英语题型练习之改写句子的画线部分(推荐20篇)

河水哗哗的向远方奔跑。下面是小编收集了句子改写的拟人句，欢迎阅读。

1、夜空的繁星闪闪发亮。——夜空的繁星闪着亮亮的眼睛。

2、鸟在树上叫。——鸟在树上歌唱。

3、一大早，老黄牛就到河边喝水。——一大早，老黄牛踱着慢悠悠的步伐就到河边喝水。

4、太阳从东方升起来了。——太阳起床了，懒洋洋地从东方升起。

5、鲜花盛开了。——鲜花绽开了笑脸。

6、树上的知了在不住的叫着。——树上的知了在不住地歌唱。

7、一本笔记本放在桌子上。——一本笔记本躺卧在桌子上。

8、河水哗哗的流向远方。——河水哗哗的向远方奔跑。

9、春天到了，小草长出来了。——春天到了，小草从草里冒出了小脑袋。

英语作文要拿高分需要有好的句型。下面是语文迷网为大家整理的100个例句，希望对你有帮助。

1. Weak men wait for opportunity, but the strong men make it. 弱者等待机会，强者创造机会。

2. Opportunity meets the prepared mind, as the old saying goes. 正如俗话所说，机遇只属于那些有心理准备的人。

3. Perseverance is failing nineteen times and succeeding the twentieth. 十九次失败，到第二十次获得成功，这就叫坚持。

4. He tried hard to learn, and to be a good boy, and he succeeded fairly well. 他用心学习，又很听话，因此一切倒还顺利。

5. In fact, there’s an old Chinese saying which goes, “He who hasn’t been to the Great Wall is not a true man.” 实际上，中国有句古谚语说：“不到长城非好汉。”

6. A man is not old as long as he is seeking something. -John Barrymore

只要一个人还有所追求, 她就没有老。 ── 约翰·巴里莫尔

7. To take advantage of them, you can’t let yourself be destroyed by a defeat, or let others set the limits on your ability to achieve. 利用它们, 你就不会被一次失败击倒, 也不会让别人来限制住你成功的能力。

8. Only those who have the patience to do simple things perfectly ever acquire the skill to do difficult things easily. 只有有耐心圆满完成简单工作的人才能够轻而易举地完成困难的事。

9. The most important thing in life is to have a beautiful dream and good ways to realize it. 人生最重要的是要有美梦，并有好的方法去实现它。

10. We must carry on till success in spite of the extremely difficult conditions. 尽管条件极端困难, 我们必须坚持下去, 直到成功。

11. This belief in equal opportunity has produced a spirit of competition. It’s like a race to the top of the success ladder. 这种机会均等的信念造就了一种竞争的精神, 它就像一场通往成功之梯顶端的比赛一样。

12. Success is dangerous. One begins to copy oneself, and to copy oneself is more dangerous than to copy others. It leads to sterility. -Picasso , Spanish artist 成功是危险的。一个成功的人开始模仿自己，而模仿自己比模仿别人更加危险。因为这样做将毫无结果。 ── 毕加索 , 西班牙画家

13. But failure also taught me that life is a road with unpredictable forks and unexpected tomorrows. 但是, 失败还使我懂得, 生活的道路充满了无法预测的岔路口和无法预料的明天。

14. The common idea that success spoils people by making them vain, egotistic, and self-complacent is erroneous; on the contrary, it makes them, for the most part, humble, tolerant, and kind. Failure makes people cruel and bitter. -W. Somerset Maugham , British author 人们普遍认为成功使人变得虚荣、自以为是、自满, 从而毁了他们, 但这种看法是错误的;恰恰相反, 成功在很大程度上使人变得谦恭、宽容、善良。失败则使人变得残忍、怨愤。 ── W·萨默塞特·莫姆 , 英国作家

