大学英语写作常用句型(优秀20篇)
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736大学开学作文英语作文
全文共 1648 字
+ 加入清单在开学的前几天,我竟每夜都曾辗转反侧。是因为激动吗?也许吧,开学后会见到好多朋友,会有比假期多的多好玩的故事,接下来是小编为您整理的大学开学作文英语作文,希望对您有所帮助。
大学开学作文英语作文1
I had a long holiday for May Day .I was very happy, because I could do anything I want.
During those days. I enjoyed myself. At first, I went to the zoo to see lovely animals. And then. I went to the sea world to see beautiful fishes. That was very interesting. Secondly I went for a trip with my parents, we went to Linxia to visit my grandparents and to eat minority’s foods. We rode horse on the grassland and had a fun with local children. It was very exciting. After that, I held a party and invited some of my best friends to visit my house. My mother bought a lot of tasty foods for us, we also took many photos on the party. We played very happy. I also watched lots of carton films at home, they were wonderful.
I like the holiday. I like my May Day.
大学开学作文英语作文2
I have been very happy in the school. Sometimes, at night I cry in the bed because I miss you very much. You always say “Learn well and I will be happy.” So I work hard in the school every day. After class I play with my classmates. We skip rope, play cards and ball and so on. I spend a lot of time doing my homework. After lunch we have to do Kumon. When I finish, I play Pingpong with my friends. Then I spend some time reading my English notes. At six o’clock I have my evening class. Then I have my evening snack at twenty past seven. After that, I have some free time. At eight o’clock, I go to bed. This is a day in the school. Mum, you always tell me “Happiness is very important in our life.” So I want to be happy every day. If you are not happy, call me please.
[大学开学作文英语作文
更多相似作文
篇1:2024年高考英语写作必备词汇
全文共 864 字
+ 加入清单well-known 众所周知 important 重要的 pollution 污染
focus 面对 benefit 益处 development 发展
society 社会 knowledge 知识 necessary 必要的
opinion 观点 harm 危害 exception 例外
advantage 优点 disadvantage 缺点 serious严峻的
measures 措施 solve 解决 overcome 克服
increase 增加 decrease减少 deny 否认
prefer 喜欢 example 例子 addicted 沉迷
useful 有用的
play an important role in our life在生活中扮演重要角色
with the development of our society 随着社会的发展
bring a lot of benefits 带来很多益处
everything has two sides 任何事物都具有两面性
Become more and more serious 变得越来越严峻
on the contrary 相反 take measures 采取措施
solve this problem 解决这个问题
the best way to 最好的方法
overcome the difficulties 克服困难
be faced with 面对
No one can deny the fact that 没有人能够否认这个事实。。。
in favour of 赞同 支持 For example 例如
become addicted to the Internet 沉迷于网络 All in all 总之
come to the conclusion 得出结论
As far as I am concerned that 就我而言
There is no doubt that 毫无疑问
in a right way 正确的方法
waste a lot of time 浪费时间
篇2:高中英语作文写作技巧
全文共 1148 字
+ 加入清单1、审题:审题是做到切题的第一步。所谓审题就是要看清题意,确定文章的中心思想、主题,并围绕中心思想组织材料。
2、进行构思,列出简单的提纲,打造文章之骨架:审好题、立好意后,就要写提纲,打造文章的骨架。文章布局要做好几件事:安排好层次段落,铺设好过渡,处理好开头和结尾。
3、扩展成文:根据字数多少扩展成篇。扩展的内容一定要紧扣主题,千万不要写那些与主题不相关的内容。展开的方式包括:顺序法、举例法、比较法、对比法、说明法、因果法、推导法、归纳法和下定义等。可以根据需要任选一种或几种方式。
在这一步骤中还需注意三方面问题:
1、确保提纲中段落结构的思路与各段主题句的一致性。只有这样,才能保证所写段落不偏题、不跑题。
2、要综合考虑各个段落的内容安排,避免段落内容的交叉。
3、用好连接词,注意段落间、句子间的连贯性。要做到所写文章层次分明,思路清晰,文字连贯,就需要在句与句之间、段与段之间架起一座座桥梁,而连接词起的正是桥梁作用。
在扩展的过程中也有些窍门,以下几点可供参考:
1、在整篇文章中,避免只是用一两个句式或重复用同一词语。英语中存在着极为丰富的同义词,准确地使用同义词可以给读者清新的感觉。同时要灵活运用各种句式,如倒装句、强调句、省略句、主从复合句、对比句、分词短语、介词短语等,从而增加文章的可读性。
2、使用不同长度的句子。如果一个意思用一句话写不清楚的话,通过分句和合句或用两句、三句来表达,增强句子的连贯性和表现力。
3、改变句子的开头方式,不要总是以主、谓、宾、状的次序。可以把状语至于句首,或用分词等。
4、学会使用过渡词。递进furthermore,moreover,besides,in addition,then,etc ;转折however,but,nevertheless,afterwards,etc ;总结finally,at last,in brief,to conclude,etc ;强调really,indeed,certainly,surely,above a11,etc ;对比in the same way,just as,on the other hand,etc。
5、确定文章用第几人称写,基本时态是什么。使用人称时人物不能张冠李戴或指代不明。时态要尽量保持一致。
检查修改:要检查复核,不要写完了事。
要留时间通读全文,修改可能出现的错误。检查上下文是否连贯,句子衔接是否自然流畅。检验的标准主要是句子是否通畅,该用连词的地方用了没有,所用的连词是否合适,是否有语法错误,主谓是否一致,动词的时态、语态、语气的使用是否正确,词组的搭配是否合乎习惯,是否有大小写、拼写、标点错误等,还有就是注意卷面整洁。
可归纳为:中心突出,主题明确;层次清楚,条理清晰;表达
篇3:高考英语作文写作模板:图画类写作模板
全文共 476 字
+ 加入清单【提要】高考英语作文 : 2017年高考英语作文写作模板:图画类写作模板
图画类写作模板
1.开头
Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...
2.衔接句
As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.
3.结尾句
In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated...
篇4:大学英语日记感恩节
全文共 1433 字
+ 加入清单We are supposed to express our gratitude to others on Thanksgiving Day.
However, we should feel gratitude every day.
God has two dwellings, one in heaven, and the other in a meek and thankful
heart. Be grateful to others is a way to show your love. In our daily life, we
often receive help from our parents, friends, colleagues and strangers. Perhaps
it is a little thing, pick up the pen you drop, lift a heavy box for you or
offer you a seat in the bus. We should be thankful to them for whatever they
have done. The more love you give, the more love you receive.
A sense of gratitude can acknowledging our interdependent existence. You
will be ready to help others if you have a thankful heart. Therefore, a thankful
heart is like a magnet. Not only will we attract more things to be grateful for,
but also we will attract gratitude from others. “give thanks alittle and you
will find a lot.”
Gratitude is heaven itself. A sense of gratitude and indebtedness to others
is and important wellspring of a generous and virtuous life. We now fall into a
busy life, neglecting to be grateful for details, the beauty of nature, the
comforts of modern living ,the love of parents and so on. People can notice
these details and realize the friendship, love and happiness in our life with a
grateful heart.
Gratitude is the fairest blossom which springs from the soul. Be thankful
for whatever you have, give and receive. Happy Thanksgiving today and every
day!
篇5:2024高考英语作文预测:如何看待大学自主招生
全文共 1130 字
+ 加入清单自主招生又称自主选拔,是高校选拔录取工作改革的重要环节。一般通过考试后招生学校会与其签订招生考试合同,签订合同后,一般可享受降低10分至几十分录取的优惠政策。你是如何看待这一策略的呢?
Theres a heated discussion that universities should or should not independent recruitment of students test.
Some of my school students think that independent recruitment is right.Firstly,it can relieve the universities because it can save many procedures.Secondly,its the universities own right to do it.Because these universities can choose the students they like.
The rest of my schoolmates dont agree the independent recruitment of students test.First of all,it abandons the cultural advantage of our country and isnt good to spread our culture.Because the traditional recruitment method has its own benefit to the country and students.If we give up this way,we have to find an unknown way,which may sacrifice many students interest.Furthermore,it can mislead the basic education method.Because if most of universities recruit independently,many courses will be ignored.
I dont agree with the independent recruitment of students test.I think we should insist the successful and continuous recruitment methods because it proves to be true.
篇6:英语书信常见写作模板
全文共 366 字
+ 加入清单1、开头部分
How nice to hear from you again. Let me tell you something about the activity. I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th. I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit. I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.
2、结尾部分
With best wishes. I’m looking forward to your reply. I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.
篇7:2024年中考看图英语作文写作指导
全文共 2549 字
+ 加入清单最近几年的中考英语当中,很多省市已经摆脱了单一作文模式,采用一大一小两个作文相结合的模式。例如,去年辽宁沈阳中考英语作文就是一个小作文,应用文-写假条,加上一个大作文,汉语提示作文构成。今年,北京中考英语作文也将是两个,一个看图作文在加上一个提示作文构成。这一讲,我们先来学习一下看图作文的写法。
看图作文要求考生按照所给图画,通过合理的联想将一组画面的内容正确地表达出来。看图作文与其他类型作文的不同之处在于,它除了要求考生有英语语言表达能力,还要求考生有观察能力、分析能力和想象能力。
写好看图作文应注意的事项1、结合文字提示,正确理解图意。一般情况下,看图作文在提供图画的同时也附带有简要的文字提示,我们可以利用文字提示去正确地理解图意,得到要点。切忌孤立地看图而忽视文字提示。
写作从图画的细节出发。所谓细节,就是指图画中的人物、事件、地点、环境、时间、动作等。依据图画细节,就可以把图画的内容用英语具体而生动地表达出来了。
(三)例题分析(例题)
同学们,看到下面的四幅图片及相应的报道后,你感到最担忧的是哪两种情形?请简述你担忧的理由并提出建议或希望。
要求:
⒈ 从所给素材中任选两种情形进行阐述,不可多选或少选。
⒉ 条理清楚,意思连贯,语句通顺,标点正确;
⒊ 词数 80 ~ 100。
参考词汇: 建议 suggest v. suggestion n.
气体 gas n. 污染 pollution n.
THE POLLUTIONS
① One third of the worlds people dont have enough clean water.
② More and more diseases are caused by polluted air.
③ People are disturbed quite often by kinds of noises.
④ Every person in our city makes about 1.8 kilos of rubbish every day.
这道看图作文题,主题和图片连接得不是很紧密。从考查的形式上来说,虽是看图,实质上却属于提示性的作文。这个作文应该结合个人的观点,选择的余地还是很大的。做这个题应该注意几个方面:
1、认真读题。注意,题目虽然给了四幅图,但是却只要求写其中的两个就行。
2、题意要求的是阐述个人的观点-最担忧的两种情形。而不是对图片进行描述。
3、结合所给的提示。提示中,对每种污染都进行了阐述,考生可以这些描述进行写作。
4、注意字数,语法,拼写等,避免错误。
下面是两个例文,大家可以参考一下。
One possible version:
The environment is becoming worse and worse. There are many kinds of pollution I worry about. The most serious two are water pollution and air pollution, because people cant live healthily with dirty water and polluted air, nor can animals. More and more diseases are caused by polluted air.
