写作教案英语高中(汇编19篇)

第一次作文训练

训练内容：

合理交代记叙的要素

训练目标：

1、全面掌握记叙的六个要素

2、学会交代记叙要素的基本方法

3、初步学会写人记事的方法

训练重点：

1、 全面掌握记叙的六个要素

2、 初步学会写人记事的方法

训练难点：

怎样掌握写人记事的方法

训练时数：三课时

第一课时

教学内容：

作文指导

教学步骤：

一、知识讲解：

(一)什么是记叙的要素

记叙文就是以记叙为主要表达方式的记人叙事的文章。一篇完整的记叙文一般应包括时间、地点、人物、事件、原因和结果这“六要素”。

那么为何称之为“要素”?

我们知道，记叙文主要是记人叙事的，这“人”和“事”自然包括在要素中，而这“人”和“事”又必须是特定时间、特定地点的“人”和“事”。如英雄刘胡兰是革命战争年代在山西从事革命工作的女共产党员;铁人王进喜是新中国成立不久奋战在大庆油田的劳模。没有时间、地点，也就无法记人与叙事。很显然，时间、地点是记叙文不可缺少的要素。要写人必定要写事，让人物在事件中凸现，在事件中丰满;写事件就必须交待清楚事件发生的原因和结果，没有原因和结果，人们就不知道它的来龙去脉，也就不是一篇完整的记叙文，显然，原因与结果也是记叙的要素。

(二)怎样合理地交待时间与地点

交待时间与地点，大致有以下几种方式：

1.开头交待。

这是人们叙述时时常采用的方法。例如，《竞选》的开头：

五月的天气有点阴。

龟峰乡石坳村的村民选举即将开始，321位选民端坐在会场上。

开头把竞选的时间、地点交待清楚了，为下面叙述竟选场面作了必要的交待。

2.连续交待。

有的记叙文，因事件的发生、发展时间跨度大，地点在不断转移，需要连续交待。如《驿路梨花》中的几处交待：

(1)一弯新月升起来了，我们借助淡淡的月光，在忽明忽暗的梨花林里走着。山间的夜风吹得人脸上凉凉的，梨花的白色花瓣轻轻飘落在我们身上。

(2)第二天早上，我们没有立即上路。老人也没有离开，我们决定把小茅屋修葺一下，给屋顶加点草，把房前屋后的排水沟再挖深一些。

(3)接着，小姑娘向我们讲述了房子的来历。十多年前，有一队解放军路过这里，在树林里过夜，半夜淋了大雨。他们说，这里要有一间给过路人避风雨的小屋就好了，第二天早晨就砍树割草盖起了房子。

(1)段交待的时间是夜晚，地点是梨树林;(2)段交待的时间是第二天早上，地点是(梨树林)茅屋旁;(3)段是补充交待，时间是十多年前，地点是树林。这样连续交待，所叙述的事情就显得脉络分明。

3.间接交待。

对于时间和地点的表示，不一定直接写某年某月某日，某省某市某区，如“桃花开了”“枫叶红了”“天空出现鱼肚白”“几颗寒星还在泛着冷光”，它们分别间接表示“春天”“秋天”“早晨”“夜晚”等时间概念，还有如“雪域高原”“春城”“板栗之乡”，分别间接表达了“西藏”“昆明”“罗田”等地点概念。

(三)怎样合理交待人物与事件

1.人物的正面描写与侧面描写。

(1)正面描写。外貌(肖像)、行动、语言、心理描写属正面描写。

A外貌描写。《背影》为例。

Directions:

Suppose you are a librarian in your university.Write a notice of about 100 words,providing the newly-enrolled international students with relevant information about the library.

You should write neatly on the ANSWER SHEET.

Do not sign your own name at the end of the letter.Use “Li Ming”instead.

Do not write the address.(10 points)

参考范文：

Notice

Welcome you to this university and this new-bulided library. I am a libraian in our university and will give you relevent information about the library.

To begin with, there is circulation desk in the circulation hall so that you can borrow and return books more quickly and conveniently. Besides, the hours of loan books is during 9:00-17:00 from Monday to Friday so that you can take best advantage of the library. Moreover, the computer room in the library is big enough for you to search for some academic information charged by the hour so you must ensure that some money is left in your ID card.

I hope you will find the above information useful and I would be ready to discuss the matter with you to further details. If you have any questions about the library, please call 123456or send messages to 123456@abc. Wish you a good time during your colledge life.

请注意

欢迎你来这所大学和这个new-bulided库。我是一个libraian在我们的大学会给你有关信息图书馆。

首先,在循环大厅有循环桌子,这样您就可以借并返回书更快更方便。此外,小时的贷款是在9:00-17:00从星期一到星期五,这样您就可以最好的利用图书馆。此外,在图书馆计算机房对你来说是足够大的去寻找一些学术信息按小时收取所以你必须确保一些钱留在你的身份证。

我希望你会发现上面的信息是有用的,我准备和你讨论此事进一步的细节。如果你有任何问题关于图书馆,请致电123456或123456 @abc发送消息。祝你一段美好的时光在你科莱奇的生活。

The Lunar New Year

The Lunar New Year occasion to the Chinese people. It lasts about the first four days of the year, during which people do not work except for the workers on duty. Students do not go to school, and shops are closed.

Several days before the new year, people begin to prepare. Farmers kill pigs, sheep, cocks and hens. City dwellers buy meat fish and vegetables. Houses are cleaned; couplets are posted on the doors. Colourful lanterns are hung at the gate.

On the eve of the new year, each family has its members gatherd together and eats a family reunion dinner. After the meal they watch TV until the clock strickes twelve. Then every family sets off long strings of small firecrackers and other fireworks to welcome the new year. On the first day of the new year, almost everyone is dressed in his or her best. Whenpeople meet on the way, they say to each other "Happy New Year". Friends and relatives pay new year calls and gives presents to each other. Children indulge themselves in games.

春节

农历新年对中国人来说是个很重要的节日。它大约要持续4天，在这期间，除了值班人员外，人们都放假了。工人不开工，学生上不学，商店关门。

新年前几天人们就开始准备。农民们宰杀猪、鸡、羊。城市居民买肉、鱼、蔬菜。人们打扫房子，贴对联，挂彩灯。

新年除夕，各家各户围坐在一起吃团圆饭。饭后，人们看电视，到了午夜12点，在这辞旧迎新的时刻，人们燃放各种烟花炮竹来庆祝。新年第一天，即正月初一，所有的人都穿着最漂亮的衣服，路上相遇，互相道“新年好”，亲戚朋友拜年互赠礼物，孩子们尽情地玩耍。

一.开头用语：

良好的开端等于成功的一半.在写作文时，通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求，点出文章的中心思想。

1.议论论文：

A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.

B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.

C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...

D. Opinions are divided on the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside.

E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.

F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.

2. 书信：

A. I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar.

B. I read an advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the job...

C. Thank you for your letter of May 5.D. How happy I am to receive your letter of January 9.

E. How nice to hear from you again.

3. 口头通知或介绍情况：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please. I have an announcement to make.

B. Attention, please. I have something important to tell you.

C. Mr. Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introduce Mr. Wang to you.

4. 演讲稿：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balance Diet and Health.

B. Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest.

二.并列用语：

as well as, not only…but (also), including,

A. Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily life.

B. All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture.

C. He speaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French as well.=He speaks not only English but also French.

D. E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.

三.对比用语：

on one hand ,on the other hand, on the contrary/contrary to ..., though, for one thing ;for another, nevertheless

A. I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand, it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear and vivid pictures.

B. It is hard work; I enjoy it though.

C. Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be fun.

四. 递进用语：

even, besides, what’s more, as for, so…that…, worse still, moreover, furthermore; but for, in addition, to make matters worse

A. The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what’s more/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad location.

