环境污染的英语（汇总20篇）

Water pollution on the impact of industrial and agricultural production of industrial and agricultural production not only need to have enough water, but also have some requirements for water quality. Otherwise, the industrial and agricultural industry will cause great losses, especially in the industrial and agricultural production process using contaminated water, the human has a great harm. First, the destruction of industrial equipment, a serious impact on product quality. Second, the chemical composition of the soil changes, fertility decreased, leading to crop reduction and serious pollution. Third, the city to increase domestic water and industrial water treatment costs.

Clean air is the necessary material basis for people to survive, an adult to breathe an average of 15 cubic meters of air a day, if people breathe heavily polluted air, no doubt harmful to health. Therefore, the study of the impact of air pollution, awareness of the value of clean air is a very complex frontier research project. And children in the growth and development stage, is the most sensitive to the outside world air pollution, the study of air pollution on children more likely to obtain valuable results. Based on this, the Chinese Academy of Engineering, China Environmental Monitoring Station Chief Engineer Wei Fusheng for the Chinese chief scientist of the Sino-US scientific and technological cooperation projects one by one air pollution on the impact of human respiratory health research, in Guangzhou, Wuhan, Lanzhou, Chongqing and other cities and suburbs The results showed that 8196 questionnaires were used to investigate the pulmonary function of children in the air, including environmental monitoring data, and about 3 million data were obtained. After statistical analysis, Air pollution has a quantitative understanding of the effects of human respiratory health (especially children). The results confirmed that the impact on human health to the fine particles of air pollution is most serious (China has 2/3 of the city exceeded), followed by sulfur dioxide pollution (1/3 of our city exceeded), the impact of nitrogen oxide pollution relative Weak. It can be said that fine particles (respirable particulate matter) is the first killer of human health. According to experts, particulate matter attached to the toxic heavy metals, acidic oxides compared with the soil enrichment hundreds of times, thousands of times, or even tens of thousands of times, and can float in the air up to several days, harmful substances with the inhalation Particles into the human lungs, and may through the alveolar into the blood, directly endanger human health.

Recently, the eight-year research results in Beijing adopted by the State Environmental Protection Administration presided over the expert appraisal. Experts believe that this research results for our understanding of the importance of clean air, improve the public and the leadership of environmental awareness is of great significance. The data of the research results provide a scientific basis for the national air environment legislation, the development and revision of air quality standards, emission standards and air pollution control policies.

Through observation, I found that plastic bags on peoples harm and pollution is very large. People often use plastic bags: mother to buy food and plastic bags; to shopping malls with plastic bags; in the restaurant to eat rice is also packaged with plastic bags to take home; even I buy stationery also with plastic bags. People do not know what they do to the environment caused by pollution, their own body caused any harm. Such as: people often put useless plastic bags thrown into the garbage, plastic bags in the rubbish will be smelly, so that the pollution of the air. People also throw plastic bags anywhere, a wind, plastic bags flying in the sky, the branches also see the tree is a plastic bag, and even the river there are plastic bags. This plastic bag in addition to pollution of the air, but also polluted our water resources.

We should raise peoples awareness, tell us the neighbors and friends and family together to beautify our environment. On the road to see the plastic bag quickly picked up, immediately took it to the garbage disposal. We want to start from my use less plastic bags, so that my mother every day to buy food or shopping when they first take their own bags, this is not very environmentally friendly? Or can use their own holding things as far as possible by hand, no plastic bags.

As the saying goes: "to protect the environment, everyone is responsible" We have to protect the home environment out of a force.

[关于保护环境的英语主题作文

今天，我发现到处都有人在污染环境。

我们青阳县有许多小区，现在还有小区正在建设中，如：青山新城东区、五星十九队等等。造房子会制造灰尘，这样灰尘会在空气中漫游。这是什么?这是污染。我们应该得到一条规定：每个人都住在自己上班，学习的地方。这样就可以减少小区的建设，就可以减少对环境的.污染。

我还看见学校中有不少人乱丢垃圾。他们吃着吃着，不要的口香糖就吐在地上，还随地吐痰。在校外买的垃圾食品，吃完了的包装就随手扔到地上。这是什么?这是污染。学校应该定下一条规定：不准往地上扔垃圾、吐痰、吐口水，违者罚做十个俯卧撑。

