高一英语介绍自己作文精选20篇

ncreased stress results in increased productivity--up to a point. However,

this level differs for each of us. Its very much like the stress on a violin

string. Not enough produces a dull. harsh sound. Too much makes sharp, annoying

noir, or causes the string to snap. However, just the right degree can create

magnificent tones. Similarly, we all need to find the proper level of stress

that promotes optimal performance, and enables us to make harmonious music. Good

health is more than just the absence of illness. Rather, it is a very robust

state of physical and emotional well being that acknowledges the importance and

inseparability of mind/body relationships. In the next program. I hope you will

join me in the pursuit of learning how to exploit stress, so that it can work

for you. and make you more productive, rather than self-destructive.

My grandparents believed you were either honest or you werent. There was

no in between. They had a simple motto hanging on their living-room wall: "Life

is like a field of newly fallen snow; where I choose to walk every step will

show. "They didnt have to talk about it--they demonstratedthe motto by the way

they lived. They understood instinctively that integrity means having a personal

standard of morality and ethics that does not sell out to expediency and that is

not relative to the situation at hand. Integrity is an inner standard for

judging your behavior.Unfortunately, integrity is in short supply today--and

getting scarcer. But it is the real bottom line in every area of society.And it

is something we must demand of ourselves.

A good test for this value is to look at what I call the Integrity Trial,

which consists of three key principles: Stand firmly for your convictions in the

face of personal pressure.

When you know youre right, you cant back down. Always give others credit

that is rightfully theirs. Dont be afraid of those who might have a better idea

or who might even be smarter than you are. Be honest and open about who you

really are. People who lack genuine core values rely on external factors--their

looks or status---in order to feel good about themselves. Inevitably they will

do everything they can to preserve this facade,but they will do very little to

develop their inner value and personal growth.

So be yourself. Dont engage in a personal cover-up of areas that are

unpleasing in your life. When its tough, do it tough. In other words, face

reality and be adult in your responses to lifes challenges.

Self-respect and a clear conscience are powerful components of integrity

and are the basis for enriching your relationships with others.

Integrity means you do what you do because its right and not just

fashionable or politically correct. A life of principle, of not succumbing to

the seductive sirens of an easy morality,will always win the day. My

grandparents taught me that.

Almost everyone knows that water covers three-fourths of the earths

surface. Most of it， however， is in the oceans and is too salty to drink. Also，

some of it is frozen and cannot be used. In fact， less than one percent is left

for the use of people， animals and plant life. All through history men have

tried to build their homes near the sources of fresh water. Now fresh water is

becoming scarce， but more and more is needed because of the increasing number of

people in the world. Some industries also use large amounts of fresh water in

the production of things such as steel， petroleum， paper and rubber and so on.

Scientists estimate that the need for fresh water will have doubled by the year

2003. If they are correct， we must find new ways of saving it or producing it.

Some nations have worked on the problem and are already sharing their

information with others. They are trying to keep their rivers from becoming

polluted. Deep wells are also being dug， and rain water is being collected in

huge artificial lakes. In one way or another， they hope to provide enough water

to satisfy the needs of their people.

Dear Mercy,

亲爱的梅斯，

How is everything going! Last time you said you are anxious now because you

find it hard to learn English well. Don’t worry. I think you have to improve

your English step by step. And I will right behind you. In my view, you should

develop you interest on English first. According to my experience, I think

watching English movie, listen to some wonderful English songs and talk in

English on the Internet would be helpful. Secondly, you have to prepare lessons

before class that will help you understand what the teacher says in the class. I

know you feel bored in the class, but you have force yourself to be

concentrated. A few days later you will feel it a little easy to learn English.

The left steps I will tell next time. By the way, we have not seen each other

since your family move to Hunan a year ago. Have you ever thought about going

back to visit me and learn English together in the coming Summer vacation.

Looking forward to your reply.

过得可好。上次你说你现在很焦虑因为你觉得很难学好英语。别担心。我觉得要提高英语你得一步步来。我会帮你的。在我看来，首先应该要培养你对英语的兴趣。根据我的经验，我认为看英文电影，听美妙的英文歌曲以及在互联网上与他人用英语交流会有很大的帮助。其次，你要预习，这样可以让你理解老师在课堂上说的东西。我知道你觉得上英语课很无聊，但你必须强迫自己聚精会神的听。一段时间后，你会感觉到学习英语变得容易些了。剩下的步骤下一次我会告诉你的。顺便提一下，自从一年前你们家搬到湖南后我们就没见过面。你有没有想过暑假的时候回来看看我，我们可以一起学习英语。期待你的回复。

Best wishes,

Li

丽

My hometown, which is in the south of × Province, is a very beautiful village. It lies on the east bank of a small river, surrounded by green mountains, In the past my hometown was poor, and people led a hard life. They couldnt afford to send their children to school. But ,great changes have taken place in my hometown in the past twenty years. Many families .have not only color TV sets, but also telephones, fridges, computers, and so on. New roads, houses, schools, hospitals have been built. People in my hometown are working hard for a better life.

我的家乡在××南部，是一个非常漂亮的村庄，它位于一条小河的东岸，为绿色的大山所环抱。过去，我的家乡很穷，人们过着艰难的生活，孩子读不起书。但是在刚刚过去的二十年里，我的家乡发生了翻天覆地的变化口许多家庭不仅有了彩色电视机，而且电话、冰箱、电脑等应有尽有。新修了公路，新建了房屋、学校和医院。家乡人民正在为过上更好的生活而辛勤工作。

My hometown Nanchang is the Peoples Republic of China Jiangxi Provinces provincial capital, Chinese one of 35 super cities, has the essence or quintessence of things tianbao, the human outstanding earth deities since the ancient times fine reputation.It has more than 2200 years history and the deep cultural inside story, is the Peoples Republic of China State Council names the historical city.Not only Nanchang is the ecological environment exquisite the Chiangnan region of rivers and lakes, Communist Party of China it the colors raise place.Has the honor to receive many times the Peoples Republic of China"the nation cultured and civilized city", "the national health cityadvanced city", "the Chinese outstanding traveling city", "thenational two supports model city" the title.

Nanchang is situated at middle and lower reaches Yangtze River, westPoyang Lake the Nanan, is only 11 the provincial capital city whichwith southeast the Yangtze River delta, the Zhujiang Delta and Fujianthe economic zone adjoin west, receives opens, north-south north andsouth. Beijing nine, Zhejiang and Jiangxi provinces, the Anhui Jianxithree bar iron routes connect to this, is Beijing nine on-line theonly provincial capital city; 105th, 320, 316 federal highways gothrough vertically Nanchang; The Changbei international airport mayreach national each big city; The water transportation enters YangtzeRiver after Ganjiang River to leave East China Sea. Looked from theeconomic significance that, Nanchang has become international andeastern part the coastal developed area industry gradient shift idealarea.

时光飞逝，岁月如梭，在这漫长的青春岁月里，不少人和事早已被我慢慢淡忘。但是在记忆里，总有一些深刻的经历，让人难以忘怀。还记得以前，我总是很腼腆，最不喜欢上台。那时我在妈妈所工作的学校上学，所以妈妈经常给我机会锻炼我。

妈妈是学校里的主任，所以想让我上舞台并不难，简单说，就是动动嘴巴的小事。可是，我并不喜欢上台，因为我总是固执的认为，上台主持演讲根本没有什么好的，还不如在班上好好做好自己，每天完成好作业就可以了。那时我对那些可以上台表演啊，主持啊，发挥自我光彩的学生根本没有一点羡慕之情，甚至还觉得他们就是做作。因此，以前只要有什么表演，主持的项目，我从不主动参加。

可是到了后来，妈妈开始察觉到了我的这个坏毛病，开始强迫我上台。最开始，只是有一些播音之类的幕后项目。到了后来，妈妈便开始强迫我去参加一些大队委竞选啊，国旗下主持的大型项目。一开始，我极力反抗，甚至还为此大哭了一场。但是我发现，反抗都是无用的，所以只好服从。但是每一次我都带着不满的情绪练习。

有一次，妈妈帮我报名了一个“学校优秀十佳”的竞选。最初，我每次排练都懒懒散散，根本拿不出一点十佳的样子。可是我意识到这样不行，这可是要给全校看的啊!于是，我决定认真起来。妈妈教我要把声音提亮，演讲时要有精神，我按照妈妈教我的去努力练习，每天照着镜子练。演讲当天，我竞以全校第一的名次被选去参加高新区的演讲!我更加自信了。

在这之后，妈妈帮我将PPT改的更完美，又将我的稿子改的更好，让我努力练习。我便更加努力，每天一有空就背稿子，吃饭睡觉都想着。果然，“功夫不负有心人，”我在20多名选手中脱颖而出，获得了高新区第六名!

曾经，我是那样腼腆胆小，不敢上台。甚至还觉得那些台上的人没什么了不起。可是经过锻炼后，我才知道原来我也可以变得这么优秀!谢谢你，妈妈。谢谢你给了我这么多机会，让我也可以成为一个这样优秀的人，谢谢你使我成为了更好的自己!

My name is "Zhou Kunren". It is called Kun Ren because my parents want me to become a strong, brave and helpful man through my efforts.

I study in grade four of XX primary school. I am lively and cheerful, and I like making friends. I have many hobbies. Swimming, playing basketball and playing football are all my favorites.

My academic record is very good, and I get more than 90 points in every subject, and I speak actively in class. After class, I am still a teachers assistant, helping teachers distribute their homework and organize activities.

The reason why I came to the eloquence class of young leaders is to improve their eloquence and make more friends. My ambition is to be a brave SWAT to protect our country and people. Lets make friends together. My name is Zhou Kunren.

曾经的我:

你好，我是三年后的你。今天看到网易云音乐里发起的活动，感觉很有意思，但囿于字数，无法把所想所说完整呈现给你，故决定脱离这个活动，单独写信给你。可能字数较多，但希望你还是可以从百忙的高三复习中抽出点时间，看一看，读一读。

站在三年后的角度，我能理解此时的你痛苦、迷茫，但也明白在这两者背后你还藏了一点希望。

说痛苦，是因为成绩与感情双重的打击。曾也诗酒年华，曾也睥睨天下，似乎整个世界都在自己的掌控之中。未进高中时你曾以北大作为自己的目标，进入高三后你也曾把重本作为自己的理想。但现实似乎总有点不尽如人意，你发现你的成绩并不如理想中那样优秀，但你还是可以保留一点上一所一本学校的自豪感。也许你想问最终自己究竟去了哪一所学校，但而今的我在这个问题上依然想对你三缄其口。只是因为对未来充满未知会是一种幸福。你或许认为我说了句空言，你或许认为我不了解你的痛苦，但请你记住三年后的你告诫自己的一句话:往日的痛苦在多年以后回忆，真的会不经意间变成一种幸福。

除了成绩，还有感情。你还在为高二的那个自己越编越大的故事所困惑。但我真诚希望你能把它彻底放下。因为三个月后，你会因这些事而作出一些多年后回忆起来有些后悔的决定，你也会立下一个不大不小但有点极端的誓言(三年后大家都习惯称其为flag)。在六个月后，你会用你因一时冲动而立下的誓言狠狠地抽打自己的脸以及自己的灵魂。十六个月后，你会明白原来自己曾郑重立下的誓言是多么一文不值。而在三十一个月后你会对整个世界的认识发生彻底的改变，你会为曾经立下这么重的誓言而悔恨，尽管可能只有你记得它。所以为了多年后未有这种悔恨，你不是该杜绝根源的么?

痛苦之外，你现在该是迷茫吧?你不是有一种梦里不知身是客的感觉么?你不是对世界持一种怀疑态度么?你不是不知该去往何方么?或许现在的你也因这种迷茫而产生一种痛苦，但还是请你再坚持一下，因为这个情绪的问题在你读大学后会得到一个比较好的解决。当然不是全部解决，谁也没有这个办法，但你还是在很大程度上缓解了对这个问题的焦虑。这主要源于你遇到了几位好的老师，他们会成为你的“精神导师”。你现在读到这个词可能会感觉有些可笑，但他们的言辞以及思想的确对你发生了很大改变。顺带一说，你将在不久后一个晚上，和一位老师漫步在一所美丽的校园里，顶着夜色，踏着春风，然后在被风吹的沙沙作响的一片梧桐荫下，他告诉你:要作一个孤独的贵族。

你也会碰到可能会对你四年后的人生走向起到重大作用一位老师。他会向你推荐许多书目，也会给你解答一些疑惑，更会帮你成为一名真正的“贵族”。

好像有些偏题了，不过好像也没跑题太远。迷茫与痛苦有没有好点?对未来的希望有没更多点?你对未来有很多希望，负责地讲，有一半已经实现，但有一半却迟迟不能完成。想知道是哪一半没有完成?那就好好学习吧，三年后你便醒悟了。

一时起兴，写的有点凌乱，还望见谅。

There was a sea of people, and the lanterns were gathered together like a meeting. Its hilarious. The lantern dazzled me. The lamp has big, small, color is different, the shape is strange. The most interesting thing is the golden pig lamp. Let me introduce you!

