浙江高考英语作文概要写作汇集20篇

1.Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧。

2.God helps those who help themselves. 天助自助者。

3.Easier said than done. 说起来容易做起来难。

4.Where there is a will,there is a way. 有志者事竟成。

5.One false step will make a great difference. 失之毫厘，谬之千里。

6.Slow and steady wins the race. 稳扎稳打无往而不胜。

7.A fall into the pit,a gain in your wit. 吃一堑，长一智。

8.Experience is the mother of wisdom. 实践出真知。

9.All work and no play makes jack a dull boy. 只工作不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

10.Beauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。

11.More hasty,less speed. 欲速则不达。

12.Its never too old to learn. 活到老，学到老。

13.All that glitters is not gold. 闪光的未必都是金子。

14.A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。

15.Look before you leap. 三思而后行。

16.Rome was not built in a day. 伟业非一日之功。

17.Great minds think alike. 英雄所见略同。

18.well begun,half done. 好的开始等于成功的一半。

19.It is hard to please all. 众口难调。

20.Out of sight,out of mind. 眼不见，心不念。

21.Facts speak plainer than words. 事实胜于雄辩。

22.Call back white and white back. 颠倒黑白。

23.First things first. 凡事有轻重缓急。

24.Ill news travels fast. 坏事传千里。

25.A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难见真情。

26.live not to eat,but eat to live. 活着不是为了吃饭，吃饭为了活着。

27.Action speaks louder than words. 行动胜过语言。

28.East or west,home is the best. 金窝银窝不如自家草窝。

29.Its not the gay coat that makes the gentleman. 君子在德不在衣。

30.Beauty will buy no beef. 漂亮不能当饭吃。

31.Like and like make good friends. 趣味相投。

32.The older, the wiser. 姜是老的辣。

33.Do as Romans do in Rome. 入乡随俗。

34.An idle youth,a needy age. 少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

35.As the tree,so the fruit. 种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。

36.To live is to learn,to learnistobetterlive.活着为了学习，学习为了更好的活着。

[高考英语作文素材的高频36句谚语格言

导语：关于《论语》中的成语典故你知道多少呢?下面是语文迷小编为大家整理的关于《论语》写作素材，欢迎阅读，谢谢!

1.道听途说 《论语.阳货》道听而途说，德之弃也。(随便听来的话，又随便传说出去，那是不能修德的事。)

2.患得患失 《论语.阳货》其未得之也，患得之;既得之，患失之。苟患失之，无所不至矣。(未得到官位时，处心积虑谋取官位，得到官位则忧心失掉官位，那便什么事都做得出来。)

3.里仁为美 《论语.里仁》选择风俗淳朴的居所，人才会如沐春风，德行才会有进步。

4.见贤思齐 《论语.里仁》遇到比自己贤能的人不应嫉妒，学习对方的优点，使自己改进向善，成为贤能的人。

6.先难后获《论语.雍也》有仁德的人凡事总比别人先尝苦头，而对于应得的利益从不斤斤计较，这便是仁者的风度。

7.知者乐水《论语.雍也》有智慧的人欣赏流水悠然自得的姿态，他的心灵也如同水一般清莹透澈。

8.仁者乐山《论语.雍也》仁者的心如同山岳的万古坚贞，绝不因一时的利害和荣辱，而动摇自己的意志。

9.见义勇为 《论语.为政》见义不为，无勇也。(被利益所诱感或为保护自己而畏缩不前是没有勇气的人。)

10.既往不咎 《论语.八佾》对于己经成为过去的事，不要再苦苦追究、或说些悔不当初的话。

11.不耻下问 《论语.公冶长》遇到困惑难解的事情，恭敬地请教比自己年轻或地位比自己低*的人，并不是不件可耻的事。

12.闻一知十 《论语.公冶长》回也闻一以知十。(形容颜回十分地聪慧，有推演事理的能力。)

13.文质彬彬 《论语.雍也》文质彬彬，然后君子。(后天修养的文彩与天生朴 素的本质，两相调和适当的人，才是名符其实的君子。)

14. 六尺之孤 《论语.泰伯》可以托六尺之孤。(做人应该达到这种地步，把年幼的孤儿托附给你，而你能使对方放心完全信任你。)

15.温故知新 《论语.为政》追溯过去并研讨当时的情状，作为发掘将来新思想、新方式的基石。

16.君子不器 《论语.为政》立志成为伟大人物，应避免自己变成像器皿一般只有单一用途的人。

17.行不由径《论语.雍也》选择快捷方式的人，往往因操之过急而走头无路。

18.箪食瓢饮《论语.雍也》子曰：一箪食，一瓢饮，在陋巷，人不堪其忧，回也不改其乐。贤哉回也!(形容颜回饮食简单安贫乐道。)

19.任重道远《论语.泰伯》背负沉重使命，迈向遥不可及的旅程，以贯彻仁道作为自己终身的任务。

20.后生可畏《论语.子罕》年轻人只要肯发愤苦读努力工作，将来的前途无可限量，是令人敬畏的。

21.苗而不秀《论语.子罕》苗而不秀者，有矣夫!秀而不实者，有矣夫!(幼苗虽然发芽，不抽穗不开花，有的虽已抽穗但却不结果实。喻人人称其神童的人，长大成人后，可能变得平庸无能)

22.功亏一篑《论语.子罕》未成一篑，止，吾止也?(堆聚一座山只差一笼土沙即可完成，但半途而废，则前功尽弃。)

23.过犹不及《论语.先进》道理应该力求中庸，不偏不倚，过与不及，同样不合理。

24.非礼勿视《论语.颜渊》对待没有礼貌的人，应当避免接近他，一但人适应了非礼的事，便会渐渐失去坦白公正的心，不能主持公道。

25.克己复礼《论语.颜渊》克己复礼为仁(尽力克服私欲的诱惑，放弃以自我为中心的作法，凡事保持适度与社会民众的精神合一，这就是实践仁道的善政

26.暴虎凭河 《论语.述而》暴虎凭河，死而无悔者，吾不与也。(赤手空拳与猛虎相搏斗，泅手渡河，死了也毫不悔悟，我不能和这种胡作非为有勇无谋的人同进同出。

27.举一反三 《论语.述而》举一隅不以三隅反，则不复也。(用一个四角形作譬喻，列举一个角而不能推想其余三个角的人，我是没有兴趣再教导他了。)

28.巧言令色 《论语.学而》巧言令色，鲜矣仁。(口头上说些甜言蜜语奉承谄媚的话，是缺乏德性修养的人。

29.过勿惮改 《论语.学而》贤者勇于认错勇于改进，并时时警惕自己不再犯同样的过错。

30.三十而立 《论语.为政》十五而志于学，三十而立，四十而不惑，五十而知天命，六十而耳顺，七十而从心所欲不踰矩。(孔子言他三十岁的时候，不论在精神或物质上都能独立自主，且合乎礼节的要求。)

31.知者乐水《论语.雍也》有智慧的人欣赏流水悠然自得的姿态，他的心灵也如同水一般清莹透澈。

32.近悦远来《论语.子路》近者说，远者来。(治理国家道先使周遭的人士，对您的政绩满意欢愉，远方的民众也会感佩您的仁政来归顺你。)

33.行己有耻《论语.子路》对自己的过失，有羞耻反悔的心，随时自我警惕。34.刚毅木讷《论语.子路》刚毅木讷，近仁。(公正无欲、果敢坚忍、性情质朴、言谈迟钝，是接近仁者的风范。

35.怨天尤人《论语.宪问》不怨天，不尤人。(不埋怨上天对我苛薄，也不责怪别人不能体谅我。)

36.以德报怨《论语.宪问》以直报怨，以德报德。(应该以公正报答仇怨，以恩惠报答恩惠。)《老子三章》报怨以德。(对于自己有怨雠的人用德来回报他，最后也会被感化。)

37.言不及义《论语.卫灵公》群居终日，言不及义，好行小惠，难矣哉。(一群人整天聚在一起，没讲一句正经的话，好卖弄小聪明，这种人不会有什么成

38.当仁不让《论语.卫灵公》当仁不让于师。(在为仁的大道理上，虽然面对师长，也不必谦让。)

39.驷不及舌《论语.颜渊》一旦失言犯了过错，纵使鞭策四匹马的快车去追，也追不上了。一言即出四马难追，讲话宜特别注意，免得祸从口出。

40.升堂入室《论语.先进》子曰：「由之瑟，奚为于丘之门?」门人不敬子路。子曰：「由也升堂矣，未入于室也!」(升堂入室喻研究学问，已达高明精微的境界。但此句言子路未入室，即说明子路尚未达到孔子的理想境界。)(同豋堂入室)

41. 六尺之孤 《论语.泰伯》可以托六尺之孤。(做人应该达到这种地步，把年幼的孤儿托附给你，而你能使对方放心完全信任你。)

