活和树立健康的人生观,具有考查的现实意义和指导意义;在语言表达上,能够让学生充分运用所学知识,毫无词汇障碍地表达自己的思想;此外,在语言表达的设置上也有一定的伸展性,能有效地激发学生个 性观点的创建。
【构思点拨】本篇书面表达是常见 的提纲类型的写作,要点明确清楚,便于学生组织文章,理清脉络。行文时要注意处理好语言表达的控制性和伸展性之间的关系。
【参考范文】
High school is regarded as the best time in a persons life. As a senior three student, it wont take long before I graduate. Now, I have much to share with my fellow students.
Firstly, I would like to show my appreciation to those standing by me all the way, teachers, pare nts and friends included. Without their help and advice, my life would be different. Secondly, its high time to say sorry to classmates whom I hurt or misunderstood. Communication and smiles act as bridges to friendship. Above all, Ive made up my mind to make every effo rt to study, for I believe hard work is the key to success. Just as the old saying goes, "no pains, no gains."
Finally I hope that all the younger fellows can make full use of time, because time and tide wait for no men.
篇6:初中英语
全文共 543 字
+ 加入清单Since I went to school, I spent a lot of time in study. My classmates and
teachers are just like my families. We almost meet each other every day. My
teachers help me a lot. When I meet problems in study, they are very patient and
help me to figure out the answers. When I have trouble in getting along with
other students, they will talk to me and comfort me. I am so thankful to them,
because they care about me just like my parents. I respect them so much. In my
heart, they are the great people. I must study hard so that I can return their
love.
篇7:英语写作方法介绍
全文共 1161 字
+ 加入清单考研作文作为考查考生语言表达等综合能力的题型,是考研英语的压轴戏。考生在日常复习中应更趋向于积累。考研作文的复习和提高是与一些科学的学习方法和有效的学习技巧分不开的,在此,万学海文考研英语辅导专家提供大家一些练习方法及技巧,希望对同学们有所帮助。
考研作文分为大、小两类。小作文多以应用文体裁为主,例如求职信、感谢信、辞职信,道歉信等,这类作文不需要复杂华丽的文采修饰,表意明确就可以了;大作文的题型多是通过图片或者提示文字,要求考生完成提示所透视出来的问题。命题范围,从近几年看,都比较倾向于当前社会热门话题或观念。
一、欲速则不达,步步行进
想要达到一定的程度,首先要向这个程度看齐。就写作来说,如果你想将自己的作文水平提高到一个质的飞跃,首先你要懂得去吸取别人文章中的精华。这个吸取精华的过程就是阅读。只有多阅读,才能够培养起良好的语感,才会知道如何去构思,如何去质疑别人的观点,表达清楚自己的意思。正所谓"读书破万卷,下笔如有神"。无论何时,大家都勿急躁,因为"跑"得好的前提是"走",
作文这种慢火候才能提高的题更是如此,一步一个脚印才是写作稳步提高的策略。
近些年写作考题的内容和主题,基本都与当年的热点话题有一定的关系,所以平时多阅读英语报纸、杂志,能够帮助你掌握更多的话题资源。对于比较热点、比较重要的主题,可以有目的地进行搜集整理。阅读的过程也应该讲究方法,应该以泛读与精读结合的方式进行学习。一些好的文章建议你读过以后做英文阅读笔记(即观后感)。在读与写的过程中,你的写作水平自然会得到快速提高。
二、在研读中背记
除了读与写,还要进行适当的背。背诵是积极备战快速提高写作成绩的一条捷径。建议考生可以选择历年真题中的写作佳文,先是研究,思考人家是怎么构思,怎么写的,获得高分的闪光点在哪。再在理解的基础上记忆,更能够在无形中增强你的表达能力。同学们也可以拿一些英语原著名篇来读、背,这样可以加强自己的语感,使自己的表达更加地道。
三、每周一练,积累成章
表达能力需要考生平时多一点练习,给自己制定一个写作计划。一周至少练习一篇文章。在加强写作练习之后,你的文章才能够 "成章"。因此,实际动手的能力至关重要。平时训练的重点应该锁定在文章是否切题,行文是否表意明确、通顺,有无语法错误等。另外,一定要给每一次行文限定一个可行的时间。并且,按照这个时间严格要求自己完成。
如果你能够找到范文,然后在练习之后进行比较,效果会更加明显。假使没有范文作为标样,建议你可以找英语水平较好的同学看一看。也许评看你作文的这个考生英语水平不是很高,但个人看别人文章的缺点很容易看出来。如果条件允许,找老师请教一下最好。
掌握好的方法加之持之以恒,相信最后的成功一定属于你,继续坚定的考研信念,自信满满的走下去。
篇8:中考作文写作技巧及方法介绍
全文共 778 字
+ 加入清单要想写好中考作文,在我看来,无非有以下几点:
1.严谨的布局:
正所谓万事开头难,不过只要开了个好头,这篇作文就会很好写了。
凤头:是文章的首段,是阅卷老师首先入眼的地方,一定要做好整篇文章的中心把握,要做到下文与首段上下连贯,紧密结合,要通过开头使下文有可写之处,开头要达到让阅卷老师耳目一新的效果。例如,巧用排比,比喻,拟人等修辞手法,并且通过这些修辞手法,而统领全文主旨。
猪肚:在一篇上好的文章中,分段都会恰到好处,而当文章中只有一大段或两三段时,这篇文章即使文采再出众,也不会有太高的分数,因为阅卷老师在中考判卷时,每三分钟就要判出一份作文,工作量相当大,如果不善于分段,阅卷老师可能失去耐心,从而看不完,就会草草的给出分数。所以,在我看来,一篇文章至少要分6-8个段,但不是一行或几行一段,而是要看起来像豆腐块,一块块整齐的排列在一起,使文章紧中有松,松弛有度。要看上去整篇文章是一个整体,而不是零散的。
豹尾:在文章的最后处,应当让主题更突出鲜明,升华主题思想,使豹尾抽起来!或让人感到峰回路转,柳暗花明或更进一步的特殊效果。在文章末尾,应当再次点题,紧扣中心思想,让贯穿始终的中心思想继续延伸,引人深思。特别是要在结尾处,与开头形成呼应,对比,递进等等,来引发阅读老师的共鸣!
