大学英语写作常用句型【20篇】

考研英语应用文写作范文之感谢信感谢信

结构要点感谢信是就某事向收信人表示感谢的信件，分为三个部分：

1． 指出对方帮助自己的事情，表示感谢；

2． 展开叙述这件事；

3． 再次感谢，并可表示希望回报对方。

Suppose your were recommended by Professor Sun to get further education in Yale University last June and now you have been admitted by that university. Write a letter to Professor Sun to express your gratitude in about 100 words. Do not sign your own name, using “Li Ming” instead.Dear Professor Sun,

I am writing to extend my gratitude to you—without your help I would not have been a postgraduate student of Applied Mechanics Department of Yale University.

Last June, you helped me with no reservation when I applied for Yale University. You wrote a recommendation letter for me to Professor W, the dean of the department. You gave me instructions on how to fill the application forms and write the application letters. Whats more, you also taught me how to take care of myself and get along with others, which I believe are lifes great lessons.

Your help enabled me to fulfill my dream to pursue my studies in a great university. In the following days I will remember what you have told me and work and study hard to be a capable, conscientious and responsible person.

Yours truly,

Li Ming

感谢信

语言注意点感谢信应充分表达自己的谢意，切不可给对方草率的印象。可借助谈对方的帮助来进一步表达感激之情。言辞应真挚、得体。

Suppose you were taken good care of by Aunt Sun when you pursued your studies in Los Angels where Sun lived. Write a letter in about 100 words to extend your appreciation. Do not

sign your own name, using “Li Ming” instead.Dear Aunt Sun,

It is a great pleasure to extend my sincere gratitude to you for your hospitality and consideration while I pursue my bachelors degree at University of California.

As soon as I arrived in Los Angeles, you found me an apartment near my university. When I met with difficulties you often sent your daughter to help me and when I felt homesick you often talked to me patiently. You told me how to improve my efficiency in both work and study and how to get on well with teachers and schoolmates. Furthermore, you invited me to dinner on nearly every weekend.

Without your help, I would not have graduated with honors and found a satisfactory job back here in China. I know I can never repay you for everything you have done for me in the past four years, but you can be sure that I

Best regards.

Yours faithfully,

Li Ming ll never forget it.

导语：近日，又开启了英语四六级成绩查询，你知道多少分算过吗?下面是yjbys作文网小编为您收集整理的资料，希望对您有所帮助。

全国英语四六级改革之后，报道成绩满分为710分，凡考试成绩在220分以上的考生，由国家教育部高教司委托“全国大学英语四六级考试委员会”发给成绩单，不设及格线。因为现在英语四六级只发成绩单，没有证书，招聘单位是看个人的成绩单的，成绩单分数越高，自然更受青睐。一般来说，作为社会默认的标准和各学校自行规定的合格线往年都是425分。而对于想要参加口试的考生来说，参加考试的条件如下。

参加2005年06月至2013年12月全国大学英语四、六级考试，且四级成绩为550分以上(含550分)或六级成绩为520分以上(含520分);

参加2008年12月至2013年06月全国大学英语四级考试(网考)成绩为550分以上(含550分)。

参加2005年1月(含)以前全国大学英语四、六级考试并已获得四、六级证书的在校学生，且四级成绩为80分以上(含80分)或六级成绩为75分以上(含75分)。

注：由于各方面情况的不断调整与变化，所提供的所有考试信息仅供参考，敬请考生以权威部门公布的正式信息为准。

总之，得到的总结就是：英语四级没有分数线之说，220分就给发成绩单，425分以上者可报名参加六级考试(故可认为此为及格分数线)，550分以上者可报名参加口语考试。有的学校也规定英语四级过425分之后才能颁发毕业证。但现在有的学校已取消了四级成绩与学位证挂钩。

附注：

题型分布

听力理解

1、听力对话(15%)

(1)短对话(多项选择)

(2)长对话(多项选择)

2、听力短文(20%)

(1)多项选择

(2)复合式听二、阅读理解(35%)

阅读理解

1、仔细阅读理解(25%)

(1)多项选择

(2)选词填空或简答

2、快速阅读理解(10%，选择+句子填空或其他三、改错或完形填空(10%)

错误辨认并改正或多项选择

写作和翻译

1、写作(15%，短文写作)

2、翻译(5%，汉译英)

考试时间

英语六级笔试在每年6月和12月各一次，口试在笔试前进行，每年5月和11月各一次.

笔试时间一般为每年6月和12月的第三个周六(请以教育部考试中心通知为准)。时间安排如下：

14：50--15：00试音寻台时间

15：00--15：10播放考场指令，发放作文考卷

15：10取下耳机，开始作文考试

15：35发放含有快速阅读的试题册(但15：40才允许开始做)

15：40--15：55做快速阅读部分

15：55--16：00收答题卡一(即作文和快速阅读)

15：55--16：00重新戴上耳机，试音寻台，准备听力考试

16：00开始听力考试，电台开始放音

听力结束后完成剩余考项。

17：20全部考试结束

1、be worth doing 值得做……

2、be busy doing 忙着做……

3、too…to do 太……而不能做……

4、so+adj./adv. as to do 如……以致于做

5、It takes sb. some time to do sth. 花某人……时间做某事

6、sb.spends some time doing sth. 某人花……时间做某事

7、It is+adj.+for sb. to do sth. 某人做某事是……

8、Its up to sb. to do sth. 应由某人做某事

9、sb. have some difficulty/ trouble in doing sth. 某人做某事很费劲

I have some difficulties in finishing this project.

10、There is no doing sth. 没必要做……

11、主语+have no idea+从句 不知道……

12、sb.can do nothing but do sth.=have no choice but to do 别无他法，只能做某事

13、Do you mind if I do?/Would you mind if I did? 我做某事你介意吗?

14、wish sb.+n./abj 祝愿某人…… I wish you good luck.