15. Against all the odds she achieved her dream of becoming an actress. 她冲破重重困难，实现了当演员的梦想。

16. He is too smart not to jump at the chance. 他这个人很精明，不会错过这个机会的。

17. I’m not sure if I’ll succeed, but I certainly hope so. 是否成功我没有把握, 不过我当然希望会成功

18. I wish you every success. 祝你万事如意!

19. He seems to be successful in anything he tries. 他好像不论做什么事都能成功。

20. Experience shows that success is due less to ability than to zeal. 经验告诉我们，成功与其说是由于才能，不如说是由于热情。

21. Ambition is to life just what steam is to the locomotive. 抱负之于生活, 恰似蒸汽之于火车头。

22. With their advanced features and compact size, portable electronic devices offer consumers freedom, productivity, and organization. 由于本身小巧玲珑, 又具备种种先进的特点, 便携式电子设备为消费者带来了自由, 提高了生产力, 改进了对信息的组织。

23. However, the ease and speed with which messages can be sent and received has increased and accelerated to such an extent that many people are receiving hundreds of electronic messages of all kinds each day. 但是, 信息发送与接收的便捷发展得如此之快, 以至于很多人每天都会收到各种各样、成百上千的电子邮件。

24. Just as history has shown that species which fail to adapt die out, businesses will die out if they don’t get to grips with the Internet. 正如历史所示, 适者生存, 企业如果不紧跟互联网就将退出历史的舞台。

25. Television is different from radio in that it sends and receives pictures. 电视与无线电不同, 电视能播送和接收图像。

26. When people master the digital organization, it will greatly simplify and improve both their professional and personal lives. 当人们掌握了这种数码管理方法后, 他们的工作与个人生活都会得以极大地简化并改善。

27. A new IT high-tech park in Beijing is helping the city keep its promise to be the country’s center of the knowledge-based economy. 一所焕然一新的IT高科技园帮助北京实现了它的诺言：成为全国知识型经济的中心。

28. Observation is the best teacher. 观察是最好的老师。

29. Imagination is more important than knowledge. 想像力比知识更重要。 ── 爱因斯坦

30. Knowledge is a treasure, but practice is the key to it. 知识是一座宝库，而实践是开启宝库的钥匙。

31. We can kill two birds with one stone by combining our honeymoon with our business trip. 我们可以把蜜月和出差合在一起，这样一举两得。

32. Greatly inspired, he made up his mind to read as much as he could, and what’s more, he would study harder than ever before. 他深受鼓舞，决心尽可能多读书，而且，比以往任何时候都努力学习。

33. Nothing in all the world is more dangerous than sincere ignorance and conscientious stupidity. 世界上再也没有比实实在在的无知和认认真真的愚蠢更危险的了。

── 小马丁·路德·金

34. Eat to live, but live to eat. 吃饭是为了生存而不是生存为了吃饭。

35. To my knowledge, my daughter has never told a lie before. 据我所知, 我女儿以前从未说过谎。

36. In the long run, basic knowledge and technological applications go hand in hand—one helps the other. 归根结蒂, 基础知识和技术应用是并进的, 相辅相成的。

37. Reading is to the mind what exercise is to the body. 读书之于思想, 就如运动之于身体。

38. English is now the international language for airline pilots, scientists, medical experts, businessmen and many others. Consequently, more and more people are learning it. 现在, 对于航空公司飞行员、科学家、医学家、商人及许多其他行业的工作者来说, 英语是一门国际性语言, 因此越来越多的人开始学习英语。

39. Unlike many other widely used languages, English can be correctly used in very simple form with less than one thousand basic words and very few grammatical rules. 与许多其他被广泛应用的语言不同, 英语仅凭借将近一千个基础词汇和很少的语法规则，就能够用简单的形式正确地表达意思。

40. English will doubtless continue to change and develop as a living language always does. 毫无疑问, 英语将像一种活的语言贯常的变化和发展一样继续变化和发展下去。

41. Another reason for the popularity of English is that English-speaking countries are spread through out the world. 英语流行的另一个原因是说英语的国家遍布世界各地。

42. Genius is one percent inspiration and ninety-nine percent perspiration. 天才是百分之一的灵感和百分之九十九的汗水

43. An estimated 310 million people in Britain, U.S.A., Canada, Australia, South Africa, etc. use English as their mother tongue. 据统计，在英国、美国、加拿大、澳大利亚和南非等国有三亿一千万人以英语为母语。