2.细腻的文笔:不管是记叙,议论还是散文;不管是写人写事还是写景。都要用细腻的文笔呈现出来,使文章中点更突出,让阅卷老师在看试卷的过程中,有深思,放慢阅读速度和重复阅读的情况出现,让阅卷老师身临其境,从而使文章更具灵性。
3.贯穿始终的思想感情:在一篇布局格式上很得当,错落有致的文章上,还必须要有一条贯穿始终的思想路线,这条线就像鱼的脊椎一样重要,这条线一定要清晰,明确,千万不可含混不清。
把握好这几点,一篇好的中考作文已经大致成型,不过要想在中考中脱颖而出,这仅仅是开始。
篇9:关于初中英语作文之学校生活
全文共 667 字
+ 加入清单I don't think our school life is colorful. Because we've got so many classes every day. I wonder whether we can change our school life someday. You see, from Monday to Friday, I have to stay at school. the only relaxation is to listen to the radio or play ball games. At weekends, we need to go to school to have classes, too. I know it's very important for us to study well now. As the saying goes, "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy. "I want to step into the nature. I hope we will have more activities such as visiting museums, taking part in different kinds of contests, attending some lectures and so on. Is it only a dream?
篇10:国演义读后感初中生写作
全文共 774 字
+ 加入清单暑假里,我读了许多书,可是唯有《三国演义》最令我爱不释手,至今耐人寻味。
开端读《三国演义》的时分,我觉得这本书十分无聊,读着读着,我忽然被小说跌宕起伏的故工作节,绘声绘色的人物深深地招引住了,让我刻不容缓地读完整部小说。
这部小说首要叙述了魏、蜀、吴三个国家之间的故事。通过这部小说,我认识了__刁的曹操,仁慈的刘备,忠实的关羽,骁勇的张飞,小气的周瑜,才智过人的诸葛亮……其间,我最赏识诸葛亮了。他上知地舆,下知地舆,并且锦囊妙计,连前的管仲、乐毅都比不上他,只可惜最终辅佐了一个软弱无能的刘禅皇帝,终身煞费苦心,积劳成疾,到了54岁就病故了。
在《三国演义》这部小说中我最喜欢的一篇是《诸葛亮草船借箭》。由于诸葛亮才智过人,聪明博学,周瑜十分吃醋诸葛亮的才华,想除去诸葛亮。所以,周瑜便让诸葛亮在10天之内造出10万只箭,这么巨大的使命在其时条件下是底子完不成的。可是诸葛亮提出了3天之内就能完结,假如完不成,甘心受罚。为了完结造箭使命,诸葛亮向鲁肃借了许多船舶、军士、和草把子。到了第3日四更夜,诸葛亮约请鲁肃伴随他去取箭,这天江面上大雾充满,曹操看见有许多船舶迎面而来,以为是敌军前来进攻,就让军士们射箭,不一会儿,船的两头都插满了箭,当曹操觉悟过来的时分,诸葛亮的船现已驶出20多里了。诸葛亮准时完结了周瑜交给的使命。当周瑜听了诸葛亮草船借箭的通过,长叹一声:诸葛亮锦囊妙计,我真不如他!
咱们不要像周瑜那样,小鸡肚肠、胸怀狭窄,一次又一次地栽赃他人。在学习中,当他人的成果超过了自己,咱们应该仔细剖析一下自己让步的原因,虚心向成果好的同学学习,补偿自己的缺乏。一同,咱们还应该虚心听取父母的劝说,不应该由于考试失利就精神萎顿,失掉决心。吃醋他人,这是多么愚昧无知的体现啊!咱们应该向诸葛亮相同,胸怀宽广,斤斤计较,以敞开的心态面临日子的应战。
篇11:初中英语作文我的卧室
全文共 553 字
+ 加入清单我的卧室
My Bedroom
I have a beautiful and sweet bedroom. My mother decorates it for me. She always says that a girl deserves a bedroom like a princess. The main colors of my room are pink and white. The wall, the bed and the chest are pink. And the desk is white. The curtains are beautiful with lovely followers on them. Every day when I open my eyes, I feel happy and beloved. I clean my room often and tidy my things up. I don’t want it become dirty or in a mess. I am thankful to my parents.