15、It is/ was+被强调部分+that/who…

16、would like to do 愿做某事

feel like doing 想做某事

had better (not) do sth 最好(不)做某事

would rather do 宁愿做……

17、It is said that… 据说……

18、not…until/till… 直到……才 I didn’t go to sleep until my parents came in.

19、It is possible/probable/likely that… 可能……

20、主语+find/consider/think+it+形容词或名词+不定式 I find it interesting to see this film.

21、so+adj./adv.+that 如此……以致于 such+n.+that…

The lady is so happy that she can’t say a word.

It is such a wonderful day that we’re going out for picnic.

22、why not do sth 为什么不做……呢? Why not proctect the world together?

23、in my opinion 依我看来

24、Its time to do sth. 到做某事的时间了

25、sb. devote oneself/ones life to sth./doing. 致力于做某事

A new year,a new start, when I stand on the edgeof a new year, I cant help thinking about my plan of next year.

Just as the old saying:"Well began is thehalf of the success.” So I decide that I should be at work while the others are still relaxing, and then,at the beginning,Im quicker than the others and ofcourse I will get better result than the others.

But, what I really decide to do is that I must make good of any time I can spare though it seems impossible. While,I will do my best to live up with what I have planned, and the result will prove it.

高考英语作文需要将有自己的想法，并且掌握好写作的方法，这样英语才能得到高分。

1、审题：审题是做到切题的第一步。所谓审题就是要看清题意，确定文章的中心思想、主题，并围绕中心思想组织材料。

2、进行构思，列出简单的提纲，打造文章之骨架：审好题、立好意后，就要写提纲，打造文章的骨架。文章布局要做好几件事：安排好层次段落，铺设好过渡，处理好开头和结尾。

3、扩展成文：根据字数多少扩展成篇。扩展的内容一定要紧扣主题，千万不要写那些与主题不相关的内容。展开的方式包括：顺序法、举例法、比较法、对比法、说明法、因果法、推导法、归纳法和下定义等。可以根据需要任选一种或几种方式。

在这一步骤中还需注意三方面问题：

1)确保提纲中段落结构的思路与各段主题句的一致性。只有这样，才能保证所写段落不偏题、不跑题。

2)要综合考虑各个段落的内容安排，避免段落内容的交叉。

3)用好连接词，注意段落间、句子间的连贯性。要做到所写文章层次分明，思路清晰，文字连贯，就需要在句与句之间、段与段之间架起一座座桥梁，而连接词起的正是桥梁作用。

在扩展的过程中也有些窍门，以下几点可供参考：

1)在整篇文章中，避免只是用一两个句式或重复用同一词语。英语中存在着极为丰富的同义词，准确地使用同义词可以给读者清新的感觉。同时要灵活运用各种句式，如倒装句、强调句、省略句、主从复合句、对比句、分词短语、介词短语等，从而增加文章的可读性。

2)使用不同长度的句子。如果一个意思用一句话写不清楚的话，通过分句和合句或用两句、三句来表达，增强句子的连贯性和表现力。

3)改变句子的开头方式，不要总是以主、谓、宾、状的次序。可以把状语至于句首，或用分词等。

4)学会使用过渡词。

(1) 递进furthermore，moreover，besides，in addition，then，etc

(2) 转折however，but，nevertheless，afterwards，etc

(3) 总结finally，at last，in brief，to conclude，etc

(4) 强调really，indeed，certainly，surely，above a11，etc

(5) 对比in the same way，just as，on the other hand，etc

5)确定文章用第几人称写，基本时态是什么。使用人称时人物不能张冠李戴或指代不明。

时态要尽量保持一致。

4、检查修改：要检查复核，不要写完了事。

要留时间通读全文，修改可能出现的错误。检查上下文是否连贯，句子衔接是否自然流畅。检验的标准主要是句子是否通畅，该用连词的地方用了没有，所用的连词是否合适，是否有语法错误，主谓是否一致，动词的时态、语态、语气的使用是否正确，词组的搭配是否合乎习惯，是否有大小写、拼写、标点错误等，还有就是注意卷面整洁。

可归纳为：中心突出，主题明确;层次清楚，条理清晰; 表达力强，传情达意;语句通顺，句型多变;过渡自然，衔接紧凑;标点正确，大小无误;字迹清楚，卷面整洁。

高中英语写作常用开头句型

1.As far as …is concerned 就……而言

2.It goes without saying that… 不言而喻，…

3.It can be said with certainty that… 可以肯定地说……

4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that… 它必须注意到，…

6.Its generally recognized that… 它普遍认为…

7.Its likely that … 这可能是因为…

8.Its hardly that… 这是很难的……

9.Its hardly too much to say that… 它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that…需要特别注意的是

11.Theres no denying the fact that…毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that… 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that… 更重要的是…

看图作文是以图画或图表来提供目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等情景，要求作者借助图画，通过联想将一组画面的直观内容转换成传神达意的文字形式，用于反映图中所表现的思想内容。

从写作体裁上看，可说明介绍，可叙事记人、可写景状物，也可以发表议论。

1.仔细审题、弄清题目要求

看图作文主要考查考生的观察能力、分析能力、想象能力、创造能力和语言表达能力。

想写好看图作文，必须遵循以下步骤：

首先，必须通读试题中的每一个字，认真观察所给的每一幅图画，正确理解提示所提出的各种要求，从而明确作文的中心思想，判断文章的类型、特点，了解文章的重点内容，力求切中题意。

2.审好图，确定要素

认真观察图中的故事发生于何时?何地?图中的人物为何人?他们做了什么事情?结果如何?