I think factories should not pour dirty water into the river directly or produce more waste gas. Wed better go on foot or by like instead of by car, because more cars mean more waste gas. We should make our world more and more beautiful.
Another possible version:
The first fact I worry about is noise pollution. People cant sleep well if there is too much noise. Thats why so many people prefer to live in the countryside rather than live in the noisy city. I suggest all the factories and cars shouldnt make terrible noises. If they make terrible noise that isnt allowed, they will be fined, and we can also produce the cars which cant make terrible noise.
The other pollution is rubbish pollution. If everyone makes so much rubbish, one day we may live in a world filled with rubbish. Some people throw the waste paper about. I suggest rubbish should be put into different kinds of dustbins or paper bags.
下面,我们来看看这道题的评分标准。一般来说,各地的评分标准都和下面的这个标准差不多。这个最高的标准,实际上也就是我们写作的目标。
评分标准:
1. 内容完整,语句流畅,无语法错误,书写规范,给9-10分;
2. 内容较完整,语句较流畅,基本无语法错误,书写较规范,给6-8分;
3. 内容不完整,语句欠流畅,语法错误较多,书写较规范,给3-5分;
4. 只写出个别要点,语法错误较多,书写欠规范,只有个别句子可读或不知所云,给0-2分。
看图作文不可小视。希望大家掌握答好这种题型的要点,并积累词汇。
篇8:大学英语日记感恩节
全文共 617 字
+ 加入清单Thanksgiving which falls on the fourth Thursday of November, is one of the
biggest American holidays. This holiday started in the early 1600s after
settlers arrived in America. These people who came from Europe didnt know how
to survive in the wild new country. Luckily, they met some friendly American
Indians, who showed them how to hunt turkeys and grow corn. In the fall, after
the harvest, the settlers had a great feast. They invited the Indians to thank
them for their help. Today the tradition continues. On Thanksgiving Day,
Americans invite their friends over for a turkey dinner and give thanks for what
they have.
篇9:高考英语写作的训练方法
全文共 1644 字
+ 加入清单主语+谓语+介词+宾语
We all agreed on the terms.
He hates to argue with his wife about such small matters.
All these things are to be answered for.
主语+系动词+形容词
Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.
He was so tired that he fell asleep the moment he went to bed.
Your explanation sounds reasonable.
主语+谓语+直接宾语
I want your promise.
Have your fixed my watch?
This factory produces 1000 cars a week.
主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
He paid me a visit yesterday.
He owed me 50 yuan.
He wrote his family a letter yesterday.
主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 (to do)
I will get someone to repair the recorder for you.
I didn’t mean to hurt you.
He invited me to teach at a well-known university.
主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 (do)
I often hear her sing the song.
The boss made workers work 15 hours a day.
Don’t forget to have him come.
主语+谓语+现在分词
I heard her singing in the next room.
We could feel our heats beating fast.
Did you observe the birds flying around the trees?
主语+谓语+过去分词
I must have my watch repaired.
We must get he task finished on time.
Speak louder to make yourself understood by everybody.
主语+谓语+宾语(动名词)
I suggested putting off the meeting.
They all avoided mentioning the matter.
We can’t help laughing at the news.
主语+谓语+宾语(不定式)
I can’t afford to buy such a large house.
Don’t pretend to know what you don’t.
He feared to speak in her presence.
主语+谓语+宾语(名词/代词)+介词+宾语
Nothing can prevent us from going forward.
Thank you for your help.
He demanded an answer from me.
练习写好句子的方法一:合并句子
It was early in the morning. Mr. Smith was in his garden. He was watering flowers.
Early in the morning, Mr. Smith was watering flowers in his garden.
A girl was crossing a road. The girl was pretty. The road was wide.
A pretty girl was crossing a wide road.
篇10:大学英语日记
全文共 1269 字
+ 加入清单Monday, August 12, 2013
Last summer, intolerable heat, so mom and Dad brought our family went to see the ice sculpture museum.
As soon as we walked into the ice sculpture museum, we felt the chill of the inside, and I knew it was only minus six degrees Celsius. Were just like going into a big fridge. Ice sculptures in the ice sculpture hall are lifelike. It stood the ancient "Four Beauties": Sha Shi, Mochizuki Pipa Wang Zhaojun, Diao Chan, Yang dancing, all lovingly pathetic. The side see also the twists and turns of the bridge deck and handrails, sparkling, shining. There are all kinds of ice sculptures at the side of the bridge. It was found that the eaves of a unique Pavilion were flying, the pillars were beautiful, and the chairs were exquisite, so that people could not help sitting down and resting for a while. Cool air around the body around, make people feel comfortable.
What impressed me most was the two high ice slide. The ice is as smooth as a mirror, and we "Hula" it slips underneath. My sister and I climbed up and down excitedly, screaming with excitement, even the coat was flying, and the clothes were soaked in.
These vivid ice sculptures left a deep impression on me. The ice sculpture museum in the "barbecue day" is really cool and joyful!
篇11:大学英语介绍家乡
全文共 2349 字
+ 加入清单Henan has a humid warm-temperate climate. Dry and windy in winter and spring, the province is hot and rainy in summer and bakes in strong sunlight during the autumn months. Rainfall averages about 600-1000 millimeters increasing from north to south, as does the annual temperature which increases from about 12.8C in the north to 15.5C in the south.
Henan province is considered the cradle of Chinese civilization due to its location on the Yellow River. This rich historic heritage has endowed Henan with numerous historic treasures, from primitive dwellings to earliest wheel thrown pottery. The remains of some of the earliest human settlements have been unearthed here, including the over 7000-year-old Peiligang Culture Site, the 6000-year-old Yangshao Culture Remains and the 5000-year-old Dahe Culture Remains. All these cultural remains have profound significance in the history of Chinese civilization.
