自考英语 英语写作基础（推荐20篇）

一、读后感的概念

读后感的概念有两重含义：一是真实的、不受任何约束的读后感，二是一种作文的体裁，考试时要接受各种条件的约束。下面这篇读后感，就接近于第一种读后感。写这种读后感，主要是给自己看的，一定要真实，有什么感想(当然感想应当有意义，值得一写)就写什么感想，与心得笔记不同，它要展开来写，尽量像一篇文章，尽量写得生动、实在、深刻。一般应当写清楚读了什么，有什么感想，联想到了什么，对自己有什么作用等。它不追求文体、格式框框，写起来也可长可短。

二、读后感的写法

写读后感最重要的一点是要读出所读书籍或者文章的“眼睛”，它是你展开来写的基础、中心和出发点，这个问题我们已经在上一讲里说过了，这里就不多讲了。其次，写读后感，有它一定的规矩，有的书上把它归纳为“引、议、联、结”，四个字，想公式一样。对于这些规矩我们不可以不学，考试时只要内容有创意，套用这种公式未尝不可;但我们也不要受其所限，写成千篇一律的“八股文”，也可尝试在结构上有自己的创意，有自己的个性。但不管怎样，读后感也离不开“读”——对原文的引述、概括、评价等等，离不开“感”——自己的感想。只要把这两个字表达好了，就是好的读后感。

三、写读后感的基本技巧

在读过一篇文章或一本书之后，把获得的感受、体会以及受到的教育、启迪等写下来，写成的文章就叫“读后感”。

读后感的基本思路

(1)简述原文有关内容。如所读书、文的篇名、作者、写作年代，以及原书或原文的内容概要。写这部分内容是为了交代感想从何而来，并为后文的议论作好铺垫。这部分一定要突出一个“简”字，决不能大段大段地叙述所读书、文的具体内容，而是要简述与感想有直接关系的部分，略去与感想无关的东西。

(2)亮明基本观点。选择感受最深的一点，用一个简洁的句子明确表述出来。这样的句子可称为“观点句”。这个观点句表述的，就是这篇文章的中心论点。“观点句”在文中的位置是可以灵活的，可以在篇首，也可以在篇末或篇中。初学写作的同学，最好采用开门见山的方法，把观点写在篇首。

(3)围绕基本观点摆事实讲道理。这部分就是议论文的本论部分，是对基本观点(即中心论点)的阐述，通过摆事实讲道理证明观点的正确性，使论点更加突出、更有说服力。这个过程应注意的是，所摆事实、所讲道理都必须紧紧围绕基本观点，为基本观点服务。

(4)围绕基本观点联系实际。一篇好的读后感应当有时代气息，有真情实感。要做到这一点，必须善于联系实际。这“实际”可以是个人的思想、言行、经历，也可以是某种社会现象。联系实际时也应当注意紧紧围绕基本观点，为观点服务，而不能盲目联系、前后脱节。

以上四点是写读后感的基本思路，但是这思路不是一成不变的，要善于灵活掌握。比如，“简述原文”一般在“亮明观点”前，但二者先后次序互换也是可以的。再者，如果在第三个步骤摆事实讲道理时所摆的事实就是社会现象或个人经历，就不必再写第四个部分了。

四、写读后感应注意的问题

第一是要重视“读”

在“读”与“感”的关系中，“读”是“感”的前提、基础;“感”是“读”的延伸或者说结果。必须先“读”而后“感”，不“读”则无“感”。因此，要写读后感首先要读懂原文，要准确把握原文的基本内容，正确理解原文的中心思想和关键语句的含义，深入体会作者的写作目的和文中表达的思想感情。

第二是要准确选择感受点

读完一本书或一篇文章，会有许多感想和体会;对同样一本书或一篇文章，不同的人从不同的角度思考问题，更是会产生不同的看法、受到不同的启迪。以大家熟知的“滥竽充数”成语故事为例，从讽刺南郭先生的角度去思考，可以领悟到没有真本领蒙混过日子的人早晚要“露馅”，认识到掌握真才实学的重要性;若是考虑在齐宣王时南郭先生能混下去的原因，就可以想到领导者要有实事求是的领导作风，不能搞华而不实，否则会给混水摸鱼的人留下空子可钻;再要从管理体制的角度去思考，就可进一步认识到齐宣王的“大锅饭”缺少必要的考评机制，为南郭先生一类的人提供了饱食终日混日子的客观条件，从而联想到改革开放以来，打破“铁饭碗”，废除大锅饭的必要性。

一篇读后感，不能写出诸多的感想或体会，这就要加以选择。作为初学者，就要选择自己感受最深又觉得有话可说的一点来写。要注意把握分析问题的角度，注意联系自己的实际情况，从众多的头绪中选择最恰当的感受点，作为全文议论的中心。

1. You are an university student who are living in the accommodation at the campus. One day you find something wrong with your accommodation. So you write a letter to the House Officer to tell them what happened, the reason you think, what you decide to do, and whether if it is right.

2. It is wrong that our government pay more money to the artist projects, for instance, there are more and more paintings and sculptures appearing at the public places, because there are more important thing to do. What‘s you opinion? Do you agree or disagree with it?

3. writing to an English speaking college about qualification, accommodation, fee, what courses do you want to choose and why.

4. Participating in a sport is as important for psychological health as it is for physical condition and social development.

5. You have left college. But you didn‘t say goodbye to your friend who live in the room with you because he had a course at that time. Write a letter to him to appology and tell hem how you spend that days before you leave and how you get home. Then invite him to visit you.

6. Some people say the parents should except school to conduct their children‘s behavior and tell them what is ‘right‘ or ‘wrong‘. Others say schools should take this responsibility. Please give your point about it.

7. Write to the agency officer and complain about the rent car which has sth wrong. Tell them the problems of the car you rent from the agency and your requiring.

8. As the developing countries and the third world countries, there are a funds, how to use it? Invest in the basic education or in the high-technology, for instance, computer? What‘s your opinion?

9. You are a foreign student. Write to the Student Union, introduce your hobbies and interests and ask information of clubs and societies. You want to join a club or society enjoy your time when you study there.

10. Fast food is developing more and more popular. It replaces other traditional food. Some people think it is good, some people disagree with it. What‘s your opinion about it. Give some reason of your opinion.

11. A friend will visit Beijing. You will meet him at airport. But for some reason, you have to be late. Explain the reason. Since you haven‘t meet each other, tell the friend where you will meet and how to recognize each other.

12. More and more children‘s writing & math ability are affected by computers and calculators. We should limit the use of those tools. Disagree or agree.

小学阶段不同年级的作文有不同要求和写作技巧小学英语写作指导小学英语写作指导。

对于小学3年级的学生，在他们已经掌握好了如颜色(colour)、衣服(clothes)、数字(number)、星期(day of the week)、月份(month)、宠物(pet)、情感(feeling)、身体部位(body)、文具(school things)的基础上进行文章的填空，如果学生能够按照文章的要求写进相关的信息，那就已经很不错了。下面是一个自我介绍的简单例子：

Myself

Hello，my name is_____. I am_____years old.My favourite colour is_____，_____， and_____.My favourite pet is______，_____ and______. My favourite food is_____，______and______.My favourite day is______. My favourite school thing is______and______.My favourite number is and______.I am______today.

上面的这个例子，如果学生能够依次能吧自己的姓名、年龄、喜欢的颜色、喜欢的宠物、喜欢的食物、喜欢的日子、喜欢的文具、喜欢的数字和今天的心情准确无误地写出来，那么就已经能够完成了3年级阶段的作文要求。

对于4年级的学生，可以写一篇介绍自己课室或者自己卧室的文章。下面是一篇4年级学生的介绍课室范文。

My classroom

I am studying at Tongji primary school.I am in Class Two, Grade Four. (介绍自己所在的学校和所在的年级) There is a blackboard in front of the classroom. There are twenty-five desks in our classroom, they are brown. There are many books on the desk. There are fifty students, thirty boys and twenty girls. There is a picture on the wall. There are two fans on the wall. (用there+be句型把班里和摆设和班上的人数都表达出来了) It is tidy and clean.I like my classroom very much.(最后是作者的总结)

对于5年级的学生，作文的要求也提高了很多，很多学生在介绍别人或者是写自己喜欢的小动物的时候很容易忘了第三人称单数动词要加ses，如：He get up at 7 o’clock(get忘了加s)，在用到现在进行的时候动词很容易忘了加ing(如I am play the piano，play就忘记了加ing)，介词和介词短语也占了很重要的位置如介词in，on，at，of。介词短语如dream of(区分dream that)和be afraid of都是很重要的介词短语，很多学生忘记了介词后面要加动词小学英语写作指导少儿基础英语。

对于6年级的学生，作文考查的是英语的综合应用能力，而且出的题目大部分都是看图作文，这就在一定程度上增加了写作的难度，它也是综合了3年级的分类词汇，4年级的句型，方位介词，5年级的重点介词短语和时态，不过我相信只要平时多点积累单词和句型、多点动笔、多注意语法上的问题、多看作文书，那么就能写出流畅、有深度的文章。

1

主语＋谓语(不及物动词)：S+V

It will rain tomorrow.