42.战战兢兢 《论语.泰伯》曾子有疾，召门弟子曰：「启予足!启予手!诗云：『战战兢兢，如临深渊，如履薄冰。』」(形容凡事小心谨慎。) 43.有教无类 《论语.卫灵公》受教育不分贵*、贤愚，机会都是均等的。 44.金声玉振 《孟子.万章下》 孔子之谓集大成，集大成也者，金声而玉振也。(孟子称赞孔子才德兼备，学识渊博，正如奏乐，以钟发声，以磬收乐，集众音之大成。)

45.始作俑者 《孟子.梁惠王上》仲尼曰：始作俑者，其无后乎，为其象人而用之也。如之何其使斯民饥而死也。(俑者，古时制作用于殉葬的木偶，孔子觉得俑的面目与人非常相似，用以殉葬十分残忍，故孔子厌恶创始者的不仁。)后引申以作俑指创先制造坏事、首开恶例。现今孔庙的神龛内不设偶像崇拜，亦无孔子塑像。台中孔庙正殿内有书写雕刻的《大成至圣先师孔子神位》，神位牌为贴金箔九龙所蟠护，是民族艺术薪传奖木雕大师李松林先生之作品。

46.万仞宫墙 《论语.子张》子贡曰:“譬之宫墙，赐之墙也及肩，窥见室家之好;夫子之墙数仞，不得其门而入，不见宗庙之美、百官之富。得其门者或寡矣。”。寓意孔夫子学问道德高深，若要求取上进，并无快捷方式，唯有进黉门或泮宫(皆古代学校)潜心修习，才能窥其堂奥。

我们在浩瀚飘渺的宇宙中选择了这个美丽的星球，于是我们来到这个世界，开始了自己的人生。我们掌控着罗盘不失方向的前进，或站在大海面前，或屹立于波涛之巅。在每个转折点，由我们自己选择着命运，选择着永恒的未来。

敦，大也;煌，盛也。沉淀了千年古韵的敦煌选择了与气势雄浑的祁连山为友，与无垠的塔克拉玛干沙漠为伴。它经历了汉风唐雨的洗礼，见证了三皇五帝戎马一生。它选择了坎坷沧桑的路，却成了它“东方艺术明珠”之名，闻名世界。

长，远也;城，固也。蜿蜒盘旋的长城选择了几个朝代的等待，换来了如今的辉煌。它犹如一条睿智的东方巨龙卧在万里疆土上，守护着与天齐高的河山。人民用汗水和心血完成了这伟大的工程，它用它持久的努力凝聚了整个中华民族。它选择了走这漫漫长路，却造就了它无坚不摧的宏伟体魄，为世界所瞻仰。

我们的命运，不是来源于上天注定，而是来源于我们的选择。

我们会面临选择，命运一直由我们自己选择。

我们要勇敢的选择，为我们所愿抵达的远方作出最正确的选择，就像他们一样。朱生豪先生在人生低迷的时候选择了将翻译事业当做摆脱迷茫的一剂良药，他怀揣《莎士比亚戏剧》奔走在战火中，克服重重困难坚持完成了高质量的译文。他证明了自己，更向世界证明了中国。印象派大师莫奈在经纪上捉襟见肘，举债度日的情况下，选择了坚持像鸟儿歌唱那样作画。他捕捉生活中令人感动的光线，用鲜明的色彩，以及人群中散发的活力来充当自己笔下的灵魂。他在爱的支持和鼓励下，不畏官方的抨击，选择了以有力的生命去为自己的艺术搏击，最后成就了他的一生。你可知道肯塔基州的穷小伙?也就是美国历最伟大的总统——亚伯拉罕·林肯。他，选择了坚定不移的走自己的政治道路，于是他领导人民在南北战争中取得了胜利。他的努力和杰出的人品为他的事业奠定了坚实的基础，他的信念更是让他能勇敢的与落后的制度作战，于是美国有了辉煌的今天，人类多了一位让人景仰的总统。

我们的命运，不是来源于命中注定，而是来源于我们的选择。

我们要相信自己的选择，正如真切的相信我们还活着，相信我们触到的墙、树甚至是人都存在于这个世界。选择好一条路，它会通往世界的中心，通往日出的海平线;选择好携带的东西，它会帮助你斩断荆棘和杂草，跨越峡谷和海浪;选择好随行的人，这是一个绝对的选择，我们爱这个人一次便永远爱他;选择好良好的心态，或许会倒在沙漠里，晕在赤道上，但都要迅速的爬起来坚强地迈向远方;选择好每一天的行程，在哪里哭，哪里笑，哪里直走，哪里拐角;选择好选择的依据，阳光会把命运点燃、照亮。

选择好命运，并坚持自己的选择。我相信，在人生的殿堂里，会有你挚爱的人为你加冕为王。

话题作文

Nowadays现在， there are more and more __ _ in _+名词_ _. 在。。。反面有越来越多的。。。It is estimated that ___. 据估计。。。Why have there been so many ____?为什么有这么多。。。 Maybe the reasons can be listed as follows. 也许原因如下

The first one is ______. 第一个原因是。。。Besides，而且。

_____. The third one is _____. 第三个原因是。。。To sum up总

之， the main cause of it is due to _____.最主要的原因是由于

It is high time that something were done upon it是时候我们来改善它了.

For one thing，一方面我们可以做。_____. For another thing， _____另一方面我们可以。. All these measures will certainly reduce the number of _____. 所有的这些措施都可以确切的减少。

标签： 环保 社会 健康 时评

近年来，随着大气污染防治日益被重视，雾炮车也火了起来。据报道，国内多地采购了这一新型工具上路，采购方多是当地环保局、市政公司，每台均价近70万元，其中河北鸡泽县环保局出手最大方，中标价为130多万元。但专家表示，说雾炮车能除霾并不科学，实际上就是个洒水的东西。

一个“洒水的东西”，不仅耗费了巨额公共财政资金，还被地方有关部门吹得神乎其神，似乎有此一“神器”，就可以克霾制胜，澄澈大气，确实是够神奇的。

仅仅是不知情、不了解吗?恐怕未必。从媒体报道可知，地方政府并非真的相信雾炮车可以除霾，刊登在媒体上的相关降霾指标，也都是经由厂商之口发布的，监测部门并无具体数据。既如此，为何还会笃定相信这样的“神器”?甚至显得比卖家还有信心?

一方面，雾霾之下，地方政府往往焦头烂额，上有严厉的环保督查，下有民众纷纷扰扰的吐槽，而出于经济指标以及政绩的考量，若要真正“壮士断腕”去产能、谋转型，又难以割舍。情急之下，只好弄出一些奇招、怪招作为一种应对之策。不管是不是能真的解决问题，不妨先把架势拉开，场面功夫做得足一些，总强过无所作为。

这也可以解释，为什么一些地方有动力去在空气监测点附近做文章，要么给空气探测器戴个口罩;要么把监测点设在植物茂密、环境相对更好的公园，并不间断洒水除尘，等等。这些做法的本质其实都是一样的，那就是以小修小补来应付上面的问责与下边的口碑。

另一方面，也与一些部门的利益冲动有关。当下，大气污染治理已经成为很多地方的重要工作，相应地，政府在财政投入上也往往不遗余力，这也使得以往的财政软约束变得更软，只要是与治霾相关的投入，价格并不成问题。这样，当政府的大手大脚与企业的逐利行为相遇，必然会迅速形成共识。这也可以解释为什么会有那么多企业投身所谓的“环保产业”。

按道理讲，环保产业本身并无问题，经济发展到一定阶段，环保产业自然会发展起来。但这里边的前提是让市场的归市场、政府的归政府，不能以治霾之名，滥用公共财政。据报道，某镇级政府在购置雾炮车时，制定的技术标准怪异，有专门为了满足某一企业而设计的嫌疑。此类招标造假的背后，不排除存在利益输送的可能。

其实，当下各地雾霾的形成，应该是长期的工业化污染物超量排放的结果，而治理之策，既要下大力气根除污染源，也要从调结构、转方式等基础性工作做起，等不得，但也急不得。任何试图立竿见影、一蹴而就的想法和做法，都是不切实际的。与其急功近利，还不如踏踏实实地做好手头的工作，点滴寸进，久久为功。

至于那种寄希望于“神器”的拍脑瓜决策，更是一种行政虚妄。此举非但不能根治雾霾，反而会将关系民众切身利益的环境治理搞成权力的生意。

作者：胡印斌(媒体评论员)

The Difficulty of Learning Chinese

学习中文的困难

I was born in America and stayed there for four years.

我出世在美国并且呆了四年。

But after I celebrate my four years old birthday, my parents decide to go back to China.

但在庆祝完我四岁生日后，我父母决定回到中国。

Going back to China, I meet many difficulties. The biggest difficulty for me is to learn Chinese.

回到中国，我遇到了很多困难。对我来说最大的困难就是学习中文。

Oh, god, it is so hard. There are so many Chinese and every word has many meanings.