Luoyang City has been the capital of nine dynasties since the time of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770BC-221BC). There are many historical sites to be viewed in Luoyang as well as the opportunity to purchase replicas of the famed Tang three-glaze horses. Luoyangs Longmen Grottoes, famous for its grand treasure trove of Chinese Buddhist statues, are located 12km (7 miles) south of Luoyang. First sculpted and chiseled around 493 AD when the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-534) was moved from Datong City to Luoyang, the grottoes of Luoyang house an awe-inspiring collection of sculpted Buddha and other religious subjects.
Kaifeng, one of the ancient capitals, also boasts the following buildings worthy of a visit: Iron Pagoda (Tie Ta) of the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127), Dragon Pavilion (Long Ting) - site of imperial palace of the Song and Jin dynasties - and the 1400-year-old Xiangguo Temple which is one of the most famous Buddhist temples in China. Also on view in Kaifeng are ruins of the Shang Dynasty, an important part of human cultural and historic heritage. The Shang Dynasty Ruins, also known as the Yin Ruins, are famous because of the unique style of the large palace and its grand mausoleums, in which emperors of the Shang Dynasty are buried. The bronze vessels of the Shang Dynasty, which were both finely decorated and popularly used by the citizens of the Shang Dynasty, are well-known at home and abroad.
篇12:文章写作常用的写作方法
全文共 16316 字
+ 加入清单写作方法属于艺术表现方法,即:艺术手法和表现手法,也含表达手法(技巧),常见的有:悬念,照应,联想,想象,抑扬结合、点面结合、动静结合、叙议结合、情景交融、首尾呼应(也叫前后呼应)、衬托对比、伏笔照应、托物言志、白描细描、铺垫悬念、正面侧面、比喻象征、借古讽今、卒章显志、承上启下、开门见山,烘托、渲染、动静相衬、虚实相生,实写与虚写,托物寓意、咏物抒情等
1、第一人称叙事法
由于文章的内容是通过“我”传达给读者,表示文章中所写的都是叙述人的亲眼所见,亲耳所闻,或者就是叙述者本人的亲身经历,使读者得到一种亲切真实的感觉。
采用第一人称,由于叙述人是当事人,所以叙述的人与事,只能是“我”活动范围内的人物和事件,活动范围以外的人物和事情就不能写进去。
2、第三人称叙事法
用第三人称叙事,叙述人既不受空间、时间的限制,也不受生理、心理的限制,可以直接把文章中的人和事展现在读者面前,能自由灵活地反映社会生活。
但在马海祥看来,第三人称叙事又往往不如第一人称叙事那么亲切自然。
3、顺叙法
顺叙是按时间的先后顺序来叙述事情,这就跟事情发生发展的实际情况相一致,所以易于把文章写得条理清楚,脉络分明。
运用顺叙,要注意剪裁得当,重点突出,否则,容易出现罗列现象,犯平铺直叙的毛病,像一本流水帐,使人读了索然无味。
4、倒叙法
倒叙并不是把整个事件都倒过来叙述,而是除了把某个部分提前外,其他仍是顺叙的方法。采用倒叙的情况一般有三种:
一是为了表现文章中心思想的需要,把最能表现中心思想的部分提到前面,加以突出;
二是为了使文章结构富于变化,避免平铺直叙;
三是为了表现效果的需要,使文章曲折有致,造成悬念,引人入胜。
倒叙时要交代清楚起点,倒叙与顺叙的转换处,要有明显的界限,还要有必要的文字过渡,做到自然衔接,特别要注意,不要无目的地颠来倒去,反反复复,使文章的眉目不清。
5、插叙法
插叙是为了表达文章中心的需要,有时是为了帮助读者了解故事情节的追叙;有时是对出场人物的情节作注释、说明。
使用插叙一定要服从表达中心思想的需要,做到不节外生枝,不喧宾夺主。
在插入叙述的时候,还要注意文章的过渡、照应和衔接,不能有断裂的痕迹。
6、补叙法
补叙主要用于对上文的叙述补充说明,一般是片断性的、简要的,不具备完整的事件,也可以把解释或说明的文字放有前面,以引起下文。
补叙的作用,一般不发展情节、事件,只对原来的叙述起丰富、补充作用。
7、分叙法
分叙的作用是把头绪纷繁、错综复杂的事情,写得眉目清楚,不条不紊,分叙可以先叙一件,再叙另一件,也可以几件事情进行交叉地叙述。
采用分叙时要根据文章内容和表达中心思想的需要确立叙述的线索,还要交代清楚每一事件发生和发展的时间。
8、细节详叙法
详叙一般用在对每件事发展变化过程的具体叙写,详叙时要抓住人物的特征或事情的细节进行详尽、细致的描叙,作文时,与中心思想密切相关的部分,要详叙。
没有细节就不可能有艺术作品,作品的题材无论多有意义,主题思想多正确,如果没有真实感人的细节,就无法给人以强烈的艺术感受。
运用细节表现法刻画人物,首先要找到真实的细节,细节不真实,人物就不真,作品就必然失败;其次还要注意细节的选择,要选择那些最具有特征的,最能表现作品主题的细节,否则,就应该毫不吝惜地舍弃。
与中心思想关系不大,而又与也须交代的,则几笔带过,这样文章的中心才能突出,否则文章会出现无中心或多中心,显得繁琐。
9、略叙法
略叙的作用是在于交代事件发生发展过程中不可缺少但又不必详叙的内容,它与详叙相结合,便整个叙述有详有略,疏密相间,形成叙述的起伏。
略叙一般用于文章的开头和结尾,与中心思想关系一般的部分,人所共知的部分。
10、直接抒情法
直接抒情可以使感情表达得朴实真切,震动人心,直接抒情一般适用于抒发强烈而紧张的感情。
直接抒情的特点是叙述时感情强烈,节奏时快、紧张,情感直露,容易把握。
11、间接抒情法
间接抒情的特点是抒情含蓄婉转,富有韵味,感染力强,间接抒情一般可以通过叙述抒情,作者在叙述时加上自己主观感情色彩,根据感情的流动来叙述,使读者在叙述的过程中感受作者的思想感情;也可以通过议论抒情,作者在议论中,表达强烈的爱憎、褒贬之情,这种记叙中的议论一般是利用判断来进行;还可以通过描写来抒情,作者在描写的过程中,渗透自己的情感。
在马海祥看来,采用间接抒情的方法,要做到语言美丽而又富有感情色彩。
12、先叙后议法
先叙后议是先叙事后议论,因此议论要起总结上文,点胆中心的作用,议论时,要对事件的主要内容,或事件的主要人物,或主要事物进行议论,这样才能做到叙事和议论的统一。
议论的方法,可以通过文章的人物的语言、心理活动进行议论,也可以以第三者的身份进行议论。
13、先议后叙法
采用先议后叙的方法,首先开门见山地提出记叙的要点和中心,并以此统全文,使全文所记事件的意义,通过议论之后,显得清楚明白。
在叙事的时候,要根据议论的中心,抓住重点进行写作。
14、夹叙夹议法
夹叙夹议的特点是叙事和议论穿插进行,写法上灵活多变,作者可以自由自在表情达意。
采用夹叙夹议的方法写作要注意叙事的连贯性,议论插入要自然。
15、以物为线索
在叙事的过程中,让某一物品在事件的各个阶段重复出现,并通过各种手段加强它的形象,这种物件往往起过渡作用或象征和点明中心思想。
16、以人为线索
以人为线索叙事,要注意不同时间、不同环境人物性格的统一,还要注意人物年龄、特征、外貌、动作、地方和民族特征、生活习惯等方面的统一,否则,容易造成混乱。
17、以思想变化为线索
这种写法,思想发展的主线要分明,思想变化的各个阶段贯要自然,对照要清楚。
18、以中心事件为线索
主要事件记叙突出,次要事件交代清楚,主次搭配合理,叙述井然有序,这种写法,事件再复杂,也可繁而不乱。
19、写生法
学习画画,要从写生、素描学起;学习书法要从描红临帖练起;学习状物也需从写生素描练起,我们作文时,如果能把看到的物品用文字描绘出来,读者看了文章,如见其物,我们的作文就有了坚实的基础。
用写生法描写物品要注意描写的顺序,或由上到下,或由下到上,或从左到右,或从右到左,或先中间后两边,或先两边后中间,或先整体后部分,或先部分后整体;其次要注意细部的描绘,使读者留下深刻的印象。
20、转动法
采用转动法描写物品要有一定的顺序,不能颠来倒去;其次要准确地运用方位词如正面、反面、下面、上面、左面、右面等等,在转换物品的方向时,要用方位词标明。
此外,马海祥提醒大家写作的时候还要有详有略,能反映物品特点的一面要详细描述,其他作简略交代,切忌面面俱到,平均使用力量。
21、剥笋法
有些物品结构比较复杂,光用转动法还描述不清,抓不住特点,我们就要从外到里或从里到外的顺序把物品的结构描述出来,这就要用过渡词语把进入哪一层交代清楚,此外,要有重点地介绍物品的结构。
22、拟人法
把动物比拟成人要注意找出动物的特征与人相似之处,并进行细致的描绘,把动物比拟成人,首先要从整体上把它比拟成人,然后找出局部相似之处,这样,我们读了以后才能有整体感。
如果只抓住局部进行比拟,容易显得不伦不类,不易读者想象,把动物比拟成人,也用于动物动作的描写,这主要是按照人物的心理活动想象动物动作的目的。
23、化动法
想象物品的动态要与静态描写相结合,这样才能相映成趣,文章从描写静态转入想象动态或从动态转入想象静态,描写要交代清楚,否则会分不清楚哪部分是看到的,哪部分是想到的,文章所想象的物品动态要符合物品的特点,使人读了可信。
24、说明法
采用说明法描写物品时,首先要真实地说明它的特点,其次要抓住重点来说明。
例如对物品的各部分进行说明时,有的部分,可以说明它的质地;有的部分,可以说明它的特点;有的部分,可以说明它的作用。
此外,马海祥建议你可以说明物品的历史、特点或用途时要围绕全文的中心,切忌扯得太远。
25、运用“五觉”法
眼睛可以看到物品的颜色、形状;耳朵可以听到各样的声音;鼻子可以嗅出香、臭、腥、臊;舌头可以知道物品的苦、辣、酸、甜、咸、淡、涩;皮肤可以感知物品的软硬、冷热。
我们描写物品时,可以通过各种感觉器官的感受来写物品的特点,采用“五觉”法来描写物品,要注意围绕物品最主要的特点写,切忌支离破碎,此外,马海祥提醒大家还要注意按一定的顺序描述。
26、借物抒情法
借物抒情要求我们在描写物品时,把感情寄托于对事物的爱憎之中,要借物品的形象含蓄地抒发自己的感情,运用借物抒情的方法,关键是找准物品的特点与自己的感情引起共鸣的地方,使物品与感情相统一,使感情有所依托。
27、托物言志法
采用托物言志法写的文章的特点是用某一物品来比拟或象征某种精神、品格、思想、感情等。要写好这样的文章,就要掌握好“物品”与“志向”,“物品”与“感情”的内在联系。
首先是物品的主要特点要与自已的志向和意愿有某种相同点和相似点;其次,描述时,自己的志向要以物品的特点为核心,物品要能表达自己的意愿,托物言志的写作方法,最常用的有比喻、拟人、象征等。
28、物品自述法
物品自述法是采用第一人称来描述物品,因此要我物品具有人的特点,在具体描写时,要注意准确地把握物品的特征,做到人格化后的物品既体现了人的特点,又不失去物的本色,具有人的特点,物品显得形象生动,吸引读者的兴趣,可鲜明地表现出作者的思想感情,保存物的本质特点,物品描写则显真实自然。
29、远眺近看法
建筑物可以远眺,也可以近看,远眺建筑物,可以得到建筑物整体印象,看法楚建筑物的整体轮廓。
但是,远眺不可能看清各个部分的具体情况,但是对建筑物在空间的位置,缺乏一种整体感,往往有一叶障目的感觉。
我们描写建筑物时,把远眺和近看的结果结合起来写,可以使读者对建筑物的整体和各部分情况有详细的了解,从而获得完整的印象。
30、内外结合法
从外面看建筑物,主要了解建筑物的轮廓,使读者对建筑物有一个完整的印象,从内部看建筑物,主要了解建筑物的构造,因此要作详细的介绍。
从外面观察建筑物要着重从整体上进行描写,切忌写得支离破碎;从内部观察建筑物要细致,因此要按方位顺序依次进行介绍,这样才能条理清楚,读者也看得明白,采用内外结合法描写建筑物,要注意采用比喻、拟人等修辞法。
31、移步换形法
采用移步换形的方法描写建筑物,可以不断地变换立足点和观察点,对建筑物进行多方面的观察描写,同一个建筑物,从不同的角度去看,得到的印象是不一样的。