五. 例证用语：

in one’s opinion, that is to say, for example, for instance, as a matter of fact, in fact, namely

A. As a matter of fact, advertisement plays an informative role in our daily life.

B. There is one more topic to discuss, namely/that is ( to say ), the question of education.

六. 时序用语：

first/firstly, meanwhile, before long, ever since, while, at the same time

in the meantime, shortly after, nowadays,

A. They will be here soon. Meanwhile, let’s have coffee.

B. Firstly, let me deal with the most important difficulty.

七. 强调用语：

especially, indeed, at least, at the most, What in the world/on earth.. , not at all ,

A. Noise is unpleasant, especially when you are trying to sleep.

B What in the world/on earth are you doing?

八. 因果用语：

thanks to, because, as a result, because of/as a result of , without, with the help of..., owe ...to...

A. The company has a successful year, thanks mainly to the improvement in export sales.

B. As a result, many of us succeeded in passing the College Entrance Examinations.

九. 总结用语：

in short; briefly/ in brief ; generally speaking, in a word, as you know, as is known to all

A. Generally speaking, sending an e-mail is more convenient than sending letters.

B. In short, measures must be taken to prevent the environment being polluted.

常用句型

(一)段首句

1. 关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……

There are different opinions among people as to……Some people suggest that ……

2. 俗话说(常言道)……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。

There is an old saying……Its the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.

3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……;其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。

Today, …… which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ……Second,……What makes things worse is that…….

4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外(而且)……。

Nowadays，it is common to ……. Many people like …… because …… Besides，……

5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

Everything has two sides and …… is not an exception，it has both advantages

and disadvantages.

6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为(说)……，在他们看来，……

People’s opinions about …… vary from person to person. Some people say that ……To them,……

7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。

Man is now facing a big problem …… which is becoming more and more serious.

8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。

……has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.

9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

……has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢?

According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that……while. Obviously，……but why?

(二)中间段落句

1. 相反，有一些人赞成……，他们相信……，而且，他们认为……。

On the contrary，there are some people in favor of……t the same time，they say……

2. 但是，我认为这不是解决……的好方法，比如……。最糟糕的是……。

But I dont think it is a very good way to solve …….For example，……Worst of all，…….

3. ……对我们国家的发展和建设是必不可少的，(也是)非常重要的。首先，……。而且……，最重要的是……

……is necessary and important to our countrys development and construction. First，……Whats more, ……Most important of all,……

4. 有几个可供我们采纳的方法。首先，我们可以……。

There are several measures for us to adopt. First, we can……

5. 面临……，我们应该采取一系列行之有效的方法来……。一方面……，另一方面，

Confronted with……we should take a series of effective measures to…….

For one thing，For another，

6. 早就应该拿出行动了。比如说……，另外……。所有这些方法肯定会……。

It is high time that something was done about it. For example. ……In addition.……All these measures will certainly…….

7. 为什么……?第一个原因是……;第二个原因是……;第三个原因是……。总的来说，……的主要原因是由于……

Why…… The first reason is that ……The second reason is ……The third is…….For all this, the main cause of ……use to …….

8. 然而，正如任何事物都有好坏两个方面一样，……也有它的不利的一面，象……。

However, just like everything has both its good and bad sides, ……also has its own disadvantages, such as ……

9. 尽管如此，我相信……更有利。

Nonetheless, I believe that ……is more advantageous.

10. 完全同意……这种观点(陈述)，主要理由如下：

I fully agree with the statement that ……because…….

(三)结尾句

1. 至于我，在某种程度上我同意后面的观点，我认为……

As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent. I think that ……

2. 总而言之，整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样，我们才能在将来……。

In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ……Only in this way can ……in the future.

3. 但是，……和……都有它们各自的优势(好处)。例如，……，而……。然而，把这两者相比较，我更倾向于(喜欢)……

But ……and……have heir own advantages. For example, …… while……

Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to……

4. 就我个人而言，我相信……，因此，我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……

Personally, I believe that…… Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because……

5. 随着社会的发展，……。因此，迫切需要……。如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自己的一份力量，这个社会将要变得越来越好。

With the development of society, ……So its urgent and necessary to ……If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better.

6. 至于我(对我来说，就我而言)，我认为……更合理。只有这样，我们才能……

For my part, I think it reasonable to…… Only in this way can you……

7. 对我来说，我认为有必要……。原因如下：第一，……; 第二，……;最后……但同样重要的是……

In my opinion, I think it necessary to……The reasons are as follows. First ……second …… Last but not least,……

8. 在总体上很难说……是好还是坏，因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而，就我个人而言，我发现……。

It is difficult to say whether ……is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of…….however, from a personal point of view find……

9. 综上所述，我们可以清楚地得出结论……

From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that……

10. 如果我们不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了这种趋势，就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我们应该做的是……

If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is

常用句型：

开头：

When it comes to ..., some think ...

There is a public debate today that ...

A is a commen way of ..., but is it a wise one?

Recentaly the problem has been brought into focus.

提出观点：

Now there is a growing awareness that...

It is time we explore the truth of ...

Nowhere in history has the issue been more visible.

进一步提出观点：

... but that is only part of the history.

Another equally important aspect is ...

A is but one of the many effects. Another is ... Besides, other reasons are...

提出假想例子的方式：

Suppose that...

Just imagine what would be like if...

It is reasonable to expect...

It is not surprising that...

举普通例子：

For example(instance),...

... such as A,B,C and so on (so forth)

A good case in point is...

A particular example for this is...

引用：

One of the greatest early writers said ...

"Knowledge is power", such is the remard of ...

"......". That is how sb comment ( criticize/ praise...).

"......". How often we hear such words like there.

讲故事

(先说故事主体)，this story is not rare.

..., such delimma we often meet in daily life.

..., the story still has a realistic significance.

提出原因：

There are many reasons for ...

Why .... , for one thing,...

The answer to this problem involves many factors.

Any discussion about this problem would inevitably involves ...

The first reason can be obiviously seen.

Most people would agree that...

Some people may neglect that in fact ...

Others suggest that...

Part of the explanation is ...

进行对比：

The advantages for A for outweigh the disadvantages of...

Although A enjoys a distinct advantage ...

Indeed , A carries much weight than B when sth is concerned.

A maybe ... , but it suffers from the disadvantage that...

承上启下：

To understand the truth of ..., it is also important to see...

A study of ... will make this point clear

让步：

Certainly, B has its own advantages, such as...

I do not deny that A has its own merits.

结尾：

From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw

the conclusion that ...

In summary, it is wiser ...

In short...

小编导语：如何写好高中作文，对于学生作文的写作基础也要好好的训练，话题作文的基本要求：话题作文还是要审题，所写内容必须在话题范围之内。“立意自定”，关键要读懂话题关键词的意旨，若给出导语提示，还应划出导语中包含归结的关键语词。一般初学者，首先要注意让这些关键词贯穿在自己作文的始终，统帅自己的文意。如何写好高中作文，对于学生作文的写作基础也要好好的训练,实际效果又发现学生完全没有一般思想认识的基础，真正可见现在所谓合格教育的成效，和高中教学要求的“架空作业”。下面小编就来说说话题作文的写作基础。

一、文章形式的革命——夹叙夹议

尽快脱离初中只重记叙，笼统归结的写法。高中的作文记叙只向最高水平开一条缝，你得复杂记叙，融情思与哲理于一炉，有最动人的细节和最精美的表达，巧妙蕴含深刻的思辨和无穷的回味，这不是一般人能做到的，更不是学不会议论抒情的同学的避难所。所以，比自己多练议论，远比固守初中记叙的窠臼要有前途。高中的记叙必须简约，只提炼能说明自己观点的内核，而尽量舍弃叙述的完整过程与细节。叙，惜墨如金;而起始学写议，应力求具体多点分析阐述。

二、文章立意的升华——深入浅出

叙完笼统归结是初中模式作文的又一通病，常常文章的结尾具有宽泛的普适性，而缺乏对文章应有之义作具体针对性的挖掘阐发，常常文章的“穿鞋戴帽”大到可以套在无数篇文章上，却没什么真正的思考。高中作文倘使还用夹叙夹议，也要对叙的材料反复推敲，找出几例可以统一在一个观点里的材料，就材料的不同侧面来评析议论，最后上升归结出恰当切题、言之有物的中心。