哦，上帝，太难了。汉字实在太多了，而且每个字又有很多意思。

Whats worse, the same pinyin may have various meanings and intonation also makes great difference.

更严重的是，同一个拼音还可以有不同的意思而且音调不一样，差别也很大。

I dont know how to open my mouth. Although there are many people help me, I still feel it difficult to learn well.

我都不知道如何开口了。虽然有很多人帮我，但我还是觉得很难学好。

[2017年高考满分的英语作文

Mid-Autumn festival is our traditional festival, from ancient to present, the Mid-Autumn festival means "league member" and "happiness". Relatives in other countries are rushing home to get together and enjoy the beautiful festival together.

The Mid-Autumn festival, as the name implies, is the autumn air and crisp season, the fragrance of the osmanthus, like thick kinship, is not open, deeply take a sip, as if it is full of sweetness and happiness. Our family of five, in this garden of fragrant osmanthus trees, celebrate the Mid-Autumn festival. My mother and grandmother prepared a table of good food. My father doesnt drink at ordinary times. Today we have made an exception, and we have a toast with grandpa. Looked up at the hanging in the sky the moon like a Mosaic in the gem on the dark blue velvet, soft moonlight on us, as bathed in the warmth of the family, we play guessing game, side to eat and drink, guess the answers chagrin, draw people laughing sound, try very hard to guess the topic in a, merged into a beautiful melody of a song very comfortable, let I deeply felt the warmth of home and happiness. I think the meaning of Mid-Autumn festival is this!

I hope that every year the Mid-Autumn festival can be spent with my family. The people who are thankful for their parents can feel the beauty and warmth of the Mid-Autumn festival!

导语：对于红楼梦这样的书，它有一百多年的历史，红楼梦的词语当时的意义与现代所用的词语会有偏差，词语的意义与历史环境相关。情字，在红楼梦写作的时代，是一个非常特殊的词，下面是小编为您收集整理的关于《红楼梦》中的情相关材料，希望对您有所帮助。

生活在我们这个时代的人，常常用我们现在的语言来看书。对于红楼梦这样的书，它有一百多年的历史，红楼梦的词语当时的意义与现代所用的词语会有偏差，词语的意义与历史环境相关。情字，在红楼梦写作的时代，是一个非常特殊的词，它甚至代表了当时主流的价值观。

一、摘抄红楼梦中的句子及赏析

1、任凭弱水三千，我只取一瓢饮。

[评价与赏析]：红尘滚滚，奈何不了一往情深。人欲横流，唯简单笃定不乱一心。

2、寒塘渡鹤影，冷月葬花魂。

[评价与赏析]：寒山诗云：“我心如明月，寒潭清皎洁。”一心清冷，双目清明。

3、一个是阆苑仙葩，一个是美玉无暇。若说没奇缘，今生偏又遇着他;若说有奇缘，如何心事终虚化?

[评价与赏析]：世人皆堪不破，缘之所以是缘，本就是要散的。

4、草木也知愁，韶华竟白头，叹今生谁舍谁收?嫁与东风春不管，凭尔去，忍淹留。

[评价与赏析]：人生本是孤寂，热闹都是强装。看叶子绿又黄，心头一点凉。

5、他是甘露之惠，我并无此水可还。他既下世为人，我也去下世为人，但把我一生的眼泪还他，也偿还的过他了。

[评价与赏析]：人与人，从来是债。

6、黄金万两容易得，知心一个也难求。

[评价与赏析]：自古长如此，叹息未曾止。

7、我就是个多愁多病身，你就是那倾国倾城貌。

[评价与赏析]：玉体易枯，红颜易老。好景不长，放下趁早。

8、都道是金玉良姻，俺只念木石前盟。空对着山中高士晶莹雪，终不忘世外仙姝寂寞林。叹人间，美中不足今方信;纵然是齐眉举案，到底意难平。

[评价与赏析]：人生多的，就是遗憾。几人办得到，放眼看。

9、莫失莫忘，不离不弃。

[评价与赏析]：明知道不可能，才一再地说。人总是这样。

10、厚地高天，堪叹古今情不尽;痴男怨女，可怜风月债难偿。

[评价与赏析]：四海又五湖，古今儿女泪。

11、一聚一散最伤神，还不如不聚的好，所以向来喜散不喜聚。

[评价与赏析]：《东邪西毒》里欧阳锋说：“要想不被人拒绝，最好的办法是先拒绝别人。”人的拒绝，常常是因为害怕。

12、女儿是水作的骨肉，男人是泥作的骨肉。我见了女儿，我便清爽;见了男子，便觉浊臭逼人。

[评价与赏析]：从来女儿多情，男儿欲盛。

13、滴不尽相思血泪抛红豆，开不完春柳春花满画楼。睡不稳纱窗风雨黄昏后，忘不了新愁与旧愁。

[评价与赏析]：一个情字，最是磨人。

14、乱哄哄，你方唱罢我登场，反认他乡是故乡;甚荒唐，到头来都是为他人作嫁衣裳。

[评价与赏析]：我们已经走得太远，以至于忘记了为什么而出发。进不了的前程，回不去的故乡。

15、质本洁来还洁去，强于污淖陷渠沟。

[评价与赏析]：就算对世间污浊无能为力，也还能干干净净地走。

16、好一似食尽鸟投林，落了片白茫茫大地真干净。

[评价与赏析]：曲终人散，如梦无痕。

二、红楼梦中的情

红楼梦的作者受到冯梦龙至情思想影响很大，对于情这个概念，红楼梦作者在写书时，冯梦龙的思想贯穿其中：

因空见色，由色生情，传情入色，自色悟空，遂易名为情僧，改《石头记》为《情僧录》。

——红楼梦第一回

石头记录的，其实是一个“因空见色，由色生情，传情入色，自色悟空”的过程。

佛家认为，“色”、“空”是两个性质，万事万物表面是色，实质都是空的。众生迷惑于“色”失去本性不能悟“空”。主张一切所见的事物都是虚无的，了悟可得人生解脱。

红楼梦的作者虽有“色”“空”描述，而实际写的是“情”，将“情”放在比“色”“空”“礼教”更高的位置，充分表现了至情的理念。红楼梦是群像小说，这些群像都是情演化出来的人物，最后都要归结到情上去。

开辟鸿蒙，谁为情种?都只为风月情浓。趁着这奈何天，伤怀日，寂寥时，试遣愚衷。因此上，演出这怀金悼玉的《红楼梦》。

——红楼梦第五回

开辟鸿蒙说的是天地初开万物之始，问谁是情种，显然蕴含着情生一切的概念。问句后面自做了回答，一切都是为风月情浓。情遇到了“奈何天”“ 伤怀日”“ 寂寥时”就要排遣演化。引子总领着整个红楼梦，情贯穿始终。接下来裙钗的判曲就是“演化”，所有的判曲都蕴含着“情”，最后归结红楼梦。

为官的，家业凋零;富贵的，金银散尽。有恩的，死里逃生;无情的，分明报应。欠命的，命已还;欠泪的，泪已尽。冤冤相报岂非轻，分离聚合皆前定。欲知命短问前生，老来富贵也真侥幸。看破的，遁入空门;痴迷的，枉送了性命。好一似食尽鸟投林，落了片白茫茫大地真干净!

——红楼梦第五回

三、情榜

是处引十二钗总未的确，皆系漫拟也。至末回警幻情榜，方知正、副、再副及三四副芳讳。

——红楼梦第十八回

情榜并不是红楼梦作者的原创，情榜正是冯梦龙所创。冯梦龙在情史上罗列了情的分类，每个分类里都有若干个有情的故事。冯梦龙把故事分类为情贞、情缘、情私、情侠、情豪、情爱、情痴、情感、情幻、情灵、情化、情媒、情仇、情芽、情报、情秽、情累、情疑、情鬼、情妖、情外、情通、情迹二十四种。红楼梦的作者显然借鉴了冯梦龙情史的分类方法写了红楼梦的情榜，这从贾宝玉和林黛玉的情榜考语中可初见端倪。贾宝玉的情榜考语“情不情”、林黛玉的情榜考语“情情”都有着精到的表述。

“情不情”，前面的情为动词，即将感情也会赋予没有感情的人或物或事上，总结贾宝玉的多情性格。也可以断句，“情，不情”，指的是宝玉或者说石头作为记录者，是来人世记录“情”和“不情”的。作者用这个考语概括了贾宝玉角色，合于主旨。

“情情”，解释为将情感投入到有寄托有感情的人和事上。这个考语告诉我们，林黛玉是个专一的人，她所暧昧的只有贾宝玉一人，往往没有顾及周遭人的感受。情情，是对“情”的强调，是对情的至真。比如黛玉在打趣宝玉的时候，不经意就伤及偷东西的丫鬟，这样的描写都是符合情情考语。