The golden pig lamp was made of several pieces of wire, and the body was made of a few golden sponges. A few smiles on her face. Really cute! It looks like running. The pig tail of the golden pig had a note on it, which said: happy Lantern Festival.

After watching the eye-catching golden pig lamp, go to the green light!

Two hands came out from below, beside the woods and meadows. There is also an o line "stream", "brook" water is really "clear see low" ah. You can think of it as a mirror! There are two bamboo rafts in the "stream" of the word "stream". I think they must be looking at the scenery! How is it? Its beautiful!

每当有人问起：“嘿！你的故乡在哪里呀？”我总是自豪地告诉他：“瓜沥！”没错瓜沥就是我的故乡。

瓜沥位于萧山东南，西面有一座航坞山，航坞山上有一座寺庙叫白龙寺。传说山上里的一口井里有一条白龙，下大雨时就是腾云驾雾，于是叫白龙寺。瓜沥到处是高楼，别墅，我们在全中国富绕的排名也可以说是数一数二的了。我们的瓜沥可真是一个富饶之地啊！

瓜沥它就像母亲甘甜的乳汁，养育着我们，培养着我们，让我们能健康的成长，快乐的成长，让我们的成长之路，一路是快乐的影子，欢笑的影子，在我认为除了祖国，母亲很伟大，非常的伟大，还有我的故乡瓜沥也是非常的伟大！

对故乡的爱不是用一言两语就能说清楚的，总之一句话，啊！我美丽的故乡，我爱你！

Today, after school, my friends asked me to have dinner with them, I felt so happy and went the restaurant with them. Then I found they wanted to eat buffet, I was so happy, because I always wanted to have buffet, I could eat a lot of food.

As we paid the money more than we usually spent, so all of us wanted to eat as more as possible, even though we were full enough, we still tried to eat. I would go the wash room many times, so that I could continue to eat. I found eating the buffet should be a happy thing for me, but now it seemed to be a kind of torture, I always told myself to eat more than I could bear, my stomach hurt.

The experience to eat buffet lets me realize that I should enjoy the food instead of eat more than I could bear.

我名叫潘xx，今年八岁多。我身高一米二八，不胖不瘦，一双炯炯有神的眼睛，园园的脸蛋红润润的，常挂着灿烂的笑容。别人说我是个人见人爱的孩子。

我的优点很多，你们不会说我自吹自擂吧？我会自己设立目标和做事原则，学习很认真，做作业一丝不苟，从不马虎，考试几乎次次都是高分，教过我的老师 都很喜欢我，经常夸奖我，鼓励我，给了我前进的动力。我喜欢运动，课余时间我跑跑跳跳，和同学们玩猫抓老鼠、三个字、捉迷藏……我和同学玩得既开心又团 结。我在家里做家务，妈妈睡不着的时候，我帮她摸摸背，爸爸累了，我给他捶捶腰，他们都夸我是一个有孝心的孩子。如果你不相信我的话，你可以去问老师或家 长。因为我表现优秀，所以被评为行为规范优秀生。

我有一些缺点，比如：任性、自己说了算、爱哭闹，有时做事磨蹭，我不顺心的时候会出现对长辈不礼貌的行为。我会改正这些不良行为，争取做个完美的孩子。

My name is Jiao Rui. Im 9 years old. My birthday is May 16. Im a dog. My

weight is 95 Jin and my height is 143 cm. Im in grade 3 of Nanjing No.2 primary

school. My hair is black, my eyes are small, I am a single eyelid, my skin is

black. My mother said, "Im too fat.". I said, "although Im burnt and fat, Im

the fastest runner in my class. My favorite sport is swimming. shuttlecock. Play

football I like swimming best. I can swim six times in the natatorium. The coach

said I have made progress. I like not only sports, but also reading books. I

recommend Cao Wen to you

我叫袁，是一名普普通通的农村女孩，我喜欢唱歌、画画、写故事。

我很懒，不愿意写作业。但一玩起来，我总是最活跃的一个。我很活泼、好动、阳光、乐观。我像是古人的“不以物喜，不以己悲”的性格。我很仰慕古人的才华，这也影响到我喜欢语文喜欢的如痴如醉。

在班级里，我是一个时时刻刻不能空闲的女生。我总是喜欢加入任何的活动，上课总是最爱发言的一个。我很喜欢语文课，因为语文老师是一个很好相处的人；我不喜欢英语，虽然英语老师很疼我。我心目中也有自己的女神——刘诗诗。因为我觉得她很漂亮很有趣。

我长得并不出众，但很爱笑。我总是认为：哭是一天，笑也是一天，与其愁眉苦脸的过完一天，不如开开心心的过一天。可妈妈总是说我在为自己缺心眼找借口。

在班级里大家一致的认为我是“女汉子”，我也不知道为什么，大家见到我，都不会惹我。有时有人说我欺负她，而另一个人却说，我打不过他。

我最大的特点就是一个字“说”。不是我吹牛，要说这个“说”呀，有几个人比得过我。我还喜欢看电视，每当有什么好节目，我总是第一个冲到电视机前观看。我几乎什么都看：新闻联播、电视剧、动画片。我就是一个十足的电视迷。我还喜欢看小说，我可是班级里公认的才女！别看我不爱学习，我的成绩也不赖，大榜70之前一定有我。

总之，我就是这样一个活泼、开朗、爱说话的一个女孩子。

流星，选择了陨落，于是，划成了天际拿到耀眼的光芒;而我选择了为自己奔跑，于是胜利成了我永久的目标。

——题记

闲来无事，自己变捧一本童话书消遣。读着读者，我似乎看到了童话里的那个世界……

清晨，非洲草原上的羚羊从睡梦中醒来，它知道，今天的比赛就要开始，对手仍然是跑得最快的狮子，想要活命，就必须为自己奔跑起来;另一方面，狮子的思想负担也不轻，假如他跑不过最快的羚羊，他就只能再次挨饿，所以，为了食物就必须为自己奔跑起来。于是，几乎同时，羚羊和狮子一跃而起，迎着朝阳跑去。很显然，羚羊与狮子，他们都拥有共同的目标——为自己奔跑。放下书本，在大脑中我努力的寻找着自己的目标。

记忆中，似乎昨天的我们还只是一群什么都不懂的孩子，是时间老人瞒着我们偷偷的剪断了时间之线，来满足我们心中曾经想要长大的愿望吧。可现在的我们已经长大了，却真的不想长大了。此时，那些被封印在深处的回忆就像花香一样弥散开来。

春天，我们曾一起到郊外放风筝;夏天，我们曾一起玩水;秋天，我们曾去偷隔壁老大爷家的果子;冬天，我们曾一起堆雪人、打雪仗……这一切的一切，牵绊着我的心，让我不再想长大。可是，就在昨天，我才发现这个世界已经现实的不能在现实了。竞争是无处不在的，只有为自己奔跑奋斗起来，才不会被淘汰。

漫步在人生的道路上，我正想的入神，却在转角处遇到了“中考”。我吃惊的望着他，感到茫然极了，他却猜出了我的心思，并为我指明了方向，他告诉我：“人要为自己奔跑奋斗，这样才活的有目标。”分别是，他伏在我耳边说：“我会在人生的下个转角处等你，等着你告诉我你成功了，加油哦!”

回到现实中，我才发觉已是晚上了。躺在床上，我一会儿就睡着了，可是，我清晰的听见，耳畔，有个声音在不断的提醒我：为自己奔跑，胜利就在前方，我等着你的好消息!

我是一个上三年级的女孩，我长着弯弯的眉毛，一双黑宝石般的眼睛，雪白的皮肤，像瀑布般的秀发，长得很普通。

我特别喜欢画画，它是我生命中不可缺少的一部分。我最擅长画风景，画得非常好看，同学们和我的爸爸妈妈都夸我的画非常好看，我还拿过学校的画画奖呢。

我最大的梦想是有一对像天使或精灵的翅膀，在蓝天中自由的飞翔。

我长大想当服装设计师，设计许多好看的衣服。我也很喜欢科学，它能教我们辨认树木。

我很外向的，我比较喜欢交朋友，不仅喜欢交朋友，和朋友相处得很好。

我最大的缺点就是爱看电视。总体来看，我还是一位不错的人。你们觉得呢？你们愿意和这样的我交个朋友吗？

Tennis is the world’s third sport, it ranks after football and basketball.

Every year, a lot of audience keeps their eyes on the four grand slam

championships. It is known to all that Wimbledon has the oldest history and the

tennis players treat it as the greatest honor to win it. This year, the local

player Murray won it again.

The famous male tennis players are Big 4. They almost won all the important

championships during the last ten years. But Murray was in the awkward situation

though he was one of the Big 4, he never won the grand slam, what’s more, people

in England put so much hope on him to win Wimbledon Championship. When Murray

made it he cried out and felt relieved.

When the second time he won, he cried out again though he did not have so

much pressure as before. The fans knew that he had a hard time after his first

great honor, people started to qustioned about his ability. But he proved

himself again.

Every player has his honor hour and the bad time, the more important is to

never give up, then honor will come again.

Today is teachers day, because mother filled too late yesterday, so I didnt give the teacher a gift it is a holiday today, the in the mind a bit sad, see other students have to prepare gifts, I think this time Im sorry, next time to prepare gifts for the teachers.

Go on the way home a few from my uncle and aunt and my mother a few flowers, I would take the flowers to the mother said mom and I want to the teacher tomorrow, only one day, mother said that today is teachers day is not how to send the teacher teachers day tomorrow, mother say teachers must be prepared to present next time. Teacher liu, wang teacher happy teachers day, beautiful forever.

我叫张宜慧智，今年10岁。我是一名小女生，在东台第一小学上学。我家里有我、姐姐、妈妈、爸爸、奶奶。姐姐在西安上大学，妈妈在本地工作，爸爸在江南开早茶店，奶奶在家里带我。

我的个子中等，眼睛大大的，像两颗圆溜溜的葡萄。我的鼻子小小的，头发乌黑，性格活泼……我上课很听讲，老师也很喜欢我。

我还喜欢小动物。一天放学，我在路上看见一条受伤的狗，我赶紧把小狗抱回家。给它上药，我打算等它伤好了再把它放走。小狗的伤终于好了，我带着它到我家门口，和它说：“小狗，你的伤好了，你走吧。你妈妈会着急的!”小狗汪汪汪地叫了，好像在说：“小主人，谢谢你，再见了。”

怎么样，我的自我介绍还行吗？

你认识我吗?我叫郑海添，我有一双水灵灵的大眼睛很惹有喜爱，但美中不足的是：鼻子有点塌。人家都说薄嘴唇的人能说会道，我天生就是厚嘴唇，可此薄唇的人还能说。我还连续两次得过全县小学生演讲比赛第一名呢！我有优点，也有缺点。先来说我的缺点。我虽然能说会道，可是也给我带来一些苦恼。有一次，老师正在分析《鲸》这一课，这时，我想起了前年在青岛水族馆见到鲸的标本就坐不住了，我顾不上听老师讲课，想把有关鲸的知识告诉同桌。在老师转过身去写字的时候，我的话就一句一句的向同桌“迸射”老师转过身来发现了，对我投来了不满的目光，还是那句话：“老毛病，就是改不掉。”就为这，爸爸妈妈经常责备我。说起这些，你会觉得我是一个不听话的孩子，但一说到优点，你们又会眉开眼笑了。看， 上课抢着举手回答间题，每次考试都是前几名，作业干净工整，劳动积极，帮助家长干家务等等。你也许会觉得我的缺点和优点是那么不相称吧！再来说我的性格和爱好，我性格幽默、活泼，常常说一些相声逗同学们笑。周会课上，我也经常讲一些故事给同学们听。当然这些都归于我最亲密的伙伴——书。我爱好看书，一看起书来就什么也不顾了。瞧，那个坐在椅子上看书的小男孩就是我。“儿子”——准是爸爸在喊我了。我的精神都集中在书上，哪儿会听见爸爸喊呢。怪不得爸爸说我的脑细胞是直的。就是我的性格和爱好。你们现在了解我了吧？我是一个又聪明又调皮还有点骄傲的孩子，人的看法呢？