44. It is surprising that some students have little or no knowledge of English. 令人感到吃惊的是, 有些学生英语懂得很少, 或者根本不懂英语。

45. The rush to learn English has reached even China. 这种学习英语的浪潮甚至波及到中国。

46. Washington is known as “the father of his country” and is one of those “larger than life” historical figures who are known around the world. 华盛顿被称为“美国国父”，是一位誉满全球的具有传奇色彩的历史人物。

47. Many immigrants have come to this land of opportunity for that reason-to seek a better future. 许多移民基于这个缘故来到了这块充满机会的土地上──为了追求一个更好的未来。

48. Not all Americans are rich, but most are concerned about money. Success-oriented Americans often measure people’s worth by how much they have. 并非所有的美国人都很有钱, 但大多数美国人都在乎钱。以成功为取向的美国人常常用人们拥有财产的多少来衡量他们的价值。

49. As a result, nearly half of foreign students in the U.S. are concentrated in just 100 out of 2,500 post-secondary institutions, mostly brand-name schools. 结果, 在美留学生几乎有一半集中在2500所高校的仅100所, 这些学校大多是名牌学校。

50. Credit cards symbolize American shopping habits: “Buy now, pay later.” 信用卡反映美国人的购物习惯：“现在买, 以后付。”

51. In general, the act is designed to keep the U.S. high-tech industry on top by filling the need for skilled technology workers. 总之，这个法案是为了填补美国对熟练技术工人的需求，以保持美国在高科技工业中的领先地位而制定的。

52. Tom’s college education gave him an advantage over boys who had not been to a university. 汤姆的大学教育使他比没上过大学的男孩们占优势。

53. Educators also claim that calculators are so inexpensive and commonplace that students must become competent in using them. 教育家们还声称, 计算器如此便宜而又普遍, 学生必须学会熟练使用。

54. He already has five honorary doctorates-the latest bestowed upon him by Yale University late of May, 2002-but what he really wanted was this humble bachelor’s degree. 斯皮尔伯格已获得5个荣誉博士头衔，其中最近的一个是在2002年5月下旬由耶鲁大学授予的，然而他最想得到的却是这个不起眼的学士学位。

55. Calculators do have their place in the world outside school and, to a limited extent, in higher-level math classes, but they are hardly education tools. 计算器在学校之外的社会中的确有其地位, 在高等数学课堂上也有一定的作用, 但它们很难算得上是教育工具。

56. A student who has grown up with a calculator will struggle with both strategies and computations. 一个伴着计算器长大的学生既要对付解题策略, 又要对付实际运算。

57. Students learn far more when they do the math themselves. 学生自己进行数学运算所获得的收益远比依赖计算器多。

58. A student who learns to handle numbers mentally can focus on how to attack a problem and then complete the actual calculations easily. 学会心算的学生能把注意力集中到如何解题上, 然后轻而易举地完成实际运算。

59. It’s my mother who has been encouraging me never to lose heart when I had difficulties in study. 这些年来，当我在学习中遇到困难时，是我的母亲一直在鼓励我从不要泄气。

60. With more students applying to college than ever before, admissions directors are paying especially close attention to essays, interviews, and teacher recommendations. 由于有比以往更多的学生申请上大学, 招生部主任将格外注重作文、面试和教师的推荐信。

61. Calculators prevent students from seeing this kind of natural structure and beauty in math. 计算器妨碍学生认识数学中这类自然结构和美。

62. If we don’t require students to do the simple problems that calculators can do, how can we expect them to solve the more complex problems that calculators cannot do? 如果我们不让学生做那些计算器能代劳的简单的运算, 又怎么能期待他们去解决计算器解决不了的更为复杂的问题呢?

63. Your parents are the people responsible for helping you make decisions until you’re 18. 父母是有责任帮助你在18岁之前做决定的人。

64. But he is too young to understand cheating won’t do him any good in the long run. 就长远而言, 他太小, 还不懂得欺骗会给他带来害处。

65. What sculpture is to a block of marble, education is to the soul. 教育之于心灵, 就如雕刻术之于大理石。

66. He began to study accounting at night sessions of the City University of New York, earning his tuition during the daytime. 他开始晚间在纽约城市大学学习会计，白天做工赚学费。