通过上面对我的卧室的介绍,相信大家已经对我的卧室都有个了解了吧,希望上面的知识给同学们的写作很好的帮助。
篇12:初中英语作文大全
全文共 611 字
+ 加入清单Last week, my friends asked me to spend the weekend in the house that near
the lake. It is one of my friends’ house, where their families often spend the
holiday together. Though the house was not big, the environment around was
really beautiful. In the daytime, we walked around the lake and appreciated the
beauty of nature. At night, we made some food and barbecued. It was such a happy
time that we sung and danced. We talked about our future thoughts. Before we
went to bed, we watched movies together and discussed the plot. This is the most
wonderful moment for us. We share our happiness and have no annoyance.
篇13:寒假英语作文初中
全文共 1192 字
+ 加入清单Nowadays it is common to encounter a scene when people want to see things
happen but can‘t make things happen for various reasons. The most important
reason is that they just refuse to create and innovate. With the accelerated
pace of our society,more and more people recognize the importance of creation
that is bound to make a difference in social productivity.
As far as I am concerned,we should all have the notion of being the
participants of supporting creation. First of all,creation is the most vital
factor to improve the inner competitiveness of our nation. For another,it is
certain that creation is so essential that enables many people to find their
positions in the company and careers in their lives.
Measures are also needed to encourage creation . First and foremost,the
government should establish certain rules to sweep up the obstacles of
invention. Some people have already complained much about complicated procedure
of patent applications or high fees to do experiments of inventions.
Additionally,high schools and universities can provide students with
scholarships or overseas learning opportunities,which will stimulate more
youngsters to join the group of invention and innovation.
篇14:读书的好处英语作文初中
全文共 1456 字
+ 加入清单I am a love reading girl, since I was young, I very love books, and book
the indissoluble bond. I put the book as an indispensable nourishment, he saw a
book like the hungry to see bread, fondle admiringly. Because the book is the
source of human wisdom, is the ladder of human progress. Book give me knowledge
and wisdom, and also gave me strength and courage. In my room, there is a large
bookcase, there are all books, every birthday, mom and dad asked me to want what
gift, I will blurt out: "a book, I as long as the book." When reading, I often
forget all about eating and sleeping, as if into another world.
Reading, can make us grow many knowledge, solve the problem. On one
occasion, grandmother domesticated some hares, hares to depilate, grandma see
hares like bite lice, gradually to open mouth, the neck fur with red meat, and
then use the tongue to the sides, and behind them in a hurry to say to me: "you
see how this rabbit. Red meat are exposed, it doing?" . I to grandma said with a
smile: "it is the hair removal, then fluff will regrow of glistening." My
grandma listened to, smiled and said to me: "how do you know?" I proudly said:
"from the book to see." It seems that these reading useless really big ah.
Colorful in the book, read the "lei feng diary let me know how people live
to be more of others, read" how the steel was tempered "which I understand the
difficulties cannot be back, have the perseverance and strong will to overcome
difficulties.
篇15:关于英语说明文的写作方法
全文共 8391 字
+ 加入清单就“说明对象”而言,英语说明文可分为对“客观具体事物”的说明和对“主观抽象观念”的说明两大类,比如:对“LASER(激光)”、“Computer Problem of Year XX(计算机XX年问题)”等等的说明都是对客观或者具体事物的说明,而“The Successful Interview(谈成功的面试)”、“How to Write Good English Composition(如何才能写好英语作文)” 等是对主观抽象观念的说明。对我们中学生朋友来说,在汉语说明文的教学中似乎比较侧重前者,即解释客观具体事物的说明文。但在英语说明文中,阐述和说明 “主观抽象观念”的说明文占了很大的比重,其中有些类似汉语中的议论文。但是无论是对“客观具体事物”的说明还是对“主观抽象观念”的阐述,英语说明文从结构上看大致可分为三个部分:第一部分一般是文章的第一段,提出文章的主题,也就是说,文章想要阐述、说明的主要内容;第二部分是文章的主体,可由若干个段落组成,对文章的主题进行展开说明;第三部分是结尾段,对文章的主题作归纳总结。从英语说明文的结构可以看出,要写好英语说明文的关键在于第二部分如何对文章主题进行展开说明。在英语中,常见的用来展开文章主题的方法有下列几种:
1.罗列法(listing)
在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点,然后常用first,second,…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中,下面这篇学生作文就是用罗列法写成的:
Early Rising
Early rising (早起) is helpful in more than one way. First, it helps to keep us fit (健康)。 We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides, we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise (做早操)。
Secondly, early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning, and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.
Thirdly, early rising enables (使能够) us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring, so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.
Fourthly, early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work, such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.
Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says,“Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.”
罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落,我们可以注意模仿学习:
There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all, …Secondly, …And finally, …
We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all, …Secondly, …And finally,
必须指出的是,有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first, second…等词,但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。
2.举例法(examples)
举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思,常用for example, for instance, still another example is…等词语引出。下面这篇学生作文就是用举例法写成的:
Recreation
It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation (娱乐)。 The mind, too, needs change to make it fresh and vigorous (有活力的) There is much truth in the old saying, All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.“
There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done, for instance, football, tennis, and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating, fishing, gardening, cycling, walking, chess-playing, and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles (肌肉) with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work (体力活) should adopt (采纳) reading or some other quiet form of recreation.
Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation, but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience, and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk (轻松) walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor, chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.
可以看出,举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用:即用罗列法来列出例子,用例子充实罗列的说明。
3.比较法(comparison and contrast)
比较法是对两个对象进行比较,从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点(comparison)和比较不同点(contrast)两种方法,比如:
From Paragraph to Essay
Although they are different in length (长度), the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure (结构)。 For example, the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence (主题句) or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay, the first paragraph sets up the topic focus (主题所在) Next, the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly, the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss and support the ideas given in the introductory (引导的) paragraph. Finally, a concluding sentence (结束句) ——whether a restatement, conclusion, or observation——ends the paragraph. The essay, too, has a concluding paragraph which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions (例外), most well written expository (说明文的) paragraphs and essays are similar in structure.
可以看出,在比较相同点的时候,常用到similarly,also,too,in the same case,in spite of the difference等这样的词语。
European Football and American Football
Although European football is the parent of American football, the two games show several major differences. European football, sometimes called association football or soccer, is played in 80 countries, making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football, on the other hand, is popular only in North America (the United States and Canada)。 Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Football, also played by eleven players in somewhat different positions (位置) on the field, is played with an elongated (拉长的) round ball. Soccer has little body contact (接触) between players and therefore needs no special protective equipment. Football, in which players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a running ball-carrier and his teammates, needs special protective equipment. In soccer, the ball is advanced toward the goal by kicking it or by butting (顶) it with the head. In American football, on the other hand, the ball is passed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponents (对手) goal. These are just a few of the features which distinguish (区别) association and American football.
这是一篇用比较不同点的手法写的说明文。从文章中可以看出:however,on the other hand,in contrast,but,nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。
4.定义法(definition)
定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法,特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是:
被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语
可以看出,定义句中限制性定语越详细,定义就越精确,比如:
A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on(以……为食品)fruit and insects but is not a bird.
其实,在英—英词典中,对英语单词的英文解释就是定义法的典型例子。比如,看看Longman词典对student和teacher的定义是很有意思的:A student is a person who is studying at a place of education or training. A teacher is a person who gives knowledge or skill to sb. as a profession (专业)。
5.顺序法(sequence of time, space and process)
顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平,用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义,用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。
下面这篇学生作文就是用顺序法写成的:
Coal
