水是重要的英语作文初一【汇总20篇】

We are looking for successful door will always encounter many difficulties. Difficulties, the things we most often encountered in life. It is easy to bow to them, but if we bow to him. It will fail.

Remember that time, my mother made a cake for me. Now that delicious still remained.

I cant help, I decided to make a give yourself to eat. I have eggs, milk and fruit... I couldnt find flour. I looking for west east, I saw a similar bag of flour on the table in the living room. I was overjoyed to get into the kitchen. I dont care what is this stuff will strike him into the bowl, put a little water mixing. Those "flour" unknowingly became more elastic. I rub a rub with the hand, the "flour" all become transparent. "Why is this? My cake in the right way? Im really stupid..." I quit, my in the mind at this moment "stick to it." The idea has been constantly emerge. I pick up the confidence to go to the supermarket to buy a bag of flour, after my efforts. Finally I put your delicious cake is ready. I cant wait to tastes. I do better than moms to eat.

Want to be successful in the face of difficulties, dont give up, fell stood up. Only raise your confidence, and perseverance. To enjoy the fruits of success.

我们寻找成功的大门中总会遇到许许多多的困难。困难，我们人生中最常遇到的事情。我们很容易向他们低头，但是如果我们向他低头。那么就会失败。

记得那一次，我的妈妈做了一个蛋糕给我。现在那美味还存留着。

我忍不住了，我下决心自己做一个给自己吃。我准备了鸡蛋、牛奶和水果……就是找不到面粉。我东找西找，只见有一袋类似面粉在客厅的桌子上。我喜出望外地拿进厨房。我不管这是什么东西就把他全倒进碗里，放一点水搅拌着。那些“面粉”不知不觉变得有弹性起来。我用手搓了搓，那“面粉”全变透明的了。“这是为什么?我的蛋糕做的方法不对吗?我真笨……”我不干了，我心里就在这时“坚持。”这个念头一直在不停的浮现。我拾起信心来，去超市买了一包面粉，经过我的努力。终于我把你美味的蛋糕做好了。我迫不及待地尝了一口。我做到比妈妈的更好吃。

想成功就要面对困难，不要放弃，摔倒了就站起来。只有扬起信心，坚持不懈。才能品尝到成功的果实。

The Jacksons spend their happy time on Sundays. They get up early in the morning. After breakfast, they go to church. There they meet a lot of people. They like to talk with them.

After they leave the church, the Jacksons go to the park. They go boating happily. Then it is time to have lunch. They have a picnic under the tree. After lunch the children begin to fly kites while the couples are fishing by the lake.

In the afternoon the children play on the lawn while Mr. and Mrs. Jockson are walking in the park. They enjoy themselves.

They spend almost the whole day in the park.

Class is over. The students are jumping with joy, just like runaway horses. Look, some of them have left their seats and begin to play noisily. They are laughing and screaming from time to time. Some don’t leave their seats.

They are making use of the short time to play games. Sometimes they argue so seriously and sometimes they appear so polite. Others are sitting in their seats, as if they are thinking of something. Now and then they will stop to watch what others are doing. What an active ten minutes’ break it is!

[Break Between Classes初一英语作文

My mother is an ordinary woman,who is 1.58 meters tall.With kind appearance

and good manners,you will feel that she is very amiable and noble if you meet

her. As far as I concerned,my mother is always helping our neighbours or

strangers,which makes her gain good honors in our villages.Whenever somebody

needs aids,she will give her hands as much as she can.One day I went back home

to see my mother,but she wasnt in.After some inquiring ,I knew that my mother

was looking after a child whose mother had to work.In my mothers oppions,only

when the sorrounding enviornment is harmonious and people in the society help

each other,we can live a happy life and work happily and effectivel.

January 1st is considered as the New Years Day.most companies,shops,school,and government offices are closed during that time.People prepare for New Years Dayfrom late December.Firt,people spend a few days to clean their houses completely.Some families then put up some new painting from November to be sent in January.

The New Years meal is also prepared from the end of ecember.During the New Years Day,people usually do not cook and relax at home. On New Years Eve,it is common to have a bag dinner with family members or friends at home or in hotels and hear bells which informs us of the coming New Year.New Years Day is one of important days for many people in the word during the year.