因此采用移步换形法描写建筑物首先要把观察点和立足点交代清楚,使读者明白你所描述的建筑物形象是从哪一个角度看到的,否则,容易把读者搞糊涂了。
其次,采用移步换形法描写建筑物时,一定要抓住建筑物的最主要的特征来写,如果采用面面俱到的方法来描写,文章容易变成一本流水账。
32、说明介绍法
采用说明介绍法描写建筑物时,首先要注意紧扣文章确定的中心进行必要的说明介绍,切忌不着边际的东拉西扯,在说明介绍的过程中要简明扼要,切忌拖泥带水。
采用说明介绍法描写建筑物时,还要注意整体的连贯性,也就是说在说明介绍完毕以后,文章要返回到描写建筑物上来,并与前文衔接,文章从描写建筑物转到介绍说明,或从介绍说明回到描写建筑物要有过渡词或过渡句。
33、环境衬托法
周围都是绿色,中间的一点红色就特别鲜艳夺目,所以说“万绿丛中一点红”,对建筑物周围的景色进行适当描写,建筑物就显得突出。
描写建筑物周围景色的目的是为了突出建筑物,因此描写景色时要能衬托建筑物的特点,切忌离开建筑物而大写特写景色,造成喧宾夺主,马海祥提醒大家在描写建筑物周围的景色时,要把观察点和立足点交代清楚,便于读者了解建筑物的位置。
34、彩笔描绘法
植物总是由根、茎、叶、花、果组成的。运用彩笔描绘法时,要把根、茎、叶、花、果各个部位的最主要特点写出来,要写出它们的形状,写出它们的颜色,采用这种方法描写植物,要仔细观察,要分辨出植物各个部位的颜色。
同样是红色,要分出是火红的,还是粉红的;同样是黄色,要分出是桔黄的,还是金黄的;同样是绿色,要分出是碧绿的,还是嫩绿的……,要仔细区分各个部位的形状特点,同样是花,花骨朵与盛开的花就不一样。
观察得仔细,描写得具体,读者就好像看到一张植物的彩色照片,采用这种方法描写植物,还要运用恰当的比喻,要写出自己的情感。
35、远近结合法
同一棵植物,远看和近看是不一样的,这同照相一样,放在照相机的前面和远离照相机,摄下来的照片是大小不相同的,采用远近结合法描写植物,可以从不同的角度反映出植物的形状和颜色的特点,给读者以完美的印象。
马海祥提醒大家:采用这种方法描写植物要把观察点交代清楚,也就是要说清楚是远看的还是近看的,其次要注意叙述的顺序,或由远及近,或由近及远,这样文章才能条理分明。
36、时序变换法
植物各个部位的形态和颜色是随着季节的变化而变化,如果我们把植物在不同季节的特点写出来,同时把前后有关的情况交代清楚,就等于在不同的时间给植物拍了彩色照片,看了这一组彩色照片,读者对它就有了一个较为全面的了解。
采用时序变换法描写植物,首先要注意在平时积累资料,要有计划地在不同季节对同一植物进行仔细观察,并记下观察日记,这样,写作时才能对积累的材料进行取舍,写出一篇好文章;其次要注意观察的连续性。
37、生长变化法
植物总是要生长的,一般要经过发芽、生枝、长叶、开花、结果等阶段,如果把植物生长的不同阶段的形状、颜色的特点和生长的情况与下来,就好像给这棵植物拍了一部小电影。
读者可以在很短的时间内,通过阅读,了解植物生长的全过程,采用生长变化法描写植物,首先要注意把植物生长过程中最突出的变化写下来;其次要交代植物发生变化的原因、前后情况和过程;此外要注意按时间的先后顺序有条不紊地写下来。
38、展开联想法
我们看到一棵植物,往往联想到其它事物,这些事物往往与这棵植物有共同之处,例如我们看到棉桃,联想到洁白的雪花,这是因为雪花和棉花的颜色相同;我们看到大西瓜,联想到篮球,这是因为西瓜和篮球的形状相似;我们看到冰在雪地中郁郁葱葱的松树,想起那些在敌人面前不怕严刑拷打,决不屈膝的英雄,那是松树与英雄的品质上有相似之处。
采用联想的方法描写植物,要注意抓住植物的主要特点,展开丰富的想象。要提高自己的联想能力,首先要认真读书,了解生活,使自己的头脑储备丰富的知识;其次是勤思勤想,经常训练,使自己有丰富的想象能力。
39、突出重点法
植物总是由根、茎、枝、叶、花、果组成,我们在描写植物的时候,可以对植物的根、茎、枝、叶、花、果的各个部分进行描述,也可以只对植物的某一部分进行描述。
在马海祥看来,采用重点突出法描写植物时,首先要找出这棵植物与众不同的地方;其次要对最能体现这棵植物特点的部分从颜色、形状、气味等多方面进行具体描写,此外还可以恰当地运用拟人、比喻等方法。
40、对照比较法
俗话说:“不见高山,不知平地。”事物的特点往往在比较中得到显现,我们描写植物时,往往通过对照比较的方法来突出植物的特点,对照比较的方法有两种:一种是把这种植物与另一种植物进行比较;一种是把植物本身两种截然不同的特点放在一起比较。
采用对照比较法要注意抓住所要描写的植物最显著的特点与其他植物作比较,这样才能给读者以深刻的印象和启示,采用对照比较法还要注意表达作者自己的思想感情和倾向性,这样才能使文章感人,抓住同一植物不同部位进行比较时,要注意找出矛盾点,这样才能引起读者的注意。
41、赞美颂扬法
各种植物都有自己的特点,如青松不怕严寒,杨柳随处生长,莲花出污泥而不染,桂花香飘十里,留芳人间,野草有顽强的生命力,植物的这些特点往往使我们联想到做人的道理。
如看到莲花出污泥而不染,我们可以联想到要对不正之风作斗争;看到野草有顽强的生命力,我们可以联想到做人要不怕困难,不怕挫折……,赞美颂扬法就是对植物的这些特点进行赞颂。
采用赞美颂扬法首先要对植物的能联想到怎样做人的特点进行具体的描写,并以此贯穿全文,这样文章的中心才能突出;其次文章中要把赞美的感情抒发出来,要在描写植物中写出自己的情感,这样才能感人,此外还要注意首尾呼应,突出赞颂。
42、静态素描法
动物的外形包括身体、毛色、脑袋、四肢、眼睛、耳朵、尾巴等。不同的动物,身体的各个组成部分不同,例如鸟只有两只脚,但有一对翅膀;鱼没有脚,但不鳞和鳍,静态素描法就是把动物静态时各个部位的形状和颜色的特点写出来。
采用这种方法描写动物,首先要仔细观察,分辨动物各个部位的颜色有什么不一样;其次要找出各个部位形状的特点,此外,要运用恰当的比喻,这样,可以使读者好像看到一幅动物的写生画。
43、总分结合法
采用总分结合法描述动物,要注意总述与分述之间关系,分述部分要紧紧围绕总述所讲的特点描写,如果总述是讲动物的美丽,分述部分都要围绕着美丽来写;如果总述是讲动物的“灵活”,分述部分就要围绕它的灵活来写。
此外分述部分要有一定的顺序,或从上到下,或先形状后颜色,或先中间后两边,一定要有条理。
44、特征举例法
采用特征举例法描写动物时,一般先指出动物的某一方面特点,然后举具体的例子加以证实,采用这种方法描写动物要注意抓住最能反映动物的这一方面的特点,而且要尽量写具体,使读者觉得可信。
45、特征说明法
采用特征说明法描写动物,一般先介绍动物的某一特征,再说明它的作用,或说明为什么具有这一特征,接着采用同一方法逐一介绍动物的其他特征,采用这种方法描写动物,要注意科学性,要有依据,不能采取想当然的方法加以说明,为了提高写作能力,我们要注意多阅读科普读物,了解动物的习性。
46、重点突出法
采用重点突出法描写动物,首先要仔细观察某一动物,找出它与众不同的地方加以描述,在描写动物的最主要特点时,要注意采用比喻、拟人、比较等方法,使重点部分给读者留下深刻的印象。
采用重点突出法描写动物,有的对主要特点详细描述,次要特点一笔带过;有的则内写主要特点,不写次要特点。
47、成长变化法
用成长变化法描写动物,要注意把动物从小到大整个过程中的几个主要阶段写下来,不能采用写流水帐的方法,描写动物成长过程中的几个主要阶段时,要注意把前因后果交代清楚,避免中间衔接不上,使读者看了莫明其妙。
动物的成长过程是一个漫长的过程,因此采用这种方法描写动物,要注意系统地观察,要不意识地写系列观察日记,把观察结果写下来,最后,只要将观察日记加以剪裁,就可成一篇反映动物成长过程的文章。
48、实验证明法
采用实验证明法首先要找出动物的一些鲜为人知的特点及习性,然后通过实验来证明动物确实具有这方面的特点和习性。
在记叙实验的过程时,要把实验的方法、经过、结果有条理地写下来,这样才能使读者信服,这一类作文一般按提出问题---进行实验---明白道理的顺序写。
49、群体描写法
描写一群动物,最要紧的是有详有略,详略得当,要选择具有特色的动物,重点观察,重点描写,其它的或者概括地写,或者略写一笔,要做到选材典型,重点突出。
马海祥提醒大家:对重点描写的动物,要抓住它的形状、颜色、动作,进行具体的描绘,对略写的动物,可抓住某一方面略提一下,描写一群动物,切忌面面俱到。
50、现场目击法
采用现场目击法描写动物,要把观察的地点交代清楚,这样读起来具有真实感,由于现场目击是以作者的观察视点作为写作的出发点,因此,描写时不强求全面、完整,但是也要慎重选择描写的内容,做到突出重点。
采用现场目击法描写动物,要注意在叙述过程中交代清楚哪些是亲眼见到的,哪些是猜想的。这样文章具有科学性。
51、拟人法
把动物比拟成人要注意找出动物的特征与人相似之处,并进行细致的描绘,把动物比拟成人,首先要从整体上把它比拟成人,然后找出局部相似之处,这样,我们读了以后才能有整体感。
如果只抓住局部进行比拟,容易显得不伦不类,不易读者想象,把动物比拟成人,也用于动物动作的描写,这主要是按照人物的心理活动想象动物动作的目的。
52、动物自述法
动物自述法是采用第一人称来描写动物,因此文章中要把“我”当作动物来写,这里要注意在写作时把“我”和动物融为一体,不能露出痕迹来。
动物自述法是采用拟人的方法来描写动物,因此在描写时,既要反映动物外形、动作、习性的特点,又要体现人的一些特点,这样才能使文章既具有科学性,又显得生动活泼。
53、议论抒情法
采用议论抒情法记叙动物,要对能给予启示的动物特点进行仔细观察,然后进行详细的描述,这样议论或抒情时就会更具说服力和感染力,议论抒情法要把动物的某些特点与人们在日常生活、工作中所要具有的精神、品质、思想紧密地联系起来。
描写动物特点时,要为议论抒情作好准备;议论、抒情时,要围绕所描写的特点进行,采用议论抒情法描写动物,要注意围绕一个中心进行描写、抒情、议论。
54、景物衬托法
景物衬托法就是描写动物,首先要集中笔墨描写好动物,写出动物的特点,动物的描写要成为文章的中心;其次描写动物周围的景物时,要为描写动物服务,景物的描写在全文中只是起衬托的作用,不能喧宾夺主。
55、季节特征法
采用季节特征法描写自然景物,一定要对景物四季不同的特征进行仔细观察,描写时,既要逼真地再现具体的时令特征,又要表现景物本身的特征,使时令特征和景物特征融为一体,在描写景物的四季特征时,不能面面俱到,要做到各有侧重,此外,运用季节特征法描写景物时,不能变换景物的地点,要对同一地点的不同季节景色描写。
56、随时变化法
随时变化法一般运用于描写日出、月上、日落、月夕等天空的景色变化,以及描写刮风、下雨、下雪等气色变化,采用随时变化法描写景物,一定要注意仔细观察时间的推移过程中,景物所发生的细微变化,这样才能言之有物。
在描写景物时,要把时间的变化交代清楚,这样能反映景物变化的时间进程感;其次要把景物在各个时间里自身特征的变化描写具体,使读者好像看到一场景物变化的小电影。
57、日内变化法
同一景物在一天内不同的时刻,景色是不一样的,采用日内变化法描写景物,我们必须随着时间的变化而变化,去勾画景物的不同画面,并做到各有侧重,避免画面相似。
采用日内变化法描写景物,不能只改变景物的地点,但是侧重点可以变化,这样,才能做到同中有异。
58、定点换景法
运用定点换景法描写景物,首先在观察景物时要注意选择好观察点,因为表现同一事物时,立足点不同,观察的“方位”、“角度”不同,呈现的面貌也各不相同,表达效果大不一样;其次描写时要注意把观察点交代清楚,即使不用文字作专门说明,也应该让读者能从描写中领会到作者观察的立足点和角度方位。
此外,描写时要按照一定顺序,即由近及远或由远及近,由高到低或由低到高,从左到右或从右至左等等,这样可以把景物写得层次清楚,鲜明逼真,有立体感,给读者以如临其境,如在目前的感受。
59、定景换点法
同一景物,从不同的位置去看,所呈现的面貌是完全不同的,采用定景换点法描写景物就是把不同位置观察到的景物的差异写出来,采用定景换点法描写景物首先要把观察点的变化情况交代清楚,使读者知道是在什么地方观察到的。
其次交代观察点时要按一定的顺序,或由下至上,或由上至下,或由远及近,或由近及远,或由左到右,或由右到左,此外描写景物时,注意从不同的侧面去反映,使读者对景物有整体感。
60、移步换景法
移步换景法一般适合于游记或参观记,描写景物时,人走景移,随着观察点的变换,不断展现新画面,采用移步换景法描写景物时,首先要把观察点的变换交代清楚,这样,读者才能清楚地知道游览或参观的路线。
其次要把移步中或移步后所见到的景物具体地展现出来,使读者看到一幅幅绚丽多彩、内容丰富的生动画面。
采用移步换景法描写景物时,要注意围绕一个中心展示不同的画面,避免有支离破碎的感觉;其次要进行精心的剪裁,要把一路上最有特色的景物描绘出来,删去一般性的描写,避免记流水帐。
61、围绕中心法
我们描写景物时,不可能把看到的全部写下来,而且也不必要全写,围绕中心法就是根据文章中心的需要,选择有关的景物进行描写。
采用围绕中心描写景物,首先要确定文章的中心,有了中心,写景就有了主心骨,中心的确定来自对景物的细致观察,通过观察,抓住景物的主要特点,这就是文章中心。
中心确定以后,就要对观察到的景物进行筛选,能表现中心的就要进行细致的描绘,能衬托中心的也要进行必要的描写,与中心无关的,就略去不写(具体可查看马海祥博客《文章写作的构成方式和思路》的相关介绍)。
62、分类描写法
分类描写是按描写对象的不同类别,如天地、山川、草木、虫鱼等,或不同方面,如形状、颜色、声音等的顺序来写的,因此描写时,不一定要交代观察点,也不一定要按时间或空间的顺序进行描写。
采用分类描写法要把握景物的总特征和各类景物特征的关系,描写各类景物时,都要围绕景物的总特征,采用分类描写法,还要注意准确地“分门别类”,避免重复交叉。
63、听看想法