Coal underwent (经受) many changes before it became the bright, brittle (脆的), black substance which we now use. During ancient times (在上古时代), when the earth enjoyed a very warm and wet climate, the land was covered with large forests and big plants. As time went on, the ground changed and began to sink (下沉) a little. These very large numbers of trees and vegetables received a deposit (沉淀) of sand and clay. This layer of sand and clay pressed upon the layer beneath and prevented it from contact with air. These trees and plants received the pres sure and changed its appearance.
Generations after generations (几世纪后), as the ground kept gradually sinking, another layer of sand and clay was again deposited (积聚) above the layers already formed. A great pressure was thus exerted (作用) and the peat (泥煤) was changed into the black and brittle substance which is known as coal.
Coal is a kind of mineral which is formed by nature as above stated. It is an important industrial material and is chiefly used as fuel. It is very valuable in the industrial world. The place where coal deposit is called a coal mine (煤矿)。 In China, coal mines are largely found in the north-west part of the country. Shanxi is a famous province for producing coal. It has the most coal of China.
6.分类法(classification)
分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。比如:著名的英国哲学家弗朗西斯·培根(Francis Bacon)在其脍炙人口的《谈读书》(Of Studies)一文中就用到了分类法:
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested, that is, some books are to be read only in parts, others to be read, but not curiously, and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books…
参考译文:书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之,有只须读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读,取其所需摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者……
——转摘自《英汉翻译教程》(张培基等)
可见,如果能够根据具体情况,选用合适的写作手法,就可为文章增添无穷的魅力。
除了上述提到的6种展开英语说明文主题的写作方法之外,还有因果法、归纳法等其他方法。但相比之下,对于中学生来说,上述6种方法是首先值得掌握的。另外必须指出的是:在一篇文章中往往是以一种写作手法为主,同时辅以其他写作手法。有时,甚至会几种写作手法混用而不分主次。因此,必须根据具体情况,选用合适的展开主题的写作手法,才能写出优秀的英语说明文。
篇16:写作中的数字处理技巧
全文共 4757 字
+ 加入清单数字是以“数”为基本符号,用以揭示事物发展的质与量及其联系的文字统称。由于给人以具体、准确之感,在应用文中数字往往成为真实材料的代名词。应用文要解决生活和工作中的具体问题,或描摹事物的“量”,或分析事物的“率”,或明确事物的“序”,都离不开对具体事物量与质的分析,也就都离不开数字。
如果说观点是应用文之“灵魂”的话,科学的数字表达则是应用文之“血肉”。有“灵魂”无“血肉”,“魂”无所依,反映在文章中则是内容空洞、苍白无力,这样的文章难免装腔作势、面目可憎;有“血肉”无“灵魂”,“身”无所节,写出的文章难以主题明确前后统一,甚至会成为材料的堆砌场。因此,应用文写作者不但应养成重视数字、收集数字、用真实数字说话的好习惯,还要注意在主题的引导下,讲究数字的运用方法与技巧,更好地为主题写作服务。
在应用写作过程中,我们收集和运用到的数字很多,这些数字有的反映某一事物的数量,有的反映事物的发展状态,有的说明某一类事物所占比例等等。很多人认为数字只是对事物的客观描述,形式枯燥,信息单一。其实不然,有时只要对数字作些必要的转化加工,马上就能清晰地看到作者的写作指向,让数字显示出鲜活的生命力。
(一)求和法。即根据需要对某一数字作求和计算,利用具有一定震憾力的和数,让人从不起眼的事物中看到其作用,从而达到特定的引导目的。如某公司一位职工注重节能减耗,每完成15个合格零件的生产任务就可以节约出生产一个零件的原材料。秘书部门在宣传材料中运用求和法测算出这名职工一天能为公司节约成本35元,如果每名员工都这么做,全公司一年可节约生产成本350万元。求和,让大家看到了人人节约的作用,公司很快掀起了节能降耗的热潮。
(二)平均法。平均法则反其道而行之,在有反映总量数字的情况下,对影响总量的某一要素进行平均化处理,测算出单位数值,以达到突显主题的目的。如某汽车公司宣传其能日产小轿车1000余辆,由于大多数读者不熟悉汽车行业生产的具体情况,反响平平。在接下来的宣传中作者加上了“平均每1.2分钟就有一辆轿车出厂”的字眼,读者很快就对该厂的生产能力产生了兴趣。笔者的一位学生曾写了一则新闻稿,报道其所在单位年实现利税800多万元。由于该单位是一家县属小单位,知名度不高,800万元的体量也不算大,很难引起人们的注意。笔者了解到该单位只有40余名职工,劝其改为“人均实现利税20多万元”。该新闻稿马上被采用并直接以“××单位人均实现利税20多万元”为题。可见,平均法用得好,具有化平淡为神奇的功效。
(三)比较法。俗话说不比不知道,一比吓一跳。将反映事物某一特性的数据与同类事物或与自身的过去水平相比较,是人们分析事物优与劣、好与坏的重要方法。当然,应用文写作的目的绝不是简单地争高低长短,高明的写作者往往会在不经意间用比较法达到特定的写作目的。如某公司因多名工人投诉工资过低,被政府相关部门责令写出检查报告。该公司在报告中写道: “本公司一线员工人均月工资××××元,比全市平均水平低15元,但比市政府规定的最低工资标准高出560元。从××区来看,本公司的工资水平高出全区工资水平361元,在区属企业中居前5名。”这段话中,写作者通过四次数据比较,在承认自身不足的同时,不经意间宣示了自身的成绩,而将工资水平偏低的责任归结为区域经济发展不平衡,大大减轻了自身的责任。
(四)借用法。有时为了形象地说明或挖掘某一数字的内在含义,需要借助其他事物配合说明,以达到变抽象为具体、变隐性为显性的目的。如辽宁阜新市50多年来累计生产煤炭5亿多吨,为国家的建设和发展作出了重要贡献。由于绝大多数读者对“5亿吨”这一概念没有认识,也无法深刻体会到作者的写作用意。作者就借用卡车这一大家熟悉的事物交代:如果用60吨的卡车装,阜新产的煤可以绕地球赤道四圈多。这里,小小的借用手法,赋予了这两个不起眼的小数字如此大的魔力,让读者瞬间了解了阜新的付出与贡献!