Most people spend the New YearsDay in hotels.On New Years Day,people fiest greet each other. Some people wear new coats and visit temples to pray for happiness and health theoughout the New Year.Children are busy with getting the gifts from their parents and relatives.

[初一英语作文：迎新年

Today Im go shopping with my mother.We go to a big shop.There are many things.Some about playing ，some about eating and some about working .I like books very much .So I go to the small bookstore.Oh ，there are many books.I like them very much.So I asked my mother：“Can I chice my favourite books?”My mother said：“OK!”“GOOd!Thanks mum!”

Im very happy to buy some books!

ng time ago, we never noticed that we are in a situation that the water on the earth is less than before, and the consequence is continuing.

Until recently, we have started to acknowledge that we should make the bigger efforts to save water. Therefore, so save water from every single person is important. That is why we should save water at home. If every one of us saves water at home, then the water saved together would be a huge amout. And I have some suggestions following: we could cycle the water we just used them to wash clothes to water the plants or to rush the toilet; when we wash our hands, we could turn the tap off for the moment we put soap on our hands etc.

So if we want to save water sincerely, we could save it at home .

Water水

As the saying goes, the woman is made of water, that I said that my

mother is god. Mother is very love cry, tears like spring rain, in an unbroken line. Watch TV, my mother was often moved to tears; scary stories, mother sometimes cry; however, when I do something wrong, mothers love cry. I am very naughty, always love to do something wrong. Once, I and my

grandmother bickering, the grandmother gas straight said to his mother:" see, this is you teach the good son." In the evening, and everyone else to sleep, my mother came to my room, wake me up, tell me a reason, but I still have a little impatient, my mother said, tears as the bead curtain, I feel anxious, saw her mother look, I will get up immediately went to grandma house grandmas

apology, grandmother laughed, then point behind, I saw my mother at the door secretly laugh, from now on, my mothers eyes became my life buoy. Motherly love like water, my mental errors washing clean out completely.

俗话说女人是水做的，那我说妈妈就是水神。妈妈很爱哭，眼泪像春雨一样，连绵不绝。看电视时，妈妈经常会被感动的哭；讲恐怖故事时，妈妈有时也会被吓哭；不过，当我做错了事时，妈妈最喜欢哭。我很淘气，总爱做一些错事。有一次，我和外婆斗嘴，把外婆气的直对妈妈说：“看，这就是你教的好儿子。”到了晚上，等其他人都睡了，妈妈来到我的房间，把我叫醒，对我讲了一堆大道理，可我还有点儿不耐烦，妈妈说着说着眼泪就像珠帘一样，我难过急了，看见妈妈的样子，我马上起床跑到外婆房里给外婆赔礼道歉，外婆笑了起来，然后指指背后，我看见妈妈在门口偷偷地笑了，从此以后，妈妈的眼睛就成了我人生的航标。母爱似水，把我的错。

[学生英语作文：水

I have a very good English teacher.My classmates and I all like her very much.She is very friendly to us.We all like to have English classes very much.

She is tall and beautiful.She looks like a middle school student.She has big eyes,a small nose,a small mouth and long black trousers.

Her name is Wang Yanjun.We often call her Miss Wang.She teaches English very well.In class ,she looks like our elder sister .She often helps us to solve problems.After class,she looks like our friend.We often play games together.

This is my English teacher.I love her and I love to study English,too.I believe my English will be better and better.

我有一个很好的英语老师。我和我的同学们都非常喜欢她。她对我们很友好。我们都很喜欢上英语课。

她又高又漂亮。她看起来像一个中学的学生。她有大眼睛,小鼻子,小嘴巴和长黑裤子。

她的名字叫王宿州农村。我们通常叫她王老师。她教英语很好。在课堂上,她看起来像我们的姐姐。她经常帮助我们解决问题。下课后,她看起来像我们的朋友。我们经常在一起玩游戏。

这是我的英语老师。我爱她,我爱学英语,太。我相信我的英语会越来越好。

I enjoy summer vacation very much.Becausesummer vacation is the longest vacation of the year. We have more than fifty days to rest. Though it is very hot, we can either go to swim or stay in the air-conditioned room.