让我们爱护环境，从小事做起，保护地球妈妈吧!

ne possible version:

Dear Mike，

Thank you very much for your concern. Last months several places in Beijing were blanketed with thick yellow fog. Everything around disappeared from oursight. Some highways were closed. Traffic jams were commonly seen in the streets. Many people, especially children and seniors, even found it difficult to breathe. As a result, local hospitals were crowded with people who had problems with their noses and lungs. Part of the cause was the dry weather, but the severely damaged environment contributed a lot to this nightmare. Personally I didn’t get any health problems in the haze because I stayed mostly indoors.But to make a significant change we really have to do more to protect our environment. To live a better life we have to push on with the economy, but it wound be meaningless if we have to achieve it at the cost of our breathing air.

Regards!

Yours，Li Hua

国家正在提倡"节约型社会",你将以"How to build an economized society"为题向21世纪报投稿,文章应包含以下要点,可适当发挥,谈谈自己其他的一些想法或做法.

要点提示:

节电:及时关闭灯,电扇,电脑等;

节水:随手关水龙头,废水利用等;

节能:拒用塑料袋,废物回收等;

自己的见解

注意:1.词数:100左右.短文标题,开头已为你写好,但不计入总词数;

2.内容可适当发挥,注意行文连贯.

How to build an economized society

Our government is aiming to build an "economized society". I think it is every citizens duty to work hard to achieve this goal

Possible version:

How to build an economized society

Our government is aiming to build an "economized society". I think it is every citizens duty to work hard to achieve this goal.

To build an economized society, we must keep the following points in our minds. Firstly,make sure that the lights and the electric fans are turned off when there is no one in the room. Set the room temperature at above 26℃. Remember to turn off the computer when you are not using it. Secondly, try to form the habit of turning off the tap after it is used. Use basins when washing faces or vegetables. Thus the water can be used again to clean toilets or water flowers. Thirdly, it will be good enough to use a basket instead of plastic bags when you go to the market. As we know, a basket can be used many more times.

In a word, we should try our best to build an economized society.

“保护环境，人人有责。”不少的垃圾桶上都有这样一句话。电视和广播等媒体也都倡议要保护环境。可总有些人把这些拒绝在外，还一如既往地随地扔垃圾。有的人也许曾经看到过：一条有很多垃圾桶的马路上，还是有被风吹起的塑料袋。

我见到过一个人，边骑车边吃早饭。早饭吃完，随手一扔，塑料袋就象鸽子一样飞了出去。还有小学生：她吃好桔子，佯装把橘子皮放进口袋，却不小心掉到地上，其实她是故意的。她放进口袋之际，用手拨到了地上，假装不知道它掉了出来。这样扔垃圾的事还不少，真想不出这样能得到什么好处。

世界上有不少地区已经被“白色污染”所笼罩。白色污染其实就是白色塑料袋不腐烂，而长期不去收集，所以塑料袋越积越多形成的污染。外国是靠燃烧塑料袋来发电，而我国是将它埋在地里，对沼气进行影响。所以塑料袋并不是一无是处，但是需要统一管理，使我国不被白色污染包围。

外国曾经有一只海鸥，从高空一下子坠落沙滩。一些关于保护动物的部分人员把海鸥肚子打开，发现海鸥肚子里全是瓶盖.塑料。因为水域被影响，无鱼可吃，就只好吃瓶盖了。看过污染带来的灾害，有些人会认为，没有殃及人，还是可以继续的。千万不要这样想。有些人还在大量毁坏森林，砍伐树木。有本书上写过：要是世界上没有了一草一木，人类只能再活五百天。

因为这样，所以我们要保护环境，拒绝污染。让世界成为环保的大家族!

, hello! I am an alien from mercury. This time, I wrote to you for the environment on earth.

Ago, I went to visit the earth, the earths beautiful scenery let me fascinated. The river clear visible bottom, can see the fish swimming around, can see the bottom of the river green brown stone. A stream of bright blue, let me deeply respected. Come to the garden, and flowers there. Came to the forest, where birds, the animals free life. Lush trees... Returning to mercury, I told my friends everything I saw on earth, ready to go to earth for a few years with my friends.