He often runs in the morning.

They cried.

Tom exercises every day.

2

主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语：S+V+O

I miss my mother very much.

She wants to go home now.

The English club is going to hold an English party.

They all love her.

3

主语＋系动词＋表语：S+V+P

The music sounds wonderful.

The leaves have turned red.

She is a student.

We keep silent about that.

4

主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语（人）＋直接宾语（物）：S+V+IO+DO

The teacher gave a book to him.=The teacher gave him a book.

They told me an interesting story.

The waitress offered me a bottle of wine.

My father will buy me a bike.=My father will buy a bike for me.

Miss Smith teaches us English.

5

主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语：                                      S+V+O+C

They call me Xiao Wang.

I saw him swimming in the river.

We elected him monitor of the class.

Each years Arbor Day across the country will be massive tree-planting activities, because of afforestation greening and beautifying the home, not only can also at the same time expanding forest resources, prevent water loss and soil erosion, protecting farmland, regulating climate, and promote economic development, and so on, is a grand project of contemporary, benefiting future. But the meaning of the Arbor Day is not everyone want to plant a tree in the Arbor Day this day, but through the Arbor Day again come, make us more attention of greening, the problems of environmental protection.

As we all know: the earth is in arid and desert area covered are increased year by year, but we seem to feel these are far from us, but in our side have such a group of people: they are quietly for planting green the earth, they are called "hero", some are called "contemporary yu gong", some even are foreign friends... They plant trees in their practical action to tell us, was the event of all mankind, is benefiting future generations of the ten thousand.

Hundreds of millions of years ago, the earth belongs to the animals with lush plants, everywhere full of vitality, full of green, however, IQ is far more human than the other animals, plants like enchanted decreased dramatically. That is because the human in order to build houses, caused by the cutting down trees. Have a plenty of because business needs, large teams of cut down the trees to set aside space, used to build the building. Because many people without authorization, cut down trees and trees, so nature was damaged.

The disadvantages of cutting down trees a lot. We all know trees can be recycled carbon dioxide, if a large number of cut down trees, trees will sharply reduce the number of, we cant get exhaled carbon dioxide cycle. Lush trees can stop the sandstorm, two years before Beijing encountered sandstorms, the entire city was shrouded by sand that is because of the lack of protection in the trees.

Trees are the earths lungs, I hope everyone can protect the forest, protection of trees, green make urban life add a minute! Protect trees is to protect the earth is to protect our humanity!

But for all of us, the meaning of the Arbor Day is not just as simple plant a tree. Arbor Day to express meaning not only for us is to plant more trees, but to cultivate citizens to take good care of our natural, low carbon a philosophy of life.

Arbor Day if there are no conditions to plant trees, we can do from daily life and the same effect to plant trees. Such as a piece of paper with a pair of disposable chopsticks, less waste less and less an air-conditioner and so on. The concept of low carbon, saving itself is beneficial to the progress of the society, the protection of the trees. Only our demand for trees, trees cut down will be less, then the love will be more and more trees. Arbor Day, what are you waiting for, from now on, since you have come together to love nature, low carbon a day!

每年的植树节全国各地都会大规模开展植树活动，因为植树造林不仅可以绿化和美化家园，同时还可以起到扩大山林资源、防止水土流失、保护农田、调节气候、促进经济发展等作用，是一项利于当代、造福子孙的宏伟工程。但是植树节的意义不是在于每个人都要在植树节这天去种一棵树，而是通过植树节的又一次来临，使我们大家更加的关注绿化、环保的问题。

众所周知：地球正在沙化，沙漠的覆盖面积正在逐年的增加——可我们似乎觉得这些离我们还很远，但是在我们的身边有这样的一群人：他们在默默无闻地为这片大地播种着绿色，他们有的被称为“英雄"、有的被称为“当代愚公”，有的甚至是外国友人……他们用他们的实际行动告诉我们，植树是全人类的大事，是造福子孙万代的伟业。

几亿年前，地球归动物所拥有的时候植物繁茂，到处生机勃勃，充满了绿色，但是，智商远远高出其他动物的人类出现后，植物像被施了魔法一样的急剧减少。那是因为，人类为了建造房屋，砍伐树木所造成的。有的是因为商业需要，大批大批的砍伐树林留出空地，用来建造大楼。正因为许多人擅自砍伐树林和树木，所以大自然被破坏。

砍伐树木的坏处很多。大家都知道树木可以循环二氧化碳，如果大量砍伐树木，树木的数量就会急剧减少，我们呼出的二氧化碳无法得到循环。茂密的树木可以阻挡沙尘暴，前两年北京遭遇沙尘暴，整个城市被沙子所笼罩这也是因为缺少树木的保护所造成的。

树是地球的肺，我希望每个人都能保护树林、保护树木，让都市的生活添一分绿色!保护树木就是保护地球就是保护我们人类!

但是对于我们大家来说，植树节的意义并不仅仅是种一棵树那么简单。植树节向我们表达的意义不仅是要多种植树木，而是要培养我们广大市民爱护自然、低碳生活的一种理念。

植树节如果没有条件去种树，我们从日常生活中也可以做到和种树一样的效果。比如少用一双一次性筷子、少浪费一张纸、少开一次空调等等。这些节约低碳的理念，本身就有益于社会的进步，树木的保护。只有我们对树木的需求少了，树木的砍伐才会少，那么爱护树木的人就会越来越多。植树节，大家还在等什么，从现在开始，从你开始，都来一起爱护自然吧，低碳的过一天!

导语：应用文是机关团体、单位或个人在日常工作、学习、生活中用以处理事务、沟通关系的具有一定的惯用格式的文体。它强调处理事务、沟通关系方面的直接的实用价值，因而在写作上有其特定的要求。

应用文写作的基本要求，可以概括为“明确、完备、合式、得体”八个字。

一、明确，是说行文的主旨要明确。

“主”是基本、中心;“旨”是主张、宗旨。应用文的主旨，就是一篇应用文在提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的过程中所表达出来的基本内容与中心观点，是作者具体的行文目的的体现。

写一篇应用文，不但自己要明确行文的目的与中心，明确为什么要写这一篇应用文，主要反映什么内容;而且要让读者能迅捷而准确地明了你行文的意图，了解你的观点、要求，了解你提出的主要问题，了解该文所涉及的事务与关系。不能让读者在读了你的来文后仍不明不白，无法了解问题的主次轻重，甚至对发文者的意图、观点产生误解。

例如某校团委为组织登山比赛活动向党委申请活动经费所写的一份《关于组织登山比赛活动的请示》，文中详细地说明了组织该项活动的目的、比赛的时间、地点、活动的具体内容、经费开支情况等，却没有明确提出“请予拨款”的要求，加上标题又没有明确反映出申请经费的意思，这就使收文者看不出发文者是在申请经费、要求拨款，而理解为发文者已有这笔经费，只是行文请求党委批准他们使用这笔经费组织一次登山比赛活动。

像这样的应用文，其主旨就是不明确的。行文要实现主旨明确，首先要求作者对发文的目的、意图有清醒的认识;其次要求作者对行文的中心、，内容的基本方面、问题的主次轻重做到心中有数;再次，要求作者在行文时还要做到“立主脑，去枝蔓”，在确定主旨、中心以后，应紧紧围绕中心、主旨来选择有关的材料，组织有关的内容。

二、完备，是说内容要素要齐全。

所谓内容要素，指的是一篇应用文在处理事务、沟通关系上必不可少的内容因素。

应用文写作总是直接地与具体的事务相联系的，旨在解决工作、学习或生活中的某些具体问题，最讲究现实的效益。内容要素完备这一要求，正是应用文实用性这一特点所决定的。看一篇应用文的内容要素是否齐全完备，关键就看其能否满足处理事务、沟通关系的实际需要。一篇应用文之所以缺乏实用价值，一个很主要的原因就是内容要素不完备。

例如，某单位向当地石油公司请求增拨石油，理由讲了不少，可到底要求增拨多少石油却只字未提，以致石油公司无法作出答复与安排。内容要素不完备，有时还会造成主旨不明，从而影响应用文的实用价值。

如上面谈到的那份“请示”，就是由于缺少了“请予拨款”这一项内容以致收文者对发文者的发文意图作了别解，使该请示失去了实用价值。不同的应用文体有其不同的内容要素。

例如，计划，其内容要素是制定计划的“目的”、“依据”(这两点虽不一定要见诸书面，却是制定计划时不可不加考虑的内容)、“任务要求”、“方法措施”、“进程与时序”;而经验总结的内容要素则为“总的工作成绩”、具体的“做法”、“效果”及“经验、体会”等;经济合同则有“标的”、“数量与质量”、“价款或酬金”、“履行的期限、地点和方式”、“违约责任”等主要条款。即使是同一文体的应用文，因其处理的具体事务不同、写作目的不同等原因，其内容要素也会有所不同。

就拿经济合同来说，其主要条款，除上述五条外，“法律规定的或按合同性质必须具备的条款，以及当事人一方要求必须规定的条款，也是经济合同的主要条款”(见《中华人民共和国经济合同法》第二章第十二条)。可见用于不同事务的经济合同会有不同的条款，甚至因当事人不同，同类合同也会有不同的条款。

这些不同的条款，也就是不同的经济合同各自应具备的内容要素。再拿调查报告来说。即使是反映同一调查对象的调查报告，因报告的目的不同，其内容要素也会有所不同。

例如《上海市街道集体企事业的调查》(载1979年2月8日《文汇报》)。其旨在帮助上海市街道集体企事业排除障碍、健康发展，因此报告的重点就放在这两个方面：

一是上海市街道集体企事业的作用和贡献;

二是上海市街道集体企事业在继续发展方面存在的障碍。

前者写出了该调查对象继续发展的必要性，后者则写出如何扶持其发展。没有前者，看不出调查对象有无继续发展的必要，这就很难激发有关部门对帮助其发展的兴趣和积极性;无后者则看不出该对象在继续发展上还存在哪些障碍，有关部门就难以有的放矢地去解决问题以保证其健康发展。可见这两点都是这篇调查报告的内容要素，缺一不可。

假如这篇调查报告的目的是为了给其他城市的同类企业树立样板以指导它们多作贡献、健康发展，那么该调查报告就应着重反映上海市街道集体企事业如何开展工作、取得成绩，如何健康发展等方面，从而使该调查对象工作上的成绩、做法、效果、经验、体会等项成为这篇调查报告的内容要素。

因此我们写作应用文，一定要从实际出发，考虑该篇应用文有何非写不可、必不可少的内容，努力做到内容要素齐全完备。

三、合式，是要求符合所用应用文体的程式性要求。

程式性是应用文的又一大特点，它主表表现为具有一定的惯用格式。这一点，法定的行政公文与电报表现得极为突出。

拿公文来说，标题、发文字号、主送及抄送抄报机关名称、正文、附件标注、发文时间、秘密等级、缓急程度等项的写法及其书写位置等都有特定的要求，甚至连文字的书写排印、用纸的规格及装订等都有严格的规定。

有些应用文虽无明确规定其书面格式、书写体例，但一般都有其较常用的结构形式。

如调查报告，其写法虽比较灵活，无固定的书写格式，但在写作中却常常采用“三部式”的结构方式：前言部分概述有关的基本情况(反映基本情况的调查报告多写关于调查活动方面的基本情况，如调查的时间、地点、范围方式、基本过程;调查的对象、目的、项目、总的调查结论等。

总结典型经验的调查报告则着重写关于调查对象方面的基本情况，如调查对象的历史、现状、组织结构、基本的工作及成绩、总的经验体会等);主文部分则根据报告的目的写出调查中形成的有关观点及说明这些观点的具体的调查材料;结语部分则对主文部分作必要的概括、总结或补充。

就一般的文章写作而言，格式大致包括以下三个方面的内容(或者说主要反映在三个方面)：

一是行款格式，主要指文字的书写排印的规定;标点符号的书写规定;标题、署名等位置的规定等等。

二是内容表达的书面形式，如分条列项式、篇段合一式、分部切块式、表格式等等。

三是正文的组织结构方式，包括行文顺序、开头结尾的安排等等。再具体到应用文的格式来说，则还有一个重要的方面，即“结构要素”方面。所胃结构要素，指的是构成一种应用文体的各个部分和项目(它不同于内容要素。内容要素是就正文部分的内容来说的，而结构要素则是对于全文的结构来说的。相对于内容要素来说，结构要素具有一定的直观性与外部性。

一篇应用文的内容要素是否完备，往往一眼看不出来，必须结合处理事务的现实需要，深入到文章的内部，通过对正文的内容作认真分析后才能了解。而一篇应用文的结构要素是否完备，则一般可以从文章的外部形式上把握，往往可以一目了然)。

应用文的结构要素，可以分为“一般结构要素”与“特殊结构要素”两类。“一般结构要素”指的是一种应用文体中的所有篇章都必须具备的。

例如公文中的“标题”、“发文字号”、“主送机关名称”、“正文”、“印章”、“发文时间”等等，这是每一篇公文都要具备的部分。至于“特殊结构要素”则不是一种应用文体中的所有篇章都必须具备的，而只是其中某些或某一篇章为了满足某种特殊的需要所特别具备的。仍以公文为例，除了上述那些“一般结构要素”外，秘密公文要标明秘密等级;紧急公文要标明缓急程度;有附件的公文要在正文之后注明附件名称与顺序;上报国务院的公文应注明签发人;会议通过的文件要在标题之下、正文之前注明会议名称与通过日期。这秘密等级、缓急程度、附件标注、签发人姓名、会议名称与通过日期等等，便是公文的“特殊结构要素”。应用文的结构要素，有如一部机器的零部件。少了一个零部件往往会影响机器的组装与正常运转。

一篇应用文的结构要素残缺不全，也会影响到结构的完整，影响到应用文正常的处理，会损害其现实效用。可以说，结构要素乃是应用文格式的主要方面。对应用文的“一定的惯用格式”，应着重从上述这几个方面去了解把握，以便使自己写出的用文达到“合式”的要求。应用文的程式性也是由应用文的实用性所决定的。

应用文作为信息的载体，其程式性掌握利用得好，有利于迅捷、准确地传递、接收与处理信息，有利于稳妥、及时地处理事务、沟通关系。否则容易影响接收者对信息的处理、贮存，甚至贻误大事。例如一大学生去信国外，因不懂该国书写信封的习惯、体例，照我们的习惯去写，结果信给退了回来。因此，我们不能把应用文的程式性理解为纯属形式主义的东西、而无视应用文写作“合式”的要求。

四、得体。所谓得体，就是得当、恰当。

得体对于应用文来说显得十分重要，因其往往直接影响到应用文处理事务、沟通关系的现实效益。得体的要求是多方面的。就应用文写作而言，主要反映在三个方面：

一、文体的选用方面。

不同的应用文体有不同的功用，反映了不同的行文目的和要求，有的还反映了收发双方之间不同的身份关系。这就有一个使用文体是否得当的问题。例如向非上下隶属关系的有关部门请求批准，就应用“函”而不能用“请示”，否则便是“搞错对象”，很不得体。又如向上级汇报工作、反映情况、提出建议就应用“报告”而不是“请示”。又如办学招生可用“启事”、“广告”而不宜用“通告”。

二、行文方面。

这里主要指表达方式的运用与篇章结构的安排。前者指的是要根据文体的特点来正确运用表达方式。例如“会议通知”，具有告知性、规定性。就表达方式而言，主要是运用叙述、说明，而不用或少用抒情、描写。后者指的是篇章结构应适应文体的特点与要求。就拿开头来说，应用文旨在应用，要求“易见事”，其开头一般应开门见山、开宗明义，而不宜搞“曲径通幽”、“烘云托月”之类。其他如层次、段落的安排，结尾的处理等方面，不同的应用文体都各有其习惯的做法。

三、语言的运用方面。

这是应用文写作“得体”的主要方面。我们说应用文写作要得体，主要也就是说其语言的运用要得体。下面就着重谈谈这一方面的问题。

我们认为，应用文语言要得体，主要是要注意以下几点：

1.要符合作者在社会关系中的地位。即叙事论理、遣词造句时要注意一定的身份，要能正确体现出收发双方之间一定的关系。《文心雕龙·书记》称“祢衡代书，亲疏得宜”。这“亲疏得宜”就是指正确体现了收发双方间一定的关系。如公文中的传送用语：“上报”、“呈报”用于上行，“印发”、“颁发”用于下行。倘用错了便不符合作者在社会关系中的特定位置。《文心雕龙》所谓“若夫尊长差序，则肃以节文”不能仅仅视为维护封建等级观念，从处理事务求得实效而言，这还是有必要的。

2.要注意特定的场合与氛围，要做到和谐协调。如贺喜时不说丧气话，严肃的场合不说俏皮话等。又如写请柬，用于商店开张、会议开幕的可以写“敬请光临指导”，而用于结婚宴请的则不宜写“指导”之类字眼。

3.要注意让对方乐于接受、易于接受。要分别对象，采用对方乐于接受、易于接受的言语。为了使对方乐于接受，有必要了解对方的个性、习惯、情绪、忌讳等等。如对比较幽默风趣的人说点俏皮话还可以;对一贯严肃、不苟言笑的人就不要耍噱头、说俏皮话。有的人很讲究忌讳，同这种人说话在这方面就应特别注意。一般人忌讳的话也要尽管少说。有一个储蓄所的营业员，把“要存定期还是存活期”说成“要死的还是要活的”，结果把前来储蓄的一个老人气走了。这就是说话不得体的后果。同一个意思往往可以有不同的说法，其中有的说法人家乐于接受，有的说法则令人感到不堪入耳。这就要求我们在遣词造句以表情达意时要十分慎重，要尽量做到让对方乐于接受(在这方面可以说只有一个例外，那就是你是有意要激怒对方)。此外，还要注意适合对方的文化程度、专业水平等，使对方易于理解、易于接受。例如对文化程度不高的人，就宜尽量多用平易通俗的词语，而不要使用古奥的词语;对不熟悉某一专业的人，就不宜过多的使用该门类的专业术语。否则，“对牛弹琴”，于己于人都毫无益处。

4.语言色彩要符合特定的行文目的及内容性质的要求。如颁布政令的要庄重严肃;通报错误的要说理严正、义正词严;申请要求的要平和委婉;报喜祝捷的要热烈欢快，等等。《文心雕龙·诏策》里说：“故授官选贤，则义柄重离之辉;优文封策，则气含风雨之润;敕戒恒诰，则笔吐星汉之华;治戎燮伐，则声有洊雷之威;眚灾肆赦，则文有春露之滋;明罚敕法，则辞有秋霜之烈，此诏策之大略也。”这说的便是语言色彩与行文目的、内容性质的要求相符合的问题。

5.要符合应用文体的语体要求，体现所用语体的个性。应用文主要使用事务语体，而事务语体最大的特点是“平实”，即通俗易懂，质朴实在。这就要求我们在写作中坚持“辞达而已矣”的古训，要坚决反对堆砌词藻、生造词语、半文不白、古奥难懂、追求含蓄而流于晦涩、肆意夸大其辞、说空话废话等等现象。平实，是对应用文语言的总的要求。在这个总的要求下，不同的应用文体对语言的运用还有其具体的要求。如公文，其语言除了平实这一点以外，就还要求简明、庄重。因此在写作应用文时，语言的运用要注意符合不同文体的要求，也就是要体现出所用语体的个性。写作应用文，说什么、不说什么、怎样说、何时说等等，都要认真考虑。语言得体将有利于处理事务、沟通关系，达到预期的效果。而是否有利于处理事务、沟通关系，达到预期的效果，也是衡量语言运用是否得体的一把尺子。

以上着重从四个方面来提出应用文写作的基本要求——主旨要明确、内容要素要完备、行文要合式、语言要得体，可以说这是基本上符合应用文实用性、程式性这两大特点的客观要求的。

灵感对于写作活动具有突破性和突发性的推动作用，常用应用文写作灵感。凡有写作经验的人都有这样的体验，无论是题材的发现，主题的确定，还是篇章的构建，标题的制作，甚至妙言警句的产生，都有灵感之光在闪耀。没有作者的思维灵感，就不会有浑然天成的艺术佳作问世。因此，探求写作灵感的激发规律和途径，有助于我们创造条件自觉诱发灵感，为写作服务。

灵感作为一种特殊的思维现象，其产生是有物质基础的，这个基础就是作者的长期积累。周恩来说：“作品的产生，可以是偶然得之，但是这种偶然得之是建筑在长期的生活和修养基础上的，这也是偶然性与必然性的辩证统一。”

[1]这个“辩证统一”很深刻地揭示了“偶然得之”与“长期积累”的内在依存关系。写作灵感的引发是需要积累的，积之愈厚，发之愈佳。只有在生活素材、思想感情、学识修养等多方面进行积累，才能为灵感的产生创造必要的前提条件。

生活积累 生活是灵感的来源。人脑对社会生活的感应如从信息论的角度来看，具有全息性与多维性。它积累越多，涉及面越广，与外界信息撞击的触发点愈多，就越便于触景生情，托物取喻，借物发端，引发艺术灵感的概率就愈高。元好问说：“眼处心声句自神”（元好问《论诗三十首》）。他认为通过自己切身体验，把握生活的真谛，才会产生灵感，才会“句自神”。鲁迅说，他写《狂人日记》是“偶阅《通鉴》，乃悟中国人尚是食人之族，因此成篇”。

[2]但他酝酿这篇小说，却经历了很长的时间，他因一个患有迫害狂的表弟而产生了写作冲动，又耳闻目睹了封建社会残害人们的许多事实，正是因为有了这些生活经验的积累，才“偶阅《通鉴》”，一触即发，写就了《狂人日记》。契诃夫为观察生活、搜集素材，曾作过大量的生活笔记，一部整理出版的《契诃夫手记》就达20万字，这位被托尔斯泰称为“没人能比的艺术家”就是靠这种艰苦的劳动，积累生活素材、锻炼观察能力、加深对生活的认识、激发写作灵感的，秘书工作《常用应用文写作灵感》。可见灵感只有深深根植于生活的土壤，才能绽放出鲜艳的花朵。作者应该坚持深入生活，感悟生活、从生活之水中激起灵感的浪花，从而写出优秀的文章和作品。

情感积累 激情是灵感的催化剂。狄德罗说:“天才是各个时代都有的……情感在胸怀堆积、酝酿，凡是具有喉舌的人都感到有说话的需要，吐之而后快。”

[3]热情燃烧时，作者的感觉异常敏锐，思维异常活跃，以往感知的信息迅速浮现，创造性的想象急剧盘旋，在这种情况下，偶遇触发，极易产生写作冲动，也就常会有所谓神来之笔。历史上许多著名的文学家，他们的写作活动，并不是为了金钱、名声，而是一个活跃生命的自身的要求和诉求，是情感的不可遏制的抒发和倾泻。也正因如此，人们读到这些作品的时候，感到它们浑然天成，似有神助。例如，著名作家巴金就多次说过他并不想当作家，他之所以拿起笔来写作，是为了倾诉心中的苦闷，表达对旧社会的控诉。他在《关于〈家〉（十版代序）》中谈到其创作《家》的缘由与动机时说：“我的悲愤太大了。我不能忍受那些不公道的事情。我常常被逼迫着目睹一些可爱的生命怎样任人摧残以至临到那悲惨的结局。那个时候我的心因爱怜而苦恼，同时又充满了恶毒的诅咒。我有过觉慧在梅的灵前所起的那种感情。我甚至说过觉慧在他哥哥面前说的话：‘让他们来做一次牺牲品罢。’我不忍掘开我的回忆的坟墓，‘那里面不知道埋葬了若干令人伤心断肠的痛史！’我的积愤，我对于不合理的制度的积愤直到现在才有机会倾吐出来。我写了《家》，我倘使真把这本小说作为武器，我也是有权利的。”由此可见，长期的情感积蓄导致他如火山爆发式地宣泄自己的悲愤，从而创作了《家》等一系列文学佳作。作家的创作经历对普通写作也是有启发意义的：与其等待灵感这位神奇的不速之客的光临，不如强化抒情意识，有意积淀写作情感，当激情满怀，不可遏止，非要拿起笔来不吐不快时，自然会有灵感来袭，下笔如神。

英语写作中有不少短语和表达大家会经常用到，下面我们就总结了100条常用的短语和表达句子，希望能给大家一些参考。

1. 经济的快速发展 the rapiddevelopment of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/稳步增长theremarkableimprovement/ steady growth ofpeople’s livingstandard

3.先进的科学技术advanced science and technology

4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw publicattention

8.不可否认 Itis undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

9.热烈的讨论/争论 a heated discussion/ debate

10.有争议性的问题 a controversialissue

11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…

13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点 argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…

18.对…必不可少 be indispensableto …

19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外 …be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…

22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。

23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation

27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision

28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychologicalburden

30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration

31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective

32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…

34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society

35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…

36.综合素质 comprehensivequality

37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach

38.加大了…的可能性 increase the chances of

39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

40. 应当承认 Admittedly

41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty

42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…

43.可靠的信息源 a reliablesource of information

44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I

46.方便快捷 convenient andefficient

47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48.环保(的) environmental protection /environmentallyfriendly

49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of scienceandtechnology

51.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue

52.支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in favor of theformer/latteropinion

53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the followingreasons/evidence

54.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way

55. 理论和实践相结合 integratetheory with practice

56. …必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…

57.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition

58.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest

59.长远利益. interest in the long run

60.…有其自身的优缺点 … has its merits and demerits/ advantagesanddisadvantages

61.扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorableconditions andavoidunfavorable ones

62.取其精髓，去其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs。

63.对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to

64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information

65.跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreastwiththe latest development of …

66.采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth。

67.…的健康发展 the healthy development of …

68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides。(不推荐用。。。) No gardenwithout weeds。

69.对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person。

70.重视 attach great importance to…

71.社会地位 social status

72.把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…

73.扩大知识面 expand one’s scopeof knowledge

74.身心两方面 both physically and mentally

75.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…

76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal

77. 可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, hold the opinion/beliefthat

78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relievestress/ burden

79.优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth。

80.与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with

81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary。

82.代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of 大写)

83.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water

84.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities

85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress

86.毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…

87.增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutualunderstanding

88.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of

89.承受更大的工作压力 suffer from heavier work pressure

90.保障社会的稳定和繁荣 guarantee the stability and prosperity ofoursociety

91.更多地强调 put more emphasis on…

92.适应社会发展 adapt oneself to the development of society

93.实现梦想 realize one’s dream/ make one’s dream come true

94. 主要理由列举如下 The main reasons are listed as follows:

95. 首先 First， Firstly， In the first place, To begin with

96.其次 Second, Secondly, In the second place

97. 再次 Besides，In addition, Additionally,Moreover,Furthermore

98. 最后 Finally, Last but not the least, Above all, Lastly,

99. 总而言之 All in all, To sum up, In summary, In a word,

100.我们还有很长的路要走 We still have a long way to go

1. There is absolutely no reason for us to believe that a brighter future

for the world is an impossibility .

我们丝毫没有理由相信，世界不可能会有一个更光明的未来。

2. Meteorologists offer computer models leaving little doubt that this

years El Nino phenomenon has disappeared .

气象学家提供计算机模型，充分证明今年的厄尔尼诺现象已经消失了。

3. Facts prove the unjustifiability of claims that China will be unable to

feed itself by the year 2020 .

事实证明：断言中国到2020年将不可能养活自己是不合道理的。

4. Previous explanations of the rising divorce rate in China are simply

untenable . The fact is that many marriages were simply based on convenience and

wives are no longer willing to accept the abusive domineering attitudes of

husbands .

以前对中国离婚率升高的解释是完全站不住脚的。事实是许多婚姻仅仅建立在便利的基础上，而且妻子不再愿意接受丈夫作威作福的态度。

5. Claim that entering the Chinese market offers foreign companies an

immediate road to profits are grossly misstated and have been proven wrong time

and again . The key to entering China rests with the phraseology " vast

potential market " , and how long one is willing to wait for returns .

声称进入中国市场会给外国公司带来立即获利的途径是非常错误的，事实已经一次次地证明了这一点。进入中国的关键在于“广阔的潜在市场”这一说法以及为了回报愿意等待多久。

写作是考研英语的第二大重头戏，仅次于阅读。但是这部分又经常被考生忽略，考前不动手，依赖临考模板，很难写出高分作文。那么，如何准备2018考研英语写作呢?一起来看下。

对于考研英语写作，最基本的要求是考前必须动笔写出35篇文章，其中十篇应用文，二十五篇图画作文。注意：动笔写的文章最好是有范文的题目。写作应分为五步：

NO.1 写作

写作写作，第一步首先是写!一定要动手写，你看多少，背多少，都没有动手写来得实在，建议同学们拿考题多加练习。

NO.2 仔细对比

第二个就是仔细对比，写完后对照范文从三个方面去研究：第一个是内容，也就是构思和原文有何区别;第二个是语言，也就是用词、用句和原文有何区别?第三个是结构，就是你的行文思路和原文有什么区别?这是第二个步骤，写作的区别其实就是写作的弱点。

NO.3 背诵

第三步骤就是背诵：也就是可以去背诵一些范文。有的同学说了，范文我背过了，但是写作的时候还是不会写。有两个原因，第一个原因是你背得不熟，背得结结巴巴，还不如不背;第二个原因是没有练过，只是死记硬背。

所以为什么背了还不会用，有两个原因，第一背不熟，第二没有练过。背到什么程度，有12个字“滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善。”要背到不需要去想，不需要去动脑子!如果背一篇文章还需要去想，那就证明还背得不熟。大家上考场，如果能想起平时的70%，那已经是相当不错了。所以一定要背熟，这就是第三个步骤。

NO.4 默写

第四个步骤就是默写：背熟后把书合上，把这篇文章默写下来。默写后，做一个工作：仔细对比原文发现写作弱点，你会发现你默写的文章和原文会有一些出入，包括拼写、语法、标点等，这种错误就是你写作的弱点，最好能够把这些错误用红笔标出来。大家为什么写作拿不到高分，根源只有一个——错误太多。很多错误自己都不知道。

NO.5 仿写

第五个步骤就是仿写：什么叫仿写?就是模仿你背过的文章再写出一篇新文章。在背完一篇文章后，要想想这篇文章有什么精彩的词组、词汇和句型可以使用。然后换一个话题，把这篇作文用一下，用里面词汇、词组和句型去构思另一篇文章。

写作的注意点和技巧：写作首要的是，一、不跑题;二、字数达到要求;三、字迹整洁工整;四、少有语病。

这些是很基本的要求，考试的时候就要好好落实。比如，拿到作文题目后要审题。在写的过程中注意字数的限制，不要写太多，会扣分的，字数不够也会扣分。所以实在不行就写完一段话，停下来数一数字数。字迹工整可能短期内提高不了。只要你比平时稍慢一点写字母，就会写得比较整洁。要知道老师的印象分是很重要的。病句的避免技巧就是，凡是你想的过程中感觉别扭的句子，多半就是病句。干脆不要写出来，换一种形式去表达。不要追求好词，要追求准确性。

在考前，小作文的提高是非常快的。方法就是分析小作文的类型。应用文写作部分(小作文)考查内容包括投诉信、咨询信、道歉信、求职信等信函类应用文，而且涵盖报告、通知、海报等告示类应用文。不同类型的作文，要自己总结模版。小作文是完全可以准备模版的，其作用也是常明显。一定要注意：总结出自己的模板。

（一）作文基础知识

1、审清题意：“五审”

（1）审清体裁（记叙文、应用文、说明文）

（2）审清题材（人、物、事、景）

（3）审清范围（时间、地点、人称、事件、对象具体限制）

（4）审清主题（中心思想）

（5）审清其他要求（附加要求）

2、确定主题：“四要”

（1）主题要正确（反应生活实际）

（2）主题要集中（一个文章不能多个主题）

（3）主题要鲜明（明确表达自己对事物的态度和立场）

（4）主题要深刻（深挖内涵思想）

3、选择材料：“四要”

（1）围绕主题选择材料（多写与主题相关的内容）

（2）选择真实的材料（真实可信，具有代表性和典型性）

（3）选择新颖的材料（新人新事）

（4）选择独有的材料（具有创新性）

4、编写提纲“五点”：

（1）拟好题目

（2）确定主题

（3）段落安排

（4）每段的主要意思

（5）重点段落的层次安排和内容

5、修改文章“五看”：

（1）是否切题

（2)主题、思想是否明确、突出

（3）看材料是否符合主题、内容是否具体、完整

（4）看语言是否通顺、用词是否准确，有无错别字

（5）看标点是否正确。

（二）看图作文“一看二写，四要两注意”

“一看二写”：先看图，再写作文

“四要”：仔细观察图画；展开合理想象；突出主题、抓住重点；分清主次，具体描写。

“两注意”：看清全画面内容；分清图上内容主次和表达的中心。

（三）记叙文·记事

（1）写清楚事件发生的时间、地点以及事情的发生、发展和结果。

（2）事件经过写具体

（3）按事件的发展顺序来写

（4）注意表达真情实感

（四）记叙文·写人

（1）确定写作对象

（2）确定人物的思想品质

（3）选择典型的具体事例

（4）抓住最能表现人物思想品质的外貌、语言、动作、心理、环境进行描写。

（5）注意表达自己的真实感情

（五）记叙文·状物——“五要三注意”

“五要”：

（1）抓住物的特征

（2）按一定顺序写

（3）既写静态又写动态

（4）展开想象，运用拟人等手法把内容写具体

（5）托物言志，借物抒情

“三注意”：

（1）仔细观察、抓住特征

（2）明确中心，展开想象

（3）根据内容，安排顺序。

（六）记叙文·写景

注意六点：

（1）抓住景物特征

（2）注意时间、地点、气候等因素的影响

（3）景物特点安排恰当的顺序

（4）采用多种手法表现景物特点及变化

（5）写出自己的感受

（6）借景抒情

（七）应用文

1、应用文大多以记叙文为基础，但是还要特别注意的是各种应用文的格式

2、常见应用文类型：书信、读后感、通知、留言条、表扬信、建议书和日记。

3、具体格式：

（1）标题居中。（除了书信、留言条和日记没有标题，其他皆有）

（2）正文：另起一行空两格。

（3）署名和日期：先写署名，另起一行写清“*年*月*日”。

读书笔记，它不重在于你写了多少篇，写的怎么样?关键是你是否在读书时善于做读书笔记呢?明确做读书笔记对你来说有什么意义?你的目标是什么?因此，我们在检查学生读书笔记的时候，不仅检查学生写了多少篇?更重要地是看学生读书笔记的内容，所表现出来的读书反思、读书方法、读书经验和读书目标等。

写读书笔记是训练阅读的好方法。

记忆，对于积累知识是重要的，但是不能迷信记忆。列宁具有惊人的记忆力，他却勤动笔，写下了大量的读书笔记。俗话说：“最淡的墨水，也胜过最强的记忆。”所以，俄国文学家托尔斯泰要求自己：身边永远带着铅笔和笔记本，读书和谈话的时候碰到一切美妙的地方和话语都把它记下来。

写读书笔记，对于深入理解、牢固掌握所学到的知识，对于积累学习资料，以备不时之需，很有必要。做读书笔记，方法是多样的，不同的方法作用不同。

读书笔记种类很多，一般分为四大类：

(1)摘要式。即将书中或文章中一些重要观点、精彩警辟语句，有用数据和材料摘抄下来，目的是积累各种资料，为科研、教学、学习和工作作好准备。可按原书或原文系统摘录;也可摘录重要论点和段落;还可摘录重要数字。

(2)评注式。评注式笔记不单摘录，还要写出自己对这些要点的看法和评价。常用方法有书头批注。即在书中重要地方用笔打上符号或在空白处加批注、折页作记号;也可用提纲方法把书和文章论点或主要论据扼要记叙下来;还可用摘要式综合全文要点、记下主要内容;读完全书或全文对得失加以评论也是一种方法。

(3)心得式。即读后感。是读书或读文章后写出的自己的认识、感想、体会和启发。常用方法有：札记，也叫札记，是摘记要点与心得结合的产物;心得，也叫读后感。将读书体会、感想、收获写出来;综合观点、见解，提出自己看法并记录下来，也是很好的读书方法。

(4)记载式。

1)笔记本。成册笔记本可用来抄原文、写提纲、记心得、写综述。长处是便于保存，缺点是不便分类，但可按类单独成册。

2)活页本。可用来记各种各样笔记。便于分类，节约纸张和日后查阅。

3)卡片。好处便于分类，可按目排列，便于灵活调动又节省纸张，但篇幅小，内容不宜长。

4)剪报。把报纸和有用资料剪下来，长文章可贴在笔记本或活页本上，短小材料可贴在卡片上。剪报材料可加评注，也可分类张贴，要注明出处，以便使用。

5)全文复印。重要读书材料，为保持完整性，可全文复印编目分类留用。

一篇文章如果没有一个大意，那么这一篇文章就是华而无实的文章，知识拥有外表而欠缺灵魂的文章。下面是小编为大家搜集整理出来的有关于作文立意的方法，希望可以帮助到大家！

“文以意为主”，“意”就是文章的主题。它是文章的核心与灵魂。立意是一篇文章的根本，它直接关系到文章的选材，布局，乃至文章的深度。中考作文大多是话题或材料作文，没有明确的标准，如何立意就显得至关重要了。作文有了主题思想，文章才有灵魂，选择材料，安排结构，运用语言，也才有依据，那么怎样指导学生立意呢?这里就自己作文教学的几点感悟为例谈谈。

1、正确，有针对性

一篇文章的思想内容正确与否是评价文章好坏的根本依据。话题或材料作文的立意一定要合乎题目要求，切题才算真正的正确。表达出来的思想观点和感情要健康、积极向上。此外，还要有针对性。选取人们最感兴趣的、最能反映人们思想感情的作为主题，文章才能最大限度地激起反响。

2、思想要深刻

意不仅新，还要力求深刻。这就要求我们能够透过事物的现象去挖掘其内在的本质，思考出对人生，对社会有意义和价值的东西，能在一般人认识上再进一步，能发现别人没有发现的那一点，并能给人以启示。初中学生写作，在立意上难以深入，原因往往就在于浅尝辄止，没有深入开掘。所谓开掘就是深入思索，挖出事物最本质的东西来。

3、立意要新颖

如果文章主题一般化，不新颖，大家都雷同，就难以写出好文章，所以立意要新颖。好文章的立意应该是“从意中所有，从语中所无”。也就是说，大家都有这样的想法，但是大家未能表达出来，让你给写出来了，这就是新颖，这就是独创。

立意的独创性并非凭空而来，也不可随意杜撰，它是从生活中来的。只要平时注意观察和体验周围的生活，善于从常见的事物中认识到新的东西，领略到新的涵义，写文章就能出新意。不能看到生活一点现象就拿起来涂涂抹抹，而是在观察和研究生活现象的基础上独辟蹊径，有自己独特的感受和发现。而立意做到新颖巧妙，才能在生活的激流中吸取新思想，获得新感受。

4、简明集中

就立意而言，简明、集中是对主题的要求。相反，主题分散想面面俱到，却面面不到，是立意之大忌。要做到“简明”，就需要高度的概括力。思维不进行概括，表象就无法升华为本质，认识就无法实现理性的飞跃，思想就不可能达到简明、集中了。

“简明”要求思想内容上单一集中。这样可以集中精力，写得深刻，给人以鲜明突出的印象。

总之，好的立意就是文章成功的一半。让我们指导学生作文前围绕上述几点来考虑主题，定能写出思想发光的好文章来。

Let‘s cross the bridge when we come to it.船到桥头自然直。下面是小编为你带来的初中英语写作常用谚语，欢迎阅读。

1. All roads lead to Rome.

条条大路通罗马。

2. Well begun is half done.

好的开端是成功的一半。

3. East, west, home is best.

金窝、银窝，不如自己的草窝。

4. First think, then act.

三思而后行。

5. It is never too late to mend.

亡羊补牢，犹为未晚。

6. Time is money.

时间就是金钱。

7. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

患难见真交。

8. Great hopes make great man.

远大的希望，造就伟大的人物。

9. Where there is a will, there is a way.

有志者，事竟成。

10. Stick to it, and you‘ll succeed.

只要人有恒，万事都能成。

11. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.

早睡早起，富裕、聪明、身体好。

12. A good medicine tastes bitter.

良药苦口。

13. It is good to learn at another man‘s cost.

前车之鉴。

14. Let‘s cross the bridge when we come to it.

船到桥头自然直。

15. No pains, no gains.

不劳则无获。

16. Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.

世上无难事，只要肯登攀。

17. Where there is life, there is hope.

生命不息，希望常在。

18. An idle youth, a needy age.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

19. A plant may produce new flowers; man is young but once.

花有重开日，人无再少年。

20. God helps those who help themselves.

自助者，天助之。

21. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

只工作，不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

22. Diligence is the mother of success.

勤奋是成功之母。

23. Truth is the daughter of time.

时间见真理。

24. No man is wise at all times.

智者千虑，必有一失。

25. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

今天能做的事绝不要拖到明天。

26. Kill two birds with one stone.

一石双鸟。

27. Easier said than done.

说起来容易做起来难。

28. Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.

天才一分来自灵感，九十九分来自勤奋。

29. He who laughs last laughs best.

谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。

30. He who has health has hope, and he who has hope has everything.

身体健壮就有希望，有了希望就有了一切。

31. No man is born wise or learned.

人非生而知之。

32. Action speak louder than words.

事实胜于雄辩。

33. Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue.

勇敢和坚决是美德的灵魂。

34. There is no smoke without fire.

无风不起浪。

35. Many hands make light work.

人多好办事。

36. Reading makes a full man.

读书长见识。

37. Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.

胸中有知识，胜于手中有金钱。

38. Seeing is believing.

百闻不如一见。

39. Money is a good servant but a bad master.

要做金钱的主人，莫作金钱的奴隶。

40. It‘s hard sailing when there is no wind.

无风难驶船。

41. The path to glory is always rugged.

通向光荣的道路常常是崎岖的。

42. Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.

没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。

43. Quality matters more than quantity.

质重于量。

44. The on-looker sees most of the game.

旁观者清。

45. Joys shared with others are more enjoyed.

与众同乐，其乐更乐。

46. Happiness takes no account of time.

欢乐不觉日子长。

47. Time and tide waits for no man.

岁月不等人。

48. If you want knowledge, you must toil for it.

若要求知，必须刻苦。

49. Learn to walk before you run.

循序渐进。

50. From words to deeds is a great space.

言行之间，大有距离。

51. Skill and confidence are an unconquered army.

技能和信心是无敌的军队。

52. Habit is a second nature.

习惯成自然。

53. Two heads are better than one.

三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮。

54. Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.

世上无难事，只怕有心人。

55. You can‘t make something out of nothing.

巧妇难为无米之炊。

56. Nothing for nothing.

不费力气，一无所得。

57. He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.

不犯错误者一事无成。

58. Nothing seek, nothing find.

无所求则无所获。

59. A little of every thing is nothing in the main.

每事浅尝辄止，事事都告无成。

60. A great ship asks deep waters.

大船要走深水。

一、要明白什么是作文?为什么要写作文?文章有什么作用?写作是我们通常说得写文章，写作就是写文章，也就是用文字的形式把自己所看到的、听到的、想到的记录下来。文章可以长久地保存，可以广泛地流传。文章不会随着时间的流逝而消失。虽然近代以来电报、电话、电视、电影、网络都可以保留和交流信息，但文字保留仍然是一种主要的传递人类文明成果的主要形式之一。

二、文章的构成。一篇文章是一个整体，好比一个人由头、手、脚、躯干组成。那么文章呢?文章是由字、词、句、标点、段、篇组成的。大家知道，身体任何一个部分出现毛病，人体就不健康，同样的，一篇文章中字、词、句、标点、段、篇任何一个部分出现毛病，都不是好文章。所以写好文章要正确地运用每一个字、词、句、标点，并分好段，组成篇才是一篇好文章。

三、小学阶段文章的分类及各类文章的写作要求。通常我们小学阶段小学生所写的文章以记述文为主及简单的应用文。小学生作文的基本文体通常分成六大类：写人、写事、状物、想象、应用文。

1、写人：写人要写“真实”，讲“真话”，育“真人”。可以自由选材与立意，写人要写出人物的个性与特点，写得人物要神气活现。

2、写事：写事要交代清楚时间、地点、人物、事件经过与结果。写清楚社会环境与自然环境，按事情发生过程写清楚。

3、写景：写景文章要写清对象的主要特征、形状、颜色、声音、动态、静态等特征。写景一定要表达感情，要注意描写对象顺序、层次、重点、景物间关系。

4、状物：状物分为动物、植物、静物三类。状物文章要注意观察，观察要细致，状物文章必须按一定顺序、层次写清楚。

5、想象：想象作文关键就在于要充分发挥想象力，可以根据事物之间的联系，从这件事物想象到另一件事物，从事物某一点想到事物其他方面，联想事物的过去与未来。

6、应用文：应用文与生活、社会联系紧密，格式、行为习惯更有规定。格式包括：书写要求、行款式样、结构、习惯用语、称谓和签署、简明得体、规范。同时要注意环境、时间、地点、场合、对象及表达方式。

四、小学生写作文字量问题。小学写作作文通常要求写一定篇幅，要求写一定字数，其实是要求学生的作文尽量写长，写长了才会多想，多想了才能写长，命题者限字数是根据学生的水平，促使学生多想，把文章写成一定长度。我认为文章的长短实际要由感而发，有话则长，无话则短，从文字使用量来说，要做到“惜墨如金”与“泼墨如水”相结合，“惜墨如金”就是要文笔精练，“泼墨如水”就是要写具体与形象。

1.爱屋及乌 Love me, love my dog.

2.百闻不如一见 Seeing is believing.

3.比上不足比下有余 worse off than some, better off than many; to fall short of the best, but be better than the worst.

4.笨鸟先飞 A slow sparrow make an early start.

5.不眠之夜 whe night

6.不以物喜不以己悲 not pleased by external gains, not saddened by personnal losses

7.不遗余力 spare no effort; go all out; do ones best

8.不打不成交 No discord, no concord.

9.拆东墙补西墙 rob Peter to pay Paul

10.辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the old and usher in the new; ring out the old year and ring in the new

11.大事化小小事化了 try first to make their mistake sound less serious and then to reduce it to nothing at all

12.大开眼界 open ones eyes; broaden ones horizon; be an eye-opener

13.国泰民安 The country flourishes and people live in peace

14.过犹不及 going too far is as bad as not going far enough; beyond is as wrong as falling short; too much is as bad as too little

15.功夫不负有心人 Everything comes to him who waits.

16.好了伤疤忘了疼 once on shore, one prays no more

17.好事不出门恶事传千里 Good news never goes beyond the gate, while bad news spread far and wide.

18.和气生财 Harmony brings wealth.

19.活到老学到老 One is never too old to learn.

20.既往不咎 let bygones be bygones

21.金无足赤人无完人 Gold cant be pure and man cant be perfect.

22.金玉满堂 Treasures fill the home.

23.脚踏实地 be down-to-earth

24.脚踩两只船 sit on the fence

25.君子之交淡如水 the friendship between gentlemen is as pure as crystal; a hedge between keeps friendship green

26.老生常谈陈词滥调 cut and dried, cliché

27.礼尚往来 Courtesy calls for reciprocity.

28.留得青山在不怕没柴烧 Where there is life, there is hope.

29.马到成功 achieve immediate victory; win instant success

30.名利双收 gain in both fame and wealth

31.茅塞顿开 be suddenly enlightened

32.没有规矩不成方圆 Nothing can be accomplished without norms or standards. 33.每逢佳节倍思亲 On festive occasions more than ever one thinks of ones dear ones far away.It is on the festival occasions when one misses his dear most.

34.谋事在人成事在天 The planning lies with man, the outcome with Heaven. Man proposes, God disposes.

35.弄巧成拙 be too smart by half; Cunning outwits itself

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

一、主语+不及物动词(S+Vi)。如：

The teacher left. 老师离开了。

All the children laughed. 所有的孩子都笑了。

二、主语+及物动词+宾语(S+Vt+O)。如：

Everyone likes him. 大家都喜欢他。

We study English and French. 我们学习英语和法语。

三、主语+(双宾)动词+间接宾语+直接宾语(S+Vt+Oi+Od)。如：

He told us a story. 他给我们讲了个故事。

He showed me his new radio. 他给我看他的新收音机。

四、主语+连系动词+表语(S+V+P)。如：

She is Peters sister. 她是彼得的妹妹。

That dog looks dangerous. 那只狗看起来很危险。

五、主语+动词+宾语+宾语补足语(S+V+O+Oc)。如：

The news made her sad. 这消息使她很生气。

I find English grammar very difficult. 我发现英语语法很难。

值得说明的是，以上各成分根据情况可以有多种表示方法，用作主语和宾语的是可以是名词、代词、动词不定式、动名词、从句等。如：

Mr. Smith / He likes it. 史密斯先生 / 他喜欢它。(名词、代词作主语)

We like Mr. Smith / him. 学生喜欢史密先生 / 他。(名词、代词作宾语)

To see is to believe. 眼见为实。(不定式作主语)

Some of us decided to stay. 我们有些人决定留下。(不定式作宾语)

Dancing is fun. I love it. 跳舞很有意思，我很喜欢。(动名词作主语)

Every one of them loves dancing. 他们个个喜欢跳舞。(动名词作宾语)

另外，有的成分可带有自己的修饰语，如名词可受定语修饰，动词可受状语修饰等。如：

He is an excellent teacher. 他是位优秀的老师。

Tell us something interesting. 给我们讲点有趣的事吧。

They all work very hard. 他们工作都很努力。

The plane flew very low. 飞机飞得很低。

Will you dance with me? 你愿意和我跳舞吗?

纵观近年各地中考英语写作题，题材一般是写人、写事、写物、写景、日记、书信、通知、便条等文体。一般来说，不同的写作题材，它的人物，时间，写作的重点也是不尽相同的。下面结合一些常见的题型介绍一下写作的注意事项以及写作技巧。

1、以图表提供情景的作文要以读为主，首先要读懂图表中的数据、时间、编码、序号以及相互间的变化关系，对所给的信息加以分析、推断、筛选、概括、去粗取精;在写作时目的要明确，要注意内容的准确性和严肃性，尤其是图表中的数据、时间等不得有误。

2、以图画提供情景的作文应以看为主，通过细心观察图中的人物、景物、文字、环境、数字等，弄清写作的意图，通过分析思考把握逻辑联系，找出主题并借助所给的文字，把图中的信息转化成文章，但要注意，文章不能停留在图画的浅表，而要表达出提供情景的意图和内涵。

3、以提纲提供情景的作文。这种形式本身的要点已经很明确，重点也很突出，只要把各个提纲加以发挥，注意遣词造句的灵活性和语法规则的正确性，就不会造成审题不清而偏离主题，但要注意，文章必须覆盖所提供的各个提纲的要点。

4、以书信格式提供情景的作文。首先要了解书信的格式，英文书信格式与中文有所不同，

(1)一般在信纸的右上角写上写信人的地址和日期，地址应按从小到大的顺序排列;

(2)左边顶格写上收信人的姓名;

(3)正文部分;

(4)祝愿的话;

(5)写信人签名。信的内容一定要按所给的要求写，不要漏写。

1.While the inclination to procrastinate is common, one must fully consider the detrimental impact of unnecessary delays.

虽然拖延的倾向是普遍的，但是人们应该充分考虑到不必要的延误造成的有害影响。

2.The tendency to take things for granted is understandable, but the need for one to rationally evaluate the circumstances of any situation is absolutely essential.

想当然的倾向是可以理解的，但是，理智地估计任何情形的情况是完全必需的。

3.Most people are under the illusion that a college degree guarantees success. There is no such guarantee without hard work.

许多人错误地认为大学学位能保证成功。不努力工作就没有这样的保证。

4.Some stubbornly hold to the correctness of traditional practices, but in so doing they seem to totally ignore the fact that progress depends on change.

一些人固执地坚持传统做法的正确性，但是，他们这么做，似乎完全忽视了进步依靠变化的事实。

5.Generally speaking, previous parliamentary policy debates ignored the relevance of transparency.

总的来说，以前议会中针对政策的辩论忽视了透明度的重要性。

6.A precise definition of poverty is actually very difficult to determine. Where does one draw the line between those who are poor and those who are not?

对贫困的精确定义实际上是很难的。如何在贫穷和非贫穷的人之间划一条界限呢?

7.Admittedly, bribery and corruption are endemic to our political and economic systems, but it doesn’t necessarily follow that all politicians and business people resort to illicit behavior.

诚然，贿赂和腐败在我们的政治和经济系统中很流行，但这并不是说所有的政府官员和商界人士都采取违法行为。

8.There’s little doubt that a third World War is avoidable, but it is highly unlikely that regional conflicts will disappear in the foreseeable future.

毫无疑问，第三次世界大战是可以避免的，但是，在可预见的将来地区冲突消失是非常不可能的。

9.Some people assume that investing in stock is a safe pursuit, but their assumption fails to hold water when considering the substantial risk involved.

有的人想当然地认为投资股票是有把握的事情，但是，考虑到涉及的巨大风险，他们的想当然就说不通了。

10.Some people have called for accelerated across-the-board changes. Their approach quite frankly ignores the need for gradual but effective changes.

一些人要求更快速的全盘改变。他们的做法的确忽略了渐进而有效的改变的必要性。

范文一：

Recruitment Announcement

Do you want to be part of a high-level international conference? Do you want to have close contact with world-famous scholars? Here comes your opportunity: becoming a

volunteer for the 2010 international conference on globalization.

The conference will open in China on Feb. 28 and our university has been luckily selected as the host from 20 top Chinese universities. It will be a great honor and

also a challenge for us to organize such an important meeting, so in order to assure its success, 50 volunteers will be recruited from the students in our university.

If you possess basic English-speaking ability, good communication skills, and tremendous working enthusiasm, you will be the ideal candidate we are looking for.

What a great chance it is to display your talents! To seize such a marvelous opportunity, you just need to send your resume to our office in room 302 of the Teaching

Building 5 before Feb. 12, 2010. If needing more details, please contact us at our telephone number 12345678.

Postgraduates’ Association

范文二：

Volunteers Needed

January 9, 2010

To improve students’ ability and enrich extracurricular activities, the Postgraduate Association is recruiting volunteers for an international conference on

globalization to be held on December 9, 2010 in Beijing. To begin with, applicants should have Chinese nationality, a strong professional spirit, cheerful personality

and be aged under 35. In addition, candidates must have outstanding skills at English listening comprehension and the ability to speak Chinese and English fluently.

Finally, students with relevant professional experience are preferred. Those graduate students who are interested in taking part in it may sign up with the monitor of

their classes before February 1, 2010. Everybody is welcome to join in it. (107)

Postgraduate Association

基础是将结构所承受的各种作用传递到地基上的结构组成部分。基础最基本的元素组成，可分为条形基础、刚性基础。以下小编为你收集了阅读与写作基础知识，希望给你带来一些借鉴的作用。

一、表达方式：记叙、描写、抒情、说明、议论

二、表现手法：象征、对比、烘托、设置悬念、前后呼应、欲扬先抑、托物言志、借物抒情、联想、想象、衬托（正衬、反衬）

三、修辞手法：比喻、拟人、夸张、排比、对偶、引用、设问、反问、反复、互文、对比、借代、反语

四、记叙文六要素：时间、地点、人物、事情的起因、经过、结果

五、记叙顺序：顺叙、倒叙、插叙

六、描写角度：正面描写、侧面描写

七、描写人物的方法：语言、动作、神态、心理、外貌

八、描写景物的角度：视觉、听觉、味觉、触觉

九、描写景物的方法：动静结合（以动写静）、概括与具体相结合、由远到近（或由近到远）

十、描写（或抒情）方式：正面（又叫直接）、反面（又叫间接）

十一、叙述方式：概括叙述、细节描写

十二、说明顺序：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序

十三、说明方法：举例子、列数字、打比方、作比较、下定义、分类别、作诠释、摹状貌、引用

十四、小说情节四部分：开端、发展、高潮、结局

十五、小说三要素：人物形象、故事情节、具体环境

十六、环境描写分为：自然环境、社会环境

十七、议论文三要素：论点、论据、论证

十八、论据分类为：事实论据、道理论据

十九、论证方法：举例（或事实）论证、道理论证（有时也叫引用论证）、对比（或正反对比）论证、比喻论证

二十、论证方式：立论、驳论（可反驳论点、论据、论证）

二十一、议论文的文章的结构：总分总、总分、分总；分的部分常常有并列式、递进式。

二十二、引号的作用：引用；强调；特定称谓；否定、讽刺、反语

二十三、破折号用法：提示、注释、总结、递进、话题转换、插说。

二十四、其他：

（一）某句话在文中的作用：

1、文首：开篇点题；渲染气氛（记叙文、小说），埋下伏笔（记叙文、小说），设置悬念（小说），为下文作辅垫；总领下文；

2、文中：承上启下；总领下文；总结上文；

3、文末：点明中心（记叙文、小说）；深化主题（记叙文、小说）；照应开头（议论文、记叙文、小说）

开头要引人（开门见山，直截了当；制造悬念，引人入胜；提出问题，引人注意；说明情况，交待背景），结尾要有力（画龙点睛，发人深思；总结全文，照应开头；叙述结束，自然收尾；抒发情感，引起共鸣）

（二）修辞手法的作用：

（1）它本身的作用；

（2）结合句子语境。

1、比喻、拟人：生动形象；

答题格式：生动形象地写出了＋对象＋特性。

2、排比：有气势、加强语气、一气呵成等；

答题格式：强调了＋对象＋特性

3；设问：引起读者注意和思考；

答题格式：引起读者对＋对象＋特性的注意和思考

4、反问：强调，加强语气等；

5、对比：强调了……突出了……

6、反复：强调了……加强语气

7、夸张：突出了……的本质特征

8、对偶：句式整齐有节奏。

（三）句子含义的解答：

这样的题目，句子中往往有一个词语或短语用了比喻、对比、借代、象征等表现方法。答题时，把它们所指的对象揭示出来，再疏通句子，就可以了。

（四）某句话中某个词换成另一个行吗？为什么？

动词：不行。因为该词准确生动具体地写出了……

形容词：不行。因为该词生动形象地描写了……

副词（如都，大都，非常只有等）：不行。因为该词准确地说明了……的情况（表程度，表限制，表时间，表范围等），换了后就变成……，与事实不符。

（五）一句话中某两三个词的顺序能否调换？为什么？

不能。因为（1）与人们认识事物的（由浅入深、由表入里、由现象到本质）规律不一致（2）该词与上文是一一对应的关系（3）这些词是递进关系，环环相扣，不能互换。

（六）段意的归纳

1．记叙文：回答清楚（什么时间、什么地点）什么人做什么事

格式：（时间＋地点）＋人＋事。

2．说明文：回答清楚说明对象是什么，它的特点是什么，

格式：说明（介绍）＋说明对象＋说明内容（特点）

3．议论文：回答清楚议论的问题是什么，作者的观点怎样，

格式：用什么论证方法证明了（论证了）＋论点