In the evening, I like to go shopping with my friends.We can eat many things in summer, such as ice creams, watermelons, grapes, and so on.In summer, I always go on a trip with my parents. Its a good chance for us to visit some nice interesting places.

the four seasons of chongqing!

for a small growth in chongqing, the four seasons of chongqing, i am no longer familiar, now let me introduce to you! the spring of chongqing. to tell the truth, the spring in chongqing is very fast, almost a month has passed, although over very quickly, but there is so littlebeauty. look! spring girl came, she was wearing colorfulclothes, dancing in the air, to the southeast northwest various shed a few drops of green pigment, the earth willchange from white to green, then sprinkle with flowers and grass, so the earth grow flowers and grass. springis so beautiful ah!

spring passed fast, ushered in a hot, long summer.summer, the sun to the earth are roasted, people in theshade under the cold, fan, say, next to the tree trunkcicada also know endlessly crying, it is really an idealrealm!

winter in chongqing is not what the mood in the snow,winter in chongqing is cold. so only from eat aspects to introduce. the cold winter, one family gathered together to eat hot pot, melt it, is what a wonderful thing!

this is the four seasons of chongqing!

Many years ago, I saw the movie Harry Porter and I was so impressed by it. The magical world was so wonderful that I wanted to live there. My thoughts were so active that I always dreamed about myself walking in the magical world and taking the risk. So I decided to write down the things I dreamed about and then made these become a book. This is my little dream, when the book is finished, I want to read them to my friends and my brother. Now I have written down a few pages, I continue to write every day. I get great motivation to finish my little dream. I imagine how happy I will be when I finish the book, so I keep writing it when I have the thoughts. I am so proud of myself for I never giving up to finish my dream.

The end of the year, on New Years Eve is the reunion night, every family is decorated, celebrate a peaceful year end, the new year started.

On the eve of new years Eve, all the family are busy with the Spring Festival couplets. Our family is no exception, and the couplets at home are still posted by me every year. In fact, the knowledge of this couplet is quite great. When you saw this couplet last year, you will know the hopes and intentions of the family in the new year, and you will know what happy events happen in the familys family in the past year.

In this day, the happiest of all the children, they were early to call for adults to meet the year, because after the end of the year, they can put fireworks. When the fireworks, several children are shouting, dancing in the side, that Gaoxing Jin jiubeng mention, and even adults are also infected with them. After the fireworks one family around the table to eat family reunion dinner, the most interesting thing is to eat dumplings, and it also can eat to eat dumplings, who eat the money that who will be the best in the new year of luck, so you are to eat, who also rob the rich dumplings. But whether to eat or not to eat or eating dumplings this atmosphere is the most unforgettable......

New years Eve is the most memorable night!

结语：可以说寒假是一个新的起点，正在离我们不远处等着我们全市界的小朋友们，当然,还会有我们学校的一些大同学。

Last weekend, my family and I went to a beautiful xixi wetland.

Although there is beautiful scenery let us ecstasy, but we also saw a shocking scene.

That day, I took familys hand off the small wave rolled ship. I carefully step, on the wave rolled the ship, and also rickety at the beginning, but after sit tight, boat slowly calm down, rocking boat rowing OARS, calm water suddenly rolled up ripples. But the ship opened to open water, water quality is very bad, I saw the water no longer sparkling, but cloudy oil floating on the surface, packing box and plastic and other trash littering, originally clear water becomes cloudy. So muddy water at this moment, I think that must be a box of oil flow into the water, so will only be so dirty!

On the way back, I said to himself: "if everyone care for the environment, protecting the rivers, that every environment clean and beautiful, every river bottom!"

Lets do it together five water to rule the propagandist and executor, let us take good care of the environment, protect our home together.

上个周末，我和我的家人一同前往美丽的西溪湿地游玩。

虽然那里的优美风景让我们入迷，但是我们也看到了令人震惊的一幕。

那天，我拉着家人的手走了那小巧的摇撸船。我小心翼翼地迈出一步，踏上了摇撸船，一开始还摇摇晃晃的，但坐稳后，船便慢慢地平静下来，摇船者划着桨，平静的水面顿时卷起波纹。可是船一开到开阔的水面，水质则非常糟糕，只见水面不再波光粼粼，而是浑浊的油污漂浮在水面，包装盒和塑料袋等其他垃圾随地可见，原本清澈的水变得浑浊不堪。这时的我想，水这么浑，一定是包装盒的油污流进了水中，所以才会这么脏吧!