67. Those who educate children well are to be more honored than the parents, for the latter only give them life while the former teach them the art of living well. —Aristotle 把儿童教育好的人们甚至应该比他们的父母更受尊敬，因为后者仅仅给予他们生命，前者却教给他们生活好的艺术。 ──(古希腊)亚里士多得

68. The cloning of Dolly the sheep nearly 5 years ago raised the hopes of transplant scientists looking for an endless supply of lifesaving organs. 将近5年前,克隆羊多莉给寻求无穷无尽的救命器官供货的移植学家带来了希望。

69. I would rather join you in research work than go on a holiday to the seaside. 我与其到海滨去度假，倒不如和你们一起参加科研工作。

70. The further that Joy dug into the cutting edge of research in the new technologies-robotics, genetic engineering and nanotechnology-the more horrified he became. 乔伊在机器人学、基因工程和纳米技术等新技术研究领域的前沿钻得越深, 就越感到恐惧。

71. What Henry Ford is to the automobile, George Eastman to photography, and Charles Goodyear to rubber, Edison is to not one but several of today’s essential technologies. 对当今不止一项而是多项重要技术的贡献, 就如同Henry Ford 对汽车、George Eastman 对摄影、Charles Goodyear 对橡胶的贡献一样大。

72. Very heavy objects or bulky materials like coal, cement, mineral ore, and the like, are weighed in tons. 非常重的物体或者像煤、水泥、矿石等堆积如山的原材料用吨计重。

73. By the end of this century, about 5,000 modern windmills will be in operation, generating about 20% of the electricity of the country. 到本世纪末, 将有5000架现代化的风车投入运行, 生产约全国20%的电力。

74. Agriculture will have to undergo a drastic change to meet the needs of the new situation. Otherwise, the country will starve. 农业必须进行深入的改革, 以满足新形势的需要。否则, 国家将遭受饥荒。

75. In the northern area, it is necessary to plant varieties which are outstandingly resistant to low winter temperature. 北部地区只能种植确实能抗冬季低温的品种。

76. Synthetic, or man-made, diamonds have been manufactured from carbon since the mid-1950s, when General Electric Co. developed the process for making small diamonds for industrial uses. 人们从20世纪50年代中期就开始用碳来制造或人工合成钻石，当时通用汽车公司开发出了生产工业用小钻石的工艺。

77. The WTO’s creation on January 1 1995 marked the biggest reform of international trade since the Second World War. 1995年1月1日世贸组织的诞生，标志着第二次世界大战之后国际贸易的最大改革。

78. I am not afraid of tomorrow for I have seen yesterday and I love today. -W.A.White

我并不害怕明天, 因为我已见过昨天而又热爱今天。 ── 怀特

79. He invested his money in several different companies, by which means he hoped to reduce the natural hazards of investment. 他把自己的钱向几个不同的公司投资, 希望借此减少投资的自然风险。

80. With the rise of the Internet, personal finance magazines and TV shows find information on investing. 随着因特网、个人理财杂志和专事选股的电视节目的兴起，人们很容易找到有关投资的信息。

81. Nothing is more precious than time yet nothing is less valued. 时间最宝贵，却最不被爱惜。

82. If indeed silence is golden, it is also becoming as rare as gold. 如果宁静真是贵重如金的话，那它也在变得像金子一样稀罕了。

83. Man is not creature of circumstances, circumstances are the creatures of man. 人不是环境所造就的，乃是环境由人所创造。

84. Pollution is a global problem which needs a global response. 污染是一个全球性的问题，需要全球关注。

85. Greenhouse effect means the gradual warming of the air surrounding the earth. 温室效应意味着地球周围的空气逐渐变暖。

86. Air is to us what water is to fish. 我们离不开空气, 就像鱼离不开水。

87. As our country is populous, it is confronted with a more and more serious crisis of resources. 我国由于人口众多，面临着越来越严重的资源危机。

88. The government has to provide against a possible oil shortage in the coming months. 政府不得不预防未来几个月里可能出现的石油短缺。

89. Why do Americans emphasize money so much? Well, this “land of plenty” has long enjoyed abundant natural resources, and people have gotten used to material wealth. 为什么美国人这么看重金钱呢? 这么说吧, 这块“丰饶之地”久已享有充裕的自然资源, 而人们已习惯于丰富的物质财富。