“冷情”是众多红学家对于薛宝钗情榜考语的揣测。脂砚斋没有透露其他人的考语，所以几乎不得而知。但是我认为红楼梦其他裙钗的考语，应当与冯梦龙所列的二十四种考语类似。唯独宝玉、宝钗、黛玉三人的考语具有比较深的意义，总领其他裙钗的考语。

脂砚斋透露一个信息，情榜乃是警幻仙子处的，要在末回出现。这里的末回应指的是红楼梦的最后一回，警幻仙子将在那时太虚幻境挂号的所有裙钗进行罗列，末回应当是一个归结，昭示，对人物进行谒语性质的评判，当然每个人物的考语中都带着“情”字，也是作者在写作人物过程中把握人物的总结性的语句。

四、至情至真思想的源头

讲到至情思想的出现要从宋朝开始。宋朝的理学家把儒家的伦理学说哲学化、宗教化，提出“天理”与“人欲”对立的命题。主张扼杀人的正常情感和欲望，主张“存天理、灭人欲”。于是“情”的宣传被认为是异端学说。到了明末，特别是到了汤显祖生活的嘉靖、隆庆、万历年间，明王朝行将就木，日益尖锐的社会矛盾使得理学家束手无策。统治机构开始涣散，封建法制废弛，思想界出现了缝隙，一股清新的思想潮流从缝隙中流出，这就是至情的思想源头。

明末商品经济的发展使得社会风尚急剧变化，封建道德的传统信念已没有吸引力。在金钱万能的城市社会里，纲常权威低落了。汤显祖的言情理论和实践在戏曲界掀起轩然大波，一时间风起云涌。做“有情痴”是一种时髦。冯梦龙为代表的一些文人更甚。如袁于令论及戏曲的时候，讲剧场认为是情的世界。演剧乃是统合剧作者、演员和观众的一片真情的创造活动。他说：

剧场即一世界。世界即一情。人以剧场假而情真，不知当场者有情人也，顾曲者尤属有情人也，即从旁之堵墙而观听者——若童子、弱瞽叟、若村媪……无非有情人也。倘演者不真，则观者之精神不动;然作者不真，则演者之精神亦不灵。

——《焚香记》序言

在此其基础上，汤显祖还提出了“情真”的原则，主张作文要说“真实语”。要说“真实语”，则必先做“真人”，有“真情”。做真人的最高境界是保持未被污染的“童心”。“童心”说为罗汝芳、李贽等人所认同。红楼梦作者受到至情至真的思想影响相当大，以至于笔者一度想论证红楼梦作者系明末清初的人。因为一部作品有时代性，有一定的时代印记，好比我们现在写文章不会引用毛主席语录一样，红楼梦写作的时代，应当是至情至真思想盛行的时代。

红楼梦中，真假问题也始终存在着，且不论文本，就连脂批也有对真讨论：

谚云：“一日卖了三千假，三日卖不出一个真”

——红楼梦第一回

对于情的表述更是不胜枚举，第一回文本连同脂批中就有38个字情字，许多情字具有点题的作用，第五回也有38个情字，太虚幻境有“假作真时真亦假，无为有处有还无”的对联，“孽海情天”上牌坊横批中有情，有“厚地高天，堪叹古今情不尽;痴男怨女，可怜风月债难偿”的对联，始终强调情。

红楼梦从一个神瑛侍者和绛珠仙草的神话故事、石头的下凡引出红楼梦中一干风流冤家的群像，从一到繁，从繁到一。红楼梦是一部用情写成的书，是演义情的著作。是作者用一生的情写成的长篇巨著。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

高考英语之关键词大揭秘 从供给侧结构改革到万众创新，从大山的相声到阿喀琉斯之踵，从对一代拳王阿里的名言直引到向莎士比亚经典的致敬，今年的高考英语(江苏卷)可是吸足了考生的眼球。 关键词揭秘之阿喀琉斯之踵(Achilles Heel) 上世纪九十年代的那部《特洛伊》，还是一枚小鲜肉的布拉德·皮特主演的就是阿喀琉斯。传说刚出生的时候，他母亲特意提溜着他的脚踵将他放在冥河之中浸泡，从而打造了他的刀枪不入之身。而唯一没有浸到冥河水的脚踵，也就成为了这位英雄的唯一弱点。 关键词揭秘之拳王阿里( Muhammad Ali) 今年考卷上阿里的那句话，让人震撼“Champions arent made in gyms. Champions are made from something they have deep inside them. A desire， a dream， a vision.”(冠军不是诞生在体育馆里，而是来自人的内心。成就冠军的是渴望、是梦想，是愿景!) 关键词揭秘之莎翁( William Shakespeare) 今年的书面表达问了考生一个让人纠结的问题：面对微信上铺天盖地的“最萌宝宝”、“最美小学生”投票，你是投还是不投。“To vote or not to vote”就是对莎翁悲剧《哈姆雷特》中经典名言“To be or not to be”的致敬。

[英语高考作文真题该不该参加网络投票

在外语四项技能中，写作对学生的要求是最高的，它要求学生具有以外语思维方式谴词造句，熟练掌握拼写、标点等写作的基本知识的能力。小编收集了提高英语写作水平的方法，欢迎阅读。

英语教学的目的在于发展学生的英语语言技能，培养学生良好的英语交际能力。《英语新课程标准》中语言技能包括听、说、读、写四项基本技能及这四种技能的综合运用能力，四者之间密切联系，相互渗透，互为基础。听、读是领会和理解别人表达的意思;说和写是用言语表达思想。写的能力要在听、说、读的基础上进行培养和提高，而写的训练又能进一步提高听、说、读的能力。

在外语四项技能中，写作对学生的要求是最高的，它要求学生具有以外语思维方式谴词造句，熟练掌握拼写、标点等写作的基本知识的能力。还需要学生有创造性、有合乎逻辑的表达思想的能力。目前的小学英语教学中，极其重视“听、说、读”的能力训练， “写”的教学基本一直停留在“抄写”阶段，没有开始真正意义上的写作教学。

一.写作准备阶段

(一)消除恐惧心理

自英语普及后，根据社会要求，杜绝“哑巴英语”，大多数的学校都从一年级就开设英语课程，到了四年级，学生的口头表达能力都很好，笔头方面就相对弱了。进行英语写作，他们就会觉得不自信，觉得自己水平达不到，能力也够不上。针对这点，就得需要教师在教学中，根据学生的实际能力安排教学。学生是教学的主体，要想教学有效果，就必须发挥学生的主动性。学生怕写作，一方面是觉得自己的所积累的词汇量和句子不够多，教师在教学中注重适量的拓展和培养积累单词，词组的好习惯，对句子进行举一反三的说。另一方面学生怕在写作中犯错，怕会因为一些小错误就受到老师的批评，就这方面，教师在指导时应多给予鼓励，只有让他们认识到了错误，改正了，才会减少错误，在鼓励中增强学生的自信心，从而消除他们对写作的恐惧感。

(二)创设写作环境

环境是非常重要的因素，人的成长需要好的环境，写作当然也要求有个好的环境。况且，写作是个复杂的思维过程，环境在此更显其重要性。在教学中，教师可以精心为学生创设一个积极、合作和富有鼓励性的环境，使他们乐于写作，充分发挥自己的思维能力。比如，在中年级的英语教学中可以安排学生对练习册上的短小语段摘抄下来，读读背背，培养语感;在高年级的英语教学中，可以安排写英语日记，一组的学生的共用一本日记本，每天由一位同学带回家写英语日记，内容及多少都不限制。老师每次都得对日记进行认真批改和给予鼓励性的评价。学生可以传阅，在其中他们能分享成功的喜悦，也扩大阅读量。

(三)传授基本知识

写作就像盖房子一样，有了材料，要把这材料以一定的形式堆放在一起才能形成房屋，这都需要老师的指导。英语写作技能的难度较大，学生也不能很快接受，提高英语写作质量也不容易，教师在进行英语写作教学时，要特别注意教学目标与学生特点，采用适当的教学方法，传授基本的写作知识。

1.科学指导学生对单词的识记，提高单词拼写的正确率，减少不必要的拼写错误。教师可以引导学生在阅读过程中和其他课内外学习中养成记单词的好习惯，同时也要鼓励学生注重词组及常用句型的积累，同时也要给与适合的场合让他们输出。

2.语法是英语学习中非常烦琐，枯燥的一项，小学生很难接受，但在教学中适当得进行句法结构操练还是必要的。让学生自然地接受语言结构，以便他们在写作时能正确地表情达意。

3.汉英表达存在着差异，如Ilikeit,too.中文的正确表达是：我也喜欢它。不会说成：我喜欢他，也。这就是中文和英文在词序上的不同，也是一种习惯表达的不同。没有特定的规律，这就需要学生多阅读，培养好的语感。