A few years later, I came to earth with the guys. At this time, we cant believe the scene appeared in front of us: once lush trees has been changed to dongdong tall buildings. The previous clear visible bottom stream and stream of bright blue, has disappeared, has become a stinking creek, before swimming fish have been stinks, have a lot of rubbish in the river. Looked up and saw the sky is gray, it is already lost before the beautiful beautiful blue skirt. Road piled up a lot of rubbish, everyone passing by, and no one to clean up the trash.

I want you to take care of the environment and protect the environment.

How Freshmen Adapt to the New Environment?

When freshmen enter the university at the first time they have to deal with all kinds of affairs independently.Whether a new student can understand and become familiar with the environment of the campus rapidly will determine whether he can live and study freely.

Firstly,the freshmen should be familiar with layout of the campus as soon as possible.As soon as freshmen arrange properly their luggage after entering the university,they should familiarise themselves with every location in the campus at once.In this way,they will save more time and get along smoother than others when they go through various kinds of formalities and solve various kinds of problems.

Secondly,freshmen should consult seniors more. It is the swiftest method to ask those familiar with the environment of the campus.

Finally,holding certain positions in the class can also help freshmen to adapt to their life on campus.

早上，我和妈妈决定去打扫家门口的街道环境污染作文100字环境污染作文100字。

首先，来到了家附近的一个垃圾箱旁，我发现邻居们都把垃圾扔到了垃圾箱外面，堆起了一座“小山”，垃圾正慢慢的腐烂发臭，引来了许多苍蝇。实在太臭了，所以，我带上口罩去清理。清理好垃圾箱，我又来到路边上，清理行人乱扔的垃圾，到处都是纸屑，我扫了半天才扫好。

今天，我打扫了家附近的路。才觉得，打扫卫生的叔叔阿姨真伟大，天天都把我们的地球妈妈打扫的干干净净。

People like to modernize the building compared to the magnificent, then this embodies a high degree of spiritual civilization and material civilization of the building should stand in what kind of environment? If the sky filled with smoke, the earth vegetation and so on, this is the people of the modern society of it? No, no, it is the irony of history, this is the tragedy of mankind.

People live on earth, to survive, to develop, first of all have to rely on the earth, by mountains and water, there are grassland nature of the forest. But some people mistakenly believe that nature is inexhaustible treasures, so deforestation and species, dried Ze and fishing, and even by the natural punishment and not know. Year after year, the forest into a barren hills, oasis into a desert, resulting in the world every year, 2,000 hectares of farmland was swallowed by the desert. So go after a few years, the earth will be all occupied by the desert green, our children and grandchildren will not survive! A few years ago, the rural package to the household, coax the mountain into the wind, Chinas Wuchuan County, a township of nearly 2,000 acres of fir forest, cut in a week for the ground. Hearing this news, I have a headache, I am angry, the farmers doing so are too ignorant and too selfish. There are a lot of things that are doing the same thing: it is the smoke of the sky, so that the noise of high decibels can stimulate the nerves of the people.

In this regard, we should think deeply. Modern society makes us live better, modern science has also fully revealed the importance of environmental protection. Every honest citizen should have such a historical vision and sense of urgency: to build our country into an ideal modern power, we must do the development of economic and environmental protection simultaneously, to achieve economic development and social benefits of unity.

人们喜欢把现代化比作宏伟的大厦，那么这座凝聚着高度精神文明和物质文明的大厦应矗立在怎样的环境之中呢?如果天空烟雾弥漫，大地草木枯败等等，这是人们心中的现代化社会吗?不，不是，这是历史的讽刺，这是人类的悲剧。

人生活在地球上，要生存，要发展，首先就得靠地球，靠有山有水，有森林有草原的大自然。可是有人误以为大自然是取之不尽，用之不竭的宝库，于是毁林而种，竭泽而渔，连连受到自然的惩罚而不自知。年复一年，森林变成了荒丘，绿洲沦为沙漠，致使世界上每年有2000公顷农田被沙漠吞噬。这样下去经过若干年，地球上的绿地将全部被沙漠侵占，我们的子孙将无法生存!前些年，农村包产到户后，哄砍山林成风，我国务川县一个乡的近2000亩杉木林，在一周之内被砍为平地。听到这个消息，我头疼，我愤怒，这样做的农民太愚昧，太自私。还有很多正在干着类似务川的贻害子孙的事情：任滚滚浓烟弥漫天空，让高分贝的噪音刺激人的神经。