三、文章表达的提高——点睛生花

好的文笔追求更高效率、更多意蕴。描述中就渗透情思与评析，这是较高水平的表达。一般的叙议分段，也应注意所叙材料紧贴自己的议论，议论应采取逐层推进，前后分界，避免相互缠绕。但又必须前后连贯，形成一个整体。在文章中一定写好精心组织的关键议论，努力使文章多处呈现运用一定修辞的文采。

话题作文训练举例

话题作文的基本要求：话题作文还是要审题，所写内容必须在话题范围之内。“立意自定”，关键要读懂话题关键词的意旨，若给出导语提示，还应划出导语中包含归结的关键语词。一般初学者，首先要注意让这些关键词贯穿在自己作文的始终，统帅自己的文意。

规定“题目自拟”，一定不要用话题作标题。1、标题范围尽量要小，不要太大太泛;要合理出新，不落俗套。2、标题不能过长，可以采用副标题的方式对主标题加以限制。3、标题要含蓄，把思维蕴涵于形象的标题之中。

1.经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard

3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology

4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention

8.不可否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate

10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue

11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…

13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点 argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…

18.对…必不可少 be indispensable to …

19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外 …be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…

22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。

23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation

27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision

28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden

30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration

31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective

32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…

34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society

35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…

36.综合素质 comprehensive quality

37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach

39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

40. 应当承认 Admittedly,

41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty

42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…

43.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information

44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I 大写)

46.方便快捷 convenient and efficient

47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48.环保(的) environmental protection / environmentally friendly

49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology

51.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue

52.支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in fovor of the former/ latteropinion

53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence

54.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way

55. 理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice

56. …必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…

57.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition

58.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest

59.长远利益. interest in the long run

60.…有其自身的优缺点 … has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages

61.扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones

62.取其精髓，取其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs。

63.对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to

64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information

65.跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of …

66.采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth

67.…的健康发展 the healthy development of …

68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides。

No garden without weeds。

69.对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person。

70.重视 attach great importance to…

71.社会地位 social status

72.把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…

73.扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge

74.身心两方面 both physically and mentally

75.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…

76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal

77. 可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that

78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress/ burden

79.优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth。

80.与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with

81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary。

82.代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of

83.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water

84.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities

85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress

86.毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…

87.增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding

88.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of

Skiing is a desirable activity fro＇ young people. It provides the excitement that the youth is commonly seeking. The skiers can enjoy the thrill of gliding at tremendous speed down a gleaming,white mountain slope. Often, with split second tinting, they must dodge trees, stumps, and rocks——or find themselves suddenly sprawling in the snow. If they have more than average skill, they can sall through the air in breathtaking leaps and jumps that bring excitement to the onlookers as well. True, there is danger in this excitement,but that is a risk the youth enjoys. Furthermore, skiing is healthful.

It provides exercise, often very strenuous as the skiers trudge up a mountain path or work their way on skis up a slope of deep snow. The best of skiers know that they need strong muscles to successfully control their skis, so they exercise to keep themselves physically fit. Another desirable feature is the companionship that usually develops wherever skiers gather. Friendships grow quickly on the slopes and in the usual nearby shelter where the skiers find food, warmth, and rest. Their experiences of the day and their youthfulness easily draw these people together in happy fellowship.

今天，工作和生活中处处需要写作，各行各业都要学习写作。美国社会预测学家约翰?奈斯比特指出：当代社会应该记住最重要的大事有五件，其中之一是“在这个文字密集社会里，我们比以往更需要具备基本的读写技巧。”(约赖?奈斯比特：《大趋势》第18页，梅艳译,中国社会科学出版社1984年第1版)不仅信息传递、思想交流需要写作，而且学习也需要写作。因为写作的过程，同时也是巩固和深入学习的过程。

写作可分为两大类：一是文学创作，又称艺术协作，是指语言艺术中的诗歌、散文、小说、剧本等文学作品的创作;二是实用写作，又称应用文写作，指党政机关、社会团体、各行各业、企事业单位和人民群众在处理公务和日常生活、交往中产生的社会性认识和书写实践活动。

一、应用文产生发展

应用文有它产生、发展的过程。应用文在我国已有3000多年的历史，我国最早的文字甲骨文，就其内容和形式来看，是原始应用文的雏形。随着社会经济的发展和国家的产生，除了民间的应用文日益丰富外，国家机关等适应公务需要的应用文发展更快。例如，周代的《尚书》文告，秦代的制诏谕奏，汉代的表疏律令，魏晋的简牍署书，唐宋的图籍表册，明清的史册文翰都是应用文。此外，书信、书契、碑碣志铭、法律条例等也是应用文。在我国应用文发展的历史上，在长期的写作实践中，曾经产生了不少优秀作品，如李斯的《谏逐客书》、司马迁的《报任少卿书》、贾谊的《论积贮疏》、诸葛亮的《出师表》、魏征的《谏太宗十思疏》、王安石的《答司马谏议书》等，都是千古名篇。对于应用文的研究，我们也有传统，刘勰的《文心雕龙》文体论部分20篇。其中12篇谈到应用文。1911年辛亥革命后，南京临时政府颁布了一个公文程式条例，专门规定了公文名称和使用范围，废除了几千年封建王朝使用的制、诏、诰、刺、题、奏、表、笺等名目，表现了革命党人反对封建专制的思想，也是公文制度上的一次重大改革。1928年国民党中央政府对公文程式又作了一些新规定，其中比较重要的一点是规定公文的写作要用白话文，使用新式标点符号。中国共产党成立后，从建立自己的机关开始，就相应地有了自己的公文。1942年，陕甘宁边区政府颁布了《陕甘宁边区新公文程式》，为以后文书工作的健全和发展奠定了基础。中华人民共和国成立后，中国共产党和中央人民政府对公文工作十分重视，进行了一系列改革和健全工作，1951年中央人民政府政务院颁布了《公文处理暂行办法》，1995年中共中央批准了《中国共产党中央和省(市)级机关文书处理工作和档案工作暂行条例》，1957年国务院印发了《关于公文名称和体式问题的几点意见(稿)》，1981年国务院办公厅发布了《国家行政机关公文处理暂行办法》，1987年国务院办公厅又发布了《国家行政机关公文处理办法》，1993年11月21日国务院办公厅对这个办法作了修订，重新发布，自1994年1月1日起施行。这些对于提高机关公文质量和公文管理水平起了重要作用。随着我国经济的发展和对外交往的日益频繁，应用文的种类也越来越多，新的文种不断涌现。

二、应用文写作的作用

1、公关交际的作用

在当前的社会活动中，任何人、任何单位都免不了与外界接触、打交道。比如开业，要向工商管理局申请执照;双方合作，需要签订协议合同;销售产品，要策划广告，发函等等，都需要用应用文联系，以此来促进业务的开展，协调各方的联系。应用文表达清晰、准确，无疑会给企业树立良好的形象，促进企业的发展。

2、宣传教育作用

党和政府通过应用文下达各种文件、法规、制度，向全国宣传党和国家的方针政策，各地区、各部门、各企业也通过应用文推广先进经验，表扬先进人物，批评揭露不良现象，丑陋行为，制裁不法分子，以此来提高人们的思想政治觉悟，规范人们的行为，保障社会的安定，推动各项事业的健康发展。

3、沟通联系的作用

应用文是加强上下级联系的纽带，也是与各有关方面联系的有效工具。比如上下级之间的上情下达，下情上报;各单位之间的信息交流、经验交流，以此取人之长，补己之短，互相促进，共同提高，推动社会主义现代化的建设等。