听看想法一般用于对刮风、下雨、打雷、下雪等气象变化的描写。采用听看想法描写景物,要围绕同一景物写听到什么,看到什么,想到什么,这样,文章的笔墨既集中,又有变化,能引起读者的兴趣。
采用听看想法描写景物,要把在什么时间、什么地点听到和看到的交代清楚,在写看到的景物时要按一定的顺序,如从上到下或从下到上,从远到近或从近到远,从左到右或从右到左等等。
64、描写议论法
采用描写议论法写景最主要的是把描写和议论紧密地结合起来,描写景物时要根据议论的中心,把有关景物写具体,议论时要针对描写得最具体的景物进行议论。
采用描写议论法写景同样要注意把观察的时间和地点交代清楚;同样要按一定的顺序,有条理地描写具体的景物。
65、动静结合法
采用动静结合法描写人物肖像既要写出人物静态时的身材、衣着、外貌,又要写出人物动态时的神情、姿态和气态,采用动静结合法描写人物时要注意围绕人物的特点来描写人物性格特点的动作和动态,做到静态特点和动态特点的统一。
描写人物动态时,要在平时观察的基础上,找出最能反映人物性格特点的动作来写,描写人物静态,可以从人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌等方面选择最能反映人物个性特点的地方来写。
66、通篇拟人法
采用通篇拟人法写景,要把看到的一切都写得像人那样有思想、有情感、有动作,采用通篇拟人法写景是把看到的各种各样景或物都比拟为人,因此它们的语言、动作、思想,全文显得和谐。
67、比较异同法
俗话说:“不见高山,不知平地。”事物的特点往往在比较中得以显现,采用比较异同法描写景物,首先要有比较点。例如对两种植物相比,可以比颜色,比形状,比香味,有了比较点,就能比出差异来。
其次要比出景物与众不同的特点来,有些自然景色粗看过去,大同小异,但是,通过比较可以从小异中比出特征。
例如,同样是雨,就有暴雨、大雨、细雨等区别,比较有两种:一种是纵比,将现在和过去比较,通过事物的发展变化来说明问题;另一种是横比,即对两种事物进行比较,找出相异点来。采用比较异同法描写景物时,要灵活选用。
68、景物幻化法
我们在平常的生活中,往往出现这样的情况:我们凝望某一景物时间较长以后,好像这个景物动起来变成另一种事物,这就叫幻化。
幻化的景物实际上是随作者的联想或想象而构成的一幅新情景,采用景物幻化法写景就是把这种想象出来的情景写下来,采用景物幻化法写景首先要对原来的景物作必要的交代,这样读者才能知道新情景是由什么景物幻化出来的,当然这种必要交代可以在幻景之前,也可以在幻景之后。
其次,描写幻化景物时要注意完整性、连贯性,能帮助读者构成新的情景。
69、借景抒情法
采用措景抒情法描写景物时,要注意带着强烈的感情来写,做到寓情于景,使客观的景物带上作者的感情色彩,这样,读者看了以后,会自然而然地引起同感。
在抒情时,要直接抒发作者内心的思想感情,语言要优美而富有感情色彩,采用借景抒情法要做到景情相应,写景和心情要一致。
70、方位介绍法
采用方位介绍法描写环境,可以以“我”为中心,按照前后、左右、上下的方位介绍,也可以按照自然界的东、南、西、北的方位介绍,采用方位介绍法描写环境,首先要把观察点交代清楚,这样读者才能清楚地知道是站在哪一个位置看到的。
其次,要按照方位有顺序地描写,不要一忽儿东,一忽儿西,此外,描写环境的设施时,要注意把具有时代特点的、地域特点的地方写出来。
71、参观介绍法
采用参观介绍法描写环境一般按照参观的顺序写,因此记叙时要把观察点的变换交代清楚,同时要根据参观的路线有条不紊地把看到的事物写下来,采用参观介绍法描写社会环境,要把看到事物的外观特点和它的作用、意义结合起来写,这样可以反映事物的主要特征和本质属性。
在记叙的过程中,可以把自己看到的、听到的,和向导的介绍穿插起来写,这样可以给读者一个整体的印象。
72、画面组合法
采用画央组合法描写社会环境,首先要从社会环境中选择具有时代特征、地域特点的不同画面,然后对一幅幅不同的画面按照方位顺序进行具体的描绘,最后将不同的画面按一定的顺序组合成一篇文章,采取画面组合法描写社会环境,要注意选择的画面具有代表性,还要注意画面与画面之间的内在联系。
73、分类介绍法
描写社会环境,除了描写社会环境的景物外,还可以写人情风俗、地理风貌、气候物产和光荣历史等,采用分类介绍法描写社会环境就是有重点地选择几个方面进行介绍,采用分类介绍法描写社会环境,要注意选择最典型的材料进记叙,这样才能反映出社会环境的特点。
74、触景生情法
采用触景生情法描写社会环境,首先必须是情由景生,有感而发,也就是看到景物以后,产生了深刻的感受,好像非说出来不可,其次描述时要以情为主,以景为次,写景为了抒情,笔在写景,都应当句句是情,字字是情,这样写来的文章就特别感人。
这种写法可以先写景,再抒情;也可以先抒发对景物的感受,然后描写景物;还可以把两者交织起来,一边写景,一边抒情。
75、粗笔勾勒法
采用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像,可以对人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌、神情、姿态、风度的某一方面或几个方面作简要的勾勒。
运用粗笔勾勒法描写人物肖像要抓住人物的最主要的特征,用朴实的文字简略地写出来,不宜用过多的形容词、过多的比喻;其次要简练传神,通过寥寥几笔勾勒出人物大致形象。
76、工笔细描法
工笔细描不进对人物的肖像进行细致入微、一丝不苟地刻画,不同只描绘大致的轮廓,采用工笔细描法描写人物肖像,也要抓住人物外貌的主要特征,突出重点,以形传神,不能面面俱到。
在描写人物外貌的主要特征时,要多角度、多侧面地进行描写,反映出人物的思想、品格、性格的特点,采用工笔细描法描写人物肖像,要对人物外貌进行细腻、具体的刻画,能使读者在头脑中浮现出一幅人物的彩色照片。
77、画龙点睛法
鲁迅说过:“要极省俭的画一个人的特点,最好是画他的眼睛。”眼睛是会说话,会传神的心灵窗户,在人物肖像描写中,描写好眼睛可以深刻地揭示出人物的性格特点和精神品质,描写人物的眼睛,可以用细描的方法,也可以采用联想的方法,通过对眼睛的观察,想象人物的心理活动。
采用画龙点睛法描写人物的外貌,并不是说描写人物只能描写眼睛,这里含有抓住重点的意思,也就是说要把最富有个性特点的东西写具体,把人物写活。
78、人物特写法
特写是电影艺术的一种表现方法,是用极近的距离拍摄人或物的某一部分,使其特别放大,人物特写法就是围绕人物的最显著的特点进行细致的描写。
采用人物特写法描写人物的肖像,要先抓住人物的最突出的特点,然后根据这个特点,把有关部分写具体,这样可以给读者留下极其深刻的印象。
79、动态速写法
速写是绘画的一种方法,即一边观察,一边用简单的线条把人物的主要特点迅速勾画出来,动态速写法就是把人物动作过程中神态和表情的最主要的特点写下来。
采用动态速写法描写人物肖像,要求抓住人物动作过程中最能反映人物特点的一个镜头进行描述,好像是作者用照相机拍下的一张彩色照片。
采用动态速写法描写人物肖像时,既要用简笔勾勒出人物神态和表情的特点,还要适当地对人物的外貌进行描写。
80、动静结合法
采用动静结合法描写人物肖像既要写出人物静态时的身材、衣着、外貌,又要写出人物动态时的神情、姿态和气态,采用动静结合法描写人物时要注意围绕人物的特点来描写人物性格特点的动作和动态,做到静态特点和动态特点的统一。
描写人物动态时,要在平时观察的基础上,找出最能反映人物性格特点的动作来写,描写人物静态,可以从人物的身材、体型、衣着、容貌等方面选择最能反映人物个性特点的地方来写。
81、展开想象法
采用展开想象法描写人物肖像,可以根据人物外貌的特点,想象他的过去,进一步说明人物具有这些外貌、衣着、打扮的原因;也可以根据人物外貌的特点,想象他未来,进一步塑造人物的形象。
马海祥提醒大家一点:采用展开想象法描写人物肖像,要注意合理地想象,即作者的想象要有依据,这样,读者看了以后就会信服。
82、比较描写法
有比较才能有鉴别。所以比较是反映人物特点的一种好方法。采用比较描写法,可以写出人物外貌与众不同的地方,这样读者看了以后就会留下深刻的印象;也可以写出人物的神情、态度与别人不同的地方,这样可以充分反映人物的性格特点,要注意客观地进行比较,不要故意贬其他人。
83、人物漫画法
漫画是用简单而夸张的手法来描绘生活时事的图画,一般运用变形、比拟、象征的方法来达到尖锐的讽刺效果,在描写人物肖像时,有时对人物的某一特点进行夸第描写,以充分反映人物的性格特点,往往能取到意想不到的效果。
采用人物漫画法时,要注意夸攻得适当、合理,这样读者看了有真实感,人物漫画一般用于对人物的贬斥或讽刺。
84、自我介绍法
要描写自己,首先要正确地认识自己,既要看到自己的优点,也要看到自己的不足,这样自我介绍时,就能做到实事求是描写自己,做到既不吹牛,也不自卑,要正确认识自己,还要知道别人怎样看自己,因此在平时要经常留心老师、父母、同学对自己的评价和议论。
其次,描写自己要抓住自己的最主要特点写,要对自己的过去进行回忆,找出自己的优点和缺点,然后抓住最主要的写。
85、结合时代法
时代不同,人物的外貌特点不同。例如清朝的男子,脑后都有一根长辫子;现代的男子一般是理西发或小平头,时代不同,人们的衣着打扮也不一样,旧社会的人穿着长袍、马褂;现代人穿中山装、甲克衫等等。
描写人物的肖像,要反映时代特色,人们生活的地域不同,生活习惯不一样,外貌、衣着、打扮也不一样,少数民族的打扮与汉族的打扮就大不一样,所以,描写人物的肖像还要注意地域性。
采用结合时代法描写人物肖像时,要把人物最具有时代特征和地域特点的外貌、衣着、打扮、形态描写出来。
86、步步深入法
步步深入法是肖像描写中的一种动态描写,也就是要写出人物外貌的发展、变化。因此采用步步深入法描写人物肖像要注意前后联系,做到前后描写,同中有异,这样,文章才能前后连贯。
步步深入法是在记叙人物活动时对人物的肖像进行描写,因此描写时要自然、恰当,不能使读者看了不协调的感觉。
据马海祥了解:步步深入法是分成几次描写人物肖像的,而且每一次的描写均有变化,因此在描写外貌前,要对变化的原因作必要地说明。
87、连续动作法
连续动作法一般用于描写一个人的动作过程,如跳高、跳远、游泳、切菜、烧饭、钓鱼、挑水等,描写连续动作时,要按动作的顺序依次进行描写,这样文章才能通顺、连贯;其次描写连续动作,要注意准确地使用动词。
88、交替叙述法
运用交替叙述法描写动作,主要有两种情况,一种是人与人之间的一对一比赛,如乒乓球比赛、下棋、摔跤、打羽毛球等;另一种是描写人和动物的争斗,如打虎、捉蟋蟀、钓鱼等。
采用交替叙述法描写双方的动作,首先要注意动作合拍,即防守一方的动作与进攻一方的动作对应;其次,要注意各自动作的连贯性,即每一方的动作都是连续的。
89、概括描写法
连续动作法和交替叙述法一般是把人物的每一个动作过程都描写出来,而概括描写法则并不把每一个动作过程都描写出来,而是抓住动作的特点进行概括描写。
采用概括描写法描写动作,要先对动作的全过程进行仔细观察,然后通过分析,总结出动作的特点,再进行描述,采用概括描写法描写比赛过程中的双方动作,要注意有总有分,有详有略。
90、天女散花法
天女散花法是场面描写的一种方法,采用天女散花法描写人物活动场面中的动作,首先要注意围绕一个中心来写,即每一个人的动作都要与确定的中心有关;其次所选择的动作要有代表性,这样,全篇文章才能有整体感。
马海祥提醒大家一点:采用天女散花法描写人物的动作,一般采用先总后分法,先介绍动作的起因,再分述不同人物的动作。
91、动作分解法
人物的一连串动作往往是一瞬间完成的,电影中,经常出现人物的慢动作,就是把人物的快动作慢慢地放映出来,使观众清晰地看到这种慢动作的方法。
采用慢动作法来描写人物的动作,首先要仔细观察人物动作的全过程,然后对动作的过程进行分解,看看人物的动作是怎样完成的,最后一步一步写下来,采用动作分解法描写人物动作时,要注意对人物的细小动作进行描写。
92、独白法
通常人们在激动、兴奋、得意、悲伤等心理状态下,虽然面前没有听话对象,有时也会说出话来。这些自言自语的话,有些是询问自己,有些是发议论等,总之,这些独白均表现出人物特定情势下的心态。
采用独白法描写人物心理,要做到自我解剖,直叙心曲,展示内心世界和感情的变化。运用独白描写,首先要符合人物的性格特征,什么人说什么话;其次,要选准人物独白的时机,符合人物当时所处的环境。
93、对话法
语言能反映人物的思想感情和性格特征,描写对话时首先要联系各人的思想感情、愿望,把说话人的心情、性格反映出来;其次要注意说话的内容要紧密联系,不能所答非所问。
此外,马海祥提醒大家要灵活运用提示语放在句首、句中、句尾以及省略提示语等四种描写语言的不同方式,使文章灵活多变。
94、直接描写法
直接描写法一般采用第一人称来描写人物的心理,采用直接描写法描写人物心理时,要把想什么、怎样想,为什么这样想写出来,这样才能直接刻画人物的心理活动过程。
其次,要把人物心理的发展变化过程写出来,这样读者看了以后,才有真实感。
95、回忆想象法
人们在痛苦的时候,往往会回忆美好的过去,盼望美好的日子重新回来,人们在困难的时候,也会回忆过去的苦难,激励自己奋勇前进。回忆想象法就是人物触景生情,激起对过去的回忆。
采用回忆想象法描写心理活动时,首先要把人物是在什么情况下想起过去交代清楚,这样文章的心理描写,就显得合情合理;其次,回忆过去时,要把生活中的具体情节描述出来,使文章前后呼应。
96、梦境幻觉法
俗话说:“日有所思,夜有所梦。”梦境和幻觉往往是现实的反映,我们在描写梦境和幻觉有现实的基础,文章中对梦境和幻觉的描写往往用来表现人物的理想或幻觉,因此描写梦境和幻觉时要写出人物的愿望和要求。
梦境和幻觉往往有一定声面,所以描写梦境和幻觉时,要把场面具体地写出来。
98、一事写人法
一事写人示是写人最基本的方法,采用一事写人法写人时首先要把事情的时间、地点、开始、经过、结果交代得清楚、明白;其次,要把事件的过程写得具体、完整。