在回去的路上，我自言自语地说：“如果所有人都爱护环境，保护河流，那每一处环境都会干净、美丽，每一条河流都会清澈见底!"

让我们一起做五水共治的宣传者和执行者，让我们一起爱护环境，共同守护我们的家园。

City cleanness is the symbol and reflection of the civilization of that city. It is obvious that if one comes to a clean and bright city, he will have a comfortable feeling and will be in a joyful mood. On the contrary, a dirty and polluted city may drive him away. So the deanness is very important to a city. But how can we get it?

The key lies in the citizensawareness of the importance of deanness. Citizens are the owners of their city. If everyone dwelling in the city keeps the city clean enthusiastically just as they keep their house clean, then streets will become cleaner and cleaner, buildings brighter and brighter, and consequently, the city will surely become more and more beautiful.

Some measures must be taken to keep our cities clean. For example, we should set a limit to noises and exhaust gases, and invest in the planting of trees and flowers. Moreover, some education and punish ment are necessary too. I believe in the future our city will become more beautiful gardens in a common effort of all the urban inhabitants.

篇1：  One day,Xiao-Ming play in the water faucet open at washing-room,did not finish off later,the water spray to the body of Xiao-Ming,Xiao-Ming immediately ran away,or not related to the tap .water to flow out Huahua.Xiaoguang come to here,he see the tap did not closed,  ,immediately went on a closed,and also posted to a piece of paper on the wall .He wrote on:tosave water.In the near future,Xiao-Ming came to here,see the words on the wall,feel very ashamed .

篇2： As we know, water is very important to man, we can’t live without water. The amount of water which is suitable to drink is less and less. But some people don’t care about it. They waste a lot of water in their daily life. Even worse, they pour dirty water into rivers. They throw rubbish into rivers, too. Many rivers and lakes are seriously polluted. Something must be done to stop the pollution. And I think it’s a great shame to waste while millions are in great need of water. I think what we can do is that we have to save every drop of water as possible as we can. For example, we must turn off the tap immediately after we use it. We can use a basin to wash our hands and faces. It’s also a good idea to encourage my friends and family members to join me! Only in this way can we live happily. If we don’t save water, the last drop of water will be a tear-drop of us. I believe if everyone makes a little effort, we can make a big difference。

篇3： We are paying more attention on many environmental problems we made before, one of them is the water emergence. Long time ago, we never noticed that we are in a situation that the water on the earth is less than before, and the consequence is continuing.  Until recently, we have started to acknowledge that we should make the bigger efforts to save water. Therefore, so save water from every single person is important. That is why we should save water at home. If every one of us saves water at home, then the water saved together would bea huge amout. And I have some suggestions following: we could cycle the water we just used them to wash clothes to water the plants or to rush the toilet; when we wash our hands, we could turn the tap off for the moment we put soap on our hands etc.  So if we want to save water sincerely, we could save it at home .

[初二英语作文有关节约用水

hello, everyone! my name is i’m a student in a very beautiful school called liangbing middle school and i am in class 1 grade 7.my hometown liangbing is also a beautiful town. i’m very happy and i like to make friends with others. i  also like singing but traveling is my favorite, i have been to  many interesting places in china but i haven’t been to other  countries. what a pity!

at school, i study chinese,math, english, history, politics  and so on. i like all of them. i often help my teacher takecare of my class and i think i am a good helper. i live with my parents and we go home on time every day.

when i am at home, i often help my mother do some housework and my

mother said i am a good helper, too. my mother is a barber.she cuts hair very well.she is kind.many people like her. she often teaches me the way of

learning well, if you want to learn english well, here is some of my advice. at first , you must read many articles and know many words, if you meet up with some new words, you can look them up in the dictionary, you should know their meanings, how to read them and spell them. if you keep working hard, you will be successful. then, you ought to speak english as much as possible. remember an old saying, nothing is impossible in the world if you put your heart into it.  that’s all, thank you.

English is widely used throughout the world. So many people speak it as a second language. ()n line, youll find lots of information in English. If you dont understand English, how can you know more about the world, how can you get more knowledge. At international conferences, English is also used as the official language. Without good English, you cannot express your ideas well at such conferences, neither can you introduce China to the outside world.