4、凭证资料作用

在社会生活中，应用文也是开展工作，解决、处理问题的依据和凭证。向上级下达的文件、党和政府颁布的法规、有关方面的规章制度，都可作为开展工作和检查工作的依据;而一些条据、合同文本、公证材料等，也是业务中的凭证，一旦出现问题、纠纷，依靠这些凭证，可通过法律追究对方责任，维护自身利益。另外，一些重要的应用文也是历史档案资料，要了解某一时期的政治、经济情况，或某一方面的生产经营情况，只要查阅当时存档的应用文，就可以知道。有些冤假错案在事后也能凭借这些档案的应用文得以澄清事实，还其本来面目。

三、应用文写作的特点

应用文作为一种文体与其他文学作品的写法相比较，除具有一定的共性外，还有其独特的个性。一般来说，从小学到中学，学生写的大都是记叙文、议论文等文体，讲究语言的生动形象、情节起伏，采用多种描写手法，进行多样的抒情等。但这些作文的写法，不能套用到应用文的写作中去。一个学生平时作文写得很好，应用文不一定能写好，这就需要了解掌握应用文写作的特点，才能写好应用文。应用文写作的特点主要有以下几种：

1、实用性

应用文最大的特点在于“实用”，“实用”是应用文与其他文学作品的主要区别之一。一般文学作平的创作是“有感而发”，诗歌、散文、小说等文学作品主要是表达人们的喜怒哀乐、抒发理想、反映现实。而应用文的写作主要是为了解决实际问题，是“有事而发”，无事不发。比如要和远方的朋友联系，就要写信;要借款，就得立字据;向上级汇报工作、反映情况，要写报告;推销产品，要写广告等，都是为了解决实际问题而写的，所以应用文往往被人称为实用文，是“为实用而作之文”.

2、针对性

应用文的写作都有明确、直接的对象。比如信写给谁?字据里给谁?报告打给谁?都有对象，即使是一些广告、启事也是针对有关消费者、知情者的，只不过对象的范围大一些。而文学作平的阅读对象往往是不明确，没有严格的针对性，像一首诗、一篇小说、一部电影剧本，谁多可以看，谁多可以不看，老少不分，雅俗共赏。

3、时效性

由于应用文是为了解决实际问题而写的，所以它的时间性很强。一旦出现问题，就必须及时反映，否则拖延时间就会给生活、工作、生产带来影响。尤其是当今社会，市场竞争激烈，信息传递慢，企业随时有被淘汰的危险。而信息反映及时，就会给企业带来效益。相对而言，文学作品的写作时间性不强，像《红楼梦》写了十年之久，欧阳修的《醉翁亭记》写好后又搁置了很长时间才发表。

4、真实性

应用文写作必须讲究真实、各观，实事求是地反映问题，反映情况，不允许向文学创作那样，可以虚构，进行艺术再加工，“杂取种种、合成一个”，追求艺术的阵;也不能发挥主观想象、夸大其辞，否则就会歪曲事实真相，蒙骗对方，误导消费者，给社会带来不良影响。

5、程式性

指应用文的写作有其特定、惯用的格式，这些格式，有的是长期以来约定俗成、相沿成习的，有的是由国家、有关部门统一制定的。如书信有书信的格式，公文有公文的格式，经济合同有经济合同的格式等，每一种应用文包括哪些内容，那些在前，那些在后，分几部分，都应严格遵守，不得随意标新立异，也不能像有些文学创作那样，随意编排，自由联想，打破时空观，讲究情节情节的曲折变化等。应用文的格式也不是一成不变的，随着社会的发展，人们生活习惯的变化，观念的变化，应用文写作格式也会变化，使它更加方便人们表情达意的需要，更加顺应社会发展的需要

6、平实性

由于应用文注重实用，所以它的语言也讲究务实，就是语言要简洁、朴实、明白、准确、规范，便于理解执行。不能像文学创作那样讲究生动、形象、含蓄、朦胧，或以取悦打动读者。平实是应用文写作的基本风格。

四、应用文写作的基础知识

(一)材料

材料是构成文章的要素之一，是大家在日常生活中按收集到的，以准备写作用的有意义、有价值的资料。材料是形成主题的基础，又是表现主题的支柱。一篇文章的内容如何，首先取决于作者掌握材料的多少和好坏。常言道：“巧妇难为无米之炊”，就说明了这个道理。所以，写作前必须大量地积累材料。

1、积累材料

(1)认真观察生活

生活中存在着大量材料，能否被你所用，关键在于你能否自觉地认真地进行观察，将材料日积月累起来。观察和做一切事情一样，必须注意方法。总的说来，观察要确立观察点，要有顺序，要抓住事物特征。要具备分析、综合能力。此外，观察要善于思考才能发现问题，提出问题，抓住事物的主要特征，从而对事物进行科学的判断。

(2)深入调查采访

为了反映社会建设中新事物、新经验、新问题，就必须有目的、有计划地进行调查采访，广泛收集材料。这也是写作前的重要准备工作。常用的调查方法有：有条件的话开调查会，个别采访，实地考察，问卷考察，参加有关会议，阅读有关文件等。

(3)围绕业务进行收集

围绕本单位和本人的业务工作，有意识的收集资料，可以为我们写作提供丰富的材料。一般说来，必须收集的材料有：党和国家各个时期的经济方针、政策和财经纪律、制度;本单位的基本情况，有关业务资料，像会计核算、统计与计划指标以及完成情况所提供的有关数字资料、经济活动分析缝隙材料等;有关同类单位的对比资料;其他有关情况。

(4)建立材料仓库

为了把占有的材料很好地贮存起来，避免遗忘，每个写作者都必须建立起自己的材料仓库。主要方法有：坚持写笔记，这笔记可根据材料的特点采用不同的形式，如事态速写，把生活中突然发生的有意义的事情粗线条地记下来;一事一议，针对所见所闻的某一事情，写自己的感想认识;读书摘要，摘抄书报、文件中各种事例或文笔精华;提要缩写，根据文章内容的主次，采用概括和综合的方法记下主题、要点;编列索引，把每一份原始材料的题目，按一定的类别，按一定顺序记下来;做资料卡，一张卡片记一件事、一个例子、一个人或一个问题，写上编号，注明出处。

2、选择材料

选择材料从根本上说就是根据表现主题的需要来决定对材料的取舍。所以选择材料的总原则是，什么样的主题就选用什么样的材料。

那么，选择材料有什么具体要求呢?

一要“真”。选择那些真实的，足以令人信服的材料。因为，伪饰虚假的材料最终将导致读者对文章甚至作者的厌恶，真实的材料合情合理合乎逻辑，文章使用这样的材料才会有力量。

二要“精”。选择那些质地精美，能以一当十的材料。因为，只有这些能深刻地揭示事物本质具有广泛代表性的材料，能以少胜多，以小显大，文章使用这样的材料，就很精当。

三要“新”。选择那些有新鲜感，具有吸引力的材料。因为，这种清新的材料，具有时代的气息，能引起读者的兴趣——抓住读者的心。

3、使用材料

选择材料之后，还有个如何使用的问题，使用得好，就可以有力地表现主题，使用不好，也会相应地削弱主题。材料的使用要掌握一个原则，即集中、强烈。材料的使用重在一个“活”字，材料吃得透，运用就灵活，笔下功夫深，材料就活脱。

如何具体使用材料?