(五)延伸法。所谓延伸法,是指利用思维的延伸性,从某一数字指向的事物出发,根据写作目的适当地展示其功能、作用和影响,从而让人们对某事物有更清楚的认识。比如:很多人一年之中要用掉数十粒钮扣电池,而一粒小小的钮扣电池可污染600立方米水,相当于一个人一生的饮水量。这里,作者从钮扣电池出发,作了两次延伸,一是将一粒电池与600立方米被污染的水进行关联,二是将600立方米被污染的水与人的生活联系起来,让人真切地感受到了废旧电池污染的严重性,令人警醒。
(六)模糊法。一般来说,数字的准确性与模糊语言的不确定性是相矛盾的,二者不应当关联在一起。事实上,应用写作中某些数字在必要时必须作模糊处理。一是某些数字本身不确定或无法确定时,用模糊数字恰恰是最科学的表述。如某单位在一份材料中向上级汇报该单位有92.6%的同志参加了农村对口帮扶活动。上级在审核中发现,该单位共有56名职工,按92.6%计算,应当是51.856人参加了扶贫活动。而扶贫活动参加者应是有一个算一个,何来的0.856人呢?由此,对材料的真实性提出了质疑。其实,该单位只是近90%的人参加了这一活动,过分追求所谓精准反而适得其反。二是为了特定的表达需要,有时需要有意用模糊语言代替准确数字。如某公司刚刚有四位同志因工作大意给公司造成了一定损失,公司已作出相关处理,四位同志对此也有深刻认识。如果领导在职工大会上强调责任意识时,还说有四位同志如何如何,会给人一种揪人辫子不放手之嫌,同时也会给这四名同志增加压力。此时,用“少数”“个别”这一类模糊词语代替“四”字更有批评的艺术性。
根据需要对数字进行转化有利于单个数字更好地发挥作用,但遇到有不同层次、不同性质的多个或多组数字时,仅靠简单的转化往往难以达到理想的效果。这时需要作者从写作目的出发,分析不同性质数字的作用,按一定逻辑关系对数字统一布局,通过数据之间的相互关系揭示事物的发展规律,从而实现写作目的。
(一)点面结合,在综合分析中反映事物的发展全貌
这里所说的“点”与“面”是借助数学的说法,指代写作视域内不同性质的数字。“点”指那些反映某一方面事物或事物某一方面的数字, “面”则指反映事物整体或全貌的数字。
就相互作用而言,“面”由“点”生,也就是说反映“面”的数字是由反映“点”的数字汇总而来的;“点”能证“面”,即有了“点”上的数字支撑, “面”上的数字才有根基,可信度才高。因此,应用写作在数字运用上强调点面结合,不仅是要让读者在不同层面上全面了解事物,还要便于读者确定、分析这些数字中蕴含的信息。
以总结为例,如果我们反映某单位一年的工作成绩,既要用数字交代单位取得的总体成绩,也要分析不同部门的发展情况和主要发展指标完成情况。这样,读者才能对该单位的工作成绩有比较全面的了解。
(二)由面析点,在典型分析中反映事物的发展差异
点面结合固然能让人们对事物有一个整体认识,但这还只是一种平面的、静态的认识,不能明显地看到事物间的差异。事实上,事物的发展在不同单位、不同阶段总是存在着这样那样的不平衡,只有分析出这种不平衡才有利于我们找到影响事物发展的原因,有针对性地改进。因此,在应用写作过程中,有时需要从已掌握的“面”上的数字出发,选择一个或若干个“点”进行剖析,通过解剖麻雀,分析事物发展不平衡的现状及其原因。
例如,“2012年,公司实现利润1080万元,但各分公司发展不平衡。其中×××分公司实现利润320万元,占29.60/0;×××分公司在规模相近的情况下仅实现利润51万元,不及总量的5%。”这段话中,作者从单位整体效益出发,选择效益最优和最差的两个二级单位进行分析,配以适当的修饰词,鲜明地指出了二者间的差异。不着一字,但一褒一贬的倾向表现得十分清楚,引导人们去了解、分析原因。
(三)积点成线,在动态分析中反映事物的发展轨迹
在应用写作过程中,有时需要揭示事物的发展过程和发展规律,不能只是静态和孤立地理解和处理数字,而需要对某些数据进行连续收集和动态分析。一般来说,某一数据的变化总是受到一定内外因素的影响。1如果我们将这些影响数字变化的因素与数字本身的变化放在一起动态分析,就会清晰地呈现出事物的发展轨迹,收到意想不到的效果。如“近年来,公司狠抓产品质量,残次品率不断降低。2010年,公司决定对各分公司的残次品率进行单独考核,当年残次品率从上一年度的7%降为6%;2011年,公司出台了新的绩效考核体系,将残次品率纳入职工个人工资绩效考核体系,残次品率降为3%; 2012年初,公司针对产品生产质量中存在的问题,开展了技能比武活动,至8月份,残次品率已降至1%,产品质量提升明显”。这段话将公司采取的措施与相应的成绩联系起来分析,直观地揭示了公司产品质量提升的轨迹和相应措施的效果,并在不经意间展示了公司执着追求质量的形象。数字的灵活运用在这里再次展示了威力。
(四)多点对比,在比较分析中反映事物的发展状态
出于特定的写作目的,有时还需要以某一数据为基点,采用多点对比的方法对数字进行比较分析。通过分析,可以进一步看到这一数据所代表的事物的地位与发展状态,从而对事物作出客观评价。如“本校2012届毕业生一年后的就业率为98.75%,高出同类院校平均水平近8个百分点,高出本校2011届毕业生2.5个百分点;毕业生月平均工资2853元,比上一年度的2954元低101元,但高出区域内同类院校287元”。在这段话里,写作者以本校目前的相关数据为基点,与本校历史数据和兄弟院校数据进行纵向和横向两方面对比分析,清晰地揭示了该校毕业生的就业质量,简洁明了,传播效果很好。
当然,我们说多点对比,并不排除只选择一个有典型意义的数据进行简单对比分析的做法,但选择多个点对比分析才有利于立体地分析事物,科学地进行定位。在比较对象上,可以在单位内部比,也可以选择同行比,还可以与权威部门的统计数据比;在比较方法上,可以横向对比、纵向对比甚至可以环比。
(五)分解归并,在系统分析中反映事物的发展联系
从系统论的角度看,某一写作视域里的相关事物之间存在着一定的逻辑联系,构成了一个相对完善的系统。那么,数字作为对事物的一种描述,也在发挥着作用,也具有一定的系统性。我们要写好应用文,就需要对这些数字作逻辑归并或分解,揭示事物之间的关系,找到事物发展的客观规律。
应用文写作中出现最多的是总分、因果等关系。总分关系除前面所述的点与面的关系外,还有一种是目标与具体任务之间的关系,需要我们利用分解的方法处理。如我们要布置某项工作,就需要将总体目标分解,分项目、分单位、分指标落实到每个单位、每个员工和每个时间段,这就是对数字的分解处理。如果数字的类型过多,就有必要制作成图表,以增强直观性。
这里所说的因果关系不是严格逻辑意义上的因果关系。在应用文写作过程中,本质与现象、措施与成效、原因与结果等在某种意义上都构成一定的因果关系。我们要反映这类事物之间的关系,就要采用归并的方法,进行分类整理,分类说明,让人们对事物的发展联系有清楚的认识。比如:近年来,公司重视研发工作,取得了明显实效。从2010年起,先后成立了×××等2个研发部门,组建了×××等8个项目团队,引进了XXX等15名高级研发人才,投入XXX万元成立了研发基金。经过三年努力,公司已完成了5个项目的研发任务,获国家专利25项,开发新产品30多个系列、200余种,获技术转让资金×××万元,实现生产效益XXX万元,极大地推动了××产业的发展,实现了经济效益和社会效益的双丰收。这里,写作者利用归并的方法将公司采取的措施和取得的成效集中说明,并没有繁琐的过程论证,但事物间的因果联系一目了然。这种化繁为简的数字处理方法值得我们学习和借鉴。
篇17:关于我的目标英语作文初中
全文共 524 字
+ 加入清单As a student, my main target is to study well and then make progress step
by step. When holiday comes, it is time for me to play, and I should be happy,
while playing all the time makes me feel empty in my heart. I have done nothing
at all. I want to do something meaningful to enrich my life. So a target is
needed for me. I set a small goal, such as, read a book, or help my mother with
her work. Everytime when I finish my target, I will feel so satisfied. The
meaningful life is to do something useful and make you feel happy.