一、总则：

1、坚持每一天，充分利用一切可以利用的时间学英语。没有持之以恒的学习和大量的时将做保障，一切都是空谈。

2、每天听写一篇文章，以此文章为中心，展开一天的学习。

3、听说读写译五项都要练，以听说为主。

4、求质不求量，把听写的文章彻底搞懂足矣，不要好大喜功，贪大贪快。扎扎实实，按部就班，是学好英语的必经之路。

5、把零碎的时间充分利用起来学英语，不断地重复。

6、听写是个学习英语的好方法，要继续加强。

7、早睡早起学英语。

8、抓住一套教材足矣，不要盲目的更换教材。

9、每天学习英语必须要有详细可行的计划，必须坚决执行，没有任何借口。

10、相信自己，一定能够学好英语。

二、分则：

(一)听力：

1、除周末外，每天晚上10：00——12：00听写一篇五分钟左右的短文。着重听力后的分析过程。

2、早晚都随身带MP3，一有空闲时间就反复听这篇短文，直到听烂为止。

3、周末看一部外国电影，复习就内容，检查一周来的学习计划执行情况。

4、重视精听，听无数遍。

(二)口语：

1、朗读并努力复述听写的短文。

2、每天坚持张嘴说，每周参加英语角。

3、注意在朗读过程中纠正发音。

(三)阅读：

1、每周阅读一份英语报纸。

2、每次整理笔记。

(四)写译：

1、争取把每天听写的短文都翻译，先英汉，再汉英。

2、注意整理笔记。

1 中等程度的同学

课文模仿背诵法

纵观近几年的中考，与课本直接相关的内容占了很大比例，在阅读和完型两项中更是多次出现课本原文。所以，把握好课本对大多数中等程度的同学至关重要。到了中考复习的冲刺阶段，不少老师会要求同学把课本中的重点课文背诵下来，我们何不现在就动手?但是机械的背诵效果不好，课文模仿背诵法一定要在模仿课文录音的前提下进行，才能发挥最大功效。

具体来说，同学可以借来初三上册的课本和录音带，每个模块的Unit1的对话由于开学上课时要做听力，可以不看，我们只需模仿背诵Unit2。比如说Module1 Unit2中的The greatest wonder of the natural world，我们打开录音机，先听第一句：When I arrived, it was early morning and it was raining. 然后进行模仿，注意语调和节奏以及连读，而后再将录音带倒回，再次模仿。如果你以前没有模仿朗读的习惯，那你至少需要将这一个句子模仿5到6遍，长句子需要10遍以上。实际上，当你把一个句子模仿得惟妙惟肖时，这个句子已经印在你脑子里了。所以要想将一篇200到300字的文章模仿背诵下来，需要2到3个小时的时间，只有在假期中我们才有这样整块的时间来完成此项工作。

你可能会觉得这样太麻烦了，不如做几道单选来得轻松。但如果你想在英语上快速、有实质性的飞跃，非此法不可。当你模仿时，你不妨想想那些电视里的模仿秀明星，他们无非是模仿一些特点鲜明的人物，难度大大低于模仿英语的录音带，咱们在进行一种更高级的模仿秀。当你的注意力集中于模仿语音语调时，就会忽略机械背诵的痛苦。模仿的过程恰恰就是打磨的过程，这样背下来的文章即使一段时间后内容记不清了，但模仿打磨时留下的语感却永远丢不了。如果你坚持这样做，会发现自己做单选完型的正确率大大提高，以前不断用语法规则分析还做错的题，现在自然而然地就能做对。

更重要的是，经过不断模仿锻炼出来的完美发音，会让人刮目相看，成为你一生学习英语的永恒动力。

2 基础稍差的同学 单词识记朗读法

对于英语基础薄弱的同学，困难集中体现在单词量不够，单选中的句子看不懂，更别提完型、阅读乃至综合填空了。所以，针对这种情况，我们要做的是温故而不是知新。

这样识记单词可以按照模块进行，然后为了巩固单词，再把前面这个模块的课文大声朗读3到5遍，在这个过过程中加深对单词的理解记忆，可以每天进行一到两个模块的内容。

如果你能在开学之前将前四册的单词混个“脸儿熟”，那么你在初三的英语学习中将感到前所未有的轻松，并逐渐体会到阅读的快乐。

3 水平较高的同学 报纸杂志快速朗读法

对于这样的同学来说，课本的内容不会给他们造成困难，也无法满足他们的胃口。所以，假期给他们提供了一个进行“野蛮的原始积累”，从而达到“迅速扩张，建立霸权”的契机。

英语水平较高的同学，记忆新单词对于他们来说不费吹灰之力。他们可以选取一些难度较高、生词量较多的报纸杂志上的文章，进行大声、快速的朗读。

比方说，可以订一份China Daily，将上面头版头条的文章或是自己感兴趣的报道反复朗读，一定要达到快速不停顿的朗读，这样才有练习的效果;生词可以积累在单词本上。