4.标点符号虽是小问题但不可忽视，教师应对此进行讲解，把两种语言中的标点符号的用法不同进行比较，阐明正确使用标点符号对正确表达思想十分重要。如，在表示一个人说话，汉语中用冒号和双引号，在英语中是没有冒号的，要表示一个人说话，得用逗号和双引号。

二.写作训练阶段

写作包括能用所学词汇、语法和句型造简单的句子、回答问题、改写课文、看图写话、依照学过的题材写小短文。这些需要循序渐进，要从最简单的语言和言语练习开始，从基本要求做起，由易到难，逐步提高要求，每一步都要有具体要求，切实可行。

(一)句的训练

词连成句，造句是英语写作教学的主要练习形式之一。可以先由教师提供词素，让学生学会连句，熟悉句子结构，为以后造句打下基础。教师也可以在教授一种句型结构时让学生改句子。而后，让学生自己造句，教师常常可以为学生造句提供一个结合实际生活的情景，这样可以避免注重语言形式，忽视内容，脱离一定的情景与主题。

句型转换也是训练形式之一，让学生在不改变语言意义的前提下进行句型转换练习，理解表达同一个意思可以采用不同的句型，这样可以避免写作时句型的单调与重复。

(二)段的训练

句连成段，可以进行看图写作，教师出示一幅图，让学生对其进行描述写成小段。看图写作有其长处，可以在写作过程中可以增加图片与英语思维、表达的直接联系、培养想象力、减少对中文的依赖。为了使学生更多地参与写作教学，激发他们对写作的兴趣，看图写作的图画老师可以让学生自己根据喜好，选择适合他们水平的图画或照片，带到课堂上使用。图画生动多样，大大激发了他们的写作兴趣，可以选一部分优秀的进行展示，评价，相互学习，这样能提高学生的整体水平。

(三)短文的训练

提供学生一些生活化的话题，选择的话题材料要接近学生的现实生活和学习。比如学生可以写自我介绍，写最喜欢的动物，学生会很活跃地思考，用最简单的句子表达他们的意思，表达他们的感情。

同时，也可以是对书本内容进行的扩充，如《牛津小学英语5B》，Unit4中出现了writeane-mail，在这里可以补充教授书信的格式，通过网络让学生学会用电子邮件发信，教师可以让学生结合自己的实际，与自己的朋友写e-mail,但要做到有信必回，这样才是有效的训练。如6B讲到seasons时可以给他们一个topic：Whichseasondoyoulikebest?Why?这样的话题是他们自己切身感受，学生们可以畅所欲言。

(四)阅读的训练

俗话说：读书破万卷，下笔如有神。阅读是写作的基础，大量的，广泛的阅读，能加强学生理解和吸收书面信息的能力，有助于巩固和扩大词汇量，增强语感丰富学生的语言知识。教师可以指导学生读一些相同水平的文章、故事，记忆背诵一些典型的范文也是可以的。让学生在大量的阅读中积累词汇、句子，形成良好的语感，为学生更好的写作打下坚实的基础。

三.如何评价写作内容

学生的作文要及时地批改，对学生在写作中出现的错误，可以用一些柔和的方式指出，并给予他们指导，告诉他们怎么错了，订正在边上(订正在原位会使他们忽略他们的错误)，知道正确答案，再加以鼓励。这样，他们会慢慢积累知识。即使有学生的错误很多，也不要说“写得不行，不好”之类的话，打击他们的积极性，可以给予他们一些建议，给予他们多些指导这样会更好。

对于写的好的，可以当场给予表扬和鼓励，把好的文章读给大家听或者展贴出来，其余学生可以一起分享。俗话说“乐此不疲”，要学好一种东西，兴趣是至关重要的。它是获得知识进行创造性创作的一种自觉动机，是鼓舞和推动学生创作的内在动力，也是提高写作水平的重要途径。因此，在写作教学中要鼓励学生创作，培养他们创作的兴趣，好的作品可以将它们推荐到小学生学习报刊、杂志。这样，学生的积极性就调动了，他们也觉得有成就感，也更乐于写作了。

写作在英语教学中是不可忽略的一项，也是学生最难接受的。“宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来。”“滴水穿石非一日之功，冰冻三尺非一日之寒。”教师合理教学，学生长期持之以恒，做生活的有心人，做勤劳的小蜜蜂，多思考，多练笔，一定能对写作产生浓厚兴趣，提高英语写作能力。为今后的英语学习打下结实的基矗

导语：散文是一种作者写自己经历见闻中的真情实感的灵活、精干的文学体裁。作者在散文中的形象比较明显，常用第一人称叙述，个性鲜明。正像巴金所说“我的任何散文里都有我自己”，总之可以说是表现自我。散文要做到形散神不散，才是一篇好散文，下面我们来看看散文写作技巧。

同时，这也就需要大胆无忌。正如鲁迅所说“任意而谈，无所顾忌”，他还推崇曹操及魏晋散文的“力主通脱”。也如刘半农所说，散文要“赤裸裸地表达”，写真实的“我”是散文的核心特征和生命所在，这是定义的最大要素。

散文语言十分重要。首要的一条是以口语为基础，而文语(包括古语和欧化语)为点缀。其次是要清新自然，优美洗练。此外，还可以讲究一些语言技法，如句式长短相间，随物赋形，如多用修辞特别是比喻，如讲音调、节奏、旋律的音乐美等。

首先，必须明确一个散文写作观念，即散文的唯一内容和对象是作者的感情体验。所有的教材都提出了散文要写感情，但却是作为一种必备因素和一种内在线索。应当强调指出，感情不是片面的因素，也不仅仅是线索，而是散文的对象。散文写人、写事都只是表面现象，从根本上说写的是感情体验。感情体验就是“不散的神”，而人与事则是“散”的可有可无、可多可少的“形”。朱自清的《背影》不是要记录回家和父子离别的琐事，而是要吐露一种对父亲及失败了的父辈的怜惜和敬爱。刘真的《望截流》，重点不是顺理成章的工程本身或建设者的业绩，而是一种回归历史进步主流的内心感受。感情体验，是散文的内在结构，有了它，就可以天马行空地起草。这一点，不能不明朗和确定。

有了散文的内在结构——感情体验，只要再明确外在结构的核心就可以写好散文。外在结构的核心是细节。散文和小说一样，建立在细节的描写和叙述的基础上，但细节的排列组合方式不同。可以说，小说组合细节是“以盘盛珠”，而散文则是“以线穿珠”。小说的“盘”是一个社会的横切面，具备冲突，各种阶层、力量的人物或隐或显，而细节只能在这样的“盘”中有机地展开。散文的“线”，就是感情体验，或多或少，随手拈来，任情挥洒——以感情体验的表现为准。由此，我们说散文(应称艺术散文)，是最自由的文体，散漫如水，手法灵活。

只要弄清这些，写真实自我及由此生发的个性口语、感情体验和细节描写，就掌握了散文写作的要领，什么章法(如文眼)、意境等等一般化认识都不必过于拘谨地学习，其他文体理论知识和写作基础理论都会讲到。

散文主要分为记叙散文和抒情散文(仍按传统的不明确的说法)两种。下面将两种散文的模式列出，供初学者和高等教育应试者选择使用。

记叙散文模式

【开头】①感情化语言概括叙述“我”和该人，重点在后，介绍该人，如肖像描写。②两者关系及该人精神特质的议论。

【中间】一种情况:一件事。从开头、发展到结尾，细致叙述和描写。另一种情况:几件事。每件事即每层次前，可以用对该人精神特质的一个因素领起，以对该人的感情体验及整体议论来贯穿几件事。

【结尾】①重申特质，照应开头。②深化感情关系，发出感慨。抒情散文模式

【开头】①叙述自己与景物的关系。②议论景物和自己。

【中间】①描写景物，分出层次，细致动人。②发挥联想。

【结尾】感慨

顾炎武曾说“天下兴之，匹夫有责。”担当应是一种风气，它不仅是君子们应有的品质，更应是所有人应坚守的准则。万州公交坠江事件，表面上是乘客与司机之间的矛盾，但那些无动于衷的看客真的就是完全无辜的吗?如果当时有一个人站出来制止的活，悲剧就不会发生。所以做一个有担当的人，不管对自己还是对他人都有益处。

担当无分一人小，无分贵贱，它是一种态度，更是一种行动。

八国联军侵华，腐朽的清政府无力抵抗，但是民间自觉组织起了义和团运动。他们打击洋人，破坏铁路;他们无惧枪炮，不害怕凶残的敌人。他们大都由目不识丁的农民组成，“位卑未敢忘状国”在他们身上得到了最好的诠释。这就是担当!