此外,在叙事的过程中,要着重刻画人物的语言、行动和心理活动,这样,人物的思想品质就能得到充分表现,人物形象也就鲜明、突出,给读者留下的印象也就很深刻。
99、几事写人法
通过几件事写人,作者所选择的几个事例,可以是一件事表现人物某一方面的思想品质,全文连起来,表现一个人物几个方面的精神和品质;也可以几个事例紧紧围绕一个中心,表现人物某一方面的特点。
采用几事写人法写人时,首先要注意几件事的内容不能互相矛盾,人物的性格、特点在几件事中是和谐统一的。
其次要注意尽量用不同的事情反映人物的性格的不同侧面,类似的事情应避免重复出现。
此外,文章的开头和结尾要交代与这几件事的有关内容,或对人物作概括介绍。
第四写几件事时,可以按时间顺序;可以以某一事物为线索;也可以详写一件,略写几件;还可以按事情的分类排序。
100、对比写人法
任何事物,只有通过对比才能显出高低、大小、好坏、多少,写人也是如此,通过对比可以反映出先进和落后、高尚与卑贱,优秀和不良,对比写人法有两种:一种是同一个人前后相比,说明这个人的变化;另一种是一个人和另一个比,歌颂其中一个人或使另一个人受到教育。
采用对比法写人时,要注意突出主要人的和主要问题,做到主次分明,切不可喧宾夺主;其次,对比时要合情合理,不能采取故意拔高或贬低的方法,把好的捧上天,把差的贬入地,使人不可信,此外要注意前后照应。
篇13:大学英语四级考试预测作文职业选择
全文共 1276 字
+ 加入清单Direction: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic Choosing an Occupation. You should write at least 150 words following the outline given below in Chinese:
2. 如何明智的选择自己的职业
3. 你的职业选择。
作文范文
Every individual faces the problem of choosing an occupation after graduating from university, which is of great importance in ones whole life. An appropriate occupation makes a man work with vigor and zest. Besides, it is beneficial for both the individual and the country。
To make an advisable choice, a graduate should take into account at least two aspects, namely, individual interest and the demand of the society. Only when the two aspects are connected, can a man show his ability and talent to the best advantage. If the two factors conflict, the former, in most cases, should give way to the latter, for it is interests that stimulate ones vigor and potentials。
In regard to my choice in the future, I want to work as an interpreter. I am keen on learning foreign languages, English in particular. Moreover, in the contemporary society, international exchange in economy and culture has been growing significantly. However, competent interpreters are far from enough. So I am determined to be a qualified interpreter。
篇14:高考英语作文常用的名言集锦
全文共 2729 字
+ 加入清单An idle youth,a needy age. 少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲。这是一句高考中经常用得到的英语名句,下面是由小编整理的更多高考名句,希望对你有帮助。
1.Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。
2.God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者。
3.Easier said than done. 说起来容易做起来难。
4.Where there is a will,there is a way. 有志者事竟成。
5.One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘,谬之千里。
6.Slow and steady wins the race. 稳扎稳打无往而不胜。
7.A fall into the pit,a gain in your wit. 吃一堑,长一智。
8.Experience is the mother of wisdom. 实践出真知。
9.All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍,聪明孩子也变傻。
10.Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰,徒有其表。
11.More hasty,less speed. 欲速则不达。
12.Its never too old to learn. 活到老,学到老。
13.All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。
14.A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。
15. I am a slow walker,but I never walk backwards.我走得很慢,但是我从来不会后退。
16. Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。
17. A man has two ears and one mouth that he may hear much and speak little.人有两只耳朵一张嘴,就是为了多听少说话。
18. The only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today .实现明天理想的唯一障碍是今天的疑虑。
19. If the short cut to learning, it also must be diligent.如果说学习有捷径可走,那也一定是勤奋。
20. Victory belongs to the most persevering.坚持必将成功。
21. A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.双鸟在林不如一鸟在手。
22. Time is a bird for ever on the wing.时间是一只永远在飞翔的鸟。
23. Nothing is impossible!没有什么不可能!
24. When all else is lost the future still remains.就是失去了一切别的,也还有未来。
25. Winners do what losers dont want to do.胜利者做失败者不愿意做的事!
26. Adversity is the midwife of genius.逆境造就天才。
27. Time is money.时间就是金钱。
28. Every noble work is at first impossible.每一个伟大的工程最初看起来都是不可能做到的!
29. Never a negative acknowledge why it is impossible.永远也不要消极地认为什么事是不可能的。
30. What a man needs most is appreciated.人性最深切的需求就是渴望别人的欣赏。
31. The best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today.对明天做好的准备就是今天做到最好。
32. A girl because she had no shoes to cry, until she saw a man who had no feet.一个女孩因为她没有鞋子而哭泣,直到她看见了一个没有脚的人。
33. The reason why a great man is great is that he resolves to be a great man.伟人之所以伟大,是因为他立志要成为伟大的人。
34. Pursue your object, be it what it will, steadily and indefatigably.不管追求什么目标,都应坚持不懈。
35. If you do not learn to think when you are young, you may never learn.如果你年轻时不学会思考,那就永远不会。
36. A positive attitude may not think time and effort spent on the little things.有积极心态的人不把时间精力花在小事情上。
37. Dont try so hard, the best things come when you least expect them to.不要着急,最好的总会在最不经意的时候出现。
38. The world is like a mirror: Frown at itand it frowns at you; smile, and it smiles too.世界犹如一面镜子:朝它皱眉它就朝你皱眉,朝它微笑它也朝你微笑。
39. Our greatest glory consists not in never falling but in rising every time we fall.我们最值得自豪的不在于从不跌倒,而在于每次跌倒之后都爬起来。
40. The greatest test of courage on earth is to bear defeat without losing heart.世界上对勇气的最大考验是忍受失败而不丧失信心。
篇15:2024期末考试英语作文写作素材汇总
全文共 1723 字
+ 加入清单1.有很多同学早晨上学不吃早餐,这是一个不好的习惯,对身体有很大的危害。请根据提示写一篇短文,指出不吃早餐的危害。70个词左右。?
提示:1.不吃早餐对身体有害;2.不吃早餐会影响上午听课。
Every morning we
have to go to school very early, so many of us don’t have breakfast. It’s very
bad for our health. In the morning we usually have four classes. It’s a long
time before lunch. If we don’t eat anything for breakfast, we may feel hungry
and we can’t listen to the teacher carefully. We need energy very much while we
are growing. I really think that we should have a good breakfast.
2
. How to keep healthy
If we want to keep our
bodies healthy, we must have a good habit. We should get up and go to bed early
and sleep at least eight hours every day. Do more exercise, such as walking,
swimming, playing balls and so on. We should also eat healthy food——more fruit
and vegetables and less meat. If you don’t feel well, you’d better see a doctor
at once. And we should wash our hands before meals and drink enough boiled
water every day. It’s necessary for our health.
We should not throw
litter about, keep long fingernails and smoke etc. It’s also very important.