这样一来，不仅积累了大量生词，快速的朗读也使你潜移默化形成了快速的英语思维和良好的语感，你会发现中考的阅读对你来说简直是小儿科。而且，你还了解了许多新闻、时事、奇闻轶事，这才是我们学习一门语言的真正目的。

以上三种方法，同学们可以根据自身情况，选择适合自己的方法。一旦选择了一种方法，务必坚持每天不打折扣地执行。

为了坚定大家的学习信念，我想给大家讲一个关于英语学习的真实故事。我的外公今年94岁了，他上中学学习英语时曾很吃力，有一年的期末考试没有及格。他下定决心改变这种情况。于是他在暑假订了一份英文报纸，每天早晨4点钟起床，开始疯狂朗读报纸上的文章，坚持了一个暑假。开学后，他一跃成为班里英语成绩第一名。他把这段经历称为“一个暑假的胜利”。这个故事很普通，绝对比不上那些天花乱坠的励志口号。但从中可以看出，英语是可以突击的，这就需要我们利用短时间，有一定强度地打磨英语。愿大家都能取得“一个暑假的胜利”。最后，送上英语学习的八字箴言：模仿至上，背诵为王。

This holiday is my best busy holiday for I am learning English, computer and word and I fall in the weekend exam. Many times I want to take today off, but my mother said to me:“go on, you must belive that you can do it.” So I have to try. Now my English is better than 2months ago. I must thanks my mother, she is good for me. Practices makes perfect.

从一年级到六年级，我经历了无数次考试，唯有这么一次考试，我通过了心灵的考试，我懂得了诚实是比分数更重要的东西。

那天上午是全县期中调考的最后一科，也是我最有把握的一科——数学。所以，我的心情格外愉快。

考完试后，我就可以痛快地玩儿了，哈哈！真是越想越得意。

考试时间到了，我走进考场，只见雪白的卷子摊在我的桌子上。

我坐在座位上，拿起卷子一看，呀！我的心猛地一沉，怎么有几道题没见过？我把心一横：管它呢，先选会的做。

教室里静极了，只听见纸和笔相摩擦的声音。开始，那些容易的题目，我三下五除二就做好了。我左手托腮，右手拿笔，两眼微闭，在紧张地思索：这道选择题是填A，还是填C？可不管我怎么想，那躲在记忆角落里的，似乎很熟悉的数学定义，就是想不起来……

我一会儿咬着笔杆，一会儿抓耳挠腮，天气虽然清爽，凉风习习，可我却浑身燥热，急得像热锅上的蚂蚁——团团转。

考试结束的时间快到了，我还有一个空没填，我拼命地思考着……

“是填自然数，还是填约数?”我旁边一位同学轻轻地自顾自问。

噢！他是我班的“学霸”呢，也是那道题在思考，还没填好，我心里说。但马上又听到他自言自语:“对。这道题老师讲过，应该是自然数，填A。”

听了他的话，我也豁然开朗:“对呀！老师就是讲过，我怎么没想起来?”我一阵窃喜。虽然是我无意中听到的，虽然我茅塞顿开，可就在我将要挥笔填写答案的时候，老师那严峻的面容，家长那严厉的目光一一在我的脑海中浮现——做人要诚实，诚实是金啊……可分数的力量也非同小可！填，还是不填？我做着激烈的思想斗争……

后来，我把考卷交了上去，那个空还是让它空着。

考试结束了，我问了问别的同学，那道题的答案确实是A。我却不后悔，因为在这次数学考试中，我进行了比思考选择题更紧张的思考，通过了比考试本身更重要的考试——心灵的考试。

后来，我大步走在放学回家的路上，心情格外舒畅。因为，我明白了一个道理：诚实比分数更重要!

[诚实比分数更重要600字初一作文