担当是一种临危不乱的能力，让你化险为夷。

扎克伯格，年少成名，微软等大公司向他们抛出橄榄枝，被他拒绝了，此后更是一手创立了“脸书”，但成功不是一帆风顺的。很快“脸书”因侵犯用户隐私而官司缠身，他也一夜之间跌入谷底，艰难处境让他一度想把公司卖给谷歌，但他坚信自己的运作是正确。于是他选择了承担所有责任，向用户道歉，赔偿损失，并及时推出自定义展示动态的功能，“脸书“最终化险为夷，用户量也因此与日俱增。

人可以无才，但不可无德。担当是一种最重要的品德，家中的长辈很早就教导我，“有肩就得挑担子，敢做敢当”。

担当是可贵的，在现在可以为你赢得机遇，克服困难;有担当就有动力，让你做任何事都会竭尽全力。

因为担当，本可以置身事外的魏公子窃符救赵;因为担当，在国外享有优越生活的钱学森夫妇毅然回国;因为担当，当危机来临时，萨利机长挺身而出。

做为新时代的青年人，时代赋予我们担当的使命，对家庭，对工作，对国家，我们都应该有一颗担当的心——“有肩就得挑担子”。

课文中的经典句子，又是精华中的精华，背熟之后对你的写作语法有很大的帮助。下面来看看小编为大家带来的英语课文经典句子吧，希望对你有帮助。

1、 Flora,whose beautiful hair and dress were all cold and wet, started crying.

2、 Tree after tree went down, cut down by the water, which must have been three meters deep.

3、 The garden that was once so beautiful was completely destroyed, swept away by the wild water.

4、 I found some photos of interesting places which were not too far away from Chengdu.

5、 He told me that I could go on a two-day trip to Leshan and Emei, which wasn’t too expensive.

6、 First,we went to Leshan, where we climbed all the way up the mountain to see the Buddha.

7、 Looking up at the large head and down at the large feet makes you feel so small.

8、 Wei Bin took photos of us standing in front of the Buddha.

9、 Steven Spielberg, whose mother was a music teacher, was born in 1946 in a small town in America.

10、 In 1959 Spielberg won a prize for a film which he made when he was thirteen years old.

11、 The reason why he could not go there was that his grades were too low.

12、 Here he worked on a short film, which won him a job as the youngest film director in the world.

13、 This was the moment when Spieberg’s career really took off.

14、 I hate hiking and Im not into classical music.

15、 I surf the Internet all the time and I like playing computer games.

16、 Rock music is OK, and so is skiing.

17、 When are you off to Guangzhou?

18、 My plane leaves at seven, so I think we’ll take a taxi.

19、 See you when I get back.

20、 The next moment the first wave swept her down, swallowing the garden.

21、 Now ,the water, which was cold as ice and flowed faster than a river, was above her knees.

22、 Jeff and Flora looked into each other’s face with a look of fright.

23、 Chuck is a businessman who is always so busy that he has little time for his friends.

24、 One day Chuck is on a flight across the Pacific Ocean when suddenly his plane crashes.

25、 He realizes that he hasn’t been a very good friend because he has always been thinking about himself.

26、 Chuck learns that we need friends to share happiness and sorrow, and that it is important to have someone to care about.

27、 When he makes friends with Wilson, he understand that friendship is about feelings and that we must give as much as we take.

28、 The lesson we can learn from Chuck and all the others who have unusual friends is that friends are teachers.

29、 I found the bathroom, but I didn’t find what I was looking for.

30、 Don’t forget to buy me some ketchup on your way back.

31、 There are more than 42 countries where the majority of the people speak English.

32、 In total, for more than 375 million people English is their mother tongue.

33、 In China students learn English at school as a foreign language, except for those in Hong Kong, where many people speak English as a first or a second language.

34、 In only fifty years, English has developed into the language most widely spoken and used in the world.

35、 With so many people communicating in English every day ,it will become more and more important to have a good knowledge of English.

36、 For a long time the language in America stayed the same, while the language in England changed.

37、 In the same way Americans still use the expression “I guess “(meaning “I think”),just as the British did 300 years ago.

38、 At the same time, British English and American English started borrowing words from other languages ,ending up with different words.

39、 Except for these differences in spelling, written English is more or less the same in both British and American English.

40、 However,most of the time people from the two countries do not have any difficulty in understanding each other.

41、 Many people travel because they want to see other countries and visit places that are famous, interesting or beautiful.

42、 Many of today’s travelers are looking for an unusual experience and adventure travel is becoming more and more popular.

43、 Instead of spending your vacation on a bus, in a hotel or sitting on the beach, you may want to try hiking.

44、 Hiking is fun and exciting, but you shouldn’t forget safety.

45、 A raft is a small boat that you can use to paddle down rivers and streams.

46、 If you want a normal rafting trip, choose a quiet stream or river that is wide and has few fallen trees or rocks.

47、 The name “whitewater “comes from the fact that the water in these streams and rivers looks white when it moves quickly.

Film Is Giving Way to TV

There are fewer film-goers now than before. The number of TV-watchers has been increasing. In 1975, there were only 5,000 TV-watchers and in 1985, the number increased 20 times. The increase is due to the development of TV industry. With the development of economy, people are richer than before and many families can afford to buy color TV sets. People would prefer to stay at home to watch TV rather than go out to see a film.

Although film is giving way to TV, there are still some people who like watching films not only because good films are not shown on TV but because film has its own advantage.

[成人高考英语作文:Film Is Giving Way to TV

话题作文的题目大，范围宽，选材有一定的难度，每每让学生难以下手。下面是小编整理的话题作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

1、不要把话题当文章。话题作文的导语提供的是写作范围，并非作文题目。人家的话题是什么，你就以什么为题，否则就有可能出现不应有的失误，出力不讨好。

2、不要以为“文体不限”就是“不要文体”。如果不管文体，信马由缰，文章就会不伦不类。所以一定要选定一种文体，然后按这一文体的有关要求写作。

3、不要摘录导语。不少考生误将导语作为材料作文的“材料”，一开篇就“引”入文中，然后才开始或编述故事，或展开议论，这样的开篇自然也就成为文章的一大败笔。

4、不要泛泛而谈。有些学生“拿”起话题就写，根本没考虑“大题小做”，浮光掠影，泛泛而谈，致使作文中充满了大话、假话、空话、套话，全文找不出明晰的中心。

5、不要游离“话题”。少数同学对“话题”不假思索，写出来的文章根本没有触及话题，甚至与“话题有关的词眼也找不到，完全成了自由作文。因此，写作前一定要读懂“话题”，写作中一定要扣住话题。其实，有的文章只要在恰当的地方点示一下话题，文章就不担心离题了。

很多学校根据学生的爱好和兴趣开展了许多有益的课外活动，请你根据以下提示，写一篇不少于80字的短文。

内容包括：

1.列举你们学校开展的三项课外活动;

2.介绍你对哪些活动感兴趣，并说明原因，这些活动给你带来的益处;

3.为同学如何选择课外活动提出两个建议;

4.鼓励同学们积极参加学校课外活动。

Nowadays, after-class activities are becoming more and more popular in schools. We also have many kinds of after-class activities in our school, such as English corner, playing basketball and swimming. I am interested in the English corner, because it can help me make some new friends there.

If you also want to take part in after-class activities, I have some suggestions. You had better choose the activities which are good for you; you had better choose what you like.

Dear friends, please take part in after-class activities. I’m sure you will learn a lot and you will find it very interesting at the same time. Your school life will be colorful.

[高考英语作文话题预测：兴趣与爱好

Dear David,

Im glad youll come to Beijing to learn Chinese. Chinese is very useful, and many foreigners are learning it now. Its difficult for you because its quite different from English. You have to remember as many Chinese words as possible. Its also important to do some reading and writing. You can watch TV and listen to the radio to practise your listening. Do your best to talk with people in Chinese. You can learn Chinese not only from books but also from people around you. If you have any questions, please ask me. Im sure youll learn Chinese well.

Hope to see you soon in Beijing.

Yours,

Wang Ming

【翻译】

亲爱的大卫，

我很高兴你会来北京学习中文。中国是非常有益的，许多外国人正在学习，现在。这很难为你，因为它是相当的英语不同。你要记住尽可能多的中国话。同样重要的是做一些阅读和写作。你可以看电视，听广播练习你的听力。你最好不要谈论与中国人民。你可以学习汉语，不仅从书本上，而且从你周围的人。如果您有任何问题，请问我。我敢肯定你会学好中文。

希望能尽快看到你在北京。

此致，

王明

[高考满分英语作文附翻译

Nobody could have failed to notice the fact that drunken driving has been a grave problem with which we are confronted. Generally speaking, there are several reasons accounting for /behind this phenomenon. Firstly, recent decades have witnessed the rapid development of people’s living standards. As a result, cars gained ever-increasing popularity and have found their way into our everyday life. Secondly, people participate in more activities or banquets than ever before, where they will drink liquor/strong wine. Then, they may get drunk but continue to drive.

