浙江高考英语作文概要写作【汇集20篇】

标题是文章的眼睛，是文章内容和读者情感之间的第一个接触点，是让人一见钟情的因子，也可提供给读者审视文章内容的独特视角。要想在作文拟题时得心应手，就必须在平时的写作实践中不断摸索、训练。下文是小编整理的相关内容，欢迎阅读参考!

话题作文在近几年的高考(微博)命题中一直独领风骚。而自拟题目则是话题作文的一个重要写作要求。一个好的标题犹如一双靓丽的眼睛，透过它可以洞悉文章的思想感情、具体内容。所以拟好一个让阅卷老师“一见钟情”的作文题目，是作文得分的至关重要的一步。

一、附加法

就是选取话题中的关键词，在其前后补充成分，使之成为标题。这种方法特别适合于以一个词为话题的作文。如以“声音”为话题，可以拟为《板书的声音》《生命中的声音》等;以“幸福”为话题，可为《追求幸福》《体味幸福》等。

二、修辞法

1.比喻法。如《理解是路，爱是桥》，把爱和理解比喻成缩短心灵距离的桥梁和路，极富文采;《拔除心灵的杂草》，把人类心理的不健康因素比做“杂草”，使文章显得形象生动。

2.比拟式。如《诚信“漂流记”，把“诚信”拟人化，通过诚信巧遇“快乐”“地位”“竞争”的遭遇，可以得出富有哲理的结论。再如《诚信喊冤》《天空的诉说》等，使人如闻其声，如临其境。都运用了拟人的手法，形象生动，别有韵味。

3.夸张式。如那个障碍粉碎了我(“挫折”话题)等。

4.借代式。如以黑白债为题，紧扣母亲乌黑发丝中的白发展开叙述，揭示岁月无情、母爱无价这一真谛，借色彩代本体，寄托深情。

5.反问式。如以“相容”为话题，可以拟题为谁说不相容等。

6.设问式。用设问引起读者的思索，如《顺境出人才吗》〈我是谁》等。

7.引用式。文题中恰当的引用一些名言警句，能达到言简意赅的效果，又使作文增加一定的文化底蕴，如《己所不欲勿施于人》;还可以引用一些流行歌词，如《一笑而过》(以宽容为话题)、《一千零一个愿望》(以心愿为话题)等。

8.双关式。语义双关，如《冬日暖阳》等。

9.对偶式。如《读智慧之书，做有用之才》，《高高山顶立，深深海底行》(人生感悟话题)，《斩断亲情，昭显正义》(“人与我”话题等)。

10.反复式。如以“探索未知世界”为话题，就可以拟题为《生命的萌芽，萌芽的生命》等。

作文拟题的方法还有很多，这里就不再一一赘述了。教师可根据教学实际，指导学生采用各种方法拟题以增加文采。

三、矛盾法

培养学生具有逆向思维的能力，这样拟出来的题目，往往会收到意想不到的效果。如《近墨者未必黑》《“闲书”不闲》等题目，用了形贬实褒来命题，反而更能吸引人。

四、符号法

如数学中的等式《1+1=?》，不等式《金钱 幸福》《成绩 素质》等。这样的拟题给人简洁明了的感觉，还会让人产生一睹为快的阅读欲望。

[高考作文写作方法：新颖标题的拟法

与往年考试相同，语文作文成为大家关注的焦点。“继2015年之后，辽宁省第二年采用全国语文卷进行考试，作文类型为驱动型作文。”考试结束后，沈阳名师、沈阳二中语文组组长于宝山对今年的作文题进行点评。于宝山认为，对所阐述观点进行深度挖掘，拓宽广度是作文能否拿高分的关键。

作文素材：

给出一段阅读材料，材料内容为，培养语文素养有：课堂的有效教学、课外的大量阅读，社会生活实践等三个途径。请自拟题目，谈如何提高语文素养。要求选好角度，确定立意，明确文体，自拟标题，不要套作，不得抄袭。

名师解读：

沈阳名师、二中语文组组长于宝山表示，2016年全国卷高考作文题仍然是驱动型材料作文，与往年的作文题目相比有一定难度。本次材料作文，考生只要写出认为最能够让自己提高语文学习素养的方式，并阐述其优点以及原因，言之成理即可。

拿到这种作文题目之后，考生的写作步骤应当第一步进行材料的概括分析，二步进行议论、比较，第三步也是拔高分的关键步骤，即对所阐述观点进行深度挖掘，拓宽广度。

面对材料中的三种学习方式，于宝山认为，考生从最后一个“社会实践”方面入手最易写，因为通过课堂、书本获取的知识有限，这样一来可以给考生议论的方面比较局限。如果说从第三个方式着手，考生可以通过在社会上看到的善良的、丑恶的一面进行展开，更容易挖掘自身文章的深度，拓宽文章的广度得高分。

当然，此次的作文题目考生从三个方式的任何一个方式出发去写作都没有问题，考生通过平时的练习还是可以把握作文题的角度，不易出现跑题的现象保障得一个基础分，但是拔得高分的关键，还是在于广度的拓展和深度的挖掘。

考生解题

考生裴同学：从课外阅读方面作答，通过自己平时读的课外书对语文学习的帮助。由于自己平时热爱读书，课外阅读也确实增强了自己的理解能力，尤其是在古文方面更有一个提高，所以选择这一方面进行作答。

考生郑同学：从社会实践方面着手写作。通过自己在实践中学到的方式，灵活的运用到学习中来，更能够拓宽自己的学习思路。

：

August 15 is one of the most important festivals of the Chinese nation -- the Mid-Autumn festival. On that day, people ate moon cakes, the moon, some places and lanterns, very lively.

The reason for the Mid-Autumn festival is that August is the second month of the autumn, the ancient time is called midautumn, because it is in the autumn and the middle of August, the folk are called Mid-Autumn festival.

On the eve of the Mid-Autumn festival, relatives and friends give gifts to each other, because moon cakes symbolize reunion. The styles of mooncakes are also full of beautiful fruit, such as pineapple, red dates, orange, and my favorite ice moon cakes...

On the day of the Mid-Autumn festival, people bought all kinds of things except moon cakes. Most of them were eaten. In the evening, the family ate reunion dinner, looking forward to the dark sky, hoping the moon would come out earlier.

At night, the moon came out, like a large disk. At this time, the family moved the tables and chairs and tea sets to the balcony, and all kinds of mooncakes were taken together. They looked at the moon, and remembered their loved ones who could not go home. Some people raise a cup in the moonlight, the hope is good; Fireworks rise and bloom in the night sky!

The Mid-Autumn festival is a joyous occasion for our family. It is a time for us to miss our loved ones. It is an indelible day.

Today mother took me to skate. I was very happy. But I hadnt expected I fell down as soon as I got in. Today I didnt know why my two feet were out of control. If I wanted to head east， they would head the opposite. I fell down from time to time. My hands and face were all dirty. I thought maybe it was because that I hadnt skated for a long time.

On my way home， I thought that whatever one wants to do， he must work hard at it， so he can make progress. Skating is like this， so it study.

英语写作少不了积累句型。以下是小编带来的2017英语写作必背经典句型【集锦】，希望对你有帮助。

the + 形容词最高级 + n. + (that) + S(主语) + have ever seen / known / heard / had / read, etc

例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen.

(海伦是我见过的最美丽的女孩。)

Nothing is + 形容词比较级 + than to + V(谓语)

例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education.

(没有比接受教育更重要的事。)

S cannot emphasize the importance of sth. too much：再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。

例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

(我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。)

There is no doubt + that + 句子：毫无疑问，……

例句：There is no doubt that the economy is recovering.

(毫无疑问，经济已经逐渐复苏。)

It pays to + V + O(宾语)：……是值得的。

例句：It pays to help others.

(帮助别人是值得的。)

An advantage of + 名词结构+ is that + 句子：……的优点是……

例句：An advantage of using solar energy is that it wont create any pollution.

(使用太阳能的优点是它不会产生任何污染。)

There is no denying that + 句子：不可否认……

例句：There is no denying that the quality of our life has gone from good to better.

(不可否认，我们的生活质量日益改善。)

On no account can we + V：我们绝对不能……

例句：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

(我们绝不能无视知识的价值。)

It is universally acknowledged that + 句子：全世界都知道……

例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable[不可或缺的] to us.

(全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。)

The reason why + 句子 + is that + 句子：……的原因是……

例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

(我们必须种树的原因是它们能给我们提供新鲜空气。)

be closely related to sth.：与……息息相关

例句：Taking exercise is closely related to health.

(做运动与健康息息相关。)

So + 形容词 + be + S + that + 句子：如此……以致于……

例句：So precious is time that we cant afford to waste it.

(时间是如此珍贵，它经不起我们浪费。)

It is time + S + 动词过去式：该是……的时候了。

例句：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

(有关当局是时候采取适当措施解决交通问题了。)

S + enable + O + to + V：……使……能够……

例句：Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.

(听音乐使我们获得放松。)

be + forced / obliged / compelled + to + V：不得不……

例句：Since the examination is around the corner, I am compelled to give up doing sports.

(既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃做运动。)

a. + as + S + be, S + V + O：虽然……， 但是……

例句：Rich as our country is, the quality of our life is by no means satisfactory.

(虽然我们的国家富有，但我们的生活质量仍差强人意。)

It is conceivable / obvious / apparent that + 句子：可想而知/明显/显然……

例句：It is apparent that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

(显然，知识在我们人生中扮演着重要角色。)

The + 形容词比较级 + S + V, the + 形容词比较级 + S + V：……愈……，……愈……

例句：The harder you work, the more progress you make.

(愈努力，愈进步。)

Since + S + 动词过去式，S + 现在完成式： 自从……，……一直……

例句：Since he went to senior high school, he has worked very hard.

(自从上了高中，他一直很用功。)

By + V-ing, S can V：通过……，……能够……

例句：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

(通过做运动，我们能够保持健康。)

be based on sth.：以.……为基础

例句：Progress in society is based on harmony.

(社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。)

That is the reason why +句子：那就是……的原因

例句：Summer is sultry[闷热的]. That is the reason why I dont like it.

(夏天很闷热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。)

There is no one but + V + O：没有人不……

例句：There is no one but longs to go to college.

(没有人不渴望上大学。)

Due to / Owing to / Thanks to + sth. / V-ing：因为/ 多亏……

例句：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.

(因为他的鼓励，我终于实现了梦想。)

For the past + 时间, S + 现在完成式： 过去的……来，……一直……

例句：For the past two years, I have been busy preparing for the examination.

(过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。)

What a + a. + n. + S + V!= How + a. + a + n. + V!：多么……!

例句：What an important thing it is to keep our promise! / How important a thing it is to keep our promise! (遵守诺言是多么重要的事!)

get into the habit of + V-ing = make it a rule to + V：养成……的习惯

例句：We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.

(我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。)

leave much to be desired：令人不满意

例句：The condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.

(我们的交通状况令人不太满意。)

Those who + V + O：那些……的人

例句：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.

(违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。)

have a great influence on sth.：对……有很大影响

例句：Smoking has a great influence on our health.

(抽烟对我们的健康有很大影响。)

spare no effort to + V：不遗余力地……

例句：We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

(我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。)

do good / harm to sth.：对……有益/有害

例句：Reading does good to our mind.

(读书对心灵有益。)

pose a great threat to sth.：对……造成很大威胁

例句：Pollution poses a great threat to our existence.

(污染对我们的生存造成很大威胁。)

bring home to + S + O：让……明白……

例句：We should bring home to people the value of working hard.

(我们应该让人们明白努力的价值。)

do ones utmost to + V = do ones best to + V：尽全力去……

例句：We should do our utmost to achieve our goal in life.

(我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。)

一、充分准备，打好基础。

为了提高初一英语作文写作水平，平时应加强阅读，多背诵一些句形、段落甚至短文。俗话说：读书破万卷，下笔如有神，只有多读，多记，多背诵，才能出口成章，下笔成文。此外，写好初一英语作文还要掌握一些应用文体的写作方法，如书信、日记、通知等，它们大多有固定的格式。

二、认真审题，明确要求

在写初一英语作文的时候仔细看清写作要求和提示，分清材料的主次，接着确定体裁、格式和人物、地点等要素；最后确定时态，同时考虑相关的语态搭配用法。 三、遣词造句、表达规范

初一英语作文用词要恰当，不可逐句把提示翻译成英语。写作时，应尽量选用你最熟悉、最有把握的词和句型来表达思想。如果有些单词不会些，有些句型不会表达，可以设法绕开，用熟悉的同义词、同义短语或同义句来代替。要学会善于运用适当的关联词，如and, or, but, so，because, since等，以使初一英语作文行文逻辑紧密，自然流畅。 四、认真撰写，卷面整洁

初一英语考试中也会有初一英语作文题，如果时间允许，书面表达一定要先写草稿。在抄写入答题卷前，要先进行检查修改。首先检查所写内容是否切题；之后检查主题是否明确，表达方式是否恰当；最后检查所用时态、语态、人称是否符合要求，前后是否一致。 中考复习研讨会指导课件，极具价值。 关联词

1.表示并列或递进: and, as well as, both&and, not only&but also, neither&nor;2.表示选择: or, either∨3.表示转折: but, however, although, though, after all, 4.表示因果: because, so, therefore5.表示条件: if , unless6.表示对比: instead, not&but, on the one hand&on the other hand;7.表示解释: for example, for instance, such as, that is to say, in other words;8.表示顺序: to begin with, firstly, first (of all), second(ly), next, later, since then, from then on, finally, in the end;9.表示强调: also, besides, what’s more, actually, in fact, 10.表示结论: all in all, altogether, in a word, generally speaking,

1) 主语+ cannot emphasize the importance of … too much.(再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。)例如：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

2)There is no need for sb to do sth. for sth.(某人没有必要做……)，例如：There is no need for you to bring more food. 不需你拿来更多的食物了。

3)By +doing…，主语can …. (借着……，……能够……)，例如：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

4) … enable + sb.+ to + do…. (……使……能够……)，例如：Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

5) On no account can we + do…. (我们绝对不能……)，例如：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

6) What will happen to sb.? (某人将会怎样?), 例如：What will happen to the orphan? 那个孤儿将会怎样?

7)For the past + 时间，主语 + 现在完成式…. (过去……年来，……一直……)例如：For the past two years，I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。

8)It pays to + do….(……是值得的。)例如：It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。

9)主语+ be based on….(以……为基础)，例如：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

10)主语 + do one’s best to do….(尽全力去……)，例如：We should do our best to achieve our goal in life.我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标

成考时要想在语文学科拿高分，把握作文很关键，但有的学生面对作文题目时还是束手无策，写好一篇作文考生到底需要把握哪些方面，下面是小编收集的成人高考写作指导，欢迎阅读。

一、作文题目要审清

看到作文题目后，首先要审题，这一步工作的好坏，将决定全篇内容是否符合要求。审题要审清题目的内容和范围及中心和人称，领会题目中的象征义和比喻义，并要明确题目对文体有的要求等。在作文题目中，决定作文中心立意点的词语称为主题词，研读题目，找出主题词，进而挖掘主题词所蕴涵的思想、情感就显得尤为关键。

二、编写之前要提纲

提纲要确实反映自己的思路，选用哪些材料，怎样组织材料，怎样连贯全文。“不需要细写，只需要画个层次即可，比如：一.(1-2段)....二.(3-7段)，最后一点是在提纲上标志文章的详略安排。”做到条理清楚、层次分明、简明扼要、突出文章每一部分的要求。至于文章细部的安排，可在写作过程中进一步落实。编写提纲没有固定格式。

三、文章标题要漂亮

“题好一半文”，标题应在作文之初就开始认真考虑，并且下工夫琢磨，好标题的首要条件是：切旨，标题要吃透材料精神，反映其主旨。切体，拟题要合乎体裁。在此基础上，标题还要炼新求美求趣。可巧引流行歌曲，可运用拟人、比喻、反复、设问等修辞格，可套用流行语，可引用电影名、名句或成语，还可采用散文化或诗化语言。

四、开头结尾要精彩

五、切入角度要新颖

要想在众多的考生作文中脱颖而出，赢得阅卷老师的青睐，作文切入角度的新颖不失为一条行之有效的途径。如写《珍惜拥有的__》半命题作文，很多同学选择“亲情”、“青春”、“幸福”等，这样的文题当然可以，但写的人多了，阅卷者难免会觉得乏味，如果作文语言不是很精彩，那么你的作文就很难得到高分。但有些考生就很聪明，他们舍弃了这些考生常用的话题，而另辟蹊径，有的写珍惜拥有的“挫折”，有的写珍惜拥有的“对手”等，这样新颖别致的文题就很能引起阅卷老师的注意，如果言之成理或描述得当，则很容易得高分。

六、文章点题要适当

作为成考作文要有更鲜明的点题意识，一般都能注意在作文的开头和结尾点题，在文章的主体部分必须有意识地点题。按表达方式的不同，大体可分三类。通过抒情点题，通过描写点题，通过议论点题。“由于时间紧、任务重，考生宜在文章内容流转交汇之处，不失时机地点明题旨，回扣题意，才能大大加深阅卷者对作文思路清晰、中心突出的印象。

七、卷面书写要工整

“卷面脏乱不堪的作文会让阅卷者望而生厌，难得高分，而且成考作文卷面书写列为得分项，分值为5分，由此可见对卷面书写要求之高。”成考作文字迹要工整，卷面要整洁，这就要求考生在接下来这段时间养成一种良好的习惯，写作时细心些，少写或不写错别字，如遇确实要修改的地方，千万不要在错误的地方肆意涂抹，你可以用小括号把错的地方括起来再用笔在错的地方轻轻地画一条横线，这样你的卷面就不会很差了。

下面是语文迷网小编精心整理的关于高考写作的素材，欢迎大家阅读参考。

一、马蝇效应

1860年美国总统大选结束后，林肯当选为总统。他任命参议员萨蒙?蔡斯为财政部长。

有许多人反对这一任命。因为蔡斯虽然能干，但十分狂妄自大，他本想入主白宫，却输给了林肯，他认为自己比林肯要强得多，对林肯也非常不满，并且一如既往地追求总统职位。

林肯对关心他的朋友讲了这样一个故事：

“在农村长大的朋友们一定知道什么是马蝇了。有一次，我和我的兄弟在肯塔基老家的一个农场犁玉米地，我吆马，他扶犁。这匹马很懒，但有一段时间它却在地里跑得飞快，连我这双长腿都差点跟不上。到了地头，我发现有一只很大的马蝇叮在它身上，我随手就把马蝇打落了。我兄弟问我为什么要打落它，我说我不忍心看着这匹马那样被咬。我兄弟说：“唉呀，正是这家伙才使马跑得快嘛。”

然后，林肯说：“如果现在有一只叫‘总统欲’的马蝇正叮着蔡斯先生，那么只要它能使蔡斯和他的那个部不停地跑，我就不想去打落它。”

二、金钱价值在于使用方法

汽车大王福特不是一个吝啬的人，但他却很少捐款。他顽固地认为，金钱的价值并不在于多寡，而在于使用方法。他最担心的就是捐款经常会落到不善于运用它们的人手里。有一次，乔治亚州的马沙?贝蒂校长为了扩建学校来请求福特捐款，福特拒绝了她。

她就说：那么就请捐给我一袋花生种子吧。于是福特买了一袋花生种子送给了她。福特后来就忘了这件事情。没想到一年以后，贝蒂女士又上门了，交给了他600美元。原来学生们播种了当初的那一袋子花生种子，这就是一年的收获。福特什么都没说，立即拿出了600万美元交给了贝蒂。

福特的担心绝不是多余的，太轻易得来的金钱往往很难让受施者感受到金钱后面潜隐着的苦与智;我更赞赏贝蒂对点滴施与的至高的尊重，她带领孩子们撒播下的其实是足以证明他们有能力领受他人恩惠的资格。

三、鱼儿不会说话

美国联邦议会批准了在小田纳西河上修建一座用于发电的水库，先后投入了一亿多美元。当大坝工程即将完工的时候，生物学家们发现大坝底有一种叫蜗牛鱼的珍稀鱼类，如果大坝最终建成的话，将影响这种鱼生活的环境而导致这种鱼的灭绝。于是环保组织向法院提出了诉讼，要求大坝停工并放弃修建水库的计划，但在第一次诉讼中，他们失败了：初审法院认为大坝已经接近完工，浪费纳税人一亿多美元的钱去保护一个鱼种是不明智的，拒绝判决大坝停工。环保组织又上诉到最高法院。

终于，这些小鱼儿在最高法院赢得了它们的权利，依据是联邦1973年颁布的《濒危物种法案》。这些小鱼儿可以在它们的家园自由地栖息，而它们身边是那被永久废弃的价值一亿多美元的大坝。

四、大火烧出的奇迹

1933年，正当经济危机在美国蔓延的时候，哈理逊纺织公司因一场大火化为灰烬。3000名员工悲观地回到家里，等待着董事长宣布公司破产和失业风暴的来临。在无望而又漫长的等待中，他们终于接到了董事会的一封信：向全公司员工继续支薪1个月。

在全国上下一片萧条的时候，能有这样的消息传来，员工们深感意外。他们惊喜万分，纷纷打电话或写信向董事长亚伦?傅斯表示感谢。

1个月后，正当他们为下个月的生活发愁时，他们又接到公司的第二封信，董事长宣布，再支付全体员工薪酬1个月。3000名员工接到信后，不再是意外和惊喜，而是热泪盈眶。在失业席卷全国、人人生计无着的时候，能得到如此照顾，谁不会感激万分呢?第二天，他们纷纷拥向公司，自发地清理废墟、擦洗机器，还有一些人主动去南方一些州联络被中断的货源。3个月后，哈理逊公司重新转了起来。对这一奇迹，当时的《基督教科学箴言报》是这样描述的：员工们使出浑身的解数，日夜不懈地卖力工作，恨不得一天干25小时，曾劝董事长傅斯领取保险公款一走了之和批评他感情用事、缺乏商业精神的人开始服输。

现在，哈理逊公司已成为美国最大的纺织品公司，分公司遍布五大洲50多个国家。

五、发泄

一天，陆军部长斯坦顿来到林肯那里，气呼呼地对他说一位少将用侮辱的话指责他偏袒一些人。林肯建议斯坦顿写一封内容尖刻的信回敬那家伙。

“可以狠狠地骂他一顿。”林肯说。

斯坦顿立刻写了一封措辞强烈的信，然后拿给总统看。

“对了，对了。”林肯高声叫好，“要的就是这个!好好训他一顿，真写绝了，斯坦顿。”

但是当斯坦顿把信叠好装进信封里时，林肯却叫住他，问道：“你要干什么?”

“寄出去呀。”斯坦顿有些摸不着头脑了。

“不要胡闹。”林肯大声说，“这封信不能发，快把它扔到炉子里去。凡是生气时写的信，我都是这么处理的。这封信写得好，写的时候你己经解了气，现在感觉好多了吧，那么就请你把它烧掉，再写第二封信吧。”

六、大错误与小错误

日本松下公司的创始人松下幸之助以经营技巧高超，管理方法先进，被誉为“经营之神。”

后滕清一原是三洋电机公司的副董事长，后来投奔松下公司，在担任厂长时，工厂失火烧掉了。后滕清一心中十分惶恐;以为不被革职也要降级。不料松下接到报告后，只对他说了四个字：

“好好干吧!”

松下这样做，并不是姑息部下的过错。以往，即使只是打电话的方式不当，后滕也会受到松下严厉的斥责。这种作风可以说是松下管人的秘决。由于这次火灾发生后没有受到惩罚，后滕自然会心怀愧疚，对松下也会更加忠心效命，并以加倍的工作来回报。

松下的这种做法，巧妙地抓住了人类的心理。在犯小错误时，本人多半并不在意，因此需要严加斥责，以引起他的注意;相反犯下大错误时，傻子也知道自省，因此就不必要再去给予严厉的批评了。

七、果断

有一个6岁的小男孩，一天在外面玩耍时，发现了一个鸟巢被风从树上吹掉在地，从里面滚出了一个嗷嗷待哺的小麻雀。小男孩决定把它带回家喂养。

当他托着鸟巢走到家门口的时候，他突然想起妈妈不允许他在家里养小动物。于是，他轻轻地把小麻雀放在门口，急忙走进屋去请求妈妈。在他的哀求下妈妈终于破例答应了。

小男孩兴奋地跑到门口，不料小麻雀已经不见了，他看见一只黑猫正在意犹未尽舔着嘴巴。小男孩为此伤心了很久。但从此他也记住了一个教训：只要是自己认定的事情，决不可优柔寡断。这个小男孩长大后成就了一番事业，他就是华裔电脑名人—王安博士。

八、将军和驴子

古罗马皇帝哈德良曾经碰到过这样一个问题。

皇帝手下的一位将军，觉得他应该得到提升，便在皇帝面前提到这件事，以他的长久服役为理由。“我应该升更重要的领导岗位”，他报告，“因为，我的经验丰富，参加过10次重要战役。”

哈德良皇帝是一个对人及才华有着高明判断力的人，他不认为这位将军有能力担任更高的职务，于是他随意指着绑在周围的战驴说：

“亲爱的将军，好好看这些驴子，它们至少参加过20次战役，可他们仍然是驴子。”

It is quite usual that one meets failures, for ones life can never be plain sailing. However, different people hold different attitudes towards failure. Some people think it a heavy blow to fail in achieving something and they can not endure failure. When they meet failure, they will be seriously dejected and can never pluck up their courage to try again.

However, others think it natural to meet failures in ones career. Therefore, they are psychologically prepared. When they meet failures, they will not be frustrated. Instead, they will continue to meet new challenges. As to me, Im in favor of the latter view. Failure is really a terrible thing but it is also the mother of success. If one draws lessons from failures, in most cases he will get success in the future. Furthermore, ones life can never be smooth sailing; it must be full of difficulies and setbacks. If one is daunted by difficulies and frustrations, he will always be a failure. However, if one holds a positive attitude toward failure, he will overcome difficulties and frustrations to win victory.

遇到失败这是很平常，因为人的生命不可能一帆风顺。然而，不同的人对失败持有不同的态度。获取某些东西失败对有些人来说是一个沉重的打击，他们不能承受失败。当他们失败，他们将非常的沮丧并且不能鼓起勇气再试一次。

然而，其他人认为，在自己的职业生涯中的败是很自然的。因此，他们的心理有所准备。当他们遇到失败，他们不会失意。相反，他们将继续迎接新的挑战。就我而言，我赞成后一种观点。失败是一个可怕的事情，但它是成功之母。如果一个灵感来自失败的教训，在大多数情况下，他将在未来获得成功。此外，一个人的生活永远不会是一帆风顺的;它必须是充满困难和挫折。如果一个人被困难和挫折吓倒，他将永远是一个失败者。然而，如果耸对失败持有积极的态度，他将克服困难和挫折，赢得胜利。

导语：做人、做事和与人交往，要看内在之美。外在的东西，很容易随着岁月流逝而褪色，失去人们的吸引力，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的高考作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

有一个人曾拥有一把射得极准又远的好弓，但他因嫌其外观笨重，不够出色，于是请了名优秀的艺术家在其上雕刻了一幅行猎图，完工交付后，他甚为满意。可就在他试弓的时候，弓却断了，就这样一把好弓被毁了。一把好弓在于能射得又准又远，能在战场上多杀敌人，能够流传后世，而徒有其表的外在精美花纹图案却在其次，如果好弓只追求华而不实的美反倒成了本末倒置。

常言道，爱美之心人皆有之。那么究竟什么才是美呢?从表现形式上来看，美可以分为内在的和外在的。相比而言，哪种美更为重要呢?培根说过：“形容表现不出的部分，正是美中最美之处。”我国唐代文学家韩愈在其《杂说》中也曾谈到的“才美不外现”，培根和韩愈所说的“表现不出的部分”或“不外现”正是内在之美，内在之美是一种潜在的、内涵的、又无法掩盖的美，内在之美要比外在美更为重要、更为持久。

在做人的内在之美上，许多名人给我们树立了榜样。俄国批判现实主义作家列夫托尔斯泰，虽然曾被人批评衣着邋遢、不整洁，但并不影响他的内在之美，他用自己的简单而又朴素的内在之美写出了大量不朽的作品，深深影响着一代人。同样，法国著名科学家玛丽·居里，也是一位内在极美的女性。1911年她发现了化学元素钋和镭，为此获得了诺贝尔奖，但她却将获得的奖金无偿赠给了研究治疗癌症的实验室。居里夫人虽然穿着朴素，过着贫穷的生活，但她却是美丽的，她的内在美犹如宝石般让人们为她的美而惊叹赞许。

在做事上也要塑造内在之美。周恩来总理曾说：“自以为聪明的人往往是没有上场的。世界上最聪明的人是最老实的人。因为只有老实人才能经得起事实和历史的考验。” 因而，我们在工作、学习中要做那种勤奋、踏实的“老实人”，追求持久的、有内涵的内在之美，而不被那些浮躁的、虚伪的“看似美”的东西所诱惑。

不光是做人、做事要注重内在之美，与人交往也是如此。古人云：“人不可以貌相。”东汉时就有一位简朴勤劳的丑女叫孟光，三十未嫁，她曾说自己只嫁梁鸿，而梁鸿却是当时的大名士，不仅文章写得好，也是一位儒雅的美男子，因此孟光被国人传为笑料，然而梁鸿最终却看中了孟光的内在美——简朴勤劳，依然娶孟光为妻。如果梁鸿只在乎外表之美，也不会给后人留下“举案齐眉”的佳话了。《论语》中有这样一句话：“益者三友，损者三友。”意思是说，我们与人交往中，应交益友，即正直、守信、博学之人，而非那些损友，即惯于装饰外表、巧言令色的虚伪之人。因此，与人交往要关注对方内在之美，具有内在之美的人相互交往，友谊更为淳朴，更为持久。

做人、做事和与人交往，要看内在之美。外在的东西，很容易随着岁月流逝而褪色，失去人们的吸引力，而那些具有丰富内涵，对人灵魂具有深邃影响的内在之美，才能与时俱进，历久弥香，保持永久的吸引力。让我们在做人、做事和交往中积极塑造内在之美，让内在之美绽放出更美、更为持久的光彩。

2005年英语考纲有重大变化，其中之一就是作文考查的变化。新增加一篇小作文，使作文考查由一篇变为两篇，而原来的大作文的字数也由“不少于200字”调整为“150至200字”，满分20分。新增的作文是一篇100字左右的应用性短文，文体包括有信件、便笺、备忘录等，满分10分。既然是新增题型，就不会太难，但不好预测文体，这就要求考生复习时力求面面俱到，掌握写作规律及注意事项，尤其是对常见的应用文体如书信等

大作文的写作一般会给考生写作提纲，或图表，图画，或图文并茂。命题方式虽然多样，但题目涉及面往往是考生比较熟悉的内容，目的是测定考生语言的实际应用能力。要求表达清楚，文字连贯，中心突出，内容丰富，句式多变，句子结构和用词正确。

语言的应用能力不可能一蹴而就，必须厚积薄发，必须经过长期的实践锻炼。在提高英语写作能力方面，我觉得：一是要背大量的优秀范文，整段整篇地背，并转换为自己的语言，写作时自己能随心所欲支配。考试时避免套用以前死记硬背的几个范文，把一些不达意的词堆积在一起，没有统一性，无法很好地表现主题；二是要多动手。包括对背过的文章进行词语替换，句式转换，句子重组等，以及对某一主题展开写作。多动手才能提高笔下功夫，才能保证在考场上顺利写作。可以说背诵范文是培养语感，积累素材，掌握写作方法，动手写作是实践，是最终目的，这两者结合起来，就是“理论联系了实际”。另外，背诵范文应有针对性，写作训练也是一样，在训练中要掌握每一类型作文的写作规律，根据其每一类作文的写作特点——如提纲式作文就要求考生根据提纲提示的思路和规定的要点展开段落——全面训练，但不要带有押题的心理，靠背几篇范文就能应付考试的心态是不可取的。

下面说一下英语写作过程中的注意事项

一、认真审题

作文第一步是仔细审题，考生要仔细阅读试题要求及相关信息，如图表，图画，数字等，准确把握出题者意图。考研作文忌信手掂来，提笔就写，根本不审题，想到哪儿就写到哪儿，或完全凭自己想象编故事，置考试要求于不顾， “下笔千言，离题万里”。比如1998是一幅卡通画，老母鸡申明外加一首打油诗，讽刺一些企业把该尽职之事作为推销产品的承诺。如果考生说老母鸡很可爱，但爱自夸，然后说自己某个同学也爱自夸，这就偏离主题。2000年的作文“A Brief Histiry of World Commercial Fishing ”.它给出了两张图，从1900年的渔船和鱼量之比到1995年的渔船和鱼量之比的变化谈如何保护渔业资源，应从商业性滥捕鱼这一主题展开话题，有的考生却大谈环境污染。这就偏离了主题，因为题中自始自终都没有谈到环境污染问题。

有的同学没有审题习惯，或担心时间不够草草审题，最后发现文不对题，草草收场，这就影响了英语成绩，同时也会影响后两门考试的考试心情。

二、列出提纲

考试规定的时间是很有限的，所以不能花太多时间准备一个详细的提纲，但关键词提纲或粗略提纲还是非常有必要的。对原始材料分析归纳后要形成一个基本的框架。文章打算分几段写，每段大概怎样写，自数控制在多少，开头段落是道破主题，点名要旨，引人入胜还是先给出主题一般的背景情况和对主题进行浓缩的陈述呢，中间段落和结尾有怎样写呢。这些都要心中有数。有的考生习惯用汉语构思文章，逐句翻译提纲，当碰到某个词卡住时就翻译不下去，僵在那里。要注意列提纲是为了更好更全面的表达主题。主题的表达可有多种形式，不一定非要寻找一个特定的词或句子。考试时考生要充分调动大脑，灵活运用以前所学知识。

三、开始写作

一篇文章往往由四部分组成，标题(title)，首段(opening paragraph),主体(body paragraph),结尾段( concluding paragraph)。标题要新颖，能引起读者兴趣，首段的内容根据文章的体裁而变化，比如议论文可以从一种现象，一种观点出发引出作者的观点。记叙文往往交代人物和故事背景。主体是文章的主要部分，通过合适的语篇模式表达一定的观点，考生要围绕中心按一定顺序分层次有重点的展开叙述，描写，议论。结尾段是对全文的总结，论点上要与前面的叙述一致和统一。写作时要注意以下几点。

1、要统一，连贯。

选择那些最能体现中心思想最具代表性的材料，这些材料要共同表达一致的信息。选材时切忌胡子眉毛一把抓。词语堆积，不伦不类。前后及段落之间在逻辑关系上要紧密衔接，不能把没有任何逻辑关系的词放在一起。可以用恰当的关联词把思想连贯的表达出来。

2、用词准确，语法正确

考试时要特别注意语法，此语，语气，标点符号等，为了避免太多单词拼写错误，语法错误，不要为了追求词语的华丽而堆积一些自己也没把握的单词，不要刻意追求长句而写一些自己不知对错的有多个从句组成的长句。考试时最好选择自己最有把握的词汇，短语，句式。

3、足够字数，卷面整洁

绝对不能字数不够，即使一句话颠来倒去说也要凑够字数。字数不够，即使写的非常精彩，也不能拿高分。

四、修改

英语写作时考生由于仓促，紧张等原因，很容易犯一些简单的，一眼就能发现的错误。所以考生一定要留出几分钟时间用于修改。不要大幅度进行修改，更不要因为修改破坏卷面整洁，影响阅卷老师心情。修改时可以从以下几点进行

1、语法

包括时态是否一致，主谓是否一致，名词单复数是否对应，被动主动语态是否错用等

2、词汇

包括连接上下句或段落的关联词，习惯用语，固定搭配，词类混淆，误用及物不及物动词等。

3、拼写和标点符号

题目：请以“My Class Teacher”为题，写一篇不少于60个单词的作文。

My Class Teacher我的班主任

My class teacher is Mr. Wang. He is strict but kind. He has taught us Chinese for two years.我的班主任是王老师，他是一个要求严格而亲切的老师。他已经教了我们两年语文。

He always tells us to study hard but not all the time. Sometimes he plays with us. He says, "All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy." I think he is a good class teacher.他总是告诉我们要好好学习，但不是时时刻刻学习。有时他会和我们一起玩。他说：“只会用功不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。” 我觉得他是个很好的班主任。

点评：这篇文章取材的是身边熟悉的人，作者也有东西可写，更具有可读性。另外，写人时把主语稍作调整，读起来轻松多了。

I am a 15-year-old girl. My name is [ename]Cherry[/ename]. Now I am studying in the middle school. I want to be an actress because I think it is a funny and exciting job...

写人的常见句式如：

This is my friend, Mary.

She is... years old.

She is a teacher/ an artist/ a singer...

She/ He gets up at 6/5... / early/ late.

She/ He has sports at school.

She/ He likes...

She/ He is strong/ fat/ slim/ kind/ thin/...

She/ He looks like...

She/ He is good at English/ maths/ Chinese/ physics...

导语：我们要适应时代发展的要求，正确认识祖国的历史和现实，增强爱国的情感和振兴祖国的责任感，树立民族自尊心与自信心，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

在古代，北斗星一直被人们认为是一个指路的路标，他为迷途的人们指明了回家的道路。今天，我终于发现了将照耀我一生的北斗星!那就是《找准人生的北斗星》一书。

这本书以胡锦涛爷爷提出的"八荣八耻"为主题，通过一个个生动的荣辱故事，告诉我们什么是真，什么是美;什么是假，什么是丑。其中，留给我印象最深的是那一幕幕的爱国篇章：爱国的中国女人王选用她无畏的精神和坚持不懈的努力，为那些不知名的同胞向日本侵略者讨回公道和尊严;"环保卫士"陈法庆为了祖国的环境,贡献出43万元钱投入环保公益广告,为的是青山绿水留子孙;8岁小欣月被判了"死刑"，可依然为那"红旗"梦而着迷，她的父亲和众多的热心人一起,用一重重精心编织的"谎言",在长春圆了欣月的北京之梦......

这一切的一切，震撼了我的心灵，激发着我的爱国情怀!我们的祖国，应该为拥有这些优秀的儿女感到骄傲，感到自豪!"天下兴亡，匹夫有责"，生活在这样一个和平的时代，我们应在在各个岗位上为祖国尽一份绵薄之力。

可是在我们的身边，常常会看见许多不尽如人意的事件：你看，在我们学校每周一升旗仪式上，伴随着隆重的国歌声的，是有些同学发出的嬉戏噪杂声。在我们的周围，流行着一股崇洋媚外的风气。车子，要进口原装的;房子，要欧美建筑风格的;动画片要看日本片;鞋子，要"耐克"的;钢笔，要"派克"的，玩具，要芭比娃娃......在这里，我想起徐特立爷爷说过一句话:"人民不仅有权爱国,而且爱国是一种义务,是一种光荣。"

我们都拥有温暖美满的家庭，天真而充满幻想的童年，有着许多美丽迷人的梦，那么让我们再编织一个更璀璨的彩色的梦：为祖国的繁荣而努力!这离我们似乎还十分遥远，但与现在息息相关，只有我们汲取更多的知识，将来才有能力来建设我们的祖国。"少年兴则国兴，小年强则国强"。我们要适应时代发展的要求，正确认识祖国的历史和现实，增强爱国的情感和振兴祖国的责任感，树立民族自尊心与自信心;弘扬伟大的中华民族精神，高举爱国主义旗帜，锐意进取，自强不息，艰苦奋斗，顽强拼搏，真正把爱国之志变成报国之行。今天为振兴中华而勤奋学习，明天为创造祖国辉煌未来贡献自己的力量!

好学多问，钻研创新是学习道路上的一个警示牌，它引领我们走正确的道路，走向更灿烂的未来，看到更广阔的天空!

在学习的道路上，它像一种五味素，萦绕于心。在我中年级的时候，学习这件大事像紧箍咒一般常常锁得我头晕目眩，但只有一个原因：好学时，一定会遇到难题，反复“咀嚼”这一道题，也“品”不出答案，最后不求问，这一道题没有打开锁头，就会在学习之路上立下一道坎坷，日积月累，许多道坎坷都没有跨过，学习也愈来愈差，就好似学写毛笔字，太难了，拿笔都不会，就放弃了，半途而废，最后又错失了学会毛笔的机会。所以我们应该像杨时一样，尽管外面下着鹅毛大雪，也要向程颐学习理学。说明我们不仅要好学还要多问。

在学习的路上，不能瘸脚，想让自己一帆风顺，就必须脚踏实地，上课认真听讲，积极发言。并且将学习看作一件趣事，遇到难题，先深钻，探索深处的奥秘，如果不能满载而归，就去“求学”老师，让他赐你一份智慧。

“创新是一个民族进步的灵魂，是国家行旺发达的不竭动力。”也是我们学习道路上不可或缺的精华。国家需要创新，我们也需要创新，我们应该如齐白石一般画风重重改变;学习牛顿善于发现，深入探究，不懈努力，终于发现了万有引力。“锲而不舍，金石可镂。”我们也要有一颗创新的心，当难题挡在你面前时，解题后可以有一种全新的解题方法;在阅读方面，可以深入探究;我们在课堂上，如果有制作什么艺术品或画什么画，不一定要按原图去做去画，可以研究一种与众不同的方案，在这个物品上进行创新。在学习上，深入钻研，如今社会建筑、科技等都在创新，让我们携手带着创新力量，让祖国不落后，成为一个兴旺发达的国家!

好学多问钻研创新，让祖国在一道道风波的熔铸下，成为一个拥有发达科技的祖国。我们也应该卸下烦恼，把学习当作乐事，遇到难题要去“西天取经”，让我们望到最美的曙光!

1. 大中取小法：如《追求》，从字面上看，题目很虚很大，审题立意时不知如何下手，这类题目就要从小处来写，可以写一个老教师的追求，一个普通工人的追求，一个边防战士的追求，一个中学生的追求，也可以写自己的追求，总之，各种典型人物的追求都可以写。

2. 揭示本体法：题目是喻体或象征体，就应该揭示它的本体。如《春风》、《暖流》，本体可以是党的政策的鼓舞，可以是师长的教导可以是同学的帮助等等。《红叶》，不是写经霜的枫叶，而是要赞颂老干部、老工人、老教师。老革命家等老同志保持晚节、争献余热的高尚粮神。也就是说，《红叶》就是写树老叶红，人老心红。

另外既可作本体来理解，也可作喻体来理解的题目，如《一次不寻常的考试》，则可以写文化科学知识方面的一次实实在在的考试，也可以写思想、道德、行为方面的一次考验。《珍贵的礼物》。可以写人情往来方面的赠送的珍贵物品，也可以写在某方面的突出成绩、成就或成果，还可以指父母、师长或上级领导教育自己的金玉良言。

3. 添加因素法：如《心事》，可以在原题前面加上“我的”、“老师的”、“奶奶的”、“班主任的”等。

4. 改造文字法：如(啊，新世纪)，这个题目抒情色彩很浓，审题的关键在于对“啊’”字的感情色彩的理解，“啊”字很显然含有惊喜、赞美之意，于是可将题目改造为《我赞美新世纪》、《新世纪畅想曲》等。

5. 扩大范围法：题目含意内容很窄，无法取材，可以扩大范围来写。如《在今天的课堂上》，可以将发生在“今e的课堂上的所见所闻”作为文章的线索，穿插回忆昔日课堂内外的事;也可以把“今天”作为广义的今天来理解，写最近一个时期的课堂上的事。

6. 瞬间升华法：如《得与失》、《机会》、《勇气》、《考场》、位置》等，均可叙写发生在一瞬间的事情经过，结尾道目从中悟出的哲理。

相信各位同学学习了以上几点一定对分析作文题目有了很多的想法和认识，加上平时复习中的对这类文章的着重训练，考生一定可以在高考中下笔有神、胸有成竹的!

【精讲与精练】

记叙文是以记叙为主，综合运用描写，抒情，议论等表达方式的一种文体。在近几年高考中，越来越多的考生开始选择写记叙文。优秀记叙文在高考阅卷现场尤其受到阅卷老师的青睐。

综观这些高考优秀记叙文，呈现如下特点：1.语言生动形象。2.人物丰满鲜活。3.叙事波澜起伏。4.情感真挚动人。与此相反，考生在写记叙文时也有很多失误，主要表现为：1.写人缺乏肖像、语言、心理、动作等描写，以致人物显得干瘪;2.叙述太过平淡，不带情感，缺乏感人的力量;3.表达方式太单调，如同白开水，索然无味。

那么，如何才能写出一篇优秀的记叙文呢?

一、多角度描摹法

所谓多角度描摹法，即对记叙对象综合运用多种描写手法进行多方面观照、多角度描摹，从而使景物人物形象化、立体化。例如：

例1、黑将军站在厨台上，威风地看着我，腿上绳子早已挣开。它发出得意的鸣叫，高亢、响亮、清脆，倒有一种虎啸山林之势。……我逼近它。它挑衅地看我一眼，向着窗户纵身一跃，跳了下去。(2011年江苏考生《拒绝平庸》)

点评：既有神态描写：“威风地看着”“挑衅地看”;又有声音描写：“发出得意的鸣叫，高亢、响亮、清脆”;还有动作描写：“纵身一跃，跳了下去”。尽管短短几十字，但通过多角度描摹法，一只勇敢无畏、不屈服于命运的公鸡形象跃然纸上，其拒绝平庸的精神不禁让人肃然起敬。

例2、我转身离去，而父亲仍旧默默地站在门口，踮着脚尖张望着儿子那越走越远的身影，“别忘了，多给家里打电话，记住，注意身体……”(2011山东考生《这世界需要你》)

点评：父亲的神情是“默默”的，“踮着脚尖”的动作则透露出对孩子的不舍，而语言描写对孩子的关心则表露无遗。三个角度的描写层层递进，形象地写出了父亲的情感变化。描写真实、自然，感人。

例3、深红的趟栊门前是三级浅平的石阶，某户人家的家猫正慵懒地躺在石阶上，享受正午到来前温和的阳光。偶有微风拂过，老猫用前爪轻轻拨弄脸上的胡子，发出“喵”的一声后，打了个滚又沉沉睡去。(2011广东考生《回到原点》)

点评：一幅温馨祥和宁谧的画面，来自于生动细腻的精心描写。猫是这幅画的中心，它“慵懒地躺在石阶上”“轻轻拨弄脸上的胡子”“发出“喵”的一声”“沉沉睡去”。有神态，有动作，有声音。有动有静，形神兼备。

例4、先生没别的嗜好，只好几口小酒。每餐一杯，绝无例外。记得在餐桌上吃饭时，先生看着酒杯里仅余的一小口，若有所思地说：“哎呀，就剩一小口了。喝还是不喝，这是个问题。”随即先生又摆摆手：“罢了罢了，喝!”我转而想说将来我孝敬您，又见先生喃喃自语道：“想下顿喝这顿的，日子才有盼头嘛!”我大笑不止。(2011年江苏考生《拒绝平庸》)

点评：寥寥数语就展现了一个幽默、不平庸的光彩夺目的形象，语言精炼，可见作者非凡的语言功底。我的“大笑不止”则是间接描写，进一步烘托了形象。

例5、时光渐渐赋予我怀念和遗忘的力量，过去我觉得我不能理解他，现在觉得爸爸就像一枚翠绿色的叶子，背面蒙蒙一片，将它翻转过来，叶脉清晰呈现在眼前。现在与过去叠加，记起的是若干年前的那个清晨，他告诉我向日葵没有眼泪。而我，还是泪流满面站定，等待他潮湿而温暖的拥抱。(2011湖南考生《向日葵没有眼泪》)

点评：“现在觉得爸爸就像一枚翠绿色的叶子，背面蒙蒙一片，将它翻转过来，叶脉清晰呈现在眼前”，优美的比喻，形象地写出了“我”的心理感受，“泪流满面”则是直写我的感情。心理描写和神态描写，一内一外，真实的写出了“我”对爸爸的内疚之情，也写出了对爸爸的爱，读来，真挚感人。

【跟踪训练01】请在古代诗人中任选一人，发挥想象，进行描写，以“坚守”为话题，写一片段。要求：运用多角度描摹法。

二、波澜起伏法

“文似看山不喜平”，记叙文忌平铺直叙。所谓波澜起伏法就是在记叙时可采用插叙、倒叙等叙述方式，或采用设悬念、埋伏笔、抑扬顿挫等写作手法，使叙事过程一波三折，引人入胜。例如;

例1、窗透初晓，日照西桥.追寻着一丝光亮，他疲困地睁开了双眼。“孩子他爸!你可醒了!”病床边的妻子激动的说。环顾四周都站满了人，但却仿佛没有他所要寻觅的东西，他着急的追问：“孩子，孩……”(2011上海考生《心雨》)

点评：开篇即用倒叙手法，设置悬念，吸引读者阅读兴趣。很好地避免了叙述的平板单调，使文章的情节波澜起伏，引人入胜。增强了文章的生动性。

例2、它是一只不普通的鸡。……它开始挣扎，尽管双腿被绑。…它挑衅地看我一眼，向着窗户纵身一跃，跳了下去。……它好似雄鹰，华丽地飞翔、降落，悠闲地离开。(2011江苏考生《拒绝平庸》)

点评：这个事件的叙述可谓波澜起伏，原因就在于这只鸡逃生的过程一波三折。而作者也很好地对此进行了生动详尽的描写。另外，这只鸡最终逃生成功，可以说是既出乎意料，又在意料之中。因为“不普通”“挑衅”已经给结局做下铺垫。

例3、当大胡子再次出现的时候，引来了许多人。“女士们，先生们，这就是我的作品。”说着拉下我身上的布。“啊……石——猴!”大胡子张大了嘴巴。(2011江苏考生《拒绝平庸》)

点评：出乎意料的结果，让故事的发展改变了既定的发展轨迹，不仅让故事中的人惊讶不已，也让读者享受到了记叙文波澜起伏带来的心理感受上的惊喜。

【跟踪训练02】请以“好奇心”为话题，以设置悬念的技法写一段文字。

三、叙议结合

一篇记叙文，如果只有记叙和描写，没有精当的议论，文章就会平淡无力。所谓叙议结合法就是在叙事和描写的文字后面，设置精当的一两句议论，以收点题、扣题、深化主题、升华感情之功效。

例1、后记：壮阔的臂膀担不起岁月的重量，一切不能忘记的也只能先跨过去，然后在某个人生时刻，它们会突然醒来。生活总是在忘记与铭记之间，让人被成长。(2011上海考生《心雨》)

点评：正文后的后记，闪烁哲理的点睛之笔，话语警策,富有感染力,。不仅扣题，还起到深化主题、升华感情之功效。

例2、它以置之死地而后生的拼搏，拒绝了平庸，超越了平凡。它属于自然。它本该离去。对于它，我只有敬意。(2011江苏考生《拒绝平庸》)

点评：一只等待宰杀的公鸡，不甘心命运的摆布，勇敢逃生。是一只不平庸的鸡。篇末的这几句议论揭示了该件事的意义，起到了点题的作用。而“对于它，我只有敬意”一句则从抒情的角度升华了主题。

例3、将这里拆掉，就是毁了我的根，就是毁了上百广州老街坊的根!可是，这样的呐喊谁会听见呢?人生的原点，文化的原点与高速发展的经济，与拔地而起的大厦相比，似乎已经变得渺小了。(2011广东考生《回到原点》)

点评：这几句饱含深情的议论，不仅扣题，而且读来引人深思，一是因为前文的叙述已体现出了作者对老街的热爱，很好地为此处的议论做足了铺垫。二是这几句中的对比，紧扣现实，蕴含哲理，显示了作者深刻见解。

【跟踪训练03】以“中秋月”为题，写一片段。要求：运用叙议结合手法。

四、饱蘸感情法

法国哲学家、文学家狄德罗说过：“没有感情这个品质，任何笔调都不可能打动人心”、“凡是有感情的地方就有美”。记叙文写作尤其如此。所谓“饱蘸感情”法，就是在记叙文写作中，要饱含感情，或直抒胸臆，或借景抒情，或寓情于事，以达到感染读者，打动读者，引起共鸣之功效。

例1我小心翼翼地把两只萤火虫放在一片宽阔的绿叶上。当它们呼吸到自然的气息时，燃起了那熟悉的萤绿色光芒，那么纯粹，又那么充满着生命力。(2011广东考生《回到原点》)

点评：“小心翼翼”形象地体现了“我”怕伤害到萤火虫的细微心情，而“那么纯粹，又那么充满着生命力”则体现了“我”的激动、欣喜之情。对萤火虫饱含爱护之情，含而不直露，是本句的抒情特点。

例2月光透过树梢撒在地上，鳞鳞散散的月光宛如孩子的心般支离破碎。只有布谷鸟红着眼睛在树上喊着：“不哭，不哭……”。(2011上海考生《心雨》)

点评：用比喻寓伤感之情于“鳞鳞散散的月光”，摹布谷鸟凄清的鸣叫为“不哭，不哭”，委婉含蓄的表达了孩子因误伤父亲而产生的极度悲伤之情，读来。让人伤感不已。

例3淡漠的我眼角流出一颗晶莹的泪珠伴着雨滴，滑下脸庞，砸在湿漉漉的地上，碎成几瓣：原来，父亲是那样的爱我。对不住，父亲!我明白，对我而言，世界上需要你，我的父亲!(2011山东考生《这世界需要你》)

点评：直抒胸臆，表达对父亲的愧疚和热爱，对伴着雨滴、滑下脸庞的泪珠的精致描写则加深了感情的抒发。

【跟踪训练04】以“母亲”为题。写一片段。要求：充满感情。

五、细节描写法

列夫托尔斯泰说：“艺术起于至微。”“至微”就是细节。细节是艺术的生命。所谓“细节描写”法，就是在记叙文写作中，通过真实生动的细节描写，使记叙从肤浅走向深刻，从枯燥走向生动，从平淡走向感人。细节描写是指作品中对人物动作、语言、神态、心理、外貌以及自然景观、场面气氛等细小环节或情节的描写。

例1、突然有一天，荒山里来了一位采石人，围着我转来转去，像驴子拉磨，还摸着我的屁股赞叹：“好石头，好石头!你是想平庸一生，还是愿随我去人间?”(2011江苏考生《拒绝平庸》)

点评：用“像驴子拉磨”来比喻采石人转来转去的动作，传神地写出了采石人对“我”(石头)极为欣赏的心理，语言幽默生动，让人读来不禁莞尔。而关于采石人的语言描写不仅点出话题“平庸”二字，还进一步丰富了对人物的塑造。生动细节描写使人物栩栩如生，跃然纸上。

例2、有一次，我拿起那条老手帕来到母亲的病床前，母亲用那只会活动的手掌，在泛黄的手帕上轻轻抚摸一会儿。随后，她笑着说：“这还是在你上小学三年级时我给你绣的。那个晚上下着雨，为了买一条新手帕，你闹的情绪比雨还大哩。”(2011四川考生《时间在流逝》)

点评：从细微的动作“轻轻抚摸”、神态“笑”以及对往事的清晰回忆的语言描写，刻画了一个挚爱女儿的温和可亲的母亲形象，也很好地表达了“时间在流逝”这个主题。

例3、父亲的手紧紧握住背带，我默默的低下头却看见父亲那双破布鞋早已湿透，裤腿也湿了大半截。雨越下越大。(2011山东考生《这世界需要你》)

点评：从“我”的视角看到的雨中的父亲：“手紧紧握住背带”“湿透的破布鞋”“湿了大半截的裤腿”。这是细节描写，传神地的刻画了一位生活艰辛，虽被大雨淋湿而心思依然放在孩子身上的一位可敬的父亲形象。环境描写(雨越下越大)则有力地烘托了父亲这一形象和“我”的不平静的心情。语句虽然简短，但通过细节描写很好地表达了“我”对父亲的感情：这世界需要你。同时，也巧妙地扣了题。

【跟踪训练05】以“晚自习时，一只小飞虫……”为开头写一片段。要求：有细节描写。

六、线串珍珠法

如果说丰富而生动的材料是一颗颗珍珠，那么线索就是将珍珠串起来的一条线。所谓“线串珍珠”法，就是通过设置贯穿全文的线索，把文中的人物和事件有机地连在一起，使文章条理清楚、层次清晰。文章线索的安排通常有以下几种形式：1.以主题为线索。2.以人物为线索。3.以事物为线索。4.以中心事件为线索。5.以“感情”为线索。

所要注意的是，无论采取何种线索，都必须从表现文章的中心思想和体现材料之间的内在联系出发，灵活巧妙地确定。

例1、一、五只粽子……可怜的屈原啊，您大概不会想到原本为了纪念您的粽子却成了我们的文化“吉祥物”吧?请原谅我吧，我只是一名平庸的考生，我要通过高考拒绝我的平庸呢。二、一只鸽子……可怜的“天然之子”鸽子啊，请原谅我吧，我只是一名平庸的考生，我还要通过高考拒绝我的平庸呢。 三、一棵树……亲爱的树啊，请原谅我吧，我只是一名平庸的考生，我要通过高考来拒绝我的平庸呢。(2011江苏考生《拒绝平庸》)

点评：文章设置了三个小标题，自然形成三个部分，在每个部分的后面用一句议论来点题。这三处议论中都包含的主题词(拒绝平庸)就是全文的线索。以主题为线索，不仅使文章条理清楚、层次清晰，还直接扣题。这种方法值得学习并应用。

例2、许多年来，在我的书桌抽屉里一直珍藏着一条老手帕。……数十年的时光匆匆而逝，而那条老手帕，好像是岁月送给我的一份特殊礼物。……有一次，我拿起那条老手帕来到母亲的病床前……母亲对它的记忆竟然如此清晰!……我希望自己像那条手帕一样，随着时光慢慢老去的同时，仍然能够珍藏温暖的亲情，并保留住一个真实的自我。(2011四川考生《时间在流逝》)

点评：本文是以事物(老手帕)为贯穿全文的线索。老手帕带出了对童年往事的回忆，也珍藏着一份温暖的亲情，从而也有了一种象征意义。“老手帕”之所以是“老”的，原因就是“时间在流逝”的结果。“老手帕”这个线索的设置体现了作者构思的精心和精巧。

例3我好奇地挤过去一看，啊，竟然是两只萤火虫!……我从回忆中回过神来，大家都散了，只剩下我还盯着萤火虫。……我鼓起勇气对抓萤火虫的同学说：“你能把这两只萤火虫送给我吗?”……我小心翼翼地把两只萤火虫放在一片宽阔的绿叶上。……我忽然觉得我们就像是萤火虫……是夜，流萤入梦，我回到了原点。(2011广东考生《回到原点》)

点评：本文是以中心事件为线索：发现萤火虫——回忆萤火虫——要萤火虫——放生萤火虫——梦见萤火虫。这一线索使文章的结构层次极为清晰，使文章的组材不枝不蔓，为表达主题起到了很好作用。

【跟踪训练06】请以“路”为题，写一篇作文提纲。要求：线索清晰。

七、靓化语言法

古人云：言之无文，行而不远。“文”就是“文采”。相对于议论文，记叙文更讲究“有文采”。所谓“靓化语言”法就是要让记叙文在语言上文采飞扬，吸引读者眼球，让读者有一种赏心悦目之感。要“靓化语言”就必须做到：词语生动，句式灵活，巧用修辞，文句有意蕴。

例1、一个熟悉的身影应声倒下，一座名为父亲的大山就此坍塌。倒地的声响不大，仅使得倒伏的玉米杆呻吟吱呀，却将一个孩子的心震碎成沙。(2011上海考生《心雨》)

点评：把父亲的倒下，比喻成一座大山的坍塌，形象的写出了父亲在孩子心中的崇高地位，还写出了自己内心因为误伤父亲而产生的深深的自责和巨大的悲伤之情。而“玉米杆呻吟吱呀”和“将一个孩子的心震碎成沙”的强烈对比，更是把孩子内心的自责和悲伤之情写到了极致。“玉米杆呻吟吱呀”一句尤为形象，是摹拟玉米杆倒下的声音，也是写父亲倒下时的痛苦，还有烘托孩子内心的悲伤的作用。文字简练，内涵丰富，给读者以鲜明而强烈的印象。

例2、冲锋的号角划破长空，9×10的小小战场刹那间狼烟四起，硝烟弥漫。疾驰的战车冲锋陷阵，摧城拔寨，骁勇善战;威猛的火炮杀机暗藏，“隔山打牛”，威风八面;奔驰的骏马跨日追月，卧槽挂角，纵横驰骋。而我，一个平庸的小兵孤零零地蜷缩在战场一隅。(2011江苏考生《拒绝平庸》)

点评：“狼烟四起”“硝烟弥漫”“冲锋陷阵”“、摧城拔寨”“骁勇善战”“杀机暗藏”“隔山打牛”“威风八面”“跨日追月”“卧槽挂角”“纵横驰骋”，此为整句，展示了作者深厚的语言功底，也生动地表现了“棋盘”上的那种激烈厮杀的场面。“而我，一个平庸的小兵孤零零地蜷缩在战场一隅”，是为散句，形象的写出了一个小兵的孤独平庸。整散结合，形成极为强烈鲜明的对比。有整句和散句语句气势上的对比，也有“小兵”和“车、马、炮”战斗能力上的对比，这种对比为下文写小兵的不甘平庸，勇猛作战做了铺垫。

例3、当孤傲的战车面对我与我的弟兄只能无奈地自嘲“自古双拳难敌四手”，当威风的火炮失去了炮架的支撑在我面前不堪一击，当“春风得意马蹄疾”的战马不经意间被我锁住了去路、缚住了马脚，当我撕开士象的坚固防线，当我挥舞着长矛刺穿敌方将帅的胸膛，我在他的眼里读出了失落，读出了恐惧，而更多的却是不解与震惊。(2011江苏考生《拒绝平庸》)

点评：综合运用了排比和引用。排比句写出了敌方车、马、炮和将帅的无奈、不解、震惊，从而反衬了小兵的因不甘平庸而产生出的巨大能量，切合了“拒绝平庸”的主题。“自古双拳难敌四手”和“春风得意马蹄疾”引用，则加强了上述表达效果，也展示了作者的文采。

例4往事越“十”年，“牧童”挥鞭。那时一放学，我总是“外甥打灯笼——照(舅)旧”，挥着鞭儿，牵着绳儿，吆着牛儿，上山去了。(2011四川考生《总有一种期待》)

点评：“往事越‘十年’，‘牧童’挥鞭”是化用毛泽东的诗句“往事越千年，魏武挥鞭”，巧妙而诙谐，表现了作者较高的语文素养和较强的语言功力;歇后语“外甥打灯笼——照(舅)旧”则使语言显得生动幽默。而“挥着鞭儿，牵着绳儿，吆着牛儿”，句式简短，活泼明快，读来朗朗上口，很有节奏感。

【跟踪训练07】请以“站在门口”，写一作文片段。要求：有文采。

Dear Jeff,

Im Li Hua from Beijing Hongxing Middle School. I m very happy to learn that youre going to stay with my family while youre in Beijing.

To Jeff

Dear Jeff,

Im Li Hua from Beijing I-Iongxing Middle School. Im very happy to learn that youre going to stay with my family while youre in Beijing.

While you are here, well provide you with a room of your own with a bed, a desk, a couple of chairs and a TV. Youll also have your own bathroom. Our school is quite close to our home. So we could go to school together by bike. At noon well eat at the school dining hall. Im sure youll like the delicious Chinese food there,and enjoy talking with friends over lunch. Classes in our school usually finish at 4 in the afternoon. You can then join other students in playing ball games or swimming. Itll be a lot of fun.

If you have any questions or requests, please let me know. Well try our best to make your stay here in Beijing a pleasant experience.

[高考英语满分作文写给杰夫的一封信

技巧一：首尾呼应，凸显主旨

(首)都说生活的船不能没有理想的帆，都说生活的理想就是为了理想的生活，而理想的生活中最快乐的时光，便是梦想的花季。

(尾)花季中，我希望自己能永远记住先哲的那句良训：生活的船不能没有理想的帆。生活的理想就是为了理想的生活。(选自湖荆州中考满分文《把梦想带给花季》)

技巧点拨：首尾呼应是考场作文中最实用的方法之一，一般情况是作者先在开头提出文章的中心，然后在结尾时再次强调，照应开头，从而使文章的中心鲜明突出。你看，在上例中，小作者运用首尾呼应的方式，以优美的诗一般的语言凸显了文章的主旨――理想的生活中最快乐的时光，便是梦想的花季。

(首)有一种光华，笼罩着中华民族的精神家园;有一种火苗，跃动在民族灵魂的奥林匹克山上;有一种烈焰，温暖了绵远的文明情思，那就是友善!

(尾)我们不能因为屡受伤害就失去与丑恶斗争的信心，因为我们需要守卫我们的精神火种――友善!(选自河南中考满分文《守卫精神的火种》)

技巧点拨：这是一篇考场议论文的开头与结尾，与上例相比，此例为简洁明快，开头提出论点，迅速入题，结尾再次反复，呼应开头，加强了论证的力度。

技巧二：言为心声，呼唤号召

让我们大家行动起来吧，把爱心带给他人，带给那些失学儿童，带给那些孤寡老人……带给身边的每一个人。当你把爱心献给他人时，你也获得了莫大的幸福。要相信，只要人人都献出一份爱，世界将变成美好的人间。(选自湖北荆州中考满分文《把爱心带给他人》)

二十一世纪，我们是祖国的春天，我们不是我们的父母，热情奔放是我们的性格，我们不需要守那些规矩，打破陈规，让我们脑中的那团热情火燃烧得更猛烈，把我们的笑声、爱心串在一起，让全世界笼罩在爱之中。要笑就笑个痛痛快快，要哭就哭个歇斯底里，不要压抑自己，不要让那陈旧的观念束缚着，不要随便改变自己，请记住我的名言：“我就是我，给我一点阳光就这么灿烂。”(选自福建省中考满分文《给一点阳光就这么灿烂》)

技巧点拨：考场作文讲究情感真挚，要写出自己对真善美的呼唤，对假丑恶的鞭挞。这种情感不仅局限于自己，还可以在文章结尾发出真挚的呼唤，号召大家一起去追寻真善美，一起去鞭挞假丑恶。上面小作者真情呼唤，言为心声，表现了自己美好未来的向往之情。第二段小作者言词急切，个性十足，表情达意毫无遮掩，向所有的同龄人发出了真情的呼唤，有力的突出了主题，给读者以强烈的心灵震撼。

技巧三：巧妙发问，引入深思

自然的色、自然的香、自然的味、自然的美，这一切都源于自然。自然是伟大的。是神奇的。它与生活是那么的近，那么的紧。品味自然，不就同品味生活了吗?

技巧点拨：一篇好的文章做到言有尽而意无穷，要具有哲理启发性。如同欣赏一支优美的乐曲，曲虽终但余音缭绕，给人留下无穷的韵昧。你看，在上面一段文字中，作者在结尾巧妙发问，引发读者思考，将文章的意蕴加以深化。体现出作者思考的深刻性与独特性。

不同的话有不同的影响，不同的角度有不同的视野，不同的哈哈镜有不同的成像，不同的心情会有不同的行动，不同的花有不同的花香和样子，不同的评价造就孩子不同的命运。何必要让自己狭小的视角不公地评价一个人、伤害一个人，何必要熄灭风中的烛光，何必要让所有的孩子都成为一个模子里刻出来的无个性的模型?(选自湖北省中考满分文《哈哈镜中的我》)

技巧点拨：这段结尾针对老师的评语表达了自己的看法，先用排比句的形式说明每一个学生都有自己的个性，老师不必磨灭学生个性，最后再以问句结束，启示人们进行思考，深化了文章的内涵。

技巧四：引用佳句，多姿多彩

“野芳发而幽香，佳木秀而繁阴，风霜高洁，水落而石出”，2017年来，生活让我懂得了放弃!为了我的理想，为了更多的人可以读书，我必须放弃!(选自广州中考满分文《从天空想到的》)

想到这里，我又记起了一位名人说过的一句话：“身边的书多着呢，只要发觉，肯定会学到很多……”(选自陕西中考满分文《阅读身边的人》)

明日歌中说：“明日复明日，明日何其多，我生待明日，万事成蹉跎……”希望大家能把握今天，创造出美好的明天。(选自四川内江中考满分文《创造美好的明天》)

佐拉说：“人生――只有两分半种的时间，一分种微笑、一分种叹息、半分种的爱……”在我看来，在我陶醉于欣赏母亲的梳妆中，那一分钟的微笑不是勉强，那一分钟的叹息之后不再是叹息，而是爱的传递，母亲将她对生命的爱，对生活的爱，对亲人的爱融于平日的点滴中，我忘情天其中了……(选自吉林省中考满分文《陶醉》)

技巧点拨：古今中外，名言佳句很多，作文结尾之时，若能巧妙引用，定能使文章增色许多。这里列举几例分别引用了诗文佳句、名人言论，既增添了文采又加深了文章的意境。效果很好，同学们应加以学习，此外，引用的范围可大些，如俗语、谚语、流行歌词等均可引用。

技巧五：抒情议论，气势不凡

其实宁静就是那么简单，一个浅浅的微笑，一句贴心的话语，一颗能包含一切的心灵，足以使一张紧绷的脸松弛开来，让笑容在人们脸上轻轻地绽开，那笑容就如徜徉在天边的云朵，轻轻地点缀着那片蔚蓝的天，清新而自然，(选自广州中考满分文《从天空想到的》)

春光似海，青春如花。青春是美丽的，美丽的青春在于奋斗，在于拼搏。愿天下的人们都能让自己的青春绽放出花一样的馨香!(选自吉林省中考满分文《花样年华》)

技巧点拨：这两段文字发于心，出于情，运用排比、比喻修辞，以优美的文字抒发内心真实情感，并配以适当的议论，使文章结尾气势不凡，强劲有力。

技巧六：景物烘托，情景合一

风停了，暴雨也结束了，太阳重新露出了笑容，两代人的那扇玻璃也被那片残阳熔化了。太阳在远处逐渐隐去，消失在一片晚霞中，两者混为一体，没有距离。(选自广州中考满分文《雨中品读》)

技巧点拨：这段结尾的特点十分突出，景物烘托的作用也很明显，小作者通过对雨后景物的描写暗示了两代人之间情感隔阂的消失，情与景有机地结合在了一起。含蓄隽永。余味无穷。

此刻，一缕阳光从外面射进病房，我感到自已真像一棵受伤的小树沐浴着它。呵，成长的路上，虽然风云莫测，但是阳光毕竟很好!我想。(选自湖北省仙桃市中考满分文《在阳光下成长》)

技巧点拨：这段结尾突出阳光的作用，将阳光与成长结合在一起，暗示自己成长道路虽不平坦但充满阳光，表达出一种乐观向上的情绪。既照应了主旨，又显得情韵深厚。

一、 主题句原则

国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事!

特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!

To begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句).

Without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

二、 长短句原则

工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：

As a creature, I eat; as a man, I read. Although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.

如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉?牢记!

强烈建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短;在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

三、 一二三原则

领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点…如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1)first, second, third, last(不推荐，原因：俗)

2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐，原因：俗)

3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐，原因：俗)

4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐，原因：俗)

5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)

6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)

7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)

8)most important of all, moreover, finally

9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)

10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)

建议：不仅仅在写作中注意，平时说话的时候也应该条理清楚!

四、 短语优先原则

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如：

I cannot bear it.

可以用短语表达：I cannot put up with it.

I want it.

可以用短语表达：I am looking forward to it.

这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。

五、 多实少虚原则

原因很简单，写文章还是应该写一些实际的东西，不要空话连篇。这就要求一定要多用实词，少用虚词。我这里所说的虚词就是指那些比较大的词。比如我们说一个很好的时候，不应该之说nice这样空洞的词，应该使用一些诸如generous, humorous, interesting, smart, gentle, warm-hearted, hospital 之类的形象词。再比如：

走出房间，general的词是：walk out of the room

但是小偷走出房间应该说：slip out of the room

小姐走出房间应该说：sail out of the room

小孩走出房间应该说：dance out of the room

老人走出房间应该说：stagger out of the room

所以多用实词，少用虚词，文章将会大放异彩!

六、 多变句式原则

1)加法(串联)

都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。

比如说： I enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar. 如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：Not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm. 其它的短语可以用：besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

2)转折(拐弯抹角)

批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。

The car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.

The coat was thin, but it was warm.

更多的短语：despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, not with standing

3)因果(so, so, so)

昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!

The snow began to fall, so we went home.

更多短语：then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4)失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重)

有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。

举例：This is what I can do.

Whether he can go with us or not is not sure.

同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：

When to go, Why he goes away…

5)附加(多此一举)

如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他;或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。

The man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.

I don’t enjoy that book you are reading.

Mr liu, our oral English teacher, is easy-going.

其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。

6)排比(排山倒海句)

文学作品中最吸引人的地方莫过于此，如果非要让你的文章更加精彩的话，那么我希望你引用一个个的排比句，一个个得对偶句，一个个的不定式，一个个地词，一个个的短语，如此表达将会使文章有排山倒海之势!

Whether your tastes are modern or traditional, sophisticated or simple, there is plenty in London for you.

Nowadays, energy can be obtained through various sources such as oil, coal, natural gas, solar heat, the wind and ocean tides.

We have got to study hard, to enlarge our scope of knowledge, to realize our potentials and to pay for our life. (气势恢宏)

要想写出如此气势恢宏的句子非用排比不可!

七、 挑战极限原则

既然是挑战极限，必然是比较难的，但是并非不可攀!

原理：在学生的文章中，很少发现诸如独立主格的句子，其实也很简单，只要花上5分钟的时间看看就可以领会，它就是分词的一种特殊形式，分词要求主语一致，而独立主格则不然。比如：

The weather being fine, a large number of people went to climb the Western Hills.

Africa is the second largest continent, its size being about three times that of China.

如果您可一些出这样的句子，不得高分才怪!

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

Grasp all, lose all. 贪多必失.

Whats lost is lost. 失者不可复得。

Waste not, want not. 不浪费,不会穷.

Tomorrow never comes. 切莫依赖明天. / 我生待明日,万事成蹉跎.

No man is infallible. 没有人不犯错误。

Alms never make poor. 施舍穷不了人.

Love will find a way. 爱心所至,金石为开.

Manners make the man. 举止见人品。

Patience is a virtue. 忍耐是一种美德.

Pity is akin to love. 怜悯生爱.

Call a spade a spade. 是啥说啥，难听不怕。

Delays are dangerous. 因循出危险.

Diamond cuts diamond. 强中自有强中手.

Counsel is no command. 劝告不是命令.

Poverty tries friends. 贫穷考验朋友.

Once bitten,twice shy. 吃一次亏,学一次乖.

Pain past is pleasure. 痛苦过去即欢乐.

Leal heart lied never. 心诚无谎言。

Hot love is soon cold. 过热的爱情冷得快.

As good lost as found. 有得必有失. /得失同喜.

Every dog has his day. 瓦块也有翻身日，人人都有运来时。

Wise fear begets care. 懂得担心,就会小心.

"Never”is a long word. 不要轻易说“决不”。

After wind comes rain. 风是雨的头。

Nurture passes nature. 教养胜过天性.

Time tries all things. 时间检验一切.

Boys will be boys. 男孩子总是男孩子.

No song, no supper. 不出力,不得食.

The truth will out. 真相总会大白.

Time works wonders. 时间能创造奇迹.

To think is to see. 思考就是明白.

Truth will prevail. 真理必胜

A lie begets a lie. 谎言生谎言。

Years bring wisdom. 年岁带来智慧.

In love is no lack. 爱情不会感到缺乏.

Easy come, easy go. 来得容易去得 . /悖入悖出.

Every little helps. 点滴都有用.

Forgive and forget. 恢弘大度，勿念旧恶。

Manners maketh man. 举止造人品.

Laugh and grow fat. 心宽体胖 。

Knowledge is power. 知识就是力量.

Let the world slide. 人世沧桑,听其自然.

Love me,love my dog. 爱屋及乌.

Life means struggle. 生活就是斗争.

Fair plays a jewel. 比赛风格好,胜过珠宝.

Early sow,early mow. 种得早,收得早.