一调动，指的是材料先后顺序的确定，使材料之间依次排列，形成一定的逻辑关系。二平衡，指材料的详略、轻重的处理，一般行文的详略是从全文着眼，求得内容整体与各个局部之间文字量上的统一和协调。三匀称，材料文字量的相对齐整，在文章形式上能给读者一种对称、均匀的美感。

(二)主 题

主题是文章的灵魂，写文章都是为了表达一定的主题。

不论是谁，他只要动笔写作，总会有个“意图”、“宗旨”、“目的”的。或者是为了宣传某一种思想，或是为了表彰某一个人物，或是为了介绍某一桩事情，或是为了传播某一项经验……总之，他要说明点什么意思，表达点什么想法，反映点什么意见，灌输点什么主张。而这“意思”、“想法”、“意见”、“主张”等等，就表示着作者对生活的理解，对事物的认识。表示着作者赞成什么，反对什么的鲜明倾向。这些，就是文章的“主题”了。

因此，主题就是作者在说明问题，发表主张或反映生活现象时，通过全部文章内容所表达来的基本的意见或中心思想。

1、主题的提炼

提炼文章的主题，要求做到正确、鲜明、深刻、新颖。所说的正确，就是内容要反映客观实际，符合党和国家的路线、方针、政策。所谓鲜明，就是赞扬什么，反对什么，旗帜鲜明。

2、主题的表现

正确、鲜明、深刻、新颖的主题，如果表现得好，可以增色;如果表现不力，也是要逊色的。

如果说提炼主题不易的话，那么表现好主题就更难。它需要我们掌握适宜的表现手法。

应用性文章是为办理事情、解决问题而写的，贵在务实，利于行动。作者必须针对工作或生活中的实际问题，在文章中表明自己对某件事的态度或解决某个问题的意见等，因此，应用文的观点是由作者直接表达出来显露在文章中，就这一点，应用文与论说文有相似之处。

(三)结 构

结构即文章的内部构造，是如何运用材料以表现主题的组织安排。它是作者的思路在文章中的反映，实质是一个如何认识和反映客观事物的问题。如果把主题比作文章的灵魂，材料比作文章的血肉，那么结构就是文章的骨架。

文章的结构，包括两个方面：表现为思维形式的叫做逻辑结构，表现为语言形式的叫篇章结构。写作者一般先形成逻辑结构，再形成篇章结构;阅读者一般先了解篇章结构，然后理清逻辑结构。多写多看文章以后，两者也可同时形成或理解。

常见的结构形式：

第一，按照事物产生、发展、变化的过程或时间先后顺序去写，即纵式结构。这种写法，能形象地再现事物的原貌，可读性较强。第二，根据内容的特点和矛盾的不同性质，也就是按事物的逻辑关系进行分类归纳，把主体分成几个部分(或几个方面)，然后把材料横着排列起来，逐个进行阐述，最后从总的方面集中说明一个中心思想，即横式结构，这种写法，便于抓住要害，突出主要矛盾，文章的观点鲜明，为应用文所广泛使用。

(四)语 言

语言是人类用来表达意思、交流思想的工具。

在文章的写作中，一方面，语言是文章思想内容的具体表现，构成文章最基本的材料就是语言，没有语言就没有任何文章;另一方面，文章以语言作为表情达意的工具，没有好的语言，任何好思想、好材料、好结构都无法表现，要把语言运用好，必须做到准确无误，意明笔畅，简洁精练，朴素通俗。

(五)表 达

写作的表达方式是多种多样的，主要有叙述、描写、抒情、说明、议论。这五种表达方式各具特点。它们在写作中，有的单独使用，有的交互使用，更多的是交互混合使用。

应用文写作中常用的表达方式，主要是叙述、说明、议论。

1、叙述

应用文的叙述，要求写作者有一个立足点和观察点。要么从自我出发，要么就是从与叙述对象的平行地位出发，所以叙述时要确定人称。

应用文的叙述，也与一般文章相同，分为顺叙、倒叙、插叙、补叙。

2、说明

说明是对事物、事理和人物所作的具体或概括的介绍或解说。

常用的说明方式有：定义、诠释说明，用概括、精确的语言表述事物的本质属性，使它与别的事物相区别，这就叫下定义又称立界说。下定义比较困难，有时就只说明对象的某些特点，这叫诠释释或解释，使用较自由灵活。

概貌说明，是对说明对象从外观上进行概括的介绍。这种说明注重事物的完整性，给人一个总体的印象。

程序说明，是对说明的对象从制作过程或工艺流程乃至施工进度的解说。这种说明要注意程序之间的衔接和贯通。

局部说明，是对完整事物的划段解说，这种说明需要划段准确，各阶段解说的事理要具有一致性。

举例说明，是一种通过举例的方法解说事物的写法。这种说明应注意所举实例与解说对象的相似点。

比较说明，是把两种(或多种)事物、同一事物的不同阶段进行比较，借以说明对象的性质、特点和变化。这种说明要注意两者的可比性。

数据与图表说明，这是利用有关数据或图片表格，向人们说明的一种直观说明方式，这种说明要注意数据的准确，图表的鲜明。

说明的文字，必须言简意赅，只要能把事物形状、性质、特征、关系、功用等解说清楚，或把人物的经历、特点、成就等表达明白，就是好的说明。

3、议论

议论就是作者通过事实材料及逻辑推理阐明道理，表明自己的见解、主张以及驳斥别人观点的一种表达方式。

议论有三个要素：论点、论据、论证。所谓论点，是作者对所论问题提出的看法、主张。它可分为中心论点和分论点。中心论点可在文章开头提出，也可在篇末归纳提出，常以一个判断性语句出现在文章中的明显位置上。分论点是从中心论点分化出来的，它为中心论点服务，常是文章每一部分开始提出的小论点。所谓论据是证明论点的理论和事实依据。所谓论证，是用论据证明论点的过程，一般包括论点提出的原因及对论点的基本解说，证明论点的正确(或错误).归纳论证的结果等几个部分。

议论分为两大类，立论和驳论。立论，是正面阐述自己的观点，驳论是反驳他人的论点。在一篇文章中，有的是典型的立论或驳论，有的则交叉使用，破立结合。

论证的方法很多，常用的有：

归纳法。它以事实为论据，从许多“个别”事例中归纳出一个“一般”性的结论。

演绎法。它以推理的方式，从“一般”性结论，演绎出一个“个别”的论断。

举例法。它以事实为论据，用典型事例证明论点是正确的。

引典法。它以名人、经典著作中的言论或公理、常理为论据，证明论点的正确。

比较法。它把不同情况或事物摆出来加以比较，在比较中明辨是非，阐明事理。

类比法。它通过讲故事、举实例，用比喻来证明两个相比事物之间具有某种共同的特点。

驳论法。一是直接反驳，即用确凿的事实或常理，直接批驳错误论点。一种是间接反驳，这种反驳法又可分为归谬法、反证法。归谬法又称为“引申法”，就是对错误观点做“顺水推舟”式的发挥，以充分显示其荒谬;反证法是首先用充分的论据证明与此相对立的观点的正确，借以证明敌对论点是无法成立的。

五、应用文写作的具体要求

1.材料绝对真实

文学作品的题材，可以“上下几千年，纵横数万里”，而应用文写作的取材十分严谨，主要是现实的，与本部门有关的材料。文学作品的题材也要求真实，但那是艺术真实，允许虚构，是社会生活中可能有的，应该有的，但不一定实有其人，实有其事。而应用文，材料必须绝对真实，不允许有一点儿虚构，如时间、顺序、地点以至细技末节方面都不能有所谓“合理想象”，只有保证材料的绝对真实，才有说服力，才有利于问题的解决。

2.主题专一显露

一般地说，应用文要求一文一事，就是较长的文件，也要求只有一个中心思想。这样，可以使重点突出，防止行文关系混乱，提高工作效率，利于问题的解决。写作时，要扣紧主题，围绕中心，不枝不蔓，一气贯通，防止多中心，防止下笔千言，离题万里。应用文还要求开门见山，旗帜鲜明地亮出自己的观点，表明自已的态度。

3.结构完整眉目清楚

结构要完整，简单明了，层次清楚。动笔前先构思，把那些零散材料分析、归纳，根据内容与需要，把它们组织成为一个有机整体。此外要注意划分段落，做到各段既有单一性，又有完整性，即每段只能有一个中心思想、，不能把一些互不相干的意思放在一个段落里，同时，一个意思要在一个段落里说完全，说透彻，不要把一个完整的意思拆散。做到既有“断”，又有“联”，分之为一段，合则为全篇。

4.文字准确简明扼要

正确的思想，要通过准确的语言文字来表达。各种文体对语言文字的要求不尽相同。应用文由于它的特殊作用，在文字表达方面，要求有节制，有分寸，做到准确、鲜明。同时要求不写错字、别字，正确使用标点符号。文面也要求清楚美观，不乱涂乱改，潦草马虎。应用文的务实功能决定了它的篇幅一般较短，要写得简明扼要。用最少的文字，准确、严密地表现最丰富的内容。

5.政策明确风格庄重

应用文是工作中的公务文书，它的政策性很强。因此，在写作前，要认真学习有关方针、政策，领会政策精神，掌握政策界限。在写作中，要处处注意以政策为准绳，根据政策分析问题、解决问题。不同的文体有不同的语体风格。有的含蓄，有的婉转，有的艳丽，有的雄奇，有的幽默风趣，有的自然深沉等等。应用文由于它内容与功能的特点，决定了它庄重，典雅，朴实，自然的风格。崇尚文学笔法的人，以乎实为平庸，鄙薄应用文，以为“不过就是几种格式”，那是片面和肤浅的见识。

Its Sunday today. I got up early and did my homework on the table. All of a

sudden I remembered the mothers day, a picture of my mind, remembering a past

thing that moved me.

Thats the case. After coming home from school that afternoon, my mother came

back. I found that my mother was very tired, his eyes were squinting, and I

yawned. So she sent me to do my homework at home. But I felt very sad to see my

mother working so hard, so I decided to share the housework for my mother. I

began to pick up the stuff in my home, first fold the newspaper, and then the

glass was cleaned.

I put the glass on the pot filled with water, and then picked up the cloth, a

brush up. I found a little dirty in a cup, and I took some detergent to wash it.

Suddenly, the cup from the hand slipped, piercing sound startled me. I hastened

to pick up the pieces of glass on the floor. At this time, I found that my

mother was standing in front of me, and she said, "dont pick up the pieces with

your hands. Let me come." I stood up and bowed my head embarrassed and said,

"Im sorry, mom, Im too careless." I thought: this must be closed. Mother

walked over and touched my head and said, "kid, dont frighten you?" Let mommy

pack up, you go out and watch TV. " Mothers words are very gentle, but make me

more difficult, unwittingly I cry.

Looking back on this, I felt very warm. It told me that maternal love is

selfless and great, and I want to repay my mother on Mothers day.

“我家住在黄土高坡”很多年前，有一首歌这样唱，算是我的注解。从黄土高坡上走出来，我说不上是幸福，也说不上是痛苦??每当想起我的黄土高坡上的故乡，我的内心总翻腾着这样的感觉。

小时候，跟着父母在田里劳作，夕阳西下，我们一家才从黄土高坡上下来，灿烂的晚霞照耀着西边的天空，天地之间笼罩着金黄色，这时候，我就想看树。夕阳照耀下的树，显得俊美异常，全身挂彩。可是那些努力用它们微薄的绿色点染黄土的柳树、白杨树、槐树，在我看来，不但形容枯槁，而且发育不良。那些树，显示着顽强倔强的生命力，实际上弯腰弓背，被惨黄的土色掩盖得没有力气。

后来，我就离开了故乡，这一去，是很多很多年了。

不知为什么，虽然没去过黄山，却对画家笔下的黄山松心存敬意。扎根f岩，不遇寸土，吸风饮露，姿态佼然。我觉得，如果作为一棵树，也许得像黄山松一样生活着才有味道。倒不是说这样会赢得许多的赞赏，而是作为一棵树，总是有一些尊严吧。

话说到这里，我在私下里问自己，是不是觉得故乡的那些树们就没有尊严或是失去了些什么吗?

——我说不上来。

在后来，我到了成都，一路沿成渝高速前进，渐次觉得车窗外有些异样，那是一望无际的平原和那些生活在平原上的树给我的印象。那是怎样的树啊!姿态阿娜，仪态万方，河溏岸边，房前屋后，那些我叫不出名字的树就那样站立着，它们不修边幅，细小的枝桠从树根部一直延伸到顶部，远远看去，就像一位贵夫人。有时候，从一丛竹的背后或四周站立着这样一棵树，你会觉得那简直是树衬托了竹美。没有了树，那些竹就像站不正的伪君子。那一刻，几种树的姿态一下子在我的脑海里活动着??春、夏、秋、冬……我突然鼻子一酸，想起我的故乡的那些树们，它们活得比黄山松还艰难啊!

也就是从那时起，我觉得，作为一棵树，就应该像川西平原上的树那样，活得潇洒自如。而我的心里，仍然时刻刻着故乡的黄土高坡上的柳树的姿态，而我，则是它们延伸出来的一段根。

说明文是阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途或科学原理的一种文体。其说明的对象可以是具体的，如：自然环境，仪表设备等；也可以是抽象的，如概念定律等。以下是小编整理的初中英语说明文写作要点，欢迎阅读！

说明文的写作相对于论说文来说，有一定的套路可循，因此不是十分复杂。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法、因果法等；说明自然环境方面的内容常用时间次序法、分类法等。当然，随着对象的不同，具体应该采用的方法也会有所不同。

说明文的写作应该注意的事项有下面几点：

1.语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，避免夸张华丽的辞藻，要把真实的一面展现在读者面前。

2.说明时一定要把握一个中心主题。说明文中细枝末节较多，但不能喧宾夺主。

3.说明的次序非常重要。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚，脉络明晰。因此，练习时可以尝试不同的次序进行写作，找出最合理的一种。

4.由于说明文写实性较强，有时难免会让人感到没有生气。因此，可以适当使用一些比喻、拟人等修辞手段，来增加文章的色彩。

下面是一篇说明一所医院布局的文章。文章虽短，但需要说明的内容却达11处之多。平均一句话就要描写一处，如果组织得不好，便会给人凌乱的感觉。

为了避免这一点，文章把整个布局图分三部分来写：

贯彻医院的是main road，第一部分以大门为参照物，介绍了靠大门且通过main road东西相对的急诊楼和门诊楼。

第二部分以湖为参照物，中心线还是main road，介绍其他分诊楼、实验室、放射室等。

第三部分写main road尽头的建筑物。

这样，繁多的细节显得井井有条。因此，选择好主线及参照物是决定文章成功的关键。

Directions：For this part，you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition about“THE LAYOUT OF A HOSPITAL”. Locate some important departments in the hospital based on the information given below.Your composition should be no less than 120 words.

（1）the Emergency Department

（2）the Out-patient Department

（3）the Surgery Department

（4）the Dispensary

（5）the Physician Department

（6）the Eye，Ear，and Throat Department

（7）the Dental Department

（8）the Laboratory

（9）the X-ray Department

（10）the Administrative Building

（11）the Ward

例文：

The Layout of a Hospital Near the gate，on the westside of the road is the Emergency Department. Opposite the Emergency Department across the Main Road is the Out-patient Department. The building to the southwest of the lake is the Dispensary，which face the Surgery Department lying on the other side of the road.Along the west wall，from south to north，stand three buildings：the Physician Department，the Eye，Ear，and Throat Department，and the Dental Department.

The Laboratory is to the northwest of the round about，and beside the Laboratory，the X-ray Department is located on the same side of the road. A winding road by the lake leads to the Ward.

Near the end of the Main Road，the Administrative Building is situated on the east side.The hospital is nicely and conveniently laid out.

A Lovely Cat

Several days ago, Mother brought home a little cat. I gave her a nice name "Mimi".

She is black all over except her: four feet and a small nose. There is also a white bib on her chest. Can you imagine what she looks like? Every morning she gets up the earliest. Then she always climbs up my bed and wakes me up. When we sit at table having our meal, she often runs under the table and even climbs onto our knees, it seems as if she was saying, "Let me join you. I want something to eat."

"Mimi" likes to lie onthe floor in the sunshine. She feels;comfortable that way. She looks more lovely when doing that.

I like "Mimi" very much because the cat brings us a joy of the family. 可爱的小猫

几天前，妈妈将一只小猫带回家，我给它起了一个美丽的名字叫"咪"。 "咪"除了四足和鼻子是白的，其余都是黑的，看上去，好像在胸前打了一个白领结，你能想象出它是什么样了吗?

每天早上，它总是起得很早，然后跳到我的床上，把我叫醒，我们坐在桌前吃早餐时，它会从桌下轻轻爬到我们的膝盖上，好像在说："我也想吃东西。" "咪"喜欢躺在地板上晒太阳，它觉得很舒服。这样做时，它看起来更加可爱。

我非常喜欢"咪"，因为它给我们家带来了欢乐。

[喜欢的小猫英语作文

现在是各大学校放寒假的时间，年后要参加中考的同学们要注意了，趁着假期要好好恶补一下英语哦，下面是小编收集整理的中考英语作文写作指导，希望对您有所帮助。

最近几年的中考英语当中，很多省市已经摆脱了单一作文模式，采用一大一小两个作文相结合的模式。例如，去年辽宁沈阳中考英语作文就是一个小作文，应用文-写假条，加上一个大作文，汉语提示作文构成。今年，北京中考英语作文也将是两个，一个看图作文在加上一个提示作文构成。这一讲，我们先来学习一下看图作文的写法。

看图作文要求考生按照所给图画，通过合理的联想将一组画面的内容正确地表达出来。看图作文与其他类型作文的不同之处在于，它除了要求考生有英语语言表达能力，还要求考生有观察能力、分析能力和想象能力。

写好看图作文应注意的事项1、结合文字提示，正确理解图意。一般情况下，看图作文在提供图画的同时也附带有简要的文字提示，我们可以利用文字提示去正确地理解图意，得到要点。切忌孤立地看图而忽视文字提示。

写作从图画的细节出发。所谓细节，就是指图画中的人物、事件、地点、环境、时间、动作等。依据图画细节，就可以把图画的内容用英语具体而生动地表达出来了。

例题分析(例题)

同学们，看到下面的四幅图片及相应的报道后，你感到最担忧的是哪两种情形?请简述你担忧的理由并提出建议或希望。

要求：

⒈ 从所给素材中任选两种情形进行阐述，不可多选或少选。

⒉ 条理清楚，意思连贯，语句通顺，标点正确;

⒊ 词数 80 ～ 100。

参考词汇： 建议 suggest v. suggestion n.

气体 gas n. 污染 pollution n.

THE POLLUTIONS

① One third of the worlds people dont have enough clean water.

② More and more diseases are caused by polluted air.

③ People are disturbed quite often by kinds of noises.

④ Every person in our city makes about 1.8 kilos of rubbish every day.

这道看图作文题，主题和图片连接得不是很紧密。从考查的形式上来说，虽是看图，实质上却属于提示性的作文。这个作文应该结合个人的观点，选择的余地还是很大的。做这个题应该注意几个方面：

1、认真读题。注意，题目虽然给了四幅图，但是却只要求写其中的两个就行。

2、题意要求的是阐述个人的观点-最担忧的两种情形。而不是对图片进行描述。

3、结合所给的提示。提示中，对每种污染都进行了阐述，考生可以这些描述进行写作。

4、注意字数，语法，拼写等，避免错误。

下面是两个例文，大家可以参考一下。

One possible version:

The environment is becoming worse and worse. There are many kinds of pollution I worry about. The most serious two are water pollution and air pollution, because people cant live healthily with dirty water and polluted air, nor can animals. More and more diseases are caused by polluted air.

I think factories should not pour dirty water into the river directly or produce more waste gas. Wed better go on foot or by like instead of by car, because more cars mean more waste gas. We should make our world more and more beautiful.

Another possible version:

The first fact I worry about is noise pollution. People cant sleep well if there is too much noise. Thats why so many people prefer to live in the countryside rather than live in the noisy city. I suggest all the factories and cars shouldnt make terrible noises. If they make terrible noise that isnt allowed, they will be fined, and we can also produce the cars which cant make terrible noise.

The other pollution is rubbish pollution. If everyone makes so much rubbish, one day we may live in a world filled with rubbish. Some people throw the waste paper about. I suggest rubbish should be put into different kinds of dustbins or paper bags.

下面，我们来看看这道题的评分标准。一般来说，各地的评分标准都和下面的这个标准差不多。这个最高的标准，实际上也就是我们写作的目标。

评分标准：

1. 内容完整，语句流畅，无语法错误，书写规范，给9-10分;

2. 内容较完整，语句较流畅，基本无语法错误，书写较规范，给6-8分;

3. 内容不完整，语句欠流畅，语法错误较多，书写较规范，给3-5分;

4. 只写出个别要点，语法错误较多，书写欠规范，只有个别句子可读或不知所云，给0-2分。

看图作文不可小视。希望大家掌握答好这种题型的要点，并积累词汇。

1.爱屋及乌 Love me, love my dog.

2.百闻不如一见 Seeing is believing.

3.比上不足比下有余 worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst.

4.笨鸟先飞 A slow sparrow make an early start.

5.不眠之夜 whe night

6.不以物喜不以己悲 not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personnal losses

7.不遗余力 spare no effort; go all out; do ones best

8.不打不成交 No discord, no concord.

9.拆东墙补西墙 rob Peter to pay Paul

10.辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new

11.大事化小小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all

12.大开眼界 open ones eyes; broaden ones horizon; be an eye-opener

13.国泰民安 The country flourishes and people live in peace

14.过犹不及 going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little

15.功夫不负有心人 Everything comes to him who waits.

16.好了伤疤忘了疼 once on shore, one prays no more

17.好事不出门恶事传千里 Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.

18.和气生财 Harmony brings wealth.

19.活到老学到老 One is never too old to learn.

20.既往不咎 let bygones be bygones

21.金无足赤人无完人 Gold cant be pure and man cant be perfect.

22.金玉满堂 Treasures fill the home.

23.脚踏实地 be down-to-earth

24.脚踩两只船 sit on the fence

25.君子之交淡如水 the friendship between gentlemen is as pure as crystal; a hedge between keeps friendship green

26.老生常谈陈词滥调 cut and dried, cliché

27.礼尚往来 Courtesy calls for reciprocity.

28.留得青山在不怕没柴烧 Where there is life, there is hope.

29.马到成功 achieve immediate victory; win instant success

30.名利双收 gain in both fame and wealth

31.茅塞顿开 be suddenly enlightened

32.没有规矩不成方圆 Nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards. 33.每逢佳节倍思亲 On festive occasions more than ever one thinks of ones dear ones far away.It is on the festival occasions when one misses his dear most.

34.谋事在人成事在天 The planning lies with man, the outcome with Heaven. Man proposes, God disposes.

35.弄巧成拙 be too smart by half; Cunning outwits itself

High school life is so wonderful for me, and I have made many good friends.

We fight for our future together. As there are so many subjects for me to learn,

I spend most of the time studying knowledge. But deep in my heart, I like sports

so much, especially tennis. When I knew our school had tennis club. I felt so

excited and wanted to be part of it. But the problem was that what if I lagged

behind other students in study as I spent the time on this hobby. At last, I

still decided to join tennis club, because I wanted to do something special and

enriched my high school life. I tried hard to make plans for my study. At the

same time, I spared some time to play tennis. I found the balance and enjoyed

the thing l liked.

高中英语日记（一）

This afternoon, we play a game called ‘Family Tree’. This game is very interesting. I’m very interested in it. Our teacher’s family is very large. She has many brothers and sisters. But I am unlucky, I has only a sister and I without brothers. But I think I have the best parents in the world. They are very friendly to me. I live in a good family. My grand parents loves me, too. When they buy meat, they will give the best parts of the meat to me.

When I was a child, I can’t undertand them. I want to have bread. My grand father took a bike to Qu Tang. Because in our village there is no ‘bread house’. Qu Tang is far from our village. Now I grow up. I understand them when I think of this things. I will cry I can’t use words to say I love them.

I love my family!

高中英语日记（二）

I miss you very much, Mum.

I have left you for four days. Maybe it is really a short time. But I feel it is too long. I found that I couldn’t do a lot of things without you. For example, I couldn’t wash my clothes clean. It is too hard for me. I felt it is too troublesome and toilsome, but I’m sixteen years old now. I must be independent. So, Mum, I don’t know what’s what and I’m very stubborn. Sometimes, I disobeied your desire, which made you very angry. Now, I regret it. When I see some white hair in your head, I felt very sad. You are not young nay more. Sometimes you look very haggard. I know that’s because you give too much. You always concerned with my school record, healthy and a lot of other things. My school record always made you very sad. That’s my falt. I’m sorry.