Drunken driving is bound to generate severe consequence if we keep turning a blind eye to it. Firs and foremost, this behavior will directly threaten the safety of drivers, passengers and pedestrians/goers, resulting in traffic accidents, injuries and even deaths. Besides, treating the injured and repairing broken cars mean a grievous waste of money, time and resources. Last but not least, this irresponsible driving will make the road a nightmare, and thus, it will causes serious losses of faith in governments and the society.

In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures must be taken before things gget worse. First, it is essential that the supervisory role of laws and regulations should be strengthened to punish those performing drunken driving. Secondly, the public, especially drivers, should enhance their awareness of public safety. With stringent laws and alert public, it will only a matter of time for drunken driving to become things of past.

[酒驾高考英语满分作文

不少同学拿到作文题，常常大脑中一片空白，什么也想不起来。这是没有打开作文思路所致。其实，只要我们讲究方法，审题立意关也就自然容易攻克，写作材料也就会纷至沓来，如此，又怎么会写不好作文呢?下面是小编整理的高考作文的写作思路，欢迎阅读。

一、置换法

1.如果所给的作文题目、话题或材料是借喻性质的，那么这时就可使用本体去置换喻体。如山东高考作文题：

请以“春来草自青”为话题，写一篇不少于800字的文章。

要求：①自拟题目。②自定立意。③除诗歌外，文体不限。④文体特征鲜明。

命题人给了我们比喻的喻体，本体呢，思考可知道“春”的本体可以是信心，可以是毅力，可以是机遇，也可以是改革，是友谊，是爱心，是互助，是合作，是诚信，等等。“草自青”的本体可以是欣欣向荣的局面，可以是辉煌的成功，也可以是双赢的结果，等等。我们展开联想，用一个又一个的本体去置换喻体，写什么的问题也就立马解决了。

2.如果所给的作文题目或话题中的相关词语具有多义性，那么这时可用具有单一语义的词语置换具有多义的词语。例如重庆高考作文题：

《现代汉语词典》对“自然”的释义有：①自然界。②自由发展;不经人力干预。③不勉强;不局促;不呆板。……

请以“在自然中生活”为题目，写一篇文章。

要求：①立意自定;②除诗歌外，文体不限;③不少于800字;④不要套作，不得抄袭。

以“在自然中生活”为题目，“自然”怎么理解?这是立意的关键。命题人想我们之所想，给了我们三个义项进行诠释。我们只要用其中的一个义项去置换“自然”，那么也就容易迅速立意，打开思路。如果“自然”是指自然界，那么“在自然中生活”，也就是在自然界中生活，这样我们可以谈环保等。如果“自然”是指自由发展，不经人力干预，那么“在自然中生活”，也就是在自由发展中生活，这样我们可以谈教育中的张扬、发展个性等。如果“自然”是指不勉强，不局促，不呆板，那么该如何理解呢?我们可以通过造句的方式来看一看：态度很自然;他是初次演出，但演得挺自然。这么说来，“在自然中生活”，也就是大大方方，也就是凡事能够深入进去融入其中。明白了这些，我们谈什么，也就一目了然了。

3.如果所给的作文题中含有代词，那么这时可用代词所代的事物去置换作文题中的代词。例如上海高考作文题：

平常大家关注更多的也许是“我们”，如果把视线转向“他们”，你会看到什么，又会想到什么?请以“他们”为题，写一篇文章。

要求：(1)不少于800字。(2)不要写成诗歌。(3)不得透露个人相关信息。

世界就是由“我们”与“他们”组成的，心中如果只有“我们”，自然世界是不完整的。遗憾的是，现在只关注自己的人太多了，无论何时何地，都是以自我为中心，哪里还有他人?这样的世界，又怎么会是一个和谐的世界。我们把视线转向“他们”，会看到什么?会看到贫穷，会看到富贵，会看到不公，会看到进步，会看到文明，等等。会想到什么?会想到共同富裕，会想到平等，会想到感恩，会想到正义等。“他们”是谁?可以是农民工，可以是干部子弟，可以是下岗工人，可以是一掷千金的大款，可以是沿街乞讨的老人，等等。这么一置换，自然也就打开了思路。

二、补充法

所谓补充法，是指通过给标题或话题补出相关的句子成分来打开思路的方法。例如安徽高考作文题：

请以“带着感动出发”为题，写一篇不少于800字的文章。

要求：①立意自定。②文体自选。③不得抄袭，不得套作。④不得透露个人相关信息。⑤书写规范，正确使用标点符号。

打开思路，写好“带着感动出发”，需要思考三个问题。一是谁带着感动出发。也就是补出标题的主语，可以是你(你们)，可以是我(我们)，可以是他(他们)。二是什么样的感动，或者说是为什么感动。联系实际，汶川大地震中，老师舍生救学生，我们为之感动;救援人员不怕疲劳，日夜奋战，我们为之感动;群众排队捐款、献血，我们为之感动。具体到个人，温总理第一时间在第一线指挥，我们感动;民警蒋小娟为灾民的孩子喂奶，我们感动。让人感动的原因很多，让人感动的事例很多。三是带着感动出发的结果。带着感动出发，其结果将产生更多的感动，从而使更多的人带着感动出发!

再如广东高考作文题：

请以“不要轻易说‘不’”为题写一篇文章。

要求：①除诗歌之外，文体不限;②不少于800字。

可以通过给标题补充状语的方法来打开思路。不要轻易说“不”，不是不能说“不”，而是不要轻易说。很多时候我们可以策略一些，这并不是要接受、认可，轻易说“不”的结果，往往使我们受到不必要的伤害。比如面对同事、同学、朋友、家人的正当请求，不假思索脱口而出的“不”，往往伤害了他们的自尊心，拉大了与他们的距离，使双方变得越来越疏远。不要轻易说“不”，是智慧的表现，是道德的要求。明白了这些，我们的立意、选材也就有了取舍的空间，写出与众不同的好文章，也就成了一件容易的事。

再如浙江高考作文题：

阅读下面的文字，根据要求作文。

都市和乡村，是我们栖居的空间;都市生活和乡村生活，是我们平凡的生活。当我们从平凡中回望时，每个人都会有不同的感触和期待。

请以“触摸都市”或“感受乡村”为题，写一篇作文，可讲述你自己或身边的故事，抒发你的真情实感，也可阐明你的思想观点。

【注意】①立意自定，角度自选。②除诗歌外，文体不限。③不少于800字。④不得抄袭。

无论是“触摸都市”中的“触摸”，还是“感受乡村”中的“感受”，都是用心去触摸，用心去感受。即给“触摸”、“感受”补充状语。也就是说，我们所写的，应该是都市或乡村中能够在我们心灵的湖泊上激起波澜最起码是涟漪的人、事、物或观点。这样，我们所写才可能充满与众不同的个性，而不是些人云亦云的内容。具有鲜明的个性，能够给人以陌生的新意，自然会让阅卷老师喜欢!

三、扩展法

例如湖南高考作文题：

阅读下面的文字，按要求作文。

“天街小雨润如酥，草色遥看近却无”是唐代诗人韩愈的名句。诗句的意思是说，在滋润如酥的初春细雨中，春草发芽，远远望去，一片淡淡的绿色，可是走近后，却只见到极为稀疏的草芽，绿色反而感觉不到了。诗句的意境是美的，隐含的哲理也很丰富。它使我们领悟到：置身太近，有时反而感受不到实际存在的东西;要把握某一事物，有时需要跳出这一事物;人对事物的看法与对美的感受同距离是有关系的……其实，生活中的许多事物和现象都含有这两句诗的意境与哲理，关键在于你的观察和体会。

请根据自己阅读诗句所体会到的意境与哲理，联系现实生活，写一篇不少于800字的议论文或记叙文。

【注意】①立意自定，题目自拟。②不要照抄或扩写材料。③所写文章符合文体要求。

如何立意?命题人已经给了我们三个角度，我们可以与现实生活相联系，看哪一个认识深刻，哪一个手头有材料，我们就用哪一个。除此之外，还可以谈从全局把握问题，才能看得清，看得准;还可以谈在思想上先做一个冷静的旁观者，才能搞清事实真相，从而做一个能够正确解决问题的参与者，等等。

再如福建高考作文题：

阅读下面的文字，按要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。

三个人走进商店。一个人买了一瓶果汁，说：“我喜欢甜的。”一个人买了一杯咖啡，说：“我就喜欢这又苦又甜的滋味。”还有一个人买了一瓶矿泉水后说：“我喜欢淡淡的矿泉水。”

四、变换角度法

一些材料作文，往往需要从不同角度对所给材料进行审视，以发现能够打开我们思路的角度。例如全国Ⅱ卷：

南太平洋的小岛上，有很多绿海龟孵化小龟的沙穴。一天黄昏，一只幼龟探头探脑地爬出来。一只老鹰直冲下来要叼走它。一位好心的游客发现了，连忙跑过去赶走老鹰，护着小龟爬进大海。可是，意想不到的事情发生了，沙穴里成群的幼龟鱼贯而出——原来，先出来的那只幼龟是个“侦查兵”，一旦遇到危险，它便缩回去，现在它安全到达大海，错误的信息使幼龟们争先恐后地爬到毫无遮挡的海滩。好心的游客走了，原先那只在等待时机的老鹰又飞了回来，其它老鹰也跟过来了。

要求：选择一个角度构思作文，自主确定立意，确定文体，确定标题;不要脱离材料内容及含意的范围作文，不要套作，不得抄袭。

看了这则材料，谁也知道游客是好心办坏事。为什么会这样呢?是因为无知。如果知道幼龟是“侦察兵”的话，自然也就不会帮倒忙了。现实生活中这样的事例也不少。文革时期的围湖造田、毁林造田，都是典型。拿现在来说，许多家长不懂教育规律，只抱着为孩子未来着想的美好心愿，对孩子实行棍棒教育，严重违反了《未成年人保护法》，使孩子的身心受到极大伤害。许多地方领导，不懂市场不懂企业，只抱着船大才能抗风浪的观点，盲目要求企业一再扩张，结果使很多企业破产倒闭。

从成群的幼龟这个角度来说，它们没有对得到的信息进行思考，只是绝对相信，才造成了被老鹰叼走的悲剧。这提示我们，要善于动脑思考，综合考虑各种渠道得来的信息，这样才能得出正确结论。如果不是这样，而是听见风就是风，听见雨就是雨，又怎么不会吃亏上当呢?

从老鹰这个角度来说，为了达到目的，即使遇到了挫折，也不放弃，而是在耐心等待时机。如果被游客赶走就不再前来，那么自然也就不能够捕捉到幼龟了。它们不仅在游客走后又来了，而且还耐心等待，结果抓捕幼龟的机会就来了。这对于我们人类来说，不也是一种启示吗?

再如北京高考作文题：

课堂上，老师说：“今天我们来做个小实验。”随后，他拿出一个装满石块的玻璃广口瓶，放在讲台上，问道：“瓶子满了吗?”所有学生答：“满了!”“真的?”老师从桌下拿出一小桶沙子，慢慢倒进去，填满石块的间隙，“满子吗?”学生们若有所思。老师又拿来一壶水倒了进去，直到水面与瓶口持平。“这个实验说明了什么?”老师问道。课堂活跃起来。

一个学生说：“很多事情看起来到达了极限，实际上还存在很大空间。”

一个学生说：“顺序很重要。先放这桶沙子，有此石块肯定就放不进去了。”

一个学生说：“对，得先放石块。有些分量重的东西就得优先安排。”

一个学生说：“也不一定，先沙子和水就一定不行么?”

……

请就以上材料，展开联想，自定角度，写一篇文章。题目自拟，文体自选(除诗歌外)，不少于800字。

自定角度，其实前三个学生所说的就都是很好的立意角度。我们如果对其中的一个有深刻的认识，而且手头还有材料，就不妨直接用一用。

这则材料还说明思维方式很重要，有了独辟蹊径的思维方式，往往看似不能解决的问题也就迎刃而解了;还说明办法总比困难多，只要我们想办法，困难总是能够解决的。这两个立意角度也不错。

再如湖北高考作文题：

阅读下面的文字，根据要求作文。

你走过一棵树，树枝低垂，你是随手把树枝折断丢弃，还是弯身而过?一只长了癣的流浪狗走近你，你是怜悯地避开，还是一脚踢过去?电梯门打开，你是谦抑地让人，还是霸道地推人?一个盲人和你并肩路口，绿灯亮了，你会搀那盲者一把吗?你与别人如何擦肩而过?你怎么从小贩手中接过找来的零钱?你如何低头系上自己松了的鞋带?你，独处时如何与自己相处?

请根据对这段文字的理解，展开联想，思考如何对待自然，如何对待他人，如何对待自己。自选角度，以《举手投足之间》为题写一篇文章。

要求：自定立意，自定文体，不少于800字。

以《举手投足之间》为题，写什么?材料中的八个例子，都小得有些微不足道。可正是这些微不足道，透露了我们思想深处的秘密，这就是我们的修养、道德、文明程度。这么说来，举手投足之间，我们又怎么能不重视?从小处入手，从细节入手，一步一个脚印走下去，我们才能成为一个有修养有道德的现代高素质的文明人。你说是不是呢?

八个例子，前两个是让我们思考如何对待自然，中间四个是让我们思考如何对待他人，最后两个是让我们思考如何对待自己。三种类型，三个思考角度，从哪一个角度切入，展现在我们面前的都是一片海阔凭鱼跃，天高任鸟飞的广阔天地。我们去联想，去思考，写出一篇好文章来也就是水到渠成的事情了。

五、关键词句把握法

对材料作文来说，有时抓住了概括性极强的词语或句子，也就能够把握命题人的意图，从而顺利确定作文立意。如全国卷Ⅰ：

阅读下面的文字，根据要求写一篇不少于800字的文章。

2008年5月12日14时28分，四川省汶川县发生里氏8.0级特大地震。

人民的生命高于一切!

胡锦涛、温家宝等党政军领导人迅速赶赴灾区指导抗震救灾。

十多万解放军、武警和公安民警，各省市的救援队、医疗队、工程抢修队迅速进入灾区。港台救援队和国际救援队飞抵灾区。志愿者从四面八方汇聚灾区。救援物资从水陆空源源不断运进灾区。

一位中学教师趴在讲台上用生命保护了下面的四个学生。一位失去15个亲人的县民政局长连续指挥救灾五天只睡了七个小时。幸存者的生还奇迹在不断突破，100小时、150小时、196小时……

中央电视台24小时播报。19日14时28分举国哀悼。

一样的爱心，不一样的表达。捐款、献血、义演、关注……

要求：选择一个角度构思作文，自主确定立意，确定文体，确定标题;不要脱离材料内容及含意的范围作文，不要套作，不得抄袭。

所给的材料说的是什么呢?有两个句子值得我们注意，一是“人民的生命高于一切”，一是“一样的爱心，不一样的表达。捐款、献血、义演、关注……”。我们想一想，围绕这两条，发生了多少可歌可泣的故事啊!解放军救援的故事，国际救援队救援的故事，教师用生命保护学生的故事，还有我们捐款、献血的故事等，都值得我们去写。这些故事，都可以写得生动感人，让人激动的落泪。如果写成议论文，应该注意选择那些典型感人的事例，在叙述的时候要饱蘸浓烈的感情，争取在以理服人的同时，以情感人。

六、换位法

如江西高考作文题：

阅读下面的文字与漫画，按要求作文。

2007年，洞庭湖大水导致20亿只田鼠大迁徙，所过之处农田一片狼藉。专家认为，田鼠为害之烈，原因之一是人类热衷于吃野味，导致田鼠的天敌(蛇、猫头鹰、黄鼠狼等)数量急剧下降。

根据上述材料，请你为田鼠或田鼠的天敌代拟一封给人类的信。

要求：①必须按书信格式作文。②题目自拟。③所有内容必须与给定的材料相关。④不少于800字。⑤不得抄袭、套作。

代拟书信，自然需要换位思考。只有换位思考，才能写得贴切，写得逼真。以田鼠的口吻给人类写一封信。写什么呢?写感谢，感谢人类吃掉了自己的天敌，使自己得以迅速繁衍。要注意，写得越是情真意切，对人类的讽刺意味才愈大愈强。可用正反对比手法来写。写人类没有吃自己的天敌时自己的悲惨处境，写自己的天敌被人类吃光时自己的欢欣鼓舞。不妨用勾勒法，写得形象写得有趣。

以田鼠的天敌的口吻给人类写一封信。写什么呢?写人类的不理智。因为自己被吃掉，才有了今天这种田鼠泛滥横行的局面。还可以推断，总有一天，田鼠会代人将所有田里的粮食全部吃光，那个时候，人类悔悟也已经晚了。最后要劝人类深刻反省，认识到保护田鼠的天敌，就是保护自己。

平常写信，都是写给亲戚朋友，也就是现实生活中的人，现在却是以田鼠或田鼠的天敌的口吻来写，我们想，一定能够写得别开生面，让人喜欢!

最后需要指出的是，我们分着介绍这六种打开作文思路的方法，是为了行文的方便。实际应用时，往往是两种或多种方法综合运用。只有如此，我们的思维才会处于活跃状态，从而顺利通过审题立意关，将作文写好!

Some of us are having problems with our parents , as they often look into

our school bags or read our diaries . I fully understand why we are not

comfortable about it , but there’s no need to feel too sad. Our parents are

checking our bags or diaries to make sure we are not getting into any trouble .

They have probably heard some horrible stories about other kids and thought we

might do the same . Or perhaps they just want to connect with us but are doing

it all wrong . My suggestion is : Tell them we want them to trust us as much as

we’d like to trust them .If you don’t think you can talk to them , write them a

letter and leave it lying around ---they are bound to read it .

Thank you!