3.考虑用恰当的词语、句型和时态

弄懂了图上的大意后，在内心构思一个基本的框架，考虑用什么样的句型、词语、时态来充分表达文章的内容，尽可能用你熟悉的词语或句型，力求语言准确、意思明了。

4.列出要点，组织语言

在认真审题、弄清题意的基础上，我们应逐个完整无误地把内容要点列出来，我们可以在每幅图画的旁边用简单的词语标出其所表达的要点，这样，既可以提醒自己不要漏写了要点，又能防止过分发挥。接着就可以将内容要点译成英文词语或句子，以便下一步组织语言，形成短文。要注意使用适当的连接词或过渡性语句，以使上下文更为连贯，过渡自然。

5.详细得当

对一些细节方面的内容，如果是文章必不可少的细节，在写作时不可将这些细节忽略;如果是可有可无的细节，则可视具体情况进行增删。因此，我们在审图时，一定要注意各图中的一些细节内容，看其是否影响文章的内容。

6.仔细检查、修改

文章写完后，应进行必要的检查、修改，力求全文内容表达准确、完整，并最大限度减少错误。

具体从如下做起：

(1)核对图中要点是否有遗漏;

(2)时态、语态是否正确;

(3)文章句、段、篇是否连贯;

(4)用词是否得当、词数是否符合要求;

(5)单词大小写、拼写、标点是否准确无误。

最后提醒大家：一篇好的作文不但要内容写得好，字迹也要美观、工整、漂亮。

Going to college is an exciting thing for me, because I have been studying so hard to realize this dream. Before I went to the campus, I had good imagination about the college life. But the first year in the college makes me recognize the campus life.

上大学对于我来说是一件很兴奋的事情，因为我是如此的努力学习来实现这个理想。在我去到大学校园前，我对大学生活有着美好的想象。但是在大学的第一年让我从新认识了校园生活。

The first year in college, I spend a lot of time in studying. Before I went to college, I thought the college life would be very easy and I just could do whatever I want. But I did not expect that I still needed to pay so much attention on study. Everybody around me went to the library and I would be very guilty if I played. So college life was not that easy.

在大学的第一年，我花了很多时间在学习方面。在我上大学前，我以为大学生活会很轻松，我能为所欲为。但是我没有预料到我仍然需要花那么多时间来学习。在我身边的每个人都去去图书馆，如果我玩耍的话，很有罪恶感。所以大学生活并没有那么轻松。

When I lived far away from my home, I was so free, I enjoyed the freedom so much. My parents always kept their eyes on me, so I couldn’t be myself when I lived with them. Living in the dormitory, I could stay up and join the activities at night. It is the young guy’s right.

当我住得离家远，我很自由，我很享受这样的自由。我的父母总是盯着我，和他住在一起，我无法做真正的自己。住在宿舍里，我能熬夜，在夜间出去活动。这是年轻人的权利。

Though the first year in college isn’t that easy for me, I still enjoy the campus life.

虽然在大学的第一年对我来说不轻松，但是我很喜欢大学校园的生活。

1、Practice makes perfect.

熟能生巧。

2、Take care of the pence/pennies，and the pounds will take care of themselves.

积少成多。/小事谨慎，大事自成。

3、Swift to hear,slow to speak.

多听少讲。

4、Procrastination is the thief of time.

拖延就是偷走时间。

5、Tomorrow is another day.

明天又是新的一天。/明天还有指望。

6、Exploit to the full one’S favorable conditions and avoid unfavorableones.

扬长避短。

7、Promise little，but do much.

少许愿，多做事。

8、cripples learns to limp.

近朱者赤，近墨者黑。

9、Bend the willow while it is still youn.

修树要趁早，育人要趁小。

10、Knowledge is power.

知识就是力量。

11、Passion，though a bad regulator,is a powerful sprin.

激情虽难驾驭，却是强大动力。

12、Learn from other’S strong points to offset one’S weaknesses.

取长补短。

13、He than run fast gets the rin.

捷足先登。

14、We never know the worth of water till the well is dry.

井干方知水宝贵。

15、Our greatest glory consists not in never failin9，but in rising every time we fall.

人生最大的光荣，不在于永不失败，而在失败还能站起。

16、Ideals are like stars-we never reach them，but like marlners，we chart our courses by them.

人之需要理想，如水手之需星辰；星辰虽不可及，但可指引我们航程。

17、Youth’s stuff will not endure.

青春易逝。

18、A pet lamb makes a cross ralTl.

宠坏的羊羔会变成恶羊。

19、Prepare for the worst and hope for the best.

做最坏的准备，怀最好的希望。

20、Do not throw the baby with the bath water.

别把小孩和洗澡水一起泼掉。

21、Wisdom is only found in truth.

惟有在真理中才能找到智慧。

22、A stitch in time saves nine.

小洞不补，大洞吃苦。

23、An hour in the morning is worth two in the evenin9./The morning hour has gold in its mouth.

一天之计在于晨。

24、Where there is a will，there is a way.

有志者事竟成。

25、Broaden one’S scope ofknowledge and widen one’S horizon.

拓宽知识，开拓视野。

26、He that can have patience can have what he will.

惟坚韧者始能遂其志。

27、Thought is the seed of action.

思想是行动的种子。

28、As you give，as you receive./As you sow，you shall mow.

种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

29、Every man is the master ofhis own fogune.

每人都是自己命运的主人。

30、Good health is the best treasure a person can procure.

健康是一个人最宝贵的财富。

31、Disappointment is the nurse of wisdom.

失败是成功之母。

32、The first step to knowledge is to know that we are ignorant.

走向知识的第一步是知道自己无知。

33、Home-keeping youth have ever homely wits.

孩子不见世面，知识少的可怜。

34、People who live in glass houses shouldn’t throw stones.

自己有缺点，勿揭他人短。

35、Give me where to stand，and l will move the world.