3.假如你的爸爸是个医生,曾参加了2003年的非典防治工作,虽然非典已经过去了,但是他对一家人的健康仍然很重视。请你写一篇60词左右的短文,讲一下只要预防得当,疾病并不可怕。
参考词汇:personal health个人健康 spit吐痰
overwork使……过于疲劳 food and drink饮食
Keeping healthy
3.My father is a doctor. In 2003,
he took an active part in the battle against SARS.
He said,“We don’t have
to be afraid of catching the illness. If we have good habits, we can keep the
illness away.”
My father and I like
running in the morning. We keep the windows open so that the air in the room is
clean and fresh. We wash our hands before meals. We have healthy food and
drink. We don’t spit here and there. He told us not to overwork because too
much work will make us tired and make it easy to get sick.
篇16:2024年高考英语作文结尾写作技巧
全文共 1914 字
+ 加入清单一、对全文进行归纳总结的句型
1.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that…
2.Taking into account all the factors, we may safely come to the conclusion that…
3.Judging from all the evidence offered, we may safely arrive at/reach the conclusion that…
4.All the evidence supports a sound conclusion that…
5.From what is mentioned above, we may come to the conclusion that…
6.To sum up/draw a conclusion, we find that…
7.In short/brief/a word/conclusion/sum/, it is…
8. Therefore/Thus/Then, it can be inferred/concluded/deduced that…
9. From/Through/According to what has been discussed above, we can come to/reach/arrive at/draw the conclusion that…
10. It is believed that…
二、表达个人观点的句型
1. As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent.
2. As far as I am concerned, I am really/completely in favor of the test/policy.
3. In conclusion/a word, I believe that…
4. There is some truth in both arguments, but I think the disadvantages of… outweigh its advantages.
5. In my opinion/view, we should…
6. As for me, I…
7. As I see , …
8. From my point of view, …
9. Personally/ I think…
10. My view is that…
11. I think/consider…
12. I take/hold a negative/positive view of…
三、表达建议的句型
1. It’s high time that we tried every possible means to put an end to…
2. It’s really high time we took measures to solve the problem of/put an end to…
3. There is still a long way to go towards solving the problem. We hope that efforts should be made to…
4. We must search for a quick action, because the present situation of…
5. There is no easy solution to the problem of…, but… might be useful.
6. There is no quick answer to the question of…, but … might be helpful.
7. It is necessary that effective/proper/quick actions/steps/measures be taken to…
8. It’s suggested that great efforts be made to…
9.To check/control the tendency/trend is no easy task, and it requires a good/deep awareness/consciousness/understanding of…
篇17:关于英语说明文的写作方法
全文共 8391 字
+ 加入清单就“说明对象”而言,英语说明文可分为对“客观具体事物”的说明和对“主观抽象观念”的说明两大类,比如:对“LASER(激光)”、“Computer Problem of Year XX(计算机XX年问题)”等等的说明都是对客观或者具体事物的说明,而“The Successful Interview(谈成功的面试)”、“How to Write Good English Composition(如何才能写好英语作文)” 等是对主观抽象观念的说明。对我们中学生朋友来说,在汉语说明文的教学中似乎比较侧重前者,即解释客观具体事物的说明文。但在英语说明文中,阐述和说明 “主观抽象观念”的说明文占了很大的比重,其中有些类似汉语中的议论文。但是无论是对“客观具体事物”的说明还是对“主观抽象观念”的阐述,英语说明文从结构上看大致可分为三个部分:第一部分一般是文章的第一段,提出文章的主题,也就是说,文章想要阐述、说明的主要内容;第二部分是文章的主体,可由若干个段落组成,对文章的主题进行展开说明;第三部分是结尾段,对文章的主题作归纳总结。从英语说明文的结构可以看出,要写好英语说明文的关键在于第二部分如何对文章主题进行展开说明。在英语中,常见的用来展开文章主题的方法有下列几种:
1.罗列法(listing)
在文章开始时提出需要说明的东西和观点,然后常用first,second,…and finally加以罗列说明。罗列法广泛地使用于各类指导性的说明文之中,下面这篇学生作文就是用罗列法写成的:
Early Rising
Early rising (早起) is helpful in more than one way. First, it helps to keep us fit (健康)。 We all need fresh air. But air is never so fresh as early in the morning. Besides, we can do good to our health from doing morning exercise (做早操)。
Secondly, early rising helps us in our studies. We learn more quickly in the morning, and find it easier to remember what we learn in the morning.
Thirdly, early rising enables (使能够) us to plan the work of the day. We cannot work well without a good plan. Just as the plan for the year should be made in the spring, so the plan for the day should be made in the morning.
Fourthly, early rising gives us enough time to get ready for our work, such as to wash our faces and hands and eat our breakfast properly.
Late risers may find it very difficult to form the habit of early rising. They ought to make special efforts to do so. As the English proverb says,“Early to bed and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.”
罗列法经常用下列句式展开段落,我们可以注意模仿学习:
There are several good reasons why we should learn a foreign language. First of all, …Secondly, …And finally, …
We should try our best to plant more trees for several good reasons First of all, …Secondly, …And finally,
必须指出的是,有时罗列法并不一定有明确的first, second…等词,但文章还是以罗列论据展开的。
2.举例法(examples)
举例法是用具体的例子来说明我们要表达的意思,常用for example, for instance, still another example is…等词语引出。下面这篇学生作文就是用举例法写成的:
Recreation
It is impossible to keep in good health unless we take enough recreation (娱乐)。 The mind, too, needs change to make it fresh and vigorous (有活力的) There is much truth in the old saying, All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.“
There are many games which boys and girls can play after their school work is done, for instance, football, tennis, and kite-flying. Other examples of recreation are boating, fishing, gardening, cycling, walking, chess-playing, and reading. Persons who sit much at their business should take a kind of recreation that will supply their muscles (肌肉) with exercise. Those who spend most of their time in the open air and do manual work (体力活) should adopt (采纳) reading or some other quiet form of recreation.
Cycling is said to be an important means of recreation, but many persons foolishly tire out themselves by cycling too much. The same may be said in regard to football. Tennis is a pleasant form of recreation. Many persons take great delight in boating. Fishing requires much patience, and there is much danger of taking cold by sitting still on a cold day too long. A good brisk (轻松) walk is one of the finest forms of exercise. For persons engaged in outdoor labor, chess-playing is another excellent form of recreation.
可以看出,举例法和罗列法有时可以结合使用:即用罗列法来列出例子,用例子充实罗列的说明。
3.比较法(comparison and contrast)
比较法是对两个对象进行比较,从而进行说明的写作手法。比较法又可细分为比较相同点(comparison)和比较不同点(contrast)两种方法,比如:
From Paragraph to Essay
Although they are different in length (长度), the paragraph and the essay are quite similar in structure (结构)。 For example, the paragraph starts with either a topic sentence (主题句) or a topic introducer followed by a topic sentence. In the essay, the first paragraph sets up the topic focus (主题所在) Next, the sentences in the body of a paragraph develop the topic sentence. Similarly, the body of an essay consists of a number of paragraphs that discuss and support the ideas given in the introductory (引导的) paragraph. Finally, a concluding sentence (结束句) ——whether a restatement, conclusion, or observation——ends the paragraph. The essay, too, has a concluding paragraph which ends the essay logically and satisfactorily. Although there are some exceptions (例外), most well written expository (说明文的) paragraphs and essays are similar in structure.
可以看出,在比较相同点的时候,常用到similarly,also,too,in the same case,in spite of the difference等这样的词语。
European Football and American Football
Although European football is the parent of American football, the two games show several major differences. European football, sometimes called association football or soccer, is played in 80 countries, making it the most widely played sport in the world. American football, on the other hand, is popular only in North America (the United States and Canada)。 Soccer is played by eleven players with a round ball. Football, also played by eleven players in somewhat different positions (位置) on the field, is played with an elongated (拉长的) round ball. Soccer has little body contact (接触) between players and therefore needs no special protective equipment. Football, in which players make the greatest use of body contact to stop a running ball-carrier and his teammates, needs special protective equipment. In soccer, the ball is advanced toward the goal by kicking it or by butting (顶) it with the head. In American football, on the other hand, the ball is passed from hand to hand or carried in the hands across the opponents (对手) goal. These are just a few of the features which distinguish (区别) association and American football.
这是一篇用比较不同点的手法写的说明文。从文章中可以看出:however,on the other hand,in contrast,but,nevertheless等表示转折的词语常用来引导对不同点的比较。
4.定义法(definition)
定义法也是英语说明文中常用的写作手法,特别是在对具体事物概念进行说明时经常使用。定义法的基本要素是定义句。英语中常见定义句的模式是:
被定义对象is所属类别+限制性定语
可以看出,定义句中限制性定语越详细,定义就越精确,比如:
A bat is a small mouse-like animal that flies at night and feeds on(以……为食品)fruit and insects but is not a bird.
其实,在英—英词典中,对英语单词的英文解释就是定义法的典型例子。比如,看看Longman词典对student和teacher的定义是很有意思的:A student is a person who is studying at a place of education or training. A teacher is a person who gives knowledge or skill to sb. as a profession (专业)。
5.顺序法(sequence of time, space and process)
顺序法是指按时间、空间或过程的顺序进行说明的一种写作手法。比如按照时间顺序介绍一个科学家的生平,用空间顺序阐述逐渐开发西部的重要意义,用过程顺序法解释葡萄酒的生产过程等等。
下面这篇学生作文就是用顺序法写成的:
Coal
Coal underwent (经受) many changes before it became the bright, brittle (脆的), black substance which we now use. During ancient times (在上古时代), when the earth enjoyed a very warm and wet climate, the land was covered with large forests and big plants. As time went on, the ground changed and began to sink (下沉) a little. These very large numbers of trees and vegetables received a deposit (沉淀) of sand and clay. This layer of sand and clay pressed upon the layer beneath and prevented it from contact with air. These trees and plants received the pres sure and changed its appearance.
Generations after generations (几世纪后), as the ground kept gradually sinking, another layer of sand and clay was again deposited (积聚) above the layers already formed. A great pressure was thus exerted (作用) and the peat (泥煤) was changed into the black and brittle substance which is known as coal.
Coal is a kind of mineral which is formed by nature as above stated. It is an important industrial material and is chiefly used as fuel. It is very valuable in the industrial world. The place where coal deposit is called a coal mine (煤矿)。 In China, coal mines are largely found in the north-west part of the country. Shanxi is a famous province for producing coal. It has the most coal of China.
6.分类法(classification)
分类法是将写作对象进行分类说明的一种写作手法。比如:著名的英国哲学家弗朗西斯·培根(Francis Bacon)在其脍炙人口的《谈读书》(Of Studies)一文中就用到了分类法:
Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested, that is, some books are to be read only in parts, others to be read, but not curiously, and some few to be read wholly, and with diligence and attention. Some books also may be read by deputy, and extracts made of them by others; but that would be only in the less important arguments, and the meaner sort of books…
参考译文:书有可浅尝者,有可吞食者,少数则须咀嚼消化。换言之,有只须读其部分者,有只须大体涉猎者,少数则须全读,读时须全神贯注,孜孜不倦。书亦可请人代读,取其所需摘要,但只限题材较次或价值不高者……
——转摘自《英汉翻译教程》(张培基等)
可见,如果能够根据具体情况,选用合适的写作手法,就可为文章增添无穷的魅力。
除了上述提到的6种展开英语说明文主题的写作方法之外,还有因果法、归纳法等其他方法。但相比之下,对于中学生来说,上述6种方法是首先值得掌握的。另外必须指出的是:在一篇文章中往往是以一种写作手法为主,同时辅以其他写作手法。有时,甚至会几种写作手法混用而不分主次。因此,必须根据具体情况,选用合适的展开主题的写作手法,才能写出优秀的英语说明文。
篇18:高中期末英语写作素材汇总
全文共 4522 字
+ 加入清单1.I hate hiking and Im not into classical music.