Mum, you are too labbrious. You must have a good rest. I come of my ago now. I will correct my mistakes. You can rest assured!

Mum, I wish you good health and happy. I love you! Mum!

高中英语日记（三）

The hot sun is like our enthusiasm, because no matter how hot the weather is, we still keep on studying English hard.

Today, the chinese teacher taught us some English songs. I like the song which is called ”seasons in the sun” very much. We all lost ourselves in the beautiful voice. Today our theme is youth. After the teacher spoke. I suddenly understand that maybe being young is our advantage, so we must value every minute. We have to do something significant.

In the afternoon, our American teacher is father who is an associate proferssor of English from central college give us a lesson. He told us something about higher education in the USA. I think it will be useful for our future.

On the other side. I felt uncomfortable today. Perhaps it’s a small regret for such a wonderful day. But I think tomorrow still will be rosy.

my  winter  holiday  pian

the winter holiday  ia  corning.  i’m  going  to  beijing  next  week.  i  will  go  there  by  piane.  my  perents  are  going  there  with  me.  we  are  going  to  take  a  trip  and  visit  my  aunt.  i  think  we  will  be  happy. 我的寒假计划

我下周要去北京。我将乘飞机去那里。我的父母和我去那里。我们打算去旅行，去看望我的姨妈。我想我们会幸福的。

The 15-Day Celebration of Chinese New Year

The first day of the Lunar New Year is the welcoming of the gods of the heavens and earth.Many people abstain from meat on the first day of the new year because it is believed that this will ensure long and happy lives for them.

On the second day, the Chinese pray to their ancestors as well as to all the gods. They are extra kind to dogs and feed them well as it is believed that the second day is the birthday of all dogs.

The third and fourth days are for the sons-in-laws to pay respect to their parents-in-law.

The fifth day is called Po Woo. On that day people stay home to welcome the God of Wealth. No one visits families and friends on the fifth day because it will bring both parties bad luck.

On the sixth to the 10th day, the Chinese visit their relatives and friends freely. They also visit the temples to pray for good fortune and health.

The seventh day of the New Year is the day for farmers to display their produce. These farmers make a drink from seven types of vegetables to celebrate the occasion. The seventh day is also considered the birthday of human beings. Noodles are eaten to promote longevity and raw fish for success.

On the eighth day the Fujian people have another family reunion dinner, and at midnight they pray to Tian Gong, the God of Heaven.

The ninth day is to make offerings to the Jade Emperor.

The 10th through the 12th are days that friends and relatives should be invited for dinner. After so much rich food, on the 13th day you should have simple rice congee and mustard greens (choi sum) to cleanse the system.

The 14th day should be for preparations to celebrate the Lantern Festival which is to be held on the 15th night.

[高中英语作文：元宵佳节

Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X. They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。

However, other people stand on a different ground. They consider it harmful to do X. They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。 An example can give the details of this argument: 一个例子。

There is some truth in both arguments. But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages. In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一个坏处。

There is a widespread concern over the issue that __作文题目_____. But it is well known that the opinion concerning this hot topic varies from person to person. A majority of people think that _ 观点一________. In their views there are 2 factors contributing to this attitude as follows: in the first place, ___原因一_______.Furthermore, in the second place, ___原因二_____. So it goes without saying that ___观点一_____.

People, however, differ in their opinions on this matter. Some people hold the idea that ___观点二_______. In their point of view, on the one hand， ___原因一_______. On the other hand, ____原因二_____. Therefore, there is no doubt that ___观点二______.

As far as I am concerned, I firmly support the view that __观点一或二______. It is not only because ________, but also because _________. The more _______, the more ________.

导入句：

At present, Currently, Recently, Nowadays, a critical issue/problem/phenomenon has become the concern/attention of the public / has been brought into the focus / has aroused a wide concern of the public.

It is becoming increasingly popular for people to….. There is a growing tendency these days for students to…..

With the rapid/amazing/remarkable/steady development (advance, improvement, progress) of….., great changes have taken place.

With the increasingly rapid process of globalization (urbanization, internationalization, commercialization), ……

At present, nowadays, currently, there has been a heated (popular) discussion/debate on (over, concerning) …….

Scientific researches have shown that ……. According to a survey,…..

Plentiful evidence has shown/proved that?.. 中心论句：同意

Frankly speaking, I am in favor of / agree with …..

As far as I am concerned, I am in favor of the point of ….. From my point of view, I support the statement above.

Straightforwardly, I cannot accept the point of……, and I strongly support the statement of …..

提高英语写作分数的88个词组

1.经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard

3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology

4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges 5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that? 6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention 8.不可否认 It is undeniable that?/ There is no denying that? 9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate 10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue 11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

12.一些人?而另外一些人? Some people? while others? 13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally, 14.就?达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on?

15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons 16.双方的论点 argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in? 18.对?必不可少 be indispensable to ? 19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes: 20.?也不例外?be no exception

21.对?产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on? 22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。 23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in 24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement 26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation 27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision 28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden 30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration 31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective 32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33. 对?有益 be beneficial / conducive to? 34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society 35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for? 36.综合素质 comprehensive quality 37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach 39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to?

40. 应当承认 Admittedly,

41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty 42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of? 43.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information 44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I 大写) 46.方便快捷 convenient and efficient

47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48.环保(的) environmental protection / environmentally friendly 49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology 51.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue 52.支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in fovor of the former/ latteropinion 53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence 54.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way 55. 理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice 56. ?必然趋势 an irresistible trend of?

57.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition 58.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest 59.长远利益. interest in the long run

60.?有其自身的优缺点? has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages

61.扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones

62.取其精髓，取其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs。 63.对?有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to 64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information

65.跟上?的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of ?

66.采取有效措施来? take effective measures to do sth 67.?的健康发展 the healthy development of ? 68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides。 No garden without weeds。

69.对?观点因人而异 Views on ?vary from person to person。 70.重视 attach great importance to? 71.社会地位 social status

72.把时间和精力放在?上 focus time and energy on? 73.扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge 74.身心两方面 both physically and mentally

75.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to?

76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal

77. 可以取代“think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that

78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress/ burden 79.优先考虑/发展? give (top) priority to sth。 80.与?比较 compared with?/ in comparison with 81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary。 82.代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of

83.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water 84.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities 85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress 86.毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that? 87.增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding 88.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of

一、 主题句原则

国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事!

特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!

To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句).

Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

二、 长短句原则

工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：

As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.

如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉?牢记!

强烈建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短;在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

三、 一二三原则

领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点…如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1)first, second, third, last(不推荐，原因：俗)

2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐，原因：俗)

3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐，原因：俗)

4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐，原因：俗)

5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)

6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)

7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)

8)most important of all, moreover, finally

9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)

10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)

建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚!

四、 短语优先原则

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如：

I cannot bear it.

可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.

I want it.

可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.

这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。

五、 多实少虚原则

原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如：

走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room

但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room

小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room

小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room

老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room

所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩!

六、 多变句式原则

1)加法(串联)

都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。

比如说： I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar. 如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 其它的短语可以用：besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

2)转折(拐弯抹角)

批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。

The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.

The coat was thin, but it was warm.

更多的短语：despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, not with standing

3)因果(so, so, so)

昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!

The snow began to fall, so we went home.

更多短语：then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4)失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重)

有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。

举例：This is what I can do.

Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.

同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：

When to go, Why he goes away…

5)附加(多此一举)

如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他;或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。

The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.

I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.

Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.

其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。

6)排比(排山倒海句)

文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势!

Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.

Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.

We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. (气势恢宏)

要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可!

七、 挑战极限原则

既然是挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀!

原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：

The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.

Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.

如果您可一些出这样的句子，不得高分才怪!