给我一个支点,我可以跷起整个地球。

一、用于描写图表和数据

1. It has increased by three times as compared with that of 1998.

2. There is an increase of 20% in total this year.

3. It has been increased by a factor of 4since 1995.

4. It would be expected to increase 5 times.

5. The table shows a three times increase over that of last year.

6. It was decreased twice than that of the year 1996.

7. The total number was lowered by 10%.

8. It rose from 10-15 percent of the total this year.

9. Compared with 1997, it fell from 15 to 10 percent.

10. The number is 5 times as much as that of 1995.

11. It has decreased almost two and half times, compared with…

二、用于解释性和阐述性论说文

1. Everybody knows that…

2. It can be easily proved that…

3. It is true that…

4. No one can deny that

5. One thing which is equally important to the above mentioned is…

6. The chief reason is that…

7. We must recognize that…

8. There is on doubt that…

9. I am of the opinion that…

10. This can be expressed as follows;

11. To take …for an example…

12. We have reason to believe that

13. Now that we know that…

14. Among the most convincing reasons given, one should be mentioned…

15. The change in …largely results from the fact that

16. There are several causes for this significant growth in…,first …,second …,finally…

17. A number of factors could account for the development in…

18. Perhaps the primary reason is…

19. It is chiefly responsible of…

20. The reasons for…are complicated, And probably they are found in the fact…

21. Here are several possible reasons, excerpt that…

22. Somebody believes/argues/holds/insists/thinks that…

23. It is not simple to give the reason for this complicated phenomenon…

24. Different people observes it in different ways.

三、用于文章的开头

1. As the proverb says…

2. It goes without saying tan…

3. Generally speaking…

4. It is quite clear than because…

5. It is often said that …

6. Many people often ask such question:“…?”

7. More and more people have come to realize…

8. There is no doubt that…

9. Some people believe that…

10. These days we are often told that, but is this really the case?

11. One great man said that…

12. Recently the issue of… has been brought to public attention.

13. In the past several years there has been…

14. Now it is commonly held that… but I doubt whether…

15. Currently there is a widespread concern that…

16. Now people in growing number are coming to realize that…

17. There is a general discussion today about the issue of …

18. Faced with…, quite a few people argue that…, but other people conceive differently.

四、用于文章的结尾

1. from this point of view…

2. in a word…

3. in conclusion…

4. on account of this we can find that…

5. the result is dependent on…

6. therefore, these findings reveal the following information:

7. thus, this is the reason why we must…

8. to sum up …

9. as far as…be concerned, I believe that…

10. It is obvious that…

11. There is little doubt that…

12. There is no immediate solution to the problem of …, but …might be helpful

13. None of the solutions is quite satisfactory. The problem should be examined in a new way.

14. It is high time that we put considerable emphasis on…

15. Taking into account all these factors, we may safely reach the conclustion that…

五、用于论证和说明

1. As it is described that…

2. It has been illustrated that…

3. It provides a good example of…

4. We may cite another instance of…

5. History man provides us with the examples of…

6. A number of further facts may be added…

7. The situation is not unique, it is typical of dozens I have heard.

8. A recent investigation indicate that…

9. According to the statistics provided …

10. According to a latest study, it can be predicted…

11. There is no sufficient evidence to show that…

12. All available evidence points to the fact that…

13. Examples given leads me to conclude that…

14. It reveals the unquestionable fact that…

15. The idea may be proved by facts…

16. All the facts suggest that…

17. No one can deny the fact that…

18. We may face the undeniable fact that…

Im in my third year now in Environmental Sciences. And what do I want to do with my B.S. once I graduate? Become a librarian. Yes, I know it sounds completely random and unrelated, but thats my master plan. Right now Im preparing for all those crazy grad school applications that Ill be sending in next fall. I began thinking about what kind of skills I have and what kind of jobs would complement my natural interests. Ive thought about becoming a librarian dozens of times growing up but for some strange reason, I never took it seriously. But it popped back into my mind as I was contemplating all this. So I began to do some research and I also talked to a lot of family and friends. Its crazy because everyone I shared with gave me a lot of affirmation and encouragement about pursuing it! If theres anything you can get out of my strange journey I hope its the comfort and reassurance that you dont always have to know what you want to do in the near future. And its okay to change majors or even pursue a major that may not necessarily be related to your future career. You should enjoy what youre studying. But also seek after what you really love.

“Father and son” is a very famous comic book, I know about it from one of my neighbor by accident. At first I laught at the ugly images of the characters, but I am surprised by the contents at last. The book talks about lots of funny scenes and the daily life between a father and his son. The son is quite naughty and always makes some a little trouble for his dad. But sometimes the boy is lovely and does some moving things. It shows us the amusing stories and the love between the father and son at the same time. However the most impressed thing is that the author who finished these funny and soothing pictures, lived in German’s wartime. Knowing of that special social background, I realize the optimistic spirit from this book. It became one of my collecting, I would never been losing interest with it and I even read it times by times for encouraging myself when I am in sadness.

《父与子》是一本十分有名的漫画故事书，我偶然间从邻居那里看到这本书。起初我觉得书中丑丑的人物十分好笑，可最后它的内容给我个惊喜。这本书展示的是关于一对父子之间日常生活的有趣的情景画面，书中的男孩十分的调皮，总是给父亲找点小麻烦做些小恶作剧，然而有时儿子又十分的可爱，也会做些令人感动的事。这本书在讲述有趣的故事的同时也让我们看到了这对父子之间温馨的爱意。然而最令我影响深刻的是完成这部幽默又抚慰人心的作品的作者竟然生活在战争时期的德国。在了解这本作品完成的特殊社会背景后，我才体会到书中作者透露出的乐观精神。现在这本书成为我收藏书籍之一，书中的故事永远不会让我觉得无趣，甚至在我遇上伤心事时候，我常常拿出来看看鼓励自己。

If life is a book, then the university life is the most beautiful color in the book; if life is a drama, then the university life is the most wonderful scene of the play, if life is a long journey from birth to death; then we have a college life, can see the most splendid scenery. Friends, at the best time of life, have you raised the sail to the other side of the ideal? Have you stretched out your strong wings and go to the free sky? Is it very exciting to get into the University, to make the next wish and strive for it?