对此，我们应该深思。现代化社会使我们生活得更美好，现代科学也已充分揭示了环境保护的重要性。每个正直的公民，都应具备这样的历史眼光和忧患意识：要把我国建成一个理想的现代化强国，必须做到发展经济与保护环境同步，实现经济发展效益与社会效益的统一。

事实也是这样，几年前，大连污染严重，经过一系列的保护措施后，不仅使市容面目美观了，还带来了良好的经济效益，外商投资，中外合作等等，因此让大连成为现代化的大都市。

让我们伸出自己的双手，来保护自己的家乡，来建设自己的家乡吧

[保护环境英语作文三篇

导语：随着人们生活水平的提高，私家车数量不断增加。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

Private cars have become an important aspect of people‘s life in many parts of our country, especially in large cities such as Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. While they bring much convenience to people, they are also widely criticized. There are some arguments for owning private cars. In the first place, cars allow people to move around freely, which greatly improves our living standard. We can easily drive cars for sightseeing on weekends. In the second place, cars are a comfortable way to travel, especially in bad weather. Last but not least, the car industry can boost economy by creating many job opportunities in production of steel, rubber, glass and so on. However, there are also many good arguments against cars. First of all, they pollute the environment by emitting harmful gases and giving out loud noises. In addition, cars cause a large number of traffic accidents, which bring great misery to the victims‘ families. As far as I am concerned, we should limit the number of private cars by providing better mass transportation and better service for the people. Everyone should sacrifice his or her own interest for the common good of the society.

【参考译文】

私家车已成为我国许多地区人民生活的一个重要方面，特别是在北京、上海和中国等大城市。虽然他们给人们带来很多方便，但他们也被广泛批评。有一些理由拥有私家车。首先，汽车可以让人们自由走动，这大大提高了我们的生活水平。周末我们可以很容易地开车观光。其次，汽车是一种舒适的旅行方式，尤其是在恶劣的天气里。最后但并非最不重要的是，汽车工业可以通过创造钢铁、橡胶、玻璃等的就业机会来提振经济。然而，也有许多好论据反对汽车。首先，他们通过排放有害气体和发出大声的噪音来污染环境。此外，汽车造成了大量的交通事故，给遇难者家属带来了极大的痛苦。就我而言，我们应该通过提供更好的大众运输和更好的服务来限制私家车的数量。为了社会的共同利益，每个人都应该牺牲自己的利益。

Save the earth

How to protect theenvironment has become one of the biggest problems in the world .

It’s our duty toprotect our environment .No matter where we live ,we should do something tokeep our neighborhood clean and tidy .We can collect waste paper or otherwaste things for recycling.We should plant more trees and we should preventthose factories from pouring waste water into rivers,lakes and fields.We shouldn’t leave rubbish everywhere andspit in public places .We mustn’t pick the flowers or step on the grass inpublic.If everyone tries his best to protect the environment ,the world willbecome much more beautiful and our life will be better and better .

The important of Environmental protection

With the development of economy, peoples life is getting better and better. The increasingly rapid pace of life. However, environmental problems have become increasingly prominent.

Too many people pay attention to their life and work. To reduce the environmental protection consciousness, causes the environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious. The white trash everywhere. Air pollution. The pollution of water. The land pollution. And so on. Nowadays. These have seriously affected peoples lives. The pollution of the environment has led to mass produce all kinds of disease germs. Popular. It seriously affected peoples lives. We all know.The protection of a good living environment and people is cannot do without. Have a good environment. Peoples life can be guaranteed. In order to get the sustainable development of society.

As we all know. The earth is our home. Protect environment depends on everyone. Only when we have a good environment is the guarantee. Our life will be better and better.

With the quickly development in the economic field in nowadays,the resources on the earth get fewer and fewer. As we all know, the earth is the only home to everybody. So we can learnt from it is how important is the environment for our community. However, in order to protecting it,there is no doublt something must to be done with all of us.

First of all, in my opinion, I think as a member in the home of the unique earth, all of us should have the minds to construct a environmentally friendly society. so, I am appeal all of you to protect the environment together. And do what the little things near by you.