篇18:初中英语满分
全文共 936 字
+ 加入清单As we know, water is very important to man, we can’t live without water.
The amount of water which is suitable to drink is less and less. But some people
don’t care about it. They waste a lot of water in their daily life. Even worse,
they pour dirty water into rivers. They throw rubbish into rivers, too. Many
rivers and lakes are seriously polluted. Something must be done to stop the
pollution. And I think it’s agreat shame to waste while millions are in great
need of water. I think what we can do is that we have to save every drop of
water as possible as we can. For example, we must turn off the tap immediately
after we use it. We can use a basin to wash our hands and faces. It’s also a
good idea to encourage my friends and family members to join me! Only in this
way can we live happily. If we don’t save water, the last drop of water will be
a tear-drop of us. I believe if everyone makes a little effort, we can make a
big difference.
篇19:公共基础知识写作的技巧
全文共 2463 字
+ 加入清单公共基础知识的写作是公务员考试的重难点,而相关的技巧又有什么呢?下面是小编想跟大家分享的公共基础知识写作的技巧,欢迎大家浏览。
一、扣政策
我们写工作总结,往往要对前一段工作进行全面、审慎的回顾,即对前一段工作在贯彻执行党和国家的方针政策、依法行政和实施领导的情况进行审视。所谓扣政策,具体地讲,一是有无违法、违背中央指示精神、违背客观规律、侵犯群众利益的行政行为被作为经验在总结;二是理论上的提法是否符合党报党刊中的舆论子向和跟新提法;三是引用的政策法规是否得当。如果政策使用不当,或有错误,那么,总结出来的经验也是不正确的;如果推广,则是有害无益的,甚至会造成恶劣影响。
二、抓特色
所谓“特色”,是指事物所表现的独特色彩和风格。就一份总结而言,一是指内容上的独特风格。有的秘书写总结,喜欢套用老模式,平铺直叙,记“流水账”,连重点也不突出,就更谈不止有什么特色了。单位或部门的工作总结,要突出“你无我有,你有我优,你优我神”的工作成绩,写作的重心应当是反映当地工作中有独特性和创造性的东西。要写出自己“这一个”的特色,要唱好“地方戏”和“拿手戏”。而对于那些照抄照转一般化的工作情况,年年可套、家家可用的“常规性武器”,各级各地乃至全国都适用的“普通话”,就没有必要写人总结之中。那样的材料即使报上去也不会有多大用处。在当今“快餐化”的时代,生活、工作节奏已不断加快,阅文者总是希望在最短的时间内阅读尽量多的文字,获取尽可能多的信息。因此,只有突出文章的特色,尽量缩短文章的篇幅,才能达到阅文者的要求。二是指在形式上要突出特色。工作总结的标题要突出全面工作总的特色,文章各个部分要紧扣主旨突出各个方面的特色,每一段的开头也要概括本段要旨。目前流行一种将具体事实与数据用黑体标出作为小标题,让阅文者在一两分钟内就能读完一份经验材料主干的做法,值得借鉴。
三、找典型
典型的作用巨大,效果明显,一个好的典型就是一面鲜明的旗帜,对于广大群众是一种非常现实、直观的教育和引导,比一般的说教更具说服力和感召力。一份总结是否有用,同其所反映的内容与事迹的典型程度有很大的关系。有的单位或部门的工作总结,东拼西凑找材料,方方面面有成绩,就是通篇难找一个有一定分量的典型,这样的总结对工作又有何益呢?领导的总结性讲话离不开一条条活生生的典型经验,办公室主任最感兴趣的是下级总结中的典型材料,而秘书则往往为得到一个典型事例.更是打烂了电话,甚至“踏破铁鞋”。那么,怎样才能寻找到典型呢?除了平时在工作中要注意培养典型外,还可以从效果、做法、认识等三个方面去发现典型。首先是从效果上找典型。某项工作产生了最佳效果,取得了显著成绩,才能引起人们的关注和领导的重视。对于本地区本单位实践中创造出来的、能够解决人们最关心的问题而又优于别处的最佳处置方案及工作经验,应当敏锐地抓住并及时地撰写。模范集体和先进个人都有科学的经验值得推广。其次是从做法上找典型。某方面工作能取得实效,自然离不开科学的管理和先进的做法。但如果某项工作略见成效或效果暂时不明显,也可总结比以前有所改过、比别人先进,特别是有创意的典型做法。再次是从认识上找典型。思想是行动的先导,认识的深化、观点的亮化和主题的升华,写进总结中,仍然不乏深刻的典型意义。