2.I surf the Internet all the time and I like playing computer games.
3.Rock music is OK, and so is skiing.
4.Chuck is a businessman who is always so busy that he has little time for his friends.
5.One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes.
6.He realizes that he hasn’t been a very good friend because he has always been thinking about himself.
7.Chuck learns that we need friends to share happiness and sorrow, and that it is important to have someone to care about.
8.When he makes friends with Wilson, he understand that friendship is about feelings and that we must give as much as we take.
9.The lesson we can learn from Chuck and all the others who have unusual friends is that friends are teachers.
10.I found the bathroom, but I didn’t find what I was looking for.
11.Don’t forget to buy me some ketchup on your way back.
12.There are more than 42 countries where the majority of the people speak English.
13.In total, for more than 375 million people English is their mother tongue.
14.In China students learn English at school as a foreign language, except for those in Hong Kong, where many people speak English as a first or a second language.
15.In only fifty years, English has developed into the language most widely spoken and used in the world.
16.With so many people communicating in English every day ,it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.
17.For a long time the language in America stayed the same, while the language in England changed.
18.In the same way Americans still use the expression “I guess “(meaning “I think”),just as the British did 300 years ago.
19.At the same time, British English and American English started borrowing words from other languages ,ending up with different words.
20.Except for these differences in spelling, written English is more or less the same in both British and American English.
21.However,most of the time people from the two countries do not have any difficulty in understanding each other.
22.Many people travel because they want to see other countries and visit places that are famous, interesting or beautiful.
23.Many of today’s travelers are looking for an unusual experience and adventure travel is becoming more and more popular.
24.Instead of spending your vacation on a bus, in a hotel or sitting on the beach, you may want to try hiking.
25.Hiking is fun and exciting, but you shouldn’t forget safety.
26.A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams.
27.If you want a normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few fallen trees or rocks.
28.The name “whitewater “comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.
29.As with hiking ,you should always think about your safety and wear good clothes.
30.Jane and Betty are going on separate holidays in a few days’ time.
31.When are you off to Guangzhou?
32.My plane leaves at seven, so I think we’ll take a taxi.
33.See you when I get back.
34.The next moment the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden.
35.Now ,the water, which was cold as ice and flowed faster than a river, was above her knees.
36.Jeff and Flora looked into each other’s face with a look of fright.
37.Flora,whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.
38.Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.
39.The garden that was once so beautiful was completely destroyed, swept away by the wild water.
40.I found some photos of interesting places which were not too far away from Chengdu.
41.He told me that I could go on a two-day trip to Leshan and Emei, which wasn’t too expensive.
42.First,we went to Leshan, where we climbed all the way up the mountain to see the Buddha.
43.Looking up at the large head and down at the large feet makes you feel so small.
44.Wei Bin took photos of us standing in front of the Buddha.
45.Steven Spielberg, whose mother was a music teacher, was born in 1946 in a small town in America.
46.In 1959 Spielberg won a prize for a film which he made when he was thirteen years old.
47.The reason why he could not go there was that his grades were too low.
48.Here he worked on a short film, which won him a job as the youngest film director in the world.
49.This was the moment when Spieberg’s career really took off.
50.It is about a big white shark that attacks swimmers who are spending their holidays in a small village by the sea.
篇19:英语作文指导:九大基本句型
全文共 2136 字
+ 加入清单根据构成句子的语词的不同类别、序列、搭配方式等等的不同可以构成不同的句型。下面是语文迷为大家整理的常用的九大句型,希望对你有帮助。
1. “主语 + 谓语”(即“主谓”句型)
这一句型英汉语言结构形式完全相同,说明“某人或某物如何动作”,或者说“某人或某物自身怎样运动”。
例:They arrived in Harbin yesterday morning.
分析:“他们”(主语)“到了”(谓语动作)。
The earth turns around the sun.地球围绕太阳转。
The sun rises in the east, and sets in the west.太阳东升西落。
2. “主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”(即“主谓宾”句型)
这一句型英汉语言的结构形式完全相同,用以说明“某人或某物做什么事情”,或者说“某人或某物发出了动作,并且其动作涉及到另一个人或物”。
例:I study English.
分析:“我”(主语)“学习”(谓语动作)“英语”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)。
I like swimming.我喜欢游泳。
3. “主语 + 谓语 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语”(即“主谓双宾”句型)
这一句型英汉语序结构相同,说明“某人为谁(间接宾语为人)做某事”,或者说“某人或物的运动涉及到两个对象,其中一个间接对象为人,另一个为物”。
例:Our teacher taught us English.
分析:“我们的老师”(主语)“教”(谓语动作)“我们”(间接宾语)“英语”(直接宾语)。
4. “主语 + 谓语 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语”(即“主谓宾补”句型)
这一句型说明“某人或某物要求(使、让)某人做什么”或“某人感觉某人或物怎么样”。
例: He asked her to go there.
分析:“他”(主语)“要求”(谓语动作)“她”(宾语即动作涉及的对象)“去那里”(补语—补充说明宾语应做什么)。
5. “主语 + have + 宾语”(即“拥有”句型)
这一句型主要用于说明“某人或某物拥有什么(宾语,即有形或无形的资源)”。
例: You have a nice watch. 你有一块漂亮的手表
分析:“你”拥有一块漂亮的手表,即你拥有一个可以及时且漂亮的器具。
6. “There + be + 主语+ …”(即“存在”句型)
这一句型用以说明“在某地或某时存在某人或物”。
例:There is a bird in the tree. 在树上有一只鸟。
分析:“在树上”(地点)“有一只鸟”(存在物)。
7. “主语 + 系动词+ 表语”(即“主系表”句型)
这一句型用以说明“某人(某物、某事、某种概念)具有什么特征或处于什么状态”。汉语的“是”字结构属于这一英语句型的形式之一。常用的联系动词有be, keep,lie, remain, stand, become, fall, get, go, grow, turn, look, feel, seem, smell, sound, taste, 等。
例: I am a teacher. 我是一名老师
分析:“我”(主语)“是”(系动词)“一名老师”(表语—即表明主语的身份)。
She felt very tired. 她感觉到很累。
He became an engineer.他成为了一名工程师。
You look pale today, are you ill? 你今天脸色看起来苍白,病了吗?
8. 比较句型
这一句型用以比较物质甲与乙之间的异同。
1) 相等比较: …as + 形容词/副词原级 + as…;
…as + 形容词+名词 + as…
例:He is as rich as John.他和约翰一样富有。
例:He has as much money as she does.他和她的钱一样多
2) 劣等比较: …less + 形容词/副词原级 + than …
例:He is less careful than she. 他没她细心。
3) 优等比较:…+ 形容词/副词比较级 + than… ;
…the + 形容词/副词比较级 + of the two…
例:She is more careful than he.她比他细心多了。
例: He is the cleverer of the two boys.两个男孩中他更聪明些。
4)最高级:the + 形容词/副词最高级(单数名词或one)+ {of(among) + 人或物}
{in + 场所}
例: He is the tallest in the class.他是班上最高的。
9. “it + is/was + 形容词 + to do/从句”(即评价句型)
这一句型用于说明“某一动作或事情属于什么性质或具有什么特征”。即对某一动作或事情进行评价。(这里it 是形式主语,真正的主语是 to do 结构或 that 从句)
例:It is important to learn a foreign language.学习一门外语很重要。
分析:本句重在说明“学习一门外语”(to learn a foreign language)这一动作的性质是“重要的”。
篇20:2024期末考试英语记叙文写作指导
全文共 5333 字
+ 加入清单记叙文是记人叙事的文章,它主要是用于说明事件的时间、背景、起因、过程及结果,即我们通常所说的五个" W "( what, who, when, where, why )和一个" H "( how )。记叙文的重点在于"述说"和"描写",因此一篇好的记叙文要叙述条理清楚,描写生动形象。下面就谈谈英语记叙文的特点和写好记叙文的基本要领。
一、记叙文的特点
1. 叙述的人称
英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过"我"来传达给读者,使人读后感到真实可信,如身临其境。如:
The other day, I was driving along the street. Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast. I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side. But it was too late. The car hit my bike and I fell off it.
用第三人称叙述,优点在于叙述者不受"我"活动范围以内的人和事物的限制,而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者,直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前,文章的客观性很强。如:
Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard. On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover. Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short. What could he do? Then he had a good idea.
2. 动词的时态
在记叙文中,记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高,且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的,这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化,正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。
3. 叙述的顺序
记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙,都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作,较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙,读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果,让所叙之事跌宕起伏,使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃,从而为文章所吸引,深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当,则容易弄巧成拙,使文章结构散乱,头绪不清,让读者不知所云。
4. 叙述的过渡
过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如:
In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things. Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao. It is really a beautiful city. There are many places of interest to see. But what impressed me most was the sunrise.
The next morning I got up early. I was very happy because it was a fine day. By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red. In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing. The sun was very red, not shining. It rose slowly. At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball. At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright.
What a moving and unforgettable scene!
5. 叙述与对话
引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述,可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态,使记叙生动、有趣,使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果:
I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something. Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front. I thought maybe someone was knocking the door. I asked who it was but I heard no reply. After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor. I realized it was the cat. I felt released.
这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字,但经作者这么一写,就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式,没有人物语言,把"悬念"给冲淡了。可作如下调整:
I was in the kitchen cooking something. "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front. Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply. After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor. "Its you." I said, quite released.
二、写好记叙文的基本要领
1. 头绪分明,脉络清楚
写好记叙文,首先要头绪分明,脉络清楚,明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析,弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程,然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个" W "和一个" H "有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些" W "和" H ",但动笔之前,围绕五个" W "和" H "进行构思是必不可少的。
2. 突出中心,详略得当
在文章的框架确定后,对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍,应该从表现文章主题的需要出发,分清主次,定好详略。要突出重点,详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节,略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化,使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题,也需要一定的技巧。如:
One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children. They have not eaten for days." I took some food with me and went.
When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger. There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger.
I gave the rice to the mother. She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice. When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors - they are hungry also!"
3. 用活语言,准确生动
记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动,又要表现力强,这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动,其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。
原文:
One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away. He was soon lost among people and traffic. He could not find the way back home and started crying. Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying. They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened. Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived. The two students decided to take him home. Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound. She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didnt take it. She served them with tea but they left.
修改后:
The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street. After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home. But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic. When he could not find the way home, he started and crying. Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop. They immediately went up to him.
"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked.
"I want Mom, I go home." said the boy, still crying.
"Dont worry, well send you home."
And they spent the next two hours looking for the boys house. With the help of a policeman, they finally found it.
When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house. Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea.