浙江高考英语作文概要写作(实用20篇)

【示例一】

①Nowadays, a heated debate about ________(主题)is under way in China. ②A close inspection of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless)it is. ③As a matter of fact, ________(进一步说明).

【示例二】

①While the rhythm/pace/tempo of people’s living is speeding up, one of the topics many city residents are discussing is ________(主题). ②As part of domestic modernization, ________ needs to be developed urgently in china, for ________(进一步说明).

人类因梦想而伟大，人生因拼搏而精彩。梦想引领人生，拼搏创造传奇!下面是语文迷小编整理的关于梦想的英语名言，希望对你有帮助。

the important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it. (johan wolfgang von goethe, german poet and dramatist)

人生重要的事情就是确定一个伟大的目标,并决心实现它。(德国诗人、戏剧家 歌德. j. m.)

the man with a new idea is a crank until the idea succeeds. (mark twain, american writer)

具有新想法的人在其想法实现之前是个怪人。 (美国作家 马克·吐温)

the only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today. (franklin roosevelt, american president)

实现明天理想的唯一障碍是今天的疑虑。(美国总统 罗斯福. f.)

when an end is lawful and obligatory, the indispensable means to is are also lawful and obligatory. (abraham lincoln, american statesman)

如果一个目的是正当而必须做的,则达到这个目的的必要手段也是正当而必须采取的。(美国政治家 林肯. a.)

ideal is the beacon. without ideal, there is no secure direction; without direction, there is no life.( leo tolstoy, russian writer)

理想是指路明灯。没有理想,就没有坚定的方向;没有方向,就没有生活。(俄国作家 托尔斯泰. l.)

if winter comes, can spring be far behind ?( p. b. shelley, british poet )

冬天来了,春天还会远吗?( 英国诗人, 雪莱. p. b.)

if you doubt yourself, then indeed you stand on shaky ground. (ibsen, norwegian dramatist )

如果你怀疑自己,那么你的立足点确实不稳固了。 (挪威剧作家 易卜生)

if you would go up high, then use your own legs ! do not let yourselves carried aloft; do not seat yourselves on other peoples backs and heads. (f. w. nietzsche, german philosopher)

如果你想走到高处,就要使用自己的两条腿!不要让别人把你抬到高处;不要坐在别人的背上和头上。(德国哲学家 尼采. f. w.)

it is at our mothers knee that we acquire our noblest and truest and highest, but there is seldom any money in them. ( mark twain, american writer )

就是在我们母亲的膝上,我们获得了我们的最高尚、最真诚和最远大的理想,但是里面很少有任何金钱。(美国作家 马克·吐温)

living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. (alexander dumas, davy de la pailleterie, french writer)

生活没有目标就像航海没有指南针。 (法国作家 大仲马. a.)

the ideals which have lighted my way, and time after time have given me new courage to face life cheerfully 19 have been kindness, beauty and truth.(albert einstein, american scientist)

有些理想曾为我们引过道路,并不断给我新的勇气以欣然面对人生,那些理想就是--真、善、美。 (美国科学家 爱因斯坦. a.)

the dream is not a dream, the difference between the two usually have a very worth pondering the distance.梦想绝不是梦，两者之间的差别通常都有一段非常值得人们深思的距离。

“two gates there are for dreams," said penelope to odysseus after his ten years’ wandering had ended. "one made for horn and one of for ivory. the dreams that pass through the carved ivory delude and bring us tales that turn to naught;those that can come through polished horn accomplish real things whenever seen."“梦想有两扇门，”在奥德修斯结束了十年的漂泊后，潘尼洛对他说，“一扇是号角制成，一扇是象牙制成。通过精雕细缕的象牙门得梦想不过是一场会归于无的海市蜃楼的童话;而那些通过磨砺的号角门的梦想才会成为真实，为人所见。”

who has the material to survive, people have a dream only talk about life. you have to understand life and life different animal survival, while others life.人有了物质才能生存，人有了梦想才谈得上生活。你要了解生存与生活的不同吗?动物生存，而人则生活。

the dream was always running ahead of me. to catch up, to live for a moment in unison with it, that was the miracle.梦想总是跑在我前面，追寻它们，乃至仅有一瞬间的与梦想合而为一，也都是动人的生命奇迹。

a person rich money is not certain, but if the man is not a dream, the poor people.一个人有钱没钱不一定，但如果这个人没有了梦想，这个人穷定了。

if winter comes, can spring be far behind ?( p. b. shelley, british poet )冬天来了，春天还会远吗?( 英国诗人, 雪莱. p. b.)

dont part with your illusions. when they are gone you may still exist, but you have ceased to live. (mark twain, american writer)不要放弃你的幻想。当幻想没有了以后，你还可以生存，但是你虽生犹死。((美国作家 马克·吐温)

to accomplish great things, in addition to dream, must act.要想成就伟业，除了梦想，必须行动。

when you truly want something, all the universe conspires to help you finish it.当你真心渴望一件东西的时候，整个宇宙都会联合起来帮你完成它。

everything is now for the future of dream weaving wings, soar to great heights to dream in reality.现在的一切都是为将来的梦想编织翅膀，让梦想在现实中展翅高飞。

11、human nature is the most pathetic: we always dream of the horizon of a wonderful rose garden, not to enjoy today in our window open rose.人性最可怜的就是：我们总是梦想着天边的一座奇妙的玫瑰园，而不去欣赏今天就开在我们窗口的玫瑰。

faith consists in believing when it is beyond the power of reason to believe. it is not enough that a thing be possible for it to be believed.当还缺乏产生信仰的足够理由时，要用信念去包涵。模棱两可不足以支持一个信仰。(伏尔泰)

the dream is the other shore, the reality is that on this side, action is the bridge connecting.梦想是彼岸，现实是此岸，行动是那座连接的桥。

a heart will not be hurt for pursuing a dream, when you truly want something, all the universe conspires to help you complete the.没有一颗心会因为追求梦想而受伤，当你真心想要某样东西时，整个宇宙都会联合起来帮你完成。

dreams don’t abandon a painstaking pursuit of the people, as long as you never stop pursuing, you will bathe in the brilliance of the dream.梦想不抛弃苦心追求的人，只要不停止追求，你们会沐浴在梦想的光辉之中。

【提要】高考英语作文 : 2017年高考英语作文写作模板：图画类写作模板

图画类写作模板

1.开头

Look at this picture./The picture shows that.../From this picture, we can see.../As is shown in the picture.../As is seen in the picture...

2.衔接句

As we all know, .../As is known to all,.../It is well known that.../In my opinion,.../As far as I am concerned,.../This sight reminds me of something in my daily life.

3.结尾句

In conclusion.../In brief.../On the whole.../In short.../In a word.../Generally speaking.../As has been stated...

一家宾馆新开业，为吸引外国宾客，期望在互联网上进行宣传，请你用英语为其写一篇文字介绍。主要资料应包括：

1。地点：距白山入口处500米;

2。房间及价格：单人间(共20间)，100元/天;

双人间(共15间)，150元/天;

热水淋浴;

3。餐饮：餐厅(中、西餐)，咖啡厅(茶、咖啡);

4。游泳池：全天免费开放;

5。欢迎预订。

注意：1。词数100左右，开头语已为你写好;

2。可适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。

Wele to Baishan Mountain Hotel

Baishan Mountain Hotel is now open for business

参考范文：

Wele to Baishan Mountain Hotel

Baishan Mountain Hotel is now open for business。

Our hotel stands 500 meters away from the entrance to Baishan Mountain。 It has 20 single rooms and 15 double rooms，all with hot showers。 A single room is 100 yuan and double room 150 yuan for one night。 You are advised to book in advance。 The hotel serves three meals a day and there are Chinese food and western food for you to choose from。 You can also enjoy yourself at the café drinking tea or coffee in the evening。 We also have a swimming pool，which is open all day and free of charge。

All are wele!

高考英语作文 世界无烟日 World No Tobacco Day

This years observance of World No Tobacco Day focuses on "Gender and tobacco, with an emphasis on marketing to women".

今年的世界无烟日，关注“性别与烟草，强调对女性的营销”。

Although fewer than 1 out of 10 women are smokers, that still adds up to an estimated 200 million women around the world. Moreover, that number could grow, since the tobacco industry is spending heavily on advertisements that target women and associate tobacco use with beauty and liberation.

虽然不到10名女性中有1名女性吸烟者，但仍有200000000名妇女在全世界估计有名妇女被吸烟。而且，这个数字可能会增长，因为烟草业在广告上投入巨资，针对妇女和联想烟草使用的广告与美和解放。

According to a recent study by the World Health Organization (WHO), the number of girls and boys who smoked was about equal in half the 151 countries surveyed. This finding is even more worrisome since young people who smoke are likely to continue in adulthood.

据世界卫生组织最近的一项调查显示，有一半的女孩和男孩在调查的151个国家中大约有一半是平等的。这一发现更令人担忧，因为吸烟的年轻人很可能在成年后继续继续下去。

Evidence indicates that the prevalence rate of tobacco use among women is on the rise in some countries. Governments everywhere must take action to protect women from tobacco advertising, promotion and sponsorship, as stipulated in the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control.

有证据表明，在一些国家，妇女使用烟草的患病率在上升。各国政府都必须采取行动，保护妇女不受烟草控制的“世界卫组织公约”规定的烟草广告、促销和赞助。

The Convention also calls on Governments to protect women from second-hand tobacco smoke -- especially in countries where women feel powerless to protect themselves and their children. As WHO data show, of the 430,000 adults who die each year from second-hand smoke, nearly two thirds are women.

该公约还呼吁各国政府保护妇女免受二手烟草烟雾的保护，特别是在妇女认为自己无力保护自己和子女的国家。正如世卫组织数据显示，每年死于二手烟的430000名成年人中，有近三分之二名是女性。

Around the world, more than 1.5 million women die each year from tobacco use. Most of these deaths occur in low-and middle-income countries. Without concerted action, that number could rise to 2.5 million women by the year 2030.

在世界各地，每年有超过1500000名妇女死于烟草使用。大多数这些死亡发生在低收入和中等收入国家。如果没有协调一致的行动，这一数字可能会上升到2500000，2030岁的女性。

We must turn back the global tobacco epidemic. On World No Tobacco Day, I urge all Governments to address this public health threat. Tobacco use is not stylish or empowering. It is ugly and deadly.

我们必须把全球烟草流行化。在世界无烟日，我呼吁各国政府应对这一公共卫生威胁。烟草使用是不时尚的或授权的。它是丑陋和致命的。

Would My Father Have to Operate父亲得动手术吗

I was waiting for the doctor to finish his examination.I was worried and nervous.Would my father have to operate?Would a blood transfusion be necessary?What would he have to say?

Dr Lin was a heart expert.He was an excellent doctor and his examinations were always complete.He listened to the patients heart,took his blood pressure and temperature,gave him an X-ray and examined his eyes and ears.The doctor finall completed his examination and spoke to me.He told me that heart trouble is never a minor illness,but this wasnt a serious heart attack.He advised losing weight,getting plenty of sleep and eating good meals.Smoking and drinking would be harmful,of course.Dr Lin said it would be necessary to be careful for a while,but he was confident that there was nothing to worry about.

I felt much better after I spoke to Dr Lin.I was certain that my father would be up and around again very soon.Hes seventy five years old now,but he can still live for a long time if he takes good care of himself.

我在等医生来完成他的检查，我很担心，紧张，我父亲必须要手术吗？输血是必要的吗？他要说什么？

林博士是心脏病专家。他是一名优秀的医生，他考试总是完成。他听病人的心脏，把他的血压和体温，给他X光检查了他的眼睛和耳朵。医生finall完成他的考试和我谈话。他告诉我，心脏问题从来不是一个轻微的疾病，但这并不是一个严重的心脏病。他建议减肥，获得充足的睡眠和饮食。吸烟和饮酒会是有害的，当然。林博士说，就必须要小心而，但他有信心，有什么可担心。

我觉得好多了之后我说林博士，我是一定的，我父亲会很快再四处走动。他的七十五年现在老了，但他仍能活很长一段时间，如果他需要好好照顾自己。

Ellen看到大家都对自己的未来充满期待，感到特别高兴。为了鼓励大家学好英语，他准备出一期英语学习经验交流专刊。请 根据以下问题和答案的提示并结合你的实际情况，以"My English Learning"为题写一篇80词左右的英文稿件，要求至少涉及其中的三个问题，并且不能出现你的真实姓名、校名和县名等。提示：

When did you start learning English? (in … /…years ago)

How do you learn English? (listen carefully, study with a group, read English every day…)

What is difficult to learn? (listening, grammar…)

What other helpful ways do you know to learn English well? (watch English movies, sing English songs…)

中考英语满分作文：

English is one of my best subjects and I started learning English when I was ten years old. But at the very beginning, listening seemed a little difficult for me. So I have been doing a lot of listening practice, such as listening to tapes, watching English TV programs. And I found it really helped a lot. In fact, there are some more helpful ways to learn English well. For example, I enjoy singing English songs and I want to join an English club or find a pen pal from English-speaking countries. I believe that nothing is impossible if you put your heart into it.

下面是语文迷为大家整理的2015年安徽高考英语作文希望对你有帮助。

某英文杂志正在举办以 "Fancy yourself as an interviewer" 为主题的征文活动，请你 以“A Famous Chinese I Would Like to Interview" 为题, 写一篇英语短文。

内容包括：

1. 采访的对象;

2. 采访的原因;

3. 想提的问题。

注意：

1. 词数120左右;

2. 可以适当增加细节,以使行文连贯;

3. 短文中不能出现与本人相关的信息;

4. 短文的标题已给出,不计人总词数。

one possible version:

A Famous Chinese I Would Like to Interview

The person I would like to interview is Yang Liwei.

I would really like to interview him because he is not only the first Chinese to go to space but also one of the greatest astronauts in the world.I have long been interested in space exploration and I believe I could learn a great deal from him about it.

If I could interview him, I would ask him what made him an astronaut and how he was trained. I would also like to know how he felt in space and whether space travel is such great fun as I have read. I would like to ask a few questions about his personal life, which must be very interesting.

参考翻译

我想采访中国著名

我想采访的人是杨利伟。

我真的想采访他,因为他不仅是中国第一个去太空,也成为世界上最伟大的宇航员之一。我一直感兴趣的空间探索,我相信我可以学到很多从他。

如果我能采访他,我会问他是什么让他宇航员以及他是如何训练的。我还想知道他觉得在太空和太空旅行是件很好玩的事,我是否已经阅读。最后,我想问几个问题关于他的个人生活,这一定很有趣。

标签： 环保 社会 健康 时评

近年来，随着大气污染防治日益被重视，雾炮车也火了起来。据报道，国内多地采购了这一新型工具上路，采购方多是当地环保局、市政公司，每台均价近70万元，其中河北鸡泽县环保局出手最大方，中标价为130多万元。但专家表示，说雾炮车能除霾并不科学，实际上就是个洒水的东西。

一个“洒水的东西”，不仅耗费了巨额公共财政资金，还被地方有关部门吹得神乎其神，似乎有此一“神器”，就可以克霾制胜，澄澈大气，确实是够神奇的。

仅仅是不知情、不了解吗?恐怕未必。从媒体报道可知，地方政府并非真的相信雾炮车可以除霾，刊登在媒体上的相关降霾指标，也都是经由厂商之口发布的，监测部门并无具体数据。既如此，为何还会笃定相信这样的“神器”?甚至显得比卖家还有信心?

一方面，雾霾之下，地方政府往往焦头烂额，上有严厉的环保督查，下有民众纷纷扰扰的吐槽，而出于经济指标以及政绩的考量，若要真正“壮士断腕”去产能、谋转型，又难以割舍。情急之下，只好弄出一些奇招、怪招作为一种应对之策。不管是不是能真的解决问题，不妨先把架势拉开，场面功夫做得足一些，总强过无所作为。

这也可以解释，为什么一些地方有动力去在空气监测点附近做文章，要么给空气探测器戴个口罩;要么把监测点设在植物茂密、环境相对更好的公园，并不间断洒水除尘，等等。这些做法的本质其实都是一样的，那就是以小修小补来应付上面的问责与下边的口碑。

另一方面，也与一些部门的利益冲动有关。当下，大气污染治理已经成为很多地方的重要工作，相应地，政府在财政投入上也往往不遗余力，这也使得以往的财政软约束变得更软，只要是与治霾相关的投入，价格并不成问题。这样，当政府的大手大脚与企业的逐利行为相遇，必然会迅速形成共识。这也可以解释为什么会有那么多企业投身所谓的“环保产业”。

按道理讲，环保产业本身并无问题，经济发展到一定阶段，环保产业自然会发展起来。但这里边的前提是让市场的归市场、政府的归政府，不能以治霾之名，滥用公共财政。据报道，某镇级政府在购置雾炮车时，制定的技术标准怪异，有专门为了满足某一企业而设计的嫌疑。此类招标造假的背后，不排除存在利益输送的可能。

其实，当下各地雾霾的形成，应该是长期的工业化污染物超量排放的结果，而治理之策，既要下大力气根除污染源，也要从调结构、转方式等基础性工作做起，等不得，但也急不得。任何试图立竿见影、一蹴而就的想法和做法，都是不切实际的。与其急功近利，还不如踏踏实实地做好手头的工作，点滴寸进，久久为功。

至于那种寄希望于“神器”的拍脑瓜决策，更是一种行政虚妄。此举非但不能根治雾霾，反而会将关系民众切身利益的环境治理搞成权力的生意。

作者：胡印斌(媒体评论员)

导语：家庭中一旦出现了吸毒者，家便不成其为家了。吸毒者在自我毁灭的同时，也破害自己的家庭，使家庭陷入经济破产、亲属离去，下面是语文迷小编为大家整理的关于禁毒宣传资料，欢迎大家阅读参考!

我们号召“珍爱生命，远离毒品!”，以下为大家提供禁毒宣传资料。

1、什么是毒品

毒品是指鸦片、每洛因、甲基苯丙胺(冰毒)、吗啡、大麻、可卡因以及国家管制的其他能够使人形成瘾癖的麻醉药品和精神药品。

2、毒品的基本特征是什么?

⑴具有依赖性。

⑵具有危害性

⑶具有非法性

⑷具有耐受性

3、毒品与药品有什么区别?

毒品与药品，往往具有双重的属性：

⑴合理用于医辽目的、用以为病人解除病痛的就是药品;反之，滥用的就是毒品。

⑵药品是出于医疗的需要，具有医疗价值;而毒品本身不具有药用价值，不是出于医疗目的而生产或使用。

⑶"药品"和"毒品"具有双重性质，违背法律规定生产、使用的药品就是毒品，法律规定范围之内的就是药品。

4、世界"三大毒源地"是指哪些地方?

世界上毒品种植和生产主要集中在三个地区。"金三角"和"金新月"主要生产鸦，分别地处东南亚和西南亚。"银三角"主产可卡因，地处南美地区。

5、中国第一个禁烟法是什么时候颁布的?

清初时期，吸食鸦的人数逐渐增多，特别是吸食的官吏大量增加。1729年，清雍政皇帝颁布禁烟法，规定"不准销售鸦片，违禁者枷号一月，发配充军，私开烟馆者，首犯杖壹百，流放边疆。地方官员和海关如有不切实履行职责，纵容私运者，必严处罚，不得宽贷"。这是中国也是世界上第一个禁烟法。

6、什么是毒品犯罪?

毒品犯罪是指违反国家和国际有关禁毒法律、法规，破坏毒品管制活动，应该受到刑事罚处罚的犯罪行为。

7、我国《刑法》对毒品犯罪的刑事责任年龄是如何规定的?

⑴已满16岁的人实施毒品犯罪，应当负刑事责任;

⑵已满14周岁不满16周岁的人，犯贩卖毒品罪的，应当负刑事责任;

⑶已满14周岁不满18周岁的人实施毒品犯罪，应当从轻或减轻处罚。

8、什么是走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪?

走私、贩卖、运输、制造毒品罪是指明知是毒品而故意违反禁毒管制法规，进行走私，贩卖、运输、制造的行为。

9、什么是非法种植毒品原植物罪?

非法种植毒品原植物罪，是指违反国家法律、法规的有关规定，未经国家主管部门批准，私自种植罂粟、大麻等毒品原植物数量较大的行为。

10、我国有关禁毒的行政法规主要有哪些?

⑴《中华人民共和国药品管理法》。1984年9月20日颁布的《中华人民共和国药品管理法》，规定了对麻醉药品、精神药品实行特殊管理办法。

⑵《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》。1986年公布、1994年修订的《中华人民共和国治安管理处罚条例》，规定对吸食鸦、注射吗啡、种植罂粟等到毒品原植物等予以处罚。

⑶《麻醉药品管理办法》。1987年11月28日，国务院发布《麻醉药品管理办法》，对我国麻醉药品的种植、生产、供应、运输、进出口、使用的管理作了严格的规定。同时还规定了违反该法的处罚措施。

⑷《精神药品管理办法》。1988年12月27日国务院发布《精神药品管理办法》，对我国精神药品的种植、生产、供应、运输、进出口、使用的管理作了严格的规定。同时还规定了违反该法的处罚措施。

⑸《全国人大常委会关于禁毒的决定》。1990年12月28日全国人大常委会通过的《全国人大常委会关于禁毒的决定》，有很多条款内容涉及禁毒的行政处罚问题。规定对吸食、注射毒品的，由公安机关处15日以下拘留，可以单处或者并处2000元以下罚款，并没收毒品和吸食、注射器具。

⑹《强制戒毒办法》。1995年1月12日，国务院发布《强制戒毒办法》，是根据全国人民代表大会常务委员会《关于禁毒的决定》制定的一项重要的禁毒行政法规，对我国依法开展禁吸戒毒工作，教育和帮助吸食、注射毒品成瘾人员戒除毒瘾，保护公民身心健康，维护社会治安秩序，起到了重要作用。

万圣节又叫诸圣节，在每年的10月31日，是西方的传统节日。以下是关于万圣节的英语素材，供大家参考。

11月1日万圣节英文：Hallowmas，南瓜是万圣节的代表。

10月31日是万圣夜英文：Halloween，华语地区常将万圣夜称为万圣节。

Halloween is a holiday celebrated on October 31. By tradition, Halloween begins after sunset. Long ago, people believed that witches gathered together and ghosts roamed the world on Halloween. Today, most people no longer believe in ghosts and witches. But these supernatural beings are still a part of Halloween.

万圣节前夜是在10月31日庆祝的一个节日，根据传统，万圣节前夜的庆祝活动从太阳落山开始。在很久以前，人们相信在万圣节前夜女巫会聚集在一起，鬼魂在四处游荡。现在，大多数人们不再相信有鬼魂和女巫的存在了，但是他们仍然把这些作为万圣节前夜的一部分。

The colors black and orange are also a part of Halloween. Black is a symbol for night and orange is the color of pumpkins. A jack-o’-lantern is a hollowed-out pumpkin with a face carved on one side. Candles are usually placed inside, giving the face a spooky glow.

黑色和橙色仍然是万圣节前夜的一部分，黑色是夜晚的象征，而橙色代表着南瓜。南瓜灯是用雕刻成脸型，中间挖空，再插上蜡烛的南瓜做成的，带来一个毛骨悚然的灼热面孔。

Dressing up in costumes is one of the most popular Halloween customs, especially among children. According to tradition, people would dress up in costumes (wear special clothing, masks or disguises) to frighten the spirits away.

盛装是最受欢迎的万圣节风俗之一，尤其是受孩子们的欢迎。按照传统习俗，人们会盛装(穿戴一些特殊的服饰，面具或者装饰)来吓跑鬼魂。

Popular Halloween costumes include vampires (creatures that drink blood), ghosts (spirits of the dead) and werewolves (people that turn into wolves when the moon is full).

流行的万圣节服装包括vampires(吸血鬼)，ghosts(死者的灵魂)和werewolves(每当月圆时就变成狼形的人)。

Trick or Treating is a modern Halloween custom where children go from house to house dressed in costume, asking for treats like candy or toys. If they dont get any treats, they might play a trick (mischief or prank) on the owners of the house.

欺骗或攻击是现代万圣节的风俗。孩子们穿着特殊的衣服走街串巷，讨取糖果和玩具之类的赏赐。如果他们得不到任何的赏赐，就可能会对屋主大搞恶作剧或者胡闹了。

The tradition of the Jack o Lantern comes from a folktale about a man named Jack who tricked the devil and had to wander the Earth with a lantern. The Jack o Lantern is made by placing a candle inside a hollowed-out pumpkin, which is carved to look like a face.

南瓜灯的传统来自于一个民间传说。一个名叫Jack的人戏弄了恶魔，之后就不得不提着一盏灯在地球上流浪。南瓜灯是用雕刻成脸型，中间挖空，再插上蜡烛的南瓜做成的。

There are many other superstitions associated with Halloween. A superstition is an irrational idea, like believing that the number 13 is unlucky!

和万圣节有关的迷信还有很多。迷信是一种不合常理的想法，比如认为13是不吉利的数字!

Halloween is also associated with supernatural creatures like ghosts and vampires. These creatures are not part of the natural world. They dont really exist... or do they?

万圣节还和一些诸如鬼魂和吸血鬼之类的超自然的生物有关。这些生物不是自然界的一部分。他们实际上是不存在的......或许他们其实真的存在?

Witches are popular Halloween characters that are thought to have magical powers. They usually wear pointed hats and fly around on broomsticks.

女巫是万圣节很受欢迎的人物，人们认为她们具有强大的魔力。他们通常戴着尖顶的帽子，骑在扫把上飞来飞去。

Bad omens are also part of Halloween celebrations. A bad omen is something that is believed to bring bad luck, like black cats, spiders or bats.

恶兆也是万圣节庆祝活动的一部分。人们相信恶兆会带给坏运气，黑猫、蜘蛛或者蝙蝠都算是恶兆。

常用的励志英语句子有很多，但是你能在短时间内就想起来吗?下面是语文迷为大家整理的英语励志句子，希望对你写英语作文有帮助。

Children in backseats cause accidents. Accidents in backseats cause children. 后排座位上的小孩会生出意外，后排座位上的意外会生出小孩。

Don’t take guilt trips. Take a trip to the mall, to the next country, to a foreign country, but NOT to where the guilt is.别踏上犯罪的道路。你可以去逛街，可以到邻县去，可以出国旅行，但就是别踏上犯罪的道路。

Enjoy the simple things.享受简单事物的乐趣。

I will greet this day with love in my heart.我要用全身心的爱来迎接今天。

Keep learning. Learn more about the computer, crafts, gardening, whatever. Never let the brain idle. "An idle mind is the devil’s workshop. And the devil’s name is Alzheimer’s."学无止境。多学学电脑、手艺、园艺等等。不要让你的大脑闲置下来。无所事事是魔鬼的加工厂。魔鬼的名字叫“痴呆症”。

Keep only cheerful friends. The grouches pull you down.结交快乐的朋友。整日愁眉不展只能让你雪上加霜。

There will be no regret and sorrow if you fight with all your strength.

只要全力地拼搏，就不会有遗憾，没有后悔。

Time is a bird for ever on the wing.

时间是一只永远在飞翔的鸟。

Time will never change and stop for any person.

时间不给任何人情面，也不会为谁而停留。

Today, give a stranger one of your smiles. It might be the only sunshine he sees all day.

今天，给一个陌生人送上你的微笑吧。很可能，这是他一天中见到的唯一的阳光。

Victory wont come to me unless I go to it.

胜利是不会向我们走来的，我必须自己走向胜利。

Walk the road you want to walk and do what you want to do , keep moving ahead and that’s not the silence of failure.

走自己想走的路，干自己想干的事，勇敢向前，这就是你不败的沉默。

We all have moments of desperation. But if we can face them head on, that’s when we find out just how strong we really are.

我们都有绝望的时候，只有在勇敢面对时，我们才知道我们有多坚强。

We must accept finite disappointment, but we must never lose infinite hope.

我们必须接受失望，因为它是有限的，但千万不可失去希望，因为它是无穷的。

The future is scary but you can’t just run to the past cause it’s familiar.

未来会让人心生畏惧，但是我们却不能因为习惯了过去，就逃回过去。

The first step is as good as half over.

第一步是最关键的一步。

The failures and reverses which await men - and one after another sadden the brow of youth - add a dignity to the prospect of human life, which no Arcadian success would do.

尽管失败和挫折等待着人们，一次次地夺走青春的容颜，但却给人生的前景增添了一份尊严，这是任何顺利的成功都不能做到的。

Success is the continuous journey towards the achievement of predetermined worth while goals .To live your life in your own way .To reach the goals , you’ve set for yourself . To be the person, you want to be ——that is success .

成功是不断向领先确定的有价值的目标前进的过程，用自己的方式生活，达到自己定下的目标，做出自己想做的人——这就是成功。

Success is the ability to go from one failure to another with no loss of enthusiasm.

成功是，你即使跨过一个又一个失敗，但也沒有失去热情。

Ones real value first lies in to what degree and what sense he set himself.

一个人的真正价值首先决定于他在什么程度上和在什么意义上从自我解放出来。

People neeed some courage in life, just like climbing a cliff .Although there are stemp ahead, you still fell some timorous and dare not go ahead. But when you conquer the timidity and reach the peak, you will feel the importance of courage as you enjoy the beautiful scenes. It is the same with life.

人生需要一点勇气和胆量，就如登一座悬崖峭壁的山峰，虽然上面都有云梯、搭好的台阶，可你就是有点胆怯，不敢向前，但你战胜了自我，到达了顶峰，看到了山顶的景色，你就会感到勇气和胆量是成功的标准人生何尝不是如此呢?

Real dream is the other shore of reality.

真正的梦就是现实的彼岸。

Sharp tools make good work.

工欲善其事，必先利其器。

Sometimes your plans don’t work out because God has better ones.

有时候，你的计划不奏效，是因为上天有更好的安排。

Standing firm is to challenge difficult courageously and to leave the smile after sccess to oneself.

坚强，就是勇敢的向困难挑战，把成功的微笑留给自己。

Never underestimate your power to change yourself!

永远不要低估你改变自我的能力!

Never, never, never, never give up.

永远不要、不要、不要、不要放弃。

导语：寂寞，让你能够听到更多的声音。而孤独，让你听到自己的内心。那一刻，意味着你已经告别了寂寞。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

把心迹写成随笔，写下的是寂寞;走过泥泞的道路，留下的是寂寞;哼着自编的歌曲，唱出的是寂寞;欣赏一篇好文章，品到的是寂寞;思索一件小事，想到的是寂寞;捧起晶亮的雨滴，留在心中的还是寂寞。

寂寞似酒，需品才能察觉它的内在。

寂寞如诗，需感才能发现它懂得内涵。

不管寂寞是酒还是诗，不管它是好还是坏，寂寞是一种灵感，一种妙不可言的美。

一直以来，寂寞就占据我的心怀，凭着一种共同的节拍，但是奇怪，我惟独不能感觉到它的存在，或者由于悲哀，抑或是习惯，对寂寞的到来，再也没有力量去关怀。

心境平和的海面，片刻的柔和，片刻的憔悴，片刻的寂寞，片刻波光弧影的微笑。

但，我想告别寂寞，虽然它是一份美，但我不能永远都沉睡再寂寞中，我会醒来的，只是时间问题而已。可是我还没有醒来，所以我依旧寂寞，正因为如此，我想告别寂寞。

法国哲学家帕斯卡说过："人的所有不快乐，都是因为他无法独自待在房间里"。

我想告别寂寞，却不知道迎来了孤独。

然而，当你年长一点，你会学懂去享受孤独，正如你学懂了寂寞。

寂寞，让你能够听到更多的声音。而孤独，让你听到自己的内心。那一刻，意味着你已经告别了寂寞。

我感觉到：寂寞正在慢慢消逝，成为往事，成为记忆，它闪耀不定的微笑，浮动在一层层的泪水里。

我感觉到：寂寞和孤独，隔着长长的一生，心和心，要经过多少岁月，才能告别寂寞而不迎来孤独。

夜色在身后合拢，寂寞走向星空，成为一个无解的谜，一颗冰凉的泪点，挂在永恒的脸上，躲在我残存的梦中。

寂寞是什么......

导语：乔丹作为一名公众人物，在享有较高的社会回报的同时，也应该意识到其所肩负的社会道义和责任。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的相关高考素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

篮球上帝乔丹在一次中国之行中，拒绝乘坐主办方为他提供的奔驰、宝马，而是点名要了美国的道奇山羊。原来乔丹有一条重要的商业原则，那就是“做广告从来只做美国货”，因为，座驾事件与“尊严”息息相关。

从某种意义上说，球场外的乔丹给崇拜他的那些青少年们上了堂很好的思想品德教育课，这才是一个“星”真正的道德良知和社会责任。相反，我们的各种“星”们，同样作为

青少年们顶礼膜拜的偶像，他们的表现又如何呢?我们知道有的歌星歌唱得不怎么样，却热衷于把奇形怪态遁入极端;有些影星不在表演上下功夫，却老是以绯闻来炒作自己;还有那些所谓的足球明星，球踢得极烂，可酗酒、打架等丑闻不断。在未成年人思想道德建设方面，我们的“星”们有着不可推卸的社会责任，从这个角度来说，是不是应该好好学学人家乔丹呢?

分析：作为一名公众人物，在享有较高的社会回报的同时，也应该意识到其所肩负的社会道义和责任。

话题：“责任”“青少年领袖”

记叙文是以写人、记事、状物为主要内容，以叙述和描写为表达方式的文章。

以写人为主的记叙文，应该注意肖像描写、行动描写、语言描写、心理描写以及对细节的描写，考生应根据写作的要求，灵活掌握，突出重点。

以写事为主的记叙文，应该注意交待六要素(时间、地点、人物、事件、原因、结果)，应该注意描写先后顺序以及记事的相对完整，注意把握好事情的开始、发展、高潮及结局。

以与景为主的记叙文，应该注意景物的主要特征，景物描写的层次，以及人与物的情感交融。

记叙文写作要点如下：

1. 明确写作目的和叙述的中心思想，段落叙述始终围绕着主题而展开，避免空间的叙述和与主题无关的内容。

2. 一篇好叙述文需要直接或间接表达以下六个问题，即：when?该事发生的时间， where?该事发生的地点，who?人物角色是谁，what?发生的是什么事，why?该事发生的原因，以及how?事件的结果是如何造成的等等。

3. 一篇记叙文，无论长短如何都应该是一个完全独立的事实，因此，在下笔时必须明确：该从何处开始叙述，该在何处结束叙述，以及应该提供何种事实才能使叙述完整。

4. 写作顺序可以采用“顺叙”、“倒叙”和“穿插叙述”的方法，但初学者最好采用“顺叙”的方法进行训练，以情节发生时间的先后为序。

记叙文高考指引

记叙文是高考书面表达中比较常用的一种形式。

1)记叙文要写作者比较了解的人或事物。

2)仔细审题，看准题目要求，确定文章的主题。文章的内容、结构、层次及所用语言都应围绕主题进行。

3)具体详细地描述。要使文章有说服力，叙述就必须繁简疏密相间。详细具体的描写有助于读者对所叙述的人物或事件等有个深刻的印象。

4)写作时要避免句子单调、毫无花样。这就要求写作时长短句结合，注意衔接词的运用。

5)叙述要生动。要使文章叙述生动，具有吸引力，必须请注意词汇的选择，时态的运用以及上下文的一致问题。词语的运用应注意是否恰当、通顺、简洁和准确。时态的运用应注意上下文的相关性、连续性，要与表达的内容一致。

6)叙述的顺序。大多数情况下叙述都是按照事情的发展及时间的先后进行的，但有时也可以采用其它顺序，如倒叙、插叙等。

7)人称。一般说来，记叙文用第一人称或第三人称来叙述。用第一人称叙述的优点是：文章比较生动、形象，使读者有身临其境的感觉，因而加强了故事的真实感和感染力。其缺点是，描写的范围受到限制。一篇文章中，由于角色的变化，人称也要随之而变，但应注意前后一致性。

假如有一批澳大利亚中学生在京旅游，住在北京饭店，请用英语为他们拟一个参观颐和园的口头通知, 内容要点如下:

1．参观时间: 五月四日，星期三

2．颐和园简介: 它是中国最大的保存最完好的皇家园林, 风景优美, 甚是迷人, 有山有水, 有皇家建筑和画廊。

3．活动安排: 上午自由参观, 中午在快餐馆吃午饭, 下午5:30返回宾馆。

4．集合时间: 星期三早上6:10, 汽车6:30开, 行驶45分钟。

5．集合地点: 宾馆大门口。

要求: 不要逐条翻译, 词数100词左右 。

One possible version:

May I have your attention?

We will visit the summer Palace on Wednesday, May 4. The Summer Palace is the largest well-kept royal park in China. In the park there is water and man-piled hills. There are some royal buildings and a gallery, too. I am sure you will be struck by its beautiful scenery. In the morning we will be free to visit the different places of the Palace and then we will have lunch in the fast-food restaurant. We will get back to the hotel at half five. Please gather at the hotel gate at 6:10 on Wednesday morning. The buses will start at 6:30. It will take us about 45 minutes to get there. Please be on time. Thank you.

我可以引起你的注意吗？

我们将参观颐和园，星期三，五月四日。颐和园是中国最大的保存最完好的皇家公园。公园里有水和人堆成小山。有皇家建筑和画廊，太。我相信你会被它美丽的景色了。在早上我们将免费参观宫殿的不同的地方，然后我们会在快餐店吃午餐。我们将在半场五回到酒店。请聚集在酒店门口6:10星期三早上。公共汽车将在6:30。我们大约要花45分钟才能到达。请准时。谢谢你们。

明年的高考即将来临，众多考生也进入了最后的紧张复习阶段，如何高效地复习，最大化地提高成绩呢?下面是小编给大家带来的高考满分作文写作技巧的内容，欢迎大家查看。

清代诗人、画家郑板桥有一幅对联：删繁就简三秋树，领异标新二月花。十九世纪英国诗人王尔德说：第一个把美人比成鲜花的人是个天才，第二个把美人比成鲜花的人是个庸才，第三个把美人比成鲜花的人则是个蠢才。要激活自己的创新意识，做到“人无我有，人有我深。常中求变，变中求新。”黑格尔也说过：“内容之所以成为内容，即由于它包括成熟的形式在内。” 高考作文在发展等级中设立“有创新”的条目，目的正是想通过一个侧面鼓励学生培养创造性思维。或是见解新颖，或是材料新鲜，或是构思精巧，或是推理想象有独到之处，或是有个性特征。这些方面都是可能蕴涵“创新”因素的地方，在高考作文中凡是有利于培养学生创造精神和思路解析的地方，我们就必须给予重视和鼓励。

古代戏曲理论家李渔在《闲情偶寄》中这样说过：“变则新，不变则腐;变则活，不变则板。”高中阶段的作文训练也是如此。只有时时处处将创新意识贯彻到写作中，才有可能写出内容和形式俱佳的作文。

怎样才能做到创新呢?重要的就是你比一般人思考得深，琢磨得透，才能从普通的事物中洞见其本质意义。古人说得好：“凡作文发意，第一番来者，陈言也，扫去不用;第二番来者，正语也，停止不可用;第三番来者，精语也，方可用之。”这三番意思代表了认识逐步深化、文章渐次深刻的一个过程。具体可从以下几方面下工夫：

1.精心打造首尾。你精心设计的有个性的“亮点”，你的精彩之笔，要尽量在文章的前头展示出来，不可遮遮掩掩，直到文章的末尾才露出姿容。要一“亮相”便获“满堂彩”，不能搞“图穷匕现”。河南一考生的《一把生锈的锁》，文章层层递进，步步为营，终于找到了问题的根源：自信随岁月逝去。文章题目一语双关，一方面指实实在在的锁，另一方面指心灵上的锁，生动形象。重庆一考生的《菊花飘香的时节》文章一开始就展示了一幅旷远的画面，想象丰富，文情并茂，引人入胜。结尾两段升华主题，前后照应，行文自然流畅。

2.紧跟时代步伐。北京高职一考生的《时尚流行我心定》作者首先用“时尚”作为文章的开篇之语，继而用现实生活中的五花八门，形形色色的“时尚”来阐述所谓的时尚。然后，旁征博引，列举古今中外各行各业的时尚生活。与现代生活紧密相连，有时代特色。江西一考生的《把“意见”刻录成光盘》，好就好在不落窠臼，采取网络搜索的形式，从而似乎出现了一个个画面感，历史和现实的例子就自自然然地展示在读者面前，“搜索结果”就成了作者简短的点评，最后的结论也就水到渠成。本文的内容没有过人之处，出彩的就是它的形式。

3.敢于逆向思维。北京一考生的《包容(七)》中，大对小，厚对薄的包容容易理解，但微小对广博的包容，静止对流动的包容，沉默对喧嚣的包容，此种创意实在是独辟蹊径，非同一般。江苏一考生的《项王项王若奈何》，作者进行丰富而大胆的想象，将思维的触角延伸到了历史之中，以一种全新的眼光对历史人物 ——项王进行了入木三分的刻画与诠释，也更深刻地揭示了一个主题：灵动的水可保持一片蔚蓝，灵动的智慧，可以造就一个英雄。

Let‘s cross the bridge when we come to it.船到桥头自然直。下面是小编为你带来的初中英语写作常用谚语，欢迎阅读。

1. All roads lead to Rome.

条条大路通罗马。

2. Well begun is half done.

好的开端是成功的一半。

3. East, west, home is best.

金窝、银窝，不如自己的草窝。

4. First think, then act.

三思而后行。

5. It is never too late to mend.

亡羊补牢，犹为未晚。

6. Time is money.

时间就是金钱。

7. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

患难见真交。

8. Great hopes make great man.

远大的希望，造就伟大的人物。

9. Where there is a will, there is a way.

有志者，事竟成。

10. Stick to it, and you‘ll succeed.

只要人有恒，万事都能成。

11. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.

早睡早起，富裕、聪明、身体好。

12. A good medicine tastes bitter.

良药苦口。

13. It is good to learn at another man‘s cost.

前车之鉴。

14. Let‘s cross the bridge when we come to it.

船到桥头自然直。

15. No pains, no gains.

不劳则无获。

16. Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.

世上无难事，只要肯登攀。

17. Where there is life, there is hope.

生命不息，希望常在。

18. An idle youth, a needy age.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

19. A plant may produce new flowers; man is young but once.

花有重开日，人无再少年。

20. God helps those who help themselves.

自助者，天助之。

21. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

只工作，不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

22. Diligence is the mother of success.

勤奋是成功之母。

23. Truth is the daughter of time.

时间见真理。

24. No man is wise at all times.

智者千虑，必有一失。

25. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

今天能做的事绝不要拖到明天。

26. Kill two birds with one stone.

一石双鸟。

27. Easier said than done.

说起来容易做起来难。

28. Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.

天才一分来自灵感，九十九分来自勤奋。

29. He who laughs last laughs best.

谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。

30. He who has health has hope, and he who has hope has everything.

身体健壮就有希望，有了希望就有了一切。

31. No man is born wise or learned.

人非生而知之。

32. Action speak louder than words.

事实胜于雄辩。

33. Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue.

勇敢和坚决是美德的灵魂。

34. There is no smoke without fire.

无风不起浪。

35. Many hands make light work.

人多好办事。

36. Reading makes a full man.

读书长见识。

37. Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.

胸中有知识，胜于手中有金钱。

38. Seeing is believing.

百闻不如一见。

39. Money is a good servant but a bad master.

要做金钱的主人，莫作金钱的奴隶。

40. It‘s hard sailing when there is no wind.

无风难驶船。

41. The path to glory is always rugged.

通向光荣的道路常常是崎岖的。

42. Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.

没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。

43. Quality matters more than quantity.

质重于量。

44. The on-looker sees most of the game.

旁观者清。

45. Joys shared with others are more enjoyed.

与众同乐，其乐更乐。

46. Happiness takes no account of time.

欢乐不觉日子长。

47. Time and tide waits for no man.

岁月不等人。

48. If you want knowledge, you must toil for it.

若要求知，必须刻苦。

49. Learn to walk before you run.

循序渐进。

50. From words to deeds is a great space.

言行之间，大有距离。

51. Skill and confidence are an unconquered army.

技能和信心是无敌的军队。

52. Habit is a second nature.

习惯成自然。

53. Two heads are better than one.

三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮。

54. Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.

世上无难事，只怕有心人。

55. You can‘t make something out of nothing.

巧妇难为无米之炊。

56. Nothing for nothing.

不费力气，一无所得。

57. He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.

不犯错误者一事无成。

58. Nothing seek, nothing find.

无所求则无所获。

59. A little of every thing is nothing in the main.

每事浅尝辄止，事事都告无成。

60. A great ship asks deep waters.

大船要走深水。

一、写作要领

考生无论遇到哪一类试题，都要仔细审题，根据题目的要求确定文章的类型和中心内容，并对你自己熟悉的、可写的内容进行筛选、整理、规划、列出提纲，这是很重要的一步。提纲列好后，要围绕提纲内容展开说明自己的观点和结论，不要在写作时抛开提纲。一篇好的作文应该具备以下5个方面：

(1)内容切题，主题鲜明。

(2)表达清楚准确，条理清晰。

(3)结构完整，衔接流畅自然。

(4)句法正确多样。

(5)用词恰当丰富。

二、方法与步骤

1．提纲

提纲是写作一篇文章的详细计划、安排。提纲准备的目的是：

(1)计划要写什么。

(2)文章的思想的表达顺序。

(3)如何安排段落。

(4)使写作从头到尾围绕主题进行。内容一般用短语和词。主题、副题表达先后顺序，要用数字标明。提纲内容的安排是写作一篇好文章的关键。

2．依据提纲写作

(1)初稿

在完成提纲安排后，动笔写作的第一步是打初稿，在写初稿时要争取做到心中有数，胸有成竹，经过反复练习后，能够按照提纲安排落笔成文，一气呵成。如果突发奇想，也可修改提纲，顺理成章，但切忌偏离正题。在初稿写作时要有意识加大行距，为文章的修改留有余地。

(2)定稿及修改方法

在完成初稿后，修改是必不可少的过程。修改文章要注意以下几点：

①内容是否切题，论点是否鲜明，论证是否合理、严密。

②段落衔接时过渡使用是否合理，语句是否通顺、有没有语法错误，用词是否恰当。

③拼写是否正确，标点符号、大小写是否有错误，有无其他笔误。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

其实质也就是有些地方所说“时评类”作文，其本质还依然是材料作文，只是在材料的基础上，增加了明确的指向性任务，意在增强写作的目的性、防止套作。这种作文题重在考查学生对一事物或社会现象的态度与看法，思维的深度与广度，表达的清晰与晓畅。因此，在写作这类作文时，有些基本的东西是必不可少的，只有具备了其中的基本要素，才能达到要求;只有具备了其中的基本框架，才能在考场中立于不败之地。

任务驱动型作文的基本框架有哪些构件组成呢?笔者认为，有如下五部分。

(一)一个响亮的标题

就是在审题的基础上，明确立意，选择写作的角度，拟定一个有抢眼的题目。这个标题应尽量是从材料中抽取而出的“核心立意”，并就此选取材料中关键词句加以组合而成的简洁短语或句子。尽力不用态度而用看法或观点。能运用约定俗成的词句加以改造更为上策。能标新立异就更加理想。

(二)引述+表态+观点

正文第一段就用“引述+表态+观点”的形式，以达到“闪亮登场”的效果。引述可是直接的，也可以是间接的，但必须是有针对性的。表态一定要坚决、果断和明确。观点的呈现，不要拖泥带水，而要开门见山。

(三)分点分层阐述理由

有了态度与观点，没有理由就站不住脚。因此，作文的第三步必然阐述你的理由。阐述一定要具有条理性，就是分点;还要注意内容的层次性，如由浅及深，由表及里，有具体到抽象等。如此才能展示一个学生思维的深广度。

(四)进一步深入阐述

这个步骤一般的同学很难发挥。到底要怎样才能深入呢?笔者认为，最基本的办法就是针对问题提出可行的有时代意义的解决方法，即解决问题。另外，还可以“横向拓展”“纵向挖掘”和进行简易的批驳。尤其是反驳，可以预设反方，然后，进行委婉的劝说，以体现作者思维的周密性，达到任务型作文“文明说理”的要求。

(五)联系实际，快速收尾。

任何一篇文章都要考虑其现实意义，如果没有了现实意义，该文章就逊色许多。因此，学生习作也好，考场作文也好，联系实际是必需的。但是，这一环节不能太婆婆妈妈，应如一部乐曲演奏完毕，戛然而止、曲终人散、回味无穷。

一篇习作具备了上述五个部件构建而成，已是有模有样、中规中矩，若能加上一些必备的调味品，如菜肴之于姜葱蒜，而后定然可取得高分好评。

【实例品析】

阅读下面的材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。

为了督促学生学习，某职业技术学院的焦老师想出在课后用微信发红包的“新招”，对出勤率高、学习成绩好和上课认真的同学，都发了红包。此举一出，他的课学生没一个逃课，课堂气氛活跃，师生关系变好。此事传出，该校老师和学生表示认可，觉得这个做法有新意。媒体报道后，引发争议，有家长明确反对老师这种做法，认为用“钱”引导学生上课，会让孩子变得功利，使教育变味。

对以上这件事，你怎么看?请就焦老师、学生或家长的表现，表明自己的态度，阐述自己的看法。要求综合材料内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，完成写作任务。

范文

教书育人也应有“新招”

梁祝

(标题简洁、响亮)

为了督促学生学习，某职业技术学院的焦老师想出在课后用微信发红包的“新招”，对出勤率高、学习成绩好和上课认真的同学，都发了红包。此举一出，师生认可，又在社会上引发了争议，还有家长认为这样会使教育变味。我认为，焦老师是个敢于创新的老师。在如此沉闷的教育背景下，教书育人也的确应该有新招，才能激活教育的正能量。(引述+态度+观点)

首先，传统的育人方式是以班级集体授课制为主，以灌输为主的应试教育让学生们抵触厌烦，远远达不到教育的目的。在这样的情况下，老师们“八仙过海，各显神通”，采用一些新的顺应时代的招数，本是理所应当的，只有不断更新方法，才能不断激活学习的动力。

其次，微信发红包的新招效果明显。大焦老师的课没有一个逃课，课堂气氛活跃，师生关系很好。暂且不论其效果的持久性，但就这点，已经证明新招的可行性。

其三，如果能把“发红包”这种新事物与传统的教书育人方法有机整合起来，还可以给人们提供一种新的思维和教育理念。如在互联网时代，用好移动技术，对学生进行时时处处地引导与教育，定能激发出无数的能量。因此，焦老师的新招肯定能在教育界激发波波涟漪。(分点分层阐述理由)

有家长明确反对老师这种做法，认为用“钱”引导学生上课，会让孩子变得功利，使教育变味。的确，现代学生本就生长在“物欲横流”的环境中，一味用钱去引导学习，极有可能变得功利，使教育变味。但是，教育不能因存在某种风险而畏首畏尾或举步不前。只要是“在课后”，“用小钱”，方式恰当，不变本加厉，在红包激励的同时仍以精神感化、正面教育为主线，发红包这样的新举动一定能在教育中起到重要的激活辅助作用。(预设反方，简易批驳)

古语云：亲其师，信其道。发红包能让学生更亲近其师，“信其道”就不言而喻了。又云：教学相长。学生的学习热情因红包而唤起，那么，学生的热情必然会影响老师的激情，终将达到“相长”的目的。教师的魅力关键在于学术与人格。一个教师若能紧紧依靠自身的学术与人格魅力，辅以新巧的方法，定能让各种因素相得益彰，形成合力，促进教书育人功能的巨大提高。(横向拓展)

如今，我国的教育因各种原因而困难重重，多几个像焦老师那样不甘平庸、敢于创新的老师，拿出更多的新招，必然能冲破重重阴霾，走向教育强国的康庄大道。(联系实际，快速收尾)

【点评】

这一篇习作基本按照五部分基本框架来写，说理清晰，有条理，有深度，也有广度，适度的引用名言，具有较强的时代意义，是一篇难得的考生值得参照的优秀作文。

方法之二：依事设问，分层论述

面对叙事体新材料任务驱动型作文，许多同学不知所措，莫衷一是。在此，介绍一种十分基本实用的方法，即“依事设问，分层论述”，它既能解决无话可说的问题，又可以凭此提升深入阐述事理的能力。

方法指导：

1.依据任务梳理材料，选定角度，表明你的态度，发表你的看法或观点。

2.从材料出发，引述材料，分析并提出新颖、与众不同的中心论点(标题)。

3.依事设问，列好提纲，分层论述。

【实例解析】

阅读下面材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的议论文。

在上海地铁上，一男子因随地吐痰遭到指责后，竟不停地用污言秽语和指责他的乘客对骂，一黑衣壮汉忍不住，拨开人群走到“吐痰男”跟前踢去一脚，吐痰男顿时安静下来，一语不发，此时，有出来劝架的乘客指责“黑衣男”：“打人是不对的。”更多的人则认可黑衣男的做法。这段视频被上传到网络后，引起更大范围、更多角度的讨论。

对于以上事情你怎么看?请你就其中某一个或某一群人的表现，表明你的态度，阐述你的看法，要求综合材料内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，标题自拟。

分角色梳理

人物：吐痰男

所做的事：公共场所随地吐痰，遭责后与乘客对骂，被踢一脚，安静、一言不发。

我的态度：恶其陋行，幸遇强人。

我的看法：文明拒绝粗鄙;社会秩序，人人有责;

人物：黑衣男

所做的事：忍不住，拨开，踢，制止了对骂与吵闹。

我的态度：扬其勇气，短其不足。

我的看法：以黑制黑，行不行?文明创建需有法制的保障;以错治错，并非正义。

人物：乘客

所做的事：少数指责黑衣男，多数认可，更多议论。

我的态度：赞少贬多

我的看法：法制意识淡薄是不文明的根;当局者往往易迷;狭隘的英雄主义要不得。

1.选择角度，确定主旨

如选定“吐痰男”，确定“可怕的不文明”为主旨。

2.依事设问，列好提纲

提纲

(1)吐痰男行为的性质与危害性?

(2)吐痰男行为产生的根源?

(3)遇上这种不文明的行为该如何对待?

(4)怎样解决这种社会问题?

(5)假设反方，适度批驳

范文

：

可怕的不文明

——梁祝

地铁上，一男子随地吐痰，遭到指责后，还不停地用污言秽语跟乘客们对骂，直到被另一黑衣男踢了一脚才安静下来，一语不发。我对吐痰男的这种言行举止深恶痛绝，他的这种非一般的不文明是十分可怕的，它映射出国人的劣根。

吐痰男的言行是怎样的行为?在公共场合随地吐痰，实是不卫生不文明之举，遭到指责后竟与人们恶语相加，这就不是一般的不文明，而是素质极差，性格有缺陷。这种知错还不改的偏执的人，只能算是人渣或是问题青年。一个人在公共场合随地吐痰，也许是平时卫生习惯不好所致，纯属个人习惯问题。但被人指出来后仍不知悔改，还口出秽语，想为自己辩护，连最起码的“羞耻心”也荡然无存，这个问题就严重了。轻则说明他品行缺失，重则说明他心灵扭曲。要知道：一个连最起码的羞耻感都没有的人，肯定不成其为人;一个连羞耻感也没有的民族也肯定是个没希望的民族。

吐痰男为什么会这样呢?这也许跟他成长的环境有关，子不教，父母之过;也许跟学校教育有关，如今学校教育重成绩、重智育，轻德育、轻做人。培养出不少外表有模样，内在缺素养的青年。也许是一个个案，但它至少是我们社会的一份子，他的言行举止跟社会环境息息相关。不管是什么原因，一个孩子的不良和失足肯定与教育缺失大大关联的。

遇上这种不文明的行为，我们该如何对待?一味地当众指责，恐伤其脸面，就是损伤了年轻人的自尊，才导致本就素质不高的吐痰男与乘客对骂。黑衣男的一脚，虽暂时让吐痰男心火熄灭，但是否从心里服气，认识自己的错误并感到愧疚呢?不得而知。这种“以黑制黑”的方式，不一定能达到“以黑治黑”的效果，甚至，适得其反。我认为，对这种不良的行为，最好是善意的劝说，既维护了当事者的面子，又悄无声息地让他反省;其次是制定强有力的处罚制度，加上不折不扣的执法;其三是提高国民的整体素质。让“社会秩序，人人有责”“文明拒绝粗鄙”等成为公众的意识。只要有健康的土壤，文明之花才会遍地开放。

有人说，不就随地吐一口痰吗?至于如此大做文章吗?固然，一口痰是小事，很快就随风蒸发。然而，如果这个人的痰里携带病毒呢?如果人人都这么认为呢?那公共场所的环境文明有谁来维护?我们将生活在怎样的一个社会中?

我们的国家人特别多，尤其是公共场合。如果没有良好的秩序与环境，如果没有正确的公共卫生意识，文明从何谈起?如今，我们的国家发展了，人们的生活富裕了，建设和谐文明的小康社会已成为中国人的追求与梦想。而文明需要从我做起，精心培育出健康的土壤。那就让我们携手共进，一起创建美丽的家园吧!

【点评】

这篇习作很适合于刚开始写作任务型作文的同学，当你不知从何说起时，先依事设问，列好提纲，然后在行文中，分层进行论述，也能完成一篇不错的考场作文。

方法之三：紧扣中心，夹叙夹议

在任务驱动型作文的背景下，有的同学是束手无策，甚至连800字的文章都难于完成，为此，特介绍“紧扣中心，夹叙夹议”的方法，让多数同学能够在考场上完成基本任务，拿到基本分。

什么叫做“紧扣中心”?

就是前提必需在阅读材料的基础上，梳理、抓住核心话题，确立文章主旨，然后，以这主旨为纲，紧紧围绕，不离不弃。

什么叫做“夹叙夹议”?

就是边叙边议。从材料出发，分节叙述，分别表明自己的态度，分别进行评论，阐述自己的看法或观点。如此依葫芦画瓢，若能论述得深刻到位，依旧可以写出上乘的考场习作。

【实例解析】

阅读下面的材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。

杭州图书馆允许拾荒者、无业游民入馆，让他们在设有空调的图书馆内免费阅读、看影视、上网、听音乐。图书馆对他们的唯一要求，就是把手洗干净再阅读。这个做法已经坚持了十余年。因此，杭州图书馆被称为“史上最温暖的图书馆”。

曾经有读者对身边的流浪者散发异味而感到不满，无法接受，说允许他们进图书馆是对其他人的不尊重。对此，馆长回答，我无权拒绝他们入馆读书，您如觉不便可更换座位，或者选择离开。

要求：你对上述事件有何看法?请就图书馆或读者一方表明你的态度，阐述你的看法。不要脱离材料内容及涵义的范围作文。

范文

阅读不分贵贱

梁祝

杭州图书馆允许拾荒者、无业游民入馆，让他们在设有空调的图书馆内免费阅读、看影视、上网、听音乐。这样的举动，这样在阅读面前不分贵贱的包容意识，我举双手赞成。

公共图书馆本来就应该面对大众，当然不可拒绝弱势群体如“拾荒者”，要不就不叫“公共”了。设立图书馆的初衷也是鼓励全社会的人民热爱读书，为喜爱读书的人民提供一个好的场所，无业游民等是社会的一员，他们爱读书学习，难能可贵，更应提供好的条件。阅读本身不在乎身份地位，无论是谁，都有阅读的权利。阅读面前，人人平等。该图书馆的做法，大气、独特、具有较多的公共人文关怀，让人温暖，令人舒心。

这个做法已经坚持了十余年了，因此被称为“史上最温暖的图书馆”。这说明，在阅读上不分贵贱这样的意识已经是普遍认可，深入人心。只有图书馆的各色工作人员，在馆内阅读的大众都认可该馆的理念，才能坚持十年之久。

曾经有读者对身边的流浪者散发异味而感到不满，无法接受，说允许他们进图书馆是对其他人的不尊重。他们之所以对此举无法接受，归根到底还是旧观念在作祟，认为图书馆是“高雅”人的活动场所，阅读是“文明”人的举止。正是这种“高等”和“低劣”的偏见，人为地把人类分成三六九等，把阅读误认为是特殊阶层的专利。殊不知，这种民族等级的歧视在历史上已经酿就了无数的悲剧，如“二战”时日本对“东亚病夫”的歧视，就给中国人民带来了深重的灾难。

在这一点上，馆长的回答无疑是闪烁智慧与深得人心的：我无权拒绝他们入馆读书，您如觉不便可更换座位，或者选择离开。一个“您”字，无不体现该馆的公共人文关怀和阅读不分贵贱的精神。

况且，在允许无业游民等入馆之初，该馆已经有一个适度的要求，就是把手洗干净再阅读。这个要求既让人容易接受，又在不断地引导这些特殊的群体向文明迈进。随着该馆开馆时间的不断延长，我们有理由相信，“文明出入，有序阅读”将成为一种新的风尚。

如果拾荒者、无业游民在文明精神的熏染之下，能以文明的身姿——洗个澡，换身干净的衣服进入图书馆，就更是皆大欢喜了。

不管怎样，只要带着纯净的心灵去图书馆，阅读那里的人类文化文明精华，我们都不应该拒绝，因为，阅读从来不分高低贵贱。

【点评】

本文紧抓中心“阅读不分贵贱”，采用极其简单的办法，就是一边分节叙述材料，一边对所叙材料作个性化的解读与评论，也写就了一篇不错的作文，值得学习。

方法之四：即事说理，深入阐述

随着2016年高考的临近，参加“全国卷”考试的考生正紧锣密鼓地准备迎接“叙事体材料任务驱动型作文”的考查，各地考生也已经基本掌握了其写作的特性与写作的方法。然而，让不少同学迷茫的是，怎样才能在新的作文背景下完成任务驱动型作文的重要“任务”之一——“即事说理，深入阐述”呢?

“深入阐述”的基本方法已有不少，如围绕“是什么，为什么，怎么样”的问题导向方式，又如“提出问题，分析问题，解决问题”的思路方式，还有“引论，本论，结论”的结构方式等，都是照样可以沿用的，也有一定的效果。只是在“就事论事、即事论理”上，很难做到深入阐述，写出一篇像样的有水准的考场作文。在此，谨提供两种方法，即进一步深入阐述之“横向拓展”与“纵向挖掘”。以期有益。

例文及评价

唯有精神永存

一考生

青花罐承载着浓厚的历史积淀，暗藏着美丽的故事，它从遥远的时光中走来，传递着中国人的器物精神，不愧是传家宝;勋章见证了那段光辉岁月里的铁戈兵戎，传递着满腔热血、忠心报国的信念，不愧为传家宝。这些器物，在一定程度上，都是精神传承的载体，因此它们才有价值。

然而，将注意力放在物品上多于放在精神传承上，则会本末倒置。这样的传家宝终究不能发挥其真正的作用，反而会使后代子孙沉溺于对传家宝的世俗价值中不可自拔。因此，依我之见，祖训是最好的精神载体，历史洪流浪花滔滔，唯精神万世永存。

季老先生季羡林曾在《八十述怀》一书中有感而发：“若说人生的意义，那就是对人类精神和知识的承上启下。”人类社会的发展，之所以如此神速，正是因为知识和精神的可传递性，如同滚雪球一般。祖训以文字为载体，将先辈对后辈的殷殷期盼传承下来，借此勉励后代不断奋斗，不断学习。这样的精神传递，促使一个家族的兴盛，正如河南的康百万庄园，兴盛了十几代，而其祖训是“留有余，不尽之财以还百姓;留有余，不尽之巧以还造化。”这样的“留有余”如同警钟般时刻回响在后辈心中，自然后辈会不自觉地培养起良好的观念，从而使家族世代兴盛。

精神的传递不仅能使家族兴盛，更能使国家浸浴在先贤道德光辉下，光辉恩泽国土上的每一个人。先生之风，山高水长;贤人之范，愈久弥珍。先贤仰望星空，留下无数宝贵的精神财富，我们取其精华，去其糟粕，用其激励自己不断进取。

余光中曾在写给孩子的信中谈到对孩子的期盼：“不要成为一个媚俗的人。”“要懂得学习欣赏悲剧。”这些话在今天看来，仍是闪烁着智慧的光芒。节日也是一个很好的传播精神的载体，而当今社会却将其片面地作为节日经济的跳板，这不可不说是我们国人的悲哀，当精神的流传不再，社会的发展也将止步不前。(此段败笔：1、引用过多;2、与材料关联度不大)

祖训作为精神的载体，是十分珍贵的传家宝。它虽是短短一句凝练的话，却体现了耀眼的闪光智慧!

【点评】

作者执行任务指令，开篇指出青花罐、勋章作为传家宝的价值所在。经思考、权衡，选择“祖训”作为传家宝，其中理由的分析和重要性的论述入情入理，非常到位，“更”字体现得很充分。通篇语言简洁，富有文采，是难得的应试好作文。

【升格练习】

本文的第五段属于败笔，请你来给它加上一段，深入阐述，使文章前后连贯、文风一致，又能丰富文章内容。

示例一：进一步深入阐述之“横向拓展”

人类知识和精神的传承，不仅在祖训。大凡以文字为载体的中华古代文化经典，如《论语》、《孟子》和《庄子》，如《诗经》和《离骚》，如二十四史等，它们所传承的文化文明无不具有永久的传世价值。而祖训更具亲和力，从而也就更具有普世的渗透力;祖训中的良训精神具有遍地开花的土壤，它可能不局限于本家族的传播，也可能成为全中国人们的精神食粮，如《傅雷家书》、《曾国藩家训》等，已不再是一家一族的精神遗产，是中华民族的传家之宝。

【点评】

思维由“祖训”扩展至中华文化经典，由一家一族的精神延伸到中国传统文化的精神，主题的扩大，是为“横向拓展”。

示例二：进一步深入阐述之“纵向挖掘”

以文字为载体的祖训，相较其它两个传家宝，更具有别具一格的优点。一是祖训文字的无法破坏性。青花罐与勋章是以物质的存在居多，而祖训是以意识的存在为主。物质不可能永存，这是谁人皆知的常识;而意识则在人们心中，只要能延续血脉，必将随之代代相传。精神意识是一个生命的动态过程，而非死板的遗物。二是祖训的传播不受时空限制。只要是家族成员，甚至是外人，只要你认可，就可以随时随地汲取之，学习之，践行之。三是祖训还可以在坚持原有的基础上加以改良和创新。使之具有时代性和特定的功能性，赋予新的积极的具有“正能量”的内涵，成为新时期的“良训”。以上三点是青花罐勋章所不具备的，所以，我更倾心于小程家的祖训，因为其中的“忠厚”与“诗书”是永存的精神。

【点评】

思维往纵深方向发展，进一步从三个方面对三种传家宝进行比较，从而突出“祖训”的优越性，证明作者的观点：唯有精神永存。

方法之五：简易驳论，批驳成章

驳论，是议论文写作的一种论证方法。又叫批驳或反驳。侧重于驳论的议论文是驳论文。.驳论文往往破中有立,边破边立,即在反驳对方错误论点的同时,针锋相对地提出自己的正确观点。批驳错误论点的方法有三种:1.驳论点2.驳论据3.驳论证，但归根结底是为了驳论点。鲁迅最擅长写驳论文，如著名的《拿来主义》，《中国人失掉自信力了吗?》。中学生在写作议论文时使用驳论的方法难度有点大，但若能运用一种简易的驳论，却又有出人意料地效果。它不仅可丰富文章内容，还可扩展深化文章的主题，让论证的思维更加全面严密，使一篇普通的习作脱颖而出。在任务驱动型作文的背景下，使用简易驳论更能取到事半功倍的效果。

技法指导：

常见的驳论一般有如下五个步骤：

步骤一：

根据自己提出的论点内涵，设想并提出现实中人们可能提出的与你提出的相反的看法。

(也许，有人会认为……)

步骤二：

让步肯定错误观点中的表面合理之处。(诚然，固然，的确……)

步骤三：

从原因及可能造成的危害入手，指出观点的错误本质。(然而，根据……就断定……却是夸夸其谈的或以偏概全的。)

步骤四：

举事实或道理论据批驳错误观点的错误性。(当……时，当……时，我们还能……吗?)

步骤五：

得出结论。

例子：

论点：莫以功利论物之价值

(1)也许有人会认为，行事若不以有用为目的，那么行事的价值又在哪里?

(2)的确，任何行为都要有实际的用处，有用的判断也为人们行事提供不竭的动力。韩愈就曾在古文运动中提出“文章合为时而著”。

(3)但，若就此认为功利得失是“有用”的全部内涵，那无疑将陷入片面功利主义的泥淖而不可自拔。

(4)无论是食不果腹时代的泰勒斯执着地仰望星空，还是风雨如晦之时鲁迅不合时宜的弃医从文。

(5)都深刻说明那些与功利得失无关的“无用”之举，恰恰是每一次文明进步的有用之光。

这种驳论对于中学生而言，确实是有难度的，不仅要求习作者有较深刻的思维，还要求较强的语言驾驭能力。驳论据和驳论证的方法及过程就更难了。鉴于此，可提出一种更加简便易学的方法。即三步简易驳论法。

简易“驳论”的三个步骤：

一是摆出靶子，就是别人的错误观点与看法;二是先让步，赞同、肯定别人观点中可取的部分，然后，以“然而，但是”为转折点，分析批驳其中的错误。三是在反驳批驳的基础上，让自己的观点看法更加站立起来。经检验，实乃议论文写作一项不可或缺的补充。

例如：

有人说现代社会，善的怕恶的，忠的怕奸，白的怕黑的，要脸的怕不要脸的，饿死胆小的，撑死胆大的，……只有厚脸黑心才能做强做大。固然，这些不要脸的人，也的确暂时在某些领域有一定的成绩，但就长期而言，他们必将失信于民，狐狸尾巴长不了，甚至自取毁灭。因为大道之行，正义必胜;因为冬天来了，春天一定为期不远!(不要脸皮，遗臭万年)

这种简化了的驳论，实质上减去了事实证明的程序，只在道理上进行批驳或反驳，同样能锻炼中学生的驳论意识与思维。随着这种论证方法的不断运用，渐渐地自然成了习惯，于是有的同学不满足于简单的批驳，出现了各种各样“驳”的例子。这充分说明，由易到难，循序渐进的训练是做任何事的真谛。

课堂练习：

请批驳下面一种观点。

金钱是万能的，因为人们常说：“有钱能使鬼推磨。”

课外练习：

就下面一种观点进行反驳。

贫困生的资格认定有什么难呢?让他们上交“低保证”或有村、乡镇和县民政局盖印的证明不就行了。

课堂练习示例：

(一)驳论点

有人说，金钱是万能的。的确，金钱在人们的生活中总是表现为无所不能，似乎可以买到物质世界的大部分东西。但是，金钱能买到知识吗?金钱能买到感情与爱情吗?金钱能买到时间吗?金钱能买到生命吗?……可见，“金钱是万能的”这样的观点是片面的、武断的。

(二)驳论据

“有钱能使鬼推磨”虽然告诉我们金钱的无所不能和巨大威力，甚至连鬼都能买通。但它毕竟只是一句民间俗语，民间俗语只是人们在生产生活中凭经验总结而出，并没有科学的依据。用没有科学依据的东西作为论据，其证明的观点当然也就不可信。

(三)驳推理过程

有人说，金钱是万能的，因为人们常说：“有钱能使鬼推磨”。这种论断乍看似乎无懈可击，金钱在现实生活中也确实无所不能威力巨大，甚至连鬼都能买通。然而，仅凭一句夸张的俗语就推断出“金钱是万能的”，无疑是偏激的。民间俗语本没有科学的依据，是有缺陷的。再拿它来证明另一个观点，这样的推理过程更不经推敲，因此，这个论断无论是论据还是因果推理都是站不住脚的。

课外练习示例：

让上交“低保证”和各级盖印的证明，固然可以杜绝一些平民百姓的弄虚作假，但是，却无法杜绝一些特权人物的弄虚作假，中国是个人情泛滥的国度，什么事情都讲人情世故，因此，不少人为了点滴利益，不惜玩转各种人情关系，千方百计搞到各类虚假的东西，让主管部门防不胜防难以甄别。所以，在认定各类资格的时候，除了上交各种材料外，还需进行各种实地的调查取证工作，以确保真实性和有效性。

有的任务型作文，如果其中存有争议的多方看法，可选择其中一方立意，然后，通过批驳其它方观点来达到证明己方观点的目的。

例如：

阅读下面材料，写一篇不少于800字的文章。立意自定，题目自拟。

做人如水，你高，我便退去，决不淹没你的优点;

做人如水，你低，我便涌来，决不暴露你的缺陷;

做人如水，你热，我便沸腾，决不妨碍你的热情;

做人如水，你冷，我便凝固，决不漠视你的寒冷。

你对上述材料有何感想与看法?请就其中一个角度表明你的态度，阐述你的观点与看法。不脱离材料内容与内涵，题目自拟。

范文：

做人如水，将失自我

梁祝

既要突显别人的优点，又要包容别人的缺点;既要做绿叶，又要做“丑角”。整个的就是要处处为人着想，设身处地，压根儿没一点儿想到自己。这种忘我无我的如水品质，本是做人的真谛，应该能获得较大的业绩。然而，只是如果过了头，迟早终将失去自我。

肯定赞赏别人的优点，是人际交往中不可多得的品质。但逢人便不管三七二十一，一概说好话，过了头，就显得虚伪，是一种不折不扣的吹捧。孔子曰：巧言令色，鲜矣仁。就是说这种花言巧语的人，这种人是极少仁慈仁爱的。长久养成这种习惯，就会变成一种性格;再久之，就会连自己姓什么都不知道，至于自己有没有优缺点就更加迷失了。父母一味表扬孩子，孩子的尾巴就翘上了天，父母更加束手无策，迷失了自我;老师逢学生都说十分聪明，过了头，世界就没有“愚笨”一说了;结果，学生并没有都学好，于是开始怀疑人生，怀疑自己的教学能力，渐渐也容易失去自我。

在生活中，掩盖庇护别人的缺点，本是一种宽容与大度，能获得别人的感恩。但是过了头，就很容易让自己陷入惆怅迷失的境地。唐代名臣吕元膺一次跟隐士朋友下棋，因文件多，就边下棋边批文件，棋友趁机偷换了棋子而取胜，元膺看在眼里却不予揭穿。第二天，还若无其事地赠送厚礼辞去这位隐士。他包容别人太过头了，虽然给别人留了极大的颜面，但自己却一生也没有放下，那种纠结，那种迷失，直到临终才说，并惆怅而死，这不是迷失自我是什么?

绿叶衬托鲜花，本是自然界的绝配。总是做绿叶，一味为了鲜花而生，最终人们肯定只记住了花的美丽，至于叶子，只能飘然而逝，沉入大地，腐朽成泥，没了自己。在人生事业中，一味顾及别人的脸面，别人的利益，自己就会缩手缩脚，不敢放心大胆地干。一项计划还没有开始实施，就因为别人而放弃，哪有自己的主张啊!这种人一生肯定一事无成，到最后，恐连自己是怎么度过此生的都迷糊不清了。

做丑角，能博得别人一笑，也是无可非议的。只是如果为了迎合别人而任意践踏自己的尊严，那就大可不必了。这样做，比前面几种更加无我失我。

所以，做人如水不能过头。

总想做得更好，一味模仿别人，就会失去个人魅力，失去自己原本的性格。如“邯郸”，如“东施”，如“左思”。

恋爱中的青年，过分在乎对方，总为对方着想，就会失去平衡，如“剃头挑子”，陷爱情于不健康之地，最后，一方必然失去自我。

太过爱一个人或一件东西，也往往容易无我。如“房奴”，如“孩奴”，如“钱奴”。

做人如水，是人生很高的境界。但如果在某一方面走过了头，必然过犹不及，物极必反，非常容易陷入失去自我，难以自拔的深渊。

让我们把握好做人处事的“度”，去迎接光明美好的生活吧!

【点评】

本文最大的亮点是在本不好“反弹琵琶”的主题上，作者强硬“弹”出：将失自我。并采用中学生近乎不敢用的“驳”的论证方法，对材料中四种情况进行适度的反驳，再让自己的论点站立。批驳成章，不可多得。

方法之六：巧设反方，探源究底

在任务驱动型作文的背景下，怎样才能把一个论题阐述深透呢?许多同学无从下手，所写的文章老是停留在肤浅的层面，得分不高，在此，介绍“巧设反方，探源究底”的方法，以供同学学习参考。

“巧设反方”就是在正面论述的基础之上，提出有可能出现的反方看法或观点，尽力预设，尽力设全，以体现你思维的周密性。

“探源究底”就是在预设反方的前提下，探究反方观点产生的根源以及错误的本质，甚至对反方观点进行有力的批驳，让它站不住脚，从而使自己的看法有理有力。

例如：

阅读下面的材料，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。(60分)

不久前，某大学在临近期末时发生了这样一事：夜幕下，风雨中，一群大学生在校农场打着手电栽种油菜。校长对媒体说：“学生必须亲手碰到泥巴，才能知道什么是奋斗，什么是劳动。”农场劳动是该校的必修课，是“毕业通行证”。这种观点和做法得到了不少网民的支持。

然而也有人持不同意见：为挣学分冒雨挑灯夜战，是否有矫枉过正之嫌?还有人认为，大学生的首要任务是学习专业知识，此举有形式主义之嫌。

对于以上事件及不同观点，你怎么看?请表明你的态度，阐述你的看法。要求综合材料内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，完成写作任务。

示范例文：

亲历劳动，方知奋斗

刘晓曼

某高校开设种田必修课，学生夜里打手电种油菜，新闻一出，立刻引发热议，有支持者，也有反对者，更有抨击者，但无论何种反应都体现了大众对高校教育、对人才培养的一种关注、一种思索。

亲历劳动，方知奋斗。学校的良苦用心是值得大力称赞的。农场劳动，不单是一门必修课程，是毕业的通行证，更是一种观念、一种品质的培养。党的教育方针明确指出：教育必须与生产劳动相结合……未来世界的竞争是“人才素质”的竞争，而劳动素质又是人才素质中极其重要的一个方面。但令人叹息的是，有许多的网民，却反对高校的这种做法，质疑这种做法的真正意图，或许是因为他们觉得大学生的首要任务是学习专业知识，应该把时间更多地放在精进自己的专业水平上，不能也没有必要去做“普通农民”所做的“农活”，然而，这个理由不过只是个幌子，是个借口，何况精进专业知识，也不是“不问世事，一心只读圣贤书”就能达成的，再说，闭门苦读就一定能够学好专业知识吗?更深层的原因，恐怕是大众内心对“农”的鄙视，是自古以来就有的对“读书人”的崇敬与膜拜：认为田间劳作是没有文化修养或修养较低的农民干的，文化人，既然已经跳出农门，就不要也不必再碰农活了。他们主观上认为“读书人”与“农民”是截然不同的两种身份，而这种认识，又恰恰是长期以来由阶级的差距衍生出的优越感而催生的。

爱劳动，才会生活;学会劳动，才能学会生活。高校开展农场劳动必修课，不仅可行，更有深远意义。学生在学校，不仅要学会一些理论性的东西，还需进行各种各样的实践劳动，只有二者相结合，才能更好地提升学生的综合素质。农场劳动，除了能提高学生们的动手能力、实践能力，让学生更接地气，还能让学生在获得劳动的切身体验中，认识到粒粒皆辛苦，尊重劳动人民和劳动成果，更能让学生在艰苦环境的磨炼中，培养一种吃苦耐劳、艰苦奋斗的精神。事实上，人的很多优秀的品质，都可以在劳动中形成。

发扬光大该校的这一做法，或许我们可以有更好做法，加强宣传教育，提高学生积极主动参加劳动实践的意识，鼓励学生积极参加各种各样的社会实践活动，而不局限于田间劳作，更无需用“必修”的形式，来强制学生，为完成学分临时抱佛脚而在临近期末时连夜冒雨打手电种油菜。

“民生在勤，勤则不匮”，无论时代如何变化，我们始终都要热爱劳动、崇尚劳动。

【点评】

本文在正面阐述了理由之后，先预设网民的不同观点与看法，然后，逐步探寻出产生这些看法的根源，有表面的原因，也有更深层次的原因。显示作者非一般的思维能力，文章也因此步入更高的档次。是一种不可多得的方法。

方法之七：适度举例，合理引用

任务驱动型作文忌讳传统的名人荟萃，名家开会。那么，该怎样对待名人事例和名言警句呢?笔者认为，既然是议论文，肯定离不开这些东西，否则，就像准备一桌饭菜，却没有了食材;如巧妇，难为无米之炊。只是，在运用时，不能如传统作文那样，尽情挥洒堆砌，而要“举例适度，引用合理”。在任务驱动型作文的背景下，名人事例和名言警句照样可用，而且用得好还可以为文章增色。那么，该怎样用呢?其原则有三：

其一、与核心话题高度吻合;

其二、把名人名言融入自己的论述之中;

其三、数量、长度适中、恰到好处。

例如《唯有精神永存》中的一段：

季老先生季羡林曾在《八十述怀》一书中有感而发：“若说人生的意义，那就是对人类精神和知识的承上启下。”人类社会的发展，之所以如此神速，正是因为知识和精神的可传递性，如同滚雪球一般。祖训以文字为载体，将先辈对后辈的殷殷期盼传承下来，借此勉励后代不断奋斗，不断学习。这样的精神传递，促使一个家族的兴盛，正如河南的康百万庄园，兴盛了十几代，而其祖训是“留有余，不尽之财以还百姓;留有余，不尽之巧以还造化。”这样的“留有余”如同警钟般时刻回响在后辈心中，自然后辈会不自觉地培养起良好的观念，从而使家族世代兴盛。

引述季老的原话和举“河南康百万庄园的祖训”为例，就既与话题高度吻合，又能融入自己的论述之中，长度适中，恰到好处，一点也不影响核心话题本身。这样的事例与名言，可谓跟文章结合得完美，应是多多益善的。

又如下面一文，作者可谓是“胆大妄为”了。

作文题：

美国漫画家罗素·迈尔斯系列漫画《女巫希尔迈》中有这样一个故事：两座悬崖，中间隔着一条又深又宽的峡谷。女巫站在这边，秃鹫站在那边。秃鹫不断召唤女巫跳到它那边来。女巫说，峡谷太宽，她跳不过去。秃鹫对女巫说，不要用消极的思想打败自己，只要她有热情和积极的态度，就能做成任何事情。女巫在秃鹫煽动下，热血沸腾起来，她真的开始感到世界上没有她做不到的事，于是，一挺胸，一弓腰，向对面的悬崖猛冲过去。结果，女巫并没有跳过峡谷。

秃鹫看着掉入峡谷的女巫，自言自语道：看来，光鼓动她的激情是不够的，还得教她如何锻炼腿部肌肉。

对于这件事情，你怎么看?请表明你的态度，阐述你的看法。要求综合材料的内容及含意，选好角度，确定立意，明确文体，标题自拟，不要套作，不得抄袭。

范文：

看清自我 理智前行

一考生

女巫受秃鹫“只要有激情和积极的态度就能做成任何事”的煽动纵身一跃，结果却掉入峡谷。为什么女巫没有跃过峡谷呢?是因为女巫盲目听信别人，不能正确认识自己的能力，盲目跳跃，以致葬身谷底。所以，只有看清自我，我们才能理智前行。

看清自我，能使人避短扬长，理智前行。杨振宁曾坦言说：“我对实验物理似乎杨振宁先生是享誉世界的理论物理学家，并因与李政道一起提出“弱相互作用中守称不守恒论”而获得诺贝尔奖。然而这位誉满全球的物理学家早年因研究实验物理而备受他人耻笑。没有别人那样的天赋，实验仪器出现故障后，别人能很快找到问题所在，而我却急得满头大汗。”后来聪明的杨振宁经过思考，看清了自己的不足，发现自己在理论物理方面有专长，于是投理论物理研究，最终硕果累累。正是因为杨振宁看清了自我，才能避短扬长，理智前行，现在才名满天下。写到这里不禁想到：女巫不是巫吗，那一定会法术，为什么要硬跳呢?自己没有发达的肌肉，却还要纵身一跃，如果看清自己，施一点法术，也不致于掉入峡谷。

看清自我，能使人脚踏实地，理智前行。四川省的理科状元刘宁毕业于某名牌大学，就在大家认为他将会有一个好前途、好生活时，他却在不停地应聘、辞职，原因就是总嫌弃公司待遇不好，自己有才能，何愁找不到工作?这样以致于他最后还要靠父母的补给生活。毕业于名牌大学了不起吗?全国有那么多名校，每个学校有那么的人，你是最好的吗?状元刘宁就是没有看清自己，不脚踏实地地工作，以致于无法理智前行，最后落得如此下场。女巫也何尝不是这样呢?假若她能认清自己肌肉不发达的现实，不好高骛远，追求自己无法达到的目标，又脚踏实地，刻苦锻炼，练就一身发达的肌肉，区区几米的距离算得了什么呢?因此，人只有看清了自己，才能找到正确的方向，迈出坚实的步伐，理智前行。

看清自我，理智前行，让失败者重获新生。现在家喻户晓的喜剧明星艾特金森，也就是憨豆先生。他当初因为语言表达能力不行，经常口差，差点离开他热爱的喜剧舞台。但聪明的憨豆先生经过一番思考后，看清了自己，发现自己的语言表达能力不行，但肢体语言和面部表情丰富，于是便向这方面发展，最后成为了几代人都忘不了的艺术形象。如果女巫像憨豆先生一样看清了自我，理智前行，又怎么会掉进峡谷?“看清自我，理智前行”这一条件如同一块肥沃的土壤，让失败者重获新生。

百灵鸟自知没有叱咤苍穹的力量，她便理智前行，苦练歌喉，最终在林间婉转歌唱;小溪自知没有大海波浪滔天的气势，便理智前行，在林间流淌，衬天色，映鸟鸣，也是一大快事。它们都是看清了自己，找到了正确的方向，理智前行，才实现自身价值。如果女巫也如它们一样，结果是不是又是另一番场景呢?

看清自我，理智前行，你将收获人生精彩。

【点评】

几乎每一段都举例，且举得与主旨契合，在分析完了之后，还能及时回归中心话题。如熟练的老司机，几乎做到了人车合一，驾驭的随意娴熟，非一般人所能想象。又不长，合适。这样的举例，难道不是议论文所需要的吗?因此，任务驱动型作文是应该有举例与引用的，只是要适度合理罢了。

导语：小编提醒大家，要想把作文写好，要想在考研写作中得高分，平时一定得多阅读优秀的范文，特别是一些漂亮精彩的句型。同时也有必要掌握一些写作模式和技巧，不断地模仿练习，最后才能真正打造出高分作文。

一、命题依据

考研话题牵涉面广，包罗万象，变幻莫测。但从历年考研真题研究中可以发现写作基本上可粗略地划分为两大类话题：永恒话题(everlastingtopic)和热点话题(hotissue)。所谓永恒话题，是指那些不以时间和空间的转移为转移的话题。这类话题一般都是一些宏观的大话题，没有明显的时代印痕。如有关社会道德范畴的话题。另一大类是热点话题，即近几年或某一年特殊的社会现象， 媒体普遍报道过或公众普遍谈论的话题。如AdvertisementonTV(93)，温室的花朵经不起风雨(2003)等，所以，平时在生活和学习中留意类似话题的英文素材预以备战不妨是个好的办法。

二、写作技巧

1.精心构造全文的引言段

考研作文阅卷老师每天工作量很大，工作时间也较长，因此长时间批改水平参差不齐、质量高下不一的作文难免感到疲劳，厌倦，甚至气恼。据测试统计，一口气读完12 篇后才走神的人极少，定力惊人。因此，在考研写作三段制中，第一段最能吸引他们的目光和注意力，因为考研作文采用的是总体评分法(GlobalScoring)，作文评卷老师往往主要凭借第一段的总体印象打分。有人把文章的第一段说成是黄金段落，说老师就是在这一段中不断地“淘金”。这一说法是很有道理的，因此，作文要想得高分，一定要精心构造全文的第一段，最大限度地满足阅卷老师的期待心理，力争给他留下良好的第一印象。经验告诉我们，阅卷老师在看完文章的第一段后就已基本上给文章定了分数档次，即使在第二，第三段中发现文章中的其他一些美中不足之处，他也只是微调几分，总体分数还是比先定的档次低的文章要好得多。总之，引言段在全文三段中的重要性再怎么强调也不过分。如果要按重要性依次递减的顺序来排的话，那么应是引言在先，其次是结尾段，再次是拓展段。

2.制造语言的闪光点

“言之无文，行而不远”，同理语言干瘪平淡，让人看之面目可憎，读后味如嚼蜡。要想攫住阅卷老师匆匆的一瞥，留住他们的兴奋点，就非得在语言上猛下功夫，多制造些表达上的闪光点。语言是思维的外壳，语言的好坏直接影响到实际作文分数的高低。语言表达的亮点体现在小到一个词，短语大到一个句子中。高分作文往往是“锱铢必较”，几乎字字计较。很多人作文分数很低往往是因为用词面太窄。当然，词汇的积累是有个过程的。可惜的是，很多同学只能认词，却不能再现，更不用说写作时运用了。

3.避免中国式英语

母语为非英语的人学习英语时往往会将母语的思维和表达方式直接迁移到英语表达当中。中国人学英语时往往会受母语根深蒂固的影响，最易造出中国腔的英语。有人把“价格便宜”直接写成“The price is cheap”，把“这件事小菜一碟”说成“This is a small dish”，让人看后苦笑不得。因此要尽量摆脱中国试英语，方法看来只有一条：多看外国人写的文章，多多阅读。不难想象，阅卷老师如果在短短的二百字文章中到处看到Chinglish，他无法使自己对你文章的印象好起来。

4.尽量有路标词

路标词(signalword)又称衔接词(connectives)就像灯塔为在茫茫大海中航行的船只指引方向一样，它能突出文章的层次性和逻辑性。英语文章讲究启承转合。“启”就是开启观点：“承”就是接着话茬进一步发展论证或补充：“转”就是讲相反或对立的观点：“合”就是总结概括。一篇文章若没有路标词便会杂乱无章的乱堆在一起，给人凌乱没有条理的感觉。标志词或衔接词的作用绝对不可小觑。

此外，多种句型的交替使用，文章脉络层次的分明，论据的合理充分等在写作中都应引起足够的重视。