四、清材料
材料是文章的基本要件,无论理论材料还是事实材料,都要做到真实、新颖、贴切、有力,所引政策法规、名人名言、领导讲话、群众评价等都必须准确无误,不能断章取义、拼凑曲解,更不能“想当然”。总结中常见的一些所谓的“群众评价”,不像群众的口吻,倒像秘书的杜撰;所引政策法规条文有些已经过时或不够贴切。事实材料就更有讲究。要真实,就不能虚构杜撰,。同时,材料一定要新,要选择最新的事实和统计数据,今年的材料可谓新,去年的材料还算新,前年的材料也许就是“陈芝麻”了。要贴切,就要用一根红线贯串所有的材料,即围绕中心来精心选择材料。在修改和审核时,对于那些虚假的、过时的、“外围”的材料,要毫不吝惜、坚决摈弃。
五、理思路
写得好的总结,思路往往是很清晰的,犹如一位出色的导游,预先设计好路线,将你有顺序地引到一个个游览景点一样,看完所有的景点而行程丝毫不乱。我们写工作总结,一般是按照“基本情况——主要做法——成绩及经验——存在问题及教训——下一步打算”的思路来结构文章;还是采用“横式结构",分别按照各个方面的工作来写,边写做法、成绩、经验,边写存在的问题及教训和打算。具体总结某一方面的工作时,是先写做了什么工作,谈重要性,次写做法与效果,后用典型集体和个人的事例来予以说明,按照“做了什么——怎样做的(情况与做法)——做得怎样(成绩和经验)”来构思;还是只写“做了什么”与“做得怎样”,而略去“怎样做的”这一部分呢?即使在一段话中,上下旬之间也存在一个思路途接的问题。
六、删冗文
梁实秋先生说:“文学作品无不崇尚简练,简练乃一切古典艺术之美的极则。”这同样也是我们写总结所追求的最佳境界。简练就是简要而又精练,就是“少而精”。总结要简练,就要讲究立意精辟,结构精巧,材料精确,叙议精当,文笔精悍。看来要写出高质量的总结,还真须下一番功夫不可。当然,“简洁”是相对而言,不是越短越好,也不是一切总结皆作短文。言之有物,短文长看;言之无物,长文短看。有的同志热衷于“做文章”,可谓“妙笔生花”,观点精心提炼,内容苦心剪裁,文字刻意润色。既有“四六旬”,也有百分比;既有面上概括,也有典型事例。念起来朗朗上口,听起来热热闹闹,内容却是空空荡荡。你去审视它的每句话,会惊奇地发现,有用的句子寥寥无几,整个文章除了耽误听众(读者)的时间以外,毫无实际意义。要使文章精练,—个行之有效的方法就是要提高文章的含金量,删去一切冗文,争取在尽量少的文字中含有最大的信息量。一份工作总结能够在最短的篇幅内传达最大的信息量,往往给人以单位领导作风干练、办公室办事果断、信息来源广泛、秘书知识丰富的良好印象;既能对工作作出客观的评价,又能使人在愉快之中受到启迪。
篇20:2024小学英语作文写作技巧解析
全文共 981 字
+ 加入清单一:用介词短语替代从句,例:
原句:While they were playing tennis, she started an argument that lasted all morning.
修改后:During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.
原句:When you come to the second traffic light, turn right.
修改后:At the second traffic light turn left.
二:删除诸如"who is”或"that is"之类的关系代词,变从句为短语,例:
句:The novel, which is written in three parts, told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.
修改后:The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.
注:把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达,节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉,这只会引起最少的变动。
三:剔除你不需要的单词,例:
Two joint partners will present their views over a long-distance telephone call.
写完这样的句子后,你自己再读一遍,挑出单词"joint"和"telephone",注意删去不必要的词。
一、先审题,弄清写作要求审题是写好作文的前提,也是书面表达的基础。如果写偏了题,语言表达再好也很难得高分。审题时要注意两个方面:
1.认真地看两遍题目,包括提示,全面了解写作要求。
2.理清思路,确定体裁、框架结构和内容。
二、用英语进行思维英语写作时必须排除汉语思维的干扰。
从现在起应逐渐加大阅读量和听的输入量,将阅读、听力训练与书面表达有机地结合起来。经常体会和领悟作者传递信息和表达思想的方式。在话题讨论和写作中经常运用所学到的表达方式就会有所创造。还要尽量做到“五多”:多看、多听、多思考、多用心体验和感悟身边的人和事、多用英语说和写自己的体验和感受。