In the long dream, we bided sword, those unforgettable days are still visible before the eyes. In the day of harvest in our understanding through their own efforts to accomplish one thing is how meaningful, and we walked together to the beautiful campus, stand together through storm and stress. Standing at the new starting point, I was so excited, and how was it???

However, in the university life picture spread, I found in search of searching the end are not past the heart of "the person is in the dim light of joy". The dream he found Baidu, was veiled. This time, I have been confused and wandering, but time will not stop it from footsteps, forward Zhu Ziqing wrote "when I wash my hands, in the past day from the basin; when you eat, the days from their jobs in the past; when silent, the double eyes ningran from the past. I am aware of his rush?? "yes! Time is like water, and we have a lot of things to do in our life. In order to dream, let us cherish the time, from now on a little bit of accumulation. Lets make our college life more full, rich and rhythmic. In life I hope happy with success, I know the smile in every youth season, the call of the sea: we will not let the courage to fight back in the waves, blue sky call, cannot let fly wings degradation in dark clouds.

Dear Mr. Zhang, Because I have got a cold and high fever. The doctor adviced me to rest for several days. I will attend school as soon as possible. And you dont worry about my work, I will ask my classmates to help me with it once I am back.

I hope my absence will not cause you any inconvenience.

Sincerely,

xiao Li

1.Chances are that man will eventually land on Mars.

人类有可能最终登陆火星。

2.The likelihood for peace in the Middle East remains questionable.

中东和平的可能性仍让人怀疑。

3.The necessity for nuclear nonproliferation seems clear.

防止核扩散的必要性似乎清清楚楚。

4.It is perhaps more accurate to consider the family as a blanket of security, rather than a cloak of bondage.

把家庭看作保护安全的毯子可能比把它看做束缚的斗篷更确切。

5.While generalizations are dangerous, it is quite safe to present solid evidence.

抽象概括是危险的，但是，提供确凿的证据是万无一失的。

6.It seems almost certain that China will achieve this years economic growth targets.

中国将完成今年经济增长的目标似乎是毫无疑问的。

7.Reaching this years growth targets is almost a certainty.

达到今年的增长目标几乎是必然的。

8.The urgency of the situation makes it necessary to reiterate the monumental problems of population growth.

情况的紧迫性使我们有必要重申人口增长的重大问题。

9.A recent study revealed the surprising fact that many students pass examinations by relying on nothing more than rote memorization. It is horrifying to think that students graduate without a thorough understanding of the subject matter.

最近的一项研究显示了一个令人惊讶的事实：许多学生仅仅依靠死记硬背通过考试。想到学生对主题没有透彻地理解就毕业了是令人震惊的。

10.Needless to say, advertising sells products. Where would we be without it? Shelves would be empty, consumers would have few choices and products information would disappear.

Most of us look away when we pass strangers. It is the expectional person who stops to help the woman maneuvering her kids and groceries up the staircase. We rarely give up in line or on the subway or bus. Locked into our automobiles, we prefer gridlock to giving way.

当我们与陌生人擦肩而过时，多数人往往把目光移开。要是有人停下来帮妇女哄她的小孩和帮她把食品搬上楼梯，反而会被人看成另类。无论是排队还是乘地铁或公共汽车，我们很少让位于他人。坐在自己的汽车里，我们宁愿堵塞交通也不愿给人让路。

These daily encounters, when they are angry or alien, diminish our lives. When they are pleasant, we feel buoyed. Yet when we sit at home and make resolutions, we think about what we can accomplish in private spaces：home, work. Too many have given up the belief that they control the shared, the public world.

这些日常接触，要是气冲冲的或是使人反感的，那便会减少我们生活的乐趣，要是它们令人愉快，那便会使我们精神振奋。然而，当我们坐在家里做出各种决定的时候，我们考虑的仅是在个人天地--家庭和工作里可以实现的目标。太多的人已经放弃了他们也管理着共享的、公共的世界这一信念。

As individuals we can change the contour of a day, the mood of a moment, the way people feel. The demolition and reconstruction of public life is the result of personal decisions made every day：the decision to give up a seat on the bus;the decision to be patient or pleasant against all odds;the decision to let that jerk take a left-hand turn from a right-hand lane without rolling down the window and calling him a jerk.

作为众人的一员，我们可以改变一天的面貌，一时的情绪，以及人们对某件事的感觉。公共生活的毁坏和重建是人们每日所做的种种个人决定的综合结果。这些决定包括：公共汽车上让座，面对逆境而能容忍或具有乐观精神;让那个笨蛋从右车道往左拐而不摇下车窗骂他蠢货。

Its the resolution to be a civil, social creature. This may be a peak period for the battle against the spread of a waistline and creeping cholesterol. But it is also within our will power to fight the spread of urban rudeness and creeping hostility. Civility doesnt stop nuclear holocaust and doesnt put a roof over the head of the homeless. But it makes a difference in the shape of a community, as surely as lifting weights can make a difference in the shape of a human torso.

这是做一个文明的、社会的人的决定。今天也许是人们为减少腰围和降低胆固醇而斗争的高峰期。然而，反对城市野蛮行为和人际敌对态度的蔓延，也是我们只要愿做就能做到的事。有礼貌不能制止核战争，也不能为无家可归者提供栖身之所，但它的确能改变一个社会群体的面貌，犹如举重定能改变一个人的体形一样。

☆定语和状语（时间、地点等）都属于附加成分，在基本句型中一般都不列出。

☆时态包含于句子中，任何句子都有时态。

1主语＋谓语(不及物动词)：S+V

It will rain tomorrow.

He often runs in the morning.

They cried.

Tom exercises every day.

2主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语：S+V+O

I miss my mother very much.

She wants to go home now.

The English club is going to hold an English party.

They all love her.

3主语＋系动词＋表语：S+V+P

The music sounds wonderful.

The leaves have turned red.

She is a student.

We keep silent about that.

4主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语（人）＋直接宾语（物）：S+V+IO+DO

The teacher gave a book to him.=The teacher gave him a book.

They told me an interesting story.

The waitress offered me a bottle of wine.

My father will buy me a bike.=My father will buy a bike for me.

Miss Smith teaches us English.

5主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语：                                      S+V+O+C

They call me Xiao Wang.

I saw him swimming in the river.

We elected him monitor of the class.

一、形成性评价的概念

形成性评价(Formative Assessment)是美国评价学专家斯克里芬在1967年在其所著的《评论方法论》里提出来的。所谓的形成性评价是相对于传统的终结性评价(Summative Assessment)而言的，指的是对学生日常学习过程中的表现、所取得的成绩及所反映出来的情感、态度和策略方面的发展做出的评价，这种评价是通过对学生学习的整个过程持续观察、记录和反思之后得出来的。

形成性评价的目的是为了激励学生学习，帮助学生调控自己的学习过程。让学生获得成就感，增强其自信心和团结合作精神，让学生从被动接受评价变成一个评价的主体和积极参与者。形成性评价能够帮助教师了解学生的学习情况，从而制定下一步的教学计划。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价不只以考试成绩来衡量学生的学习情况，它更加灵活方便，也更加科学有效。形成性评价注重对学生学习行为和表现的评估，能够有效发挥学生的主动性和创造性，有利于培养学生的学习兴趣，也能够有效提高学生的自信心。

在英语口语教学中运用形成性评价，能够让学生在课堂中互相评价，增强学生参与课堂教学的积极性，在提高英语口语能力的同时体会到成功的快乐，形成一个教师与学生、学生与学生之间良好互动的课堂。形成性评价注重开发学生的创新能力和思考能力，而要培养这些能力就必须依靠坚持不懈的学习和运用来完成。

二、形成性评价的方法与工具

首先，一般而言，形成性评价的方法大致分为：自我评价、同伴互评和教师评价。

自我评价是指学生在学习的过程中就自己学习进程中的某个阶段性成果的总结和评价。自我评价是形成性评价中尤为重要的评价方法，只有通过自我评价才能尽力发挥其的主观能动性，积极主动地参与课堂教学活动。只有主观积极地参与课堂，就自己不同阶段的水平，才能更好地定位自己进一步的目标，并在课程初期、中期及末期分别给予自己相对客观中肯的评价，以促进下一阶段的学习。

同伴互评是指在课堂活动中，就某一活动进行同学之间的评价，评价包括学习态度、学习能力及学习方法的评价。在同伴互评的过程中，学生们可以相互探讨学习方法、交流学习心得、提出改进的建议和意见。同伴之间相互比较、竞争，相互取长补短，既增强了合作精神又促进了学习能力和学习效率的提升。同伴互评作为形成性评价重要的方法之一，其评价形式既增强了课堂的趣味性又增强了学生的学习自信心和学习热情。

课堂学习的主体是学生，但是学习评价的主体却是教师。形成性评价侧重过程教育，在教学过程中，根据需要调整教学计划和内容，该评价尤其重视学生与教师在课堂的共同参与度，而非教师“一言堂”。首先，教师在教学过程中设定好学生自我评价与同伴评价的量化标准，列好学生自我评价和同伴评价的核查表；其次，学生根据核查表才可有的放矢，对照核查表所列的内容一一检查，每节课后，客观公正地给予自己和他人中肯的评价；最后，结合学生自我评价和同伴评价的反馈结果，教师针对学生课堂上的表现，纵向对比某一特定学生评价前后的差异，或者横向比较某一特定组别在同一活动中每位学生各项指标的完成情况，同时，以多种形式反馈给学生并提出整改意见。因而，在教学的不同阶段，根据学生的能力发展状况，教师可适时调整评价方式，不断改进教学方法和教学手段。

只有将自我评价、同伴评价与教师评价结合在一起评价方式才能保证较好的教学效果，才能促进教育改革的进一步深化，真正达到以素质教育培养复合型人才的终极目标。

其次，形成性评价的行为评估工具有课堂观察、学生档案、座谈、问卷调查、访谈和对话周记等。如何运用以及怎样运用这些评价工具要根据所授课程、课程目标和授课对象等诸多因素做适当调整。

课堂观察是教学行为和技巧的基本方式。根据Genesee and Upshur(2001:79)的观点，教师在观察的基础上，可以评估学生已掌握和未掌握的内容。换言之，教师应该评估促进或阻碍学生学习的策略。与此同时，教师还可评估一些特定的教学策略的有效性，确定学生们欣赏哪些课堂活动和形式。课堂观察有助于教师更好地了解课程设计和学生需求的契合度。通过正式或非正式的观察，教师可掌握大多数学生对于教学安排的可接受程度，根据学生的需求改进或调整教学安排等，以提升教学效果。

“questionnaires and interviews can all be thought of as conversations between students and teachers”（Genesee and Upshur，2001:136）。如上所述，问卷调查和访谈都可被看作教师和学生间的对话，访谈和问卷调查是相似的，但决定使用访谈或者问卷调查可依据不同的教学目的。无论是哪种方式，都是老师和学生之间相对正式的会谈，这非常有利于老师对他的教学效果进行评估,诊断学生在英语学习遇到的困难，为学生寻找合适的解决问题,获得良好的学习策略和学习得到更多的进步。访谈和问卷调查设计应该根据学生的个人需求并符合教学目标。

对话周记作为教师和学生沟通的另一种方式，深受学生的喜爱。因课程设置和班级规模的不同，课堂观察、问卷调查及访谈都相对比较片面，而对话周记则可以关注到每个学生的不同需求。师生间定期通信，既增加了教师和学生之间的相互了解，增强彼此的信任，又能解决学生的个案问题，做到因材施教；同时，为了促进“教学相长”，学生可及时反馈教师的课堂教学，对于教师的教学提出较好的建议和意见。

学生档案是一个综合各项评估功能于一体的评估工具。它可以记录学生的成长、课堂变化且兼顾多种需要。如今，众多评价工具只把学生作为评价的对象，而评估的责任和任务的则落到了教师身上。但事实上，几乎没有一种评价工具能很好地管理学生活动并对其课堂行为负责。相比之下, 建立学生档案，需要学生亲力亲为；本着自我负责的原则，他们要更好地自我监督和控制，同时，在建档案的过程中，学生可以见证自己的进步与成长，增强学习的自信，提高学习的效果。

三、形成性评价对于英语口语教学的重要性与紧迫性

众所周知,教育评估在大学英语课程改革中扮演着相当重要的角色。英语教学的重点已从传播知识转移到培养能力。多年来，在中国，人们只注重英语写作和阅读的能力的提升，而一直忽视英语口语交际能力。多年来，教学评价已经被狭义理解为量化教学，而后进一步局限于教学测试。考试作为教学的终极目的，期末考试的成绩也就成为教师评价学生的最重要的依据。而对于口语课堂，单一的这种评估方式和依据增加了大多数学生的心理压力和少部分学生侥幸心理。考试成绩给学生很大压力，危害学生的发展，评估过程中，学生一直被动地参与，无法调动其积极性。当课程结束时，教师将得不到及时准确的学生反馈，无法改善评估方法以助于提高学生的英语口语能力。

“形成性评价源于诊断性测试。与终结性评价相比，形成性评价通过教学过程中多方面的评价发现问题，解决问题，强调过程性、目标性和学生学习的主动性。” (魏薇，2005) 鉴于终结性评价在口语测试评分中的片面性和主观性，大学英语口语表达能力的培养还是受到了这种终结性评价的制约。在大学英语口语教学中，形成性评价最重要的任务的是帮助教师监控学生英语口语的学习过程，提高学生的英语口语学习。如能将形成性评价的理论引入大学英语口语课堂教学与测试中，建立大学英语口语课程与形成性评价相结合的评估模式，则会推动大学英语口语教学和测试的改革进程。

鉴于口语课堂的特点，为了克服传统终结性评价对于口语课堂的制约性，形成性评价与大学英语口语教学相结合有其不可忽视的重要性和紧迫性。

首先，由于口语表达能力除了包含最基本的发音、词汇、语法能力还有语用能力、文化知识储备力等多项复杂的技能，而所有的这些技能无法在某一次测试中完全体现出来。因口语学习的最终目的是运用到相关学科、为了更好地促进国际交流。

而形成性评价尤其注重过程教学，这种评价将教学过程分成了诸多阶段，学生可在每个不同的阶段就自己的学习态度、发音、语言运用的准确性、流利程度以及课堂活动参与的积极性进行横向的同学互评和纵向的自我比较。一方面，横向比较可以找到彼此间的差距，互相帮助已达到各方面的提升；另一方面，学生可在整理学习档案的过程中，纵向比较自己前后阶段的学习情况，时刻了解自己在每个阶段的学习状况，在教师和同学的辅助下，运用不同的学习方法和策略，逐项提高自己的口语能力。 另外，教师在学生进行评价的过程中，可真实地参与并记录学生在各方面的真实水平。

其次，口语课堂实际上是教师与学生、学生与学生之间的互动交际。教师需要花费大量的时间设计口语活动、鼓励学生参与活动、监控课堂活动、诊断学生的需求和问题、记录学生的表现等。学生则在各种学习任务和活动中不断地练习、发现问题、纠正偏差。

与传统的终结性评价不同，形成性评价的最显著特征是评价的主体是学生，学生和教师共同参与课堂，缺一不可。根据多数学生的关注点，学生参与确定研究目标、评分标准和英语口语的性能评估。因而，他们了解每一项活动的任务和目标，他们可合理运用各种评价方式和工具，课前认真准备，课堂上积极参与，能与教师积极互动，课堂上客观地评价自己、同伴和教师。这不仅是一种评价过程，更是学生回归自我认同感的方式。学生增加了学习自信，在评价过程中不断积累经验，逐步获得学习成就感。教师亦可在与学生互动的过程中，更好地了解学生的知识掌握和课堂反馈情况，根据反馈适时调整教学方法。如此良性循环，既增强了课堂的趣味性又提高了学生的学习效率。

四、结语

形成性评价，作为正常教学和学习过程的有机部分，可以全面、客观、科学、准确地提供与其学习目标相关的重要信息，它有助于促进学生的个性化发展和外语教学质量的根本性提高。形成性评价其中的一个重要作用是培养学生良好的英语学习习惯。将英语形成性评价与口语教学紧密地结合在一起，能提高学生学习的兴趣并及时、准确、客观地反映学生的真实水平，使学生的英语口语能力稳步提高。通过采用具体的形成性评价方式，发展学生的自我评价与学生间相互评价的能力，以促进学生的自我反思与自我管理能力。从而提高学生自主学习意识与自主学习能力，并为他们养成终身学习的意识与习惯打下基础。

I am a student in a college, and Im very happy becouse of my good life in my college.

In the morning, I always go to my college by bike and watch the sights on my way to there. Then, Ill have lessons, this isnt a boring thing, becouse the teachers in my college are all friendly and funny, thier lessons are all interesting and relaxing, of course. So, I like to have lessons. After a happy morning, a happy afternoon will come. I dont have to have lessons in the afternoon. So, I often spent time with my friends to make our friendship much and much. Some time we go to parks, and others time we go shopping, I hardly ever have a happyness afternoon. In the evening, I dont have to have lessons, either. But, I usually get to my classroom on time and start studing. Beacouse, the aim of going to college is learning knowledges after all.

Although my college life is very happy and very good, now. I belive a words forever------It will be much better in tomorrow.

我是一个学生在一所大学,我很高兴因为我的美好生活在我的大学。

在早上,我总是骑自行车去我的大学,看路上的风景。然后,我要教训,这不是一个无聊的事情,因为老师在我大学都是友好的,有趣的,他们的课都很有趣和放松,当然可以。所以,我喜欢上课。在一个快乐的早晨,一个快乐的下午会来。我下午不用上课。所以,我经常花时间和我的朋友多多,让我们的友谊。一些时间我们去公园,和其他时间我们去购物,下午我很少有幸福。在晚上,我不用上课。但是,我通常准时到达我的教室,开始学习。因为,上大学的目的是学习知识。

虽然我的大学生活很快乐,很好,现在。我永远相信一句话- - - - - -这将是更好的明天。

It is quite often seen that many students walk their pets on campus nowadays. For the owners, it is really good enjoyment and happiness. But for the other students, it may not so good. As more and more students bring their pets to campus, a cry for forbidding the pets brought to campus is higher and higher. For me, I think the owner shouldn’t take their cute pets on campus for the sake of clean.

现在，大学生在校园里遛宠物是一件很常见的事情。对于宠物主人来说，这肯定是一件很惬意和幸福的事情。但是对于其他的学生来说，却不是那么好。禁止在校园里养宠物的呼声随着越来越多的学生在校园里养宠物也越来越高。就本人来说，从整洁的角度来考虑，我认为学生不应该带他们的爱宠来学校来养。

Firstly, keeping pets in dormitory will make dormitory smell bad and cause noise pollution. Pets couldn’t go to toilet and flush their waste as human does, so they just urine everywhere, which makes the place smelly. Besides, pets can make lots of noisy which is annoying especially at night. For other students who live with the owner, it is absolutely a disaster for they have to suffering from both the terrible smell and the disturbing noise.

首先，在宿舍里养宠物会让宿舍里面很难闻，并且会引起噪声污染。宠物并不会像人类一样可以自己去厕所并冲走它们的排泄物，它们到处大小便会让宿舍里面有很大的味道。另外，宠物会制造出很多恼人的噪音，尤其是在夜间。而对于同居一室的其他舍员来说无疑是一场灾难，他们不得不忍受那些难闻的气味与烦人的噪音。

Secondly, raising pets can be time-consuming and even affect their study. For students, they are supposed to spend more time studying. If they put their focus on their pets, then they will have less time to study. Not to imagine that they will do good in their study.

其次，养宠物很浪费时间甚至会影响学生的学习成绩。作为学生，应该多花时间在学习上。如果学生把精力都花在宠物的身上，那么学习的时间会更少。更不用说他们的学习成绩会好到哪里去。

In conclusion, I don’t think it is good for students to raising pets on campus in consideration to the good of the public hygiene and also their improvement in their academic performance.

总之，考虑到学校的公共卫生和学生的学习成绩，我不认为在学校养宠物会对学生有好处。

In my understanding, if we refer to an ideal college life as a formal western dinner, then a high GPA, that is, Grade Point Average, should be the main course, while an active part in activities, together with associations, means the appetizer. Some romances, of course, play the role as desserts. They are the 3 key elements for an ideal college life.

Those, however, are not what college life is all about. As we all know, college is wildly different from middle school. It connects not only adolescence to adulthood, but also the ivory tower to the real society. Therefore, the ideal college life is that I become matured both physically and mentally, and that I obtain qualified academic knowledge and get well prepared for society at the same time.

Under this circumstance, I never expect my college life to be too ideal, or you can call it too perfect. It is not realistic to make all things on my own way, with everyone liking me, winning the first prize all the time, and so on. Of course, I’d like to lead a carefree life. However, this does little good to my future. What really helps is hardships like failure, betrayal, and unjust treatment. Only after experiencing those can I know what society is like, and what life is like.

To conclude my speech, I wanna say, some positive experiences are surely part of the ideal college life. But, I should not forget about the negative sides. They are not less necessary.

说明文是对事物形状、性能、特点、成因等进行的理解式表达表述的文章。其形式多为文字提示或图表。这种文体使用比较广泛。科普文、产品介绍、国情或民俗介绍都属于这类文体。说明文是陈述客观事实，谓语动词通常用一般现在时态。说明文具有以下特点：

1. 科学性。介绍事物或解说事理必须揭示其本质特征。做到概念准确，判断恰当，分类清楚。

2. 客观性。写说明文时，要按照事物的本来面目如实地加以介绍、说明和解释。不能带有个人愿望或主观倾向。

3. 知识性。说明文以说明为主要表达方式，用简洁的语言介绍事物或阐明事理，使人们获得关于某一事物的知识和道理。

4. 解说性。说明文的目的就是在于把事物、现象或道理解释、介绍清楚，让读者明白。

几点写作注意

写说明文要注意以下几点：

1. 抓住中心，分清主次。首先根据要仔细阅读文字提示或观察图表，确定文章的中心内容。再根据内容把文章文分成几个段落，每段都要拟定一个主题句。然后确定中心人称和主体时态。

2. 列全要点，扩编句子。以拟定的主题句为中心，选择恰当的词和句型组织材料，编写句子，形成段落。

3. 布局谋篇，连段成文。按照一定的逻辑顺序，用适当的过渡词把已经写好的段落串连成一篇完整的文章。

具体写作实例

例如：根据下列提示，写一篇介绍你们学校的短文。

1. 位于市中心。

2. 有50多年的历史。

3. 现有60个教学班，近3000名学生。

4. 校园美丽，教学设备先进。

5. 教师经验丰富，工作努力。

6. 已为国家培养了许多高素质人才。

7. 本校为全市最好的学校之一。

要求：词数100左右。

写作示范：

Our school is located in the center of the city. I t has a history for more than 50years. Now, there are nearly 3000 students studying hard here, who were divided into 60 classes. I t has a beautiful campus and modern teaching facilities. The teachers are well experienced and they all put their hearts into teaching. Many students with high quality have been educated since the founding of the school. It is now one of the best schools in the city.