Then, the views what I agree is that: on one hand, learn more environment protecting knowledge in free time, and keep it in mind and do it .on the other hand, set an example for all the people.

The last but not least, everybody must keep it in mind is there’s no denying we have only an earth ,we must keep it from environment breaking, for us and everyone on the earth.

In a word, we must do the little things near to us from this moment, and remember it everywhere and everytime.

人类一直以为地球上的水和空气是无穷无尽的，所以不担心把千万吨废气送到天空去，又把数以亿吨计的垃圾倒进江河湖海，最终人类生活的地方范围将会慢慢缩小，直至消失。

人类没有注重对青山、绿水、蓝天、大海的保护，私采矿，滥伐树、乱排污水乱放污气、过度放牧、过度开荒、过度开发自然资源、破坏自然界的生态平衡等等。

正所谓：你中有我、我中有你。

近年来，由于人口急剧增长，工业迅猛发展，土壤表面堆放和倾倒，有害废水不断向土壤中渗透，大气中的有害气体及飘尘也不断随雨水降落在土壤中，导致了土壤污染。人类食用后，会影响健康。

多数大城市里的空气含有许多取暖、运输和工厂生产带来的污染物。这些污染物威胁着数千万市民的健康，导致许多人失去了生命，这叫做空气污染。

现在城市巨大，这些大城市的无序扩大也损害到了自然区。因此，无限制的城市化应当被看作是文明的新弊端。

最近几十年，在1980-1990年，世界上有1。5亿公顷森林消失了。按照目前这种森林面积减少的速度，40年以后，就再也见不到一棵树了。

水是不能制造的，一定要珍惜水资源。水饥、水荒、水枯、水污的缠扰，作为“水”的关键点。

臭氧层臭氧层被破坏后，其吸收紫外线的能力大大降低，使得人类接受过量紫外线辐射的机会大大增加了。在北极地区，因为太阳的辐射，冰块全部破损，北极熊无家可归。

所以自然保护很重要。

白色污染White Pollution

With the remarkable improvement of people’s living standard, people tend to buy more goods. As a result, a plenty of plastic bags are threw around and caused white pollution. Not only does it do harm to the environment, but also give people the impression that the city is dirty. As we all known, plastic bags are non-biodegradable material and it will stay in the soil for a long time. What’s worse, the poison released from the plastic bags is harmful.

随着人民生活水平的显著提高，人们购买的商品越来越多。所以，到处都是塑料袋，造成白色污染。塑料袋不仅污染环境，也给人城市很脏的印象。众所周知，塑料袋是不可生物降解的材料，会长期留在土壤里面。更糟糕的是，从塑料袋中释放的有毒物质是有害的。

Being current generation of young people, we should take measures to control the use of plastic bags .We can substitute them with cloth bags or reuse them. And the government can make rules to avoid using them. If we do our best, the use of plastic bags can be reduced, thus the white pollution can be controlled.

作为当代年轻的一代，我们应该采取措施来控制塑料袋的使用。我们可以用布袋来替代塑料袋或者重复使用。政府也可以制定规定来避免使用塑料袋。如果我们努力做好，塑料袋的使用就可以减少了，从而白色污染也会得到控制。

我的家乡在荆州。平时，我对家乡的环境也不大了解 。这几天，我们班组织同学们进行了一次综合实践活动，对家乡的环境进行了一次调查，调查的主要对象是荆州的护城河。这次调查让我受益匪浅。

通过实地调查和上网查资料，我了解到以前的荆州护城河污染十分严重。护城河两侧共有二十多个排污口，每天城区的生活及工业污水排入护城河，直接排入的总污水量约5万立方米。因此，河水变成了浑浊的墨绿色。居住在附近的居民和过往的行人也很不爱护环境，把垃圾随随便便仍进河里，使河水的污染进一步加重。由于护城河是死水，无法流动，河底淤泥非常多，水面上漂浮着大量的蓝藻，河底的沉积物散发着臭味。人们从这里经过，都要捂着鼻子，加快脚步。

护城河的污染成为了荆州人的心中之痛。在广大市民的期盼下，市政府对护城河进行了彻底的治理。经过清淤、补水、截污、绿化……护城河面貌焕然一新。

如今的护城河碧波荡漾，波光粼粼。护城河宛如一面绿色的大镜子，映出了蓝天白云和古老城墙的美丽倒影。几只鸭子在水面上嬉戏，几条小船在小河上悠闲地驶来驶去，真可谓“舟行碧波上，人在画中游”。河岸上杨枊依依，与古老的城墙交相辉映，美不胜收。

通过这次的环境调查，我增强了环保意识。我们一定要好好保护环境，让我们共同的家园天更蓝、水更清、景色更美!

"Green" the eternal topic, let us better to understand the importance of environmental protection.

Green environmental protection is to make us live a happy life in a clean environment, however, the environment around us in a worse if we dont alarm, then, our motherland will be a mess in our hands! Green environmental protection starts from me. My dad used to drive his car to work, listen to my advice, to protect the environment, he ride a bike from now on, he thought that not only the exercise of his body, also for the green environmental protection.

My mother began to contribute to the green environmental protection. Before she went to vegetable market to buy food, she used plastic bags, a village green environmental protection propaganda on TV, she understood the green environmental protection is sustainable, in order to we can have a better environment. In order to we live healthier lives, so mom from that moment on, every day go to vegetable market with the own basket, instead of plastic bags.

As a new era of junior middle school students, and I will response to the green environmental protection call for, I had at school are all use one-off chopsticks, but now I can bring their own chopsticks to school. I think, though this is a small matter, but I do my responsibility.

Happiness of life to let China land everyone be permeated with happy smile, rich products, long history, noble quality, the plot environment. Nowadays, the environment is polluted, the green environmental protection starts from me, let us together to protect the environment!

Scientists are finding ways to stop air pollution especially in big industrial areas and densely-populated cities. They are studying new ways of generating electricity that may be less damaging to the environment. In the meantime, many power plants are being modernized to give off less polluted material. Also, engineers try to design and locate new power plants to do minimum damage to the environment.

However, it may be that we still have a long way to go before we have a clean world. Nearly all of the countries are trying hard to prevent and control air pollution. There indeed seems to be no end to tasks that environmentalists will be required to do. People will continually find new ways to control pollution

This summer vacation, I joined a social practice to be a part-time tourguide. There I found something that impressed me a lot.

People who love traveling are always finding places to take a vacation, which caused a lot of troubles.For example, I found that some people were used to dropping out the trash everywhere. They just regarded the sightseeings as their houses, which cost a lot to clean it up. Besides, some one should write down their names on the trees and walls. People who wanted to leave their names whereever they went are always to punish in future.

Nevertheless, I also found some good examples, such as teaching tourists not to destroy the places of historic interests, helping clean up the environment,etc..I think we all need to teach more people not to hurt our precious nature. What we really need to do is protect them form destroying.

我的老家回江苏的，奶奶家旁边有一条小溪，那里有芦苇，有的时候，还会看到很多蜂鸟。就在我们今年回老家的时候，小溪的水，被污染了。

我看到芦苇都没有了，小溪的地下都是易拉罐、酒瓶、碎玻璃。我看到了，我很惊讶，我就问爸爸：“爸爸为什么会这样？”“因为有人乱扔垃圾，破坏了大自然啊。”爸爸说完，我就回房间了。

我上网查了很多的资料，我觉得有一些很有用，就让爸爸打印下来了。

这是我上网查阅的资料：

水的重要性：水是生命的源泉，是生命存在与经济发展的必要条件，同样是构成人体组织的重要部分。水在人体内的含量达70%，其余30%左右为固体营养物（蛋白质、碳水化合物、脂质、矿物质、维生素等）。人体60%的水在细胞内，40%在流体内（血、消化液、唾液、胆液、泪水、汗液、肠液、胃液）。

明代李时珍在本草纲目中著到：“药补不如食补，食补不如水补”，水不愧为百药之王。由有害化学物质造成水的使用价值降低或丧失，污染环境。污水中的酸、碱、氧化剂，以及铜、镉、汞、砷等化合物，苯、二氯乙烷、乙二醇等有机毒物，会毒死水生生物，影响饮用水源、风景区景观。污水中的有机物被微生物分解时消耗水中的氧，影响水生生物的生命，水中溶解氧耗尽后，有机物进行厌氧分解，产生硫化氢、硫醇等难闻气体，使水质进一步恶化。

看到这些，我们一定要好好的保护地球，这样，才不会给我们带来自然灾害。