90. A slip of the foot you may soon recover, but a slip of the tongue you may never get over. -Benjamin Franklin 失足可以很快弥补, 失言却可能永远无法补救。 ── 富兰克林

91. The earliest Mother’s Day celebrations can be traced back to the spring celebrations of ancient Greece in honor of Rhea’, the Mother of the Gods. 庆祝母亲节的习俗最早 可以追溯到古希腊, 当时人们在春天举行庆祝活动, 来向众神之母──莉雅女神表示敬意。

92. I am grateful to you for the opportunity to express my conviction in this most important political question. 感谢你们使我有机会就这个最重要的政治问题发表意见。

93. I am thankful for America and thankful that we are able to resolve our electoral differences in a peaceful way. 我感谢美国, 我们终于用和平的方式解决了选举中的分歧。

94. Deep down, they realize that happiness can’t be bought, but it can be given away. 在内心深处,他们认识到幸福是买不来的, 但却可以与人分享。

95. It is wrong to define happiness as owning a lot of money, but some people take it as their life philosophy. 把幸福定义为有很多钱是错误的，但是有些人却把它奉为人生哲学。

96. He is rich in terms of money, but not in terms of happiness. 从钱的角度说他是富有的，但从幸福的角度说他不是。

97. All happy families resemble one another, each unhappy family is unhappy in its own way. —Leo Tolstoy 所有幸福的家庭彼此都很相似，而每个不幸的家庭却各有各的不幸。 ── 托尔斯泰

98. Unfortunately, there are still some people who do not look after their pets properly or are even cruel to them. 遗憾的是，仍然有一些人对他们的宠物不好好照管甚至虐待它们。

99. She sat up straight and pretended to believe in herself, so much so that she actually started believing in herself. 她坐直了身子, 假装对自己充满信心, 装得连她自己都开始以为自己确实很有信心。

100. It’s not easy to keep in touch with friends when they are far away, however, they are always on her mind. 和远方的朋友保持联系不是一件容易的事，但是她一直记挂着他们。

按要求改写句子知识点梳理

一、概述

按要求改写句子主要考查学生对句子结构的掌握以及用不同句型表达同一意思的能力。考查所涉及到的句子类型有一般疑问句、否定句、反意疑问句、选择疑问句、对划线部分提问、感叹句、保持原句意思、合并成一句、简单句和复合句之间的互换以及改为被动语态等。

二、解题时需注意的几个要点

1、时态：不同的时态相对应的助动词

一般现在时：谓语动词用原形（主语为第三人称单数时，动词加s或es，变否定句、疑问句时助动词为do或does）

一般过去时：谓语动词用过去式，变否定句、疑问句时助动词为did.

现在完成时：助动词have/has+动词的过去分词

过去完成时：助动词had+动词的过去分词

一般将来时：will/be going to +动词原形

过去将来时：would/was or were going to +动词原形

现在进行时：am/is/are＋动词的现在分词

过去进行时：was/were＋动词的现在分词

2、语态：主动语态变为被动语态的谓语结构

一般现在时：am/is/are＋动词的过去分词

一般过去时：was/were+动词的过去分词

一般将来时：will be+动词的过去分词

情态动词：can/may/must/need等情态动词＋be++动词的过去分词

3、改反意疑问句时注意hardly, never, seldom, few, little, no等词表达的是否定意义，变反意疑问句时用肯定形式。

4、在合并句子时，有些连词如not only…but also…, neither…nor…, either…or…是就近原则，连接两个主语时动词形式取决于与动词邻近的主语。而both…and…连接两个主语时,主语是复数。

5、简单句和复合句之间的互换常见的有：带有疑问词的宾语从句改为特殊疑问词＋to＋动词原形的不定式；结果状语从句so…that…改为enough to或too…to…的简单句。

6、保持原句意思改写句子时注意时态不变。

三、习题

练习一

1. We do our homework every evening. （改为否定句）

We _________ ________ our homework every evening. 对划线部分提问)

________ ________ do they have a class meeting?

3. She could hardly understand this passage. (改为反意疑问句)

She could hardly understand this passage, _________ __________?

4.The manager told him how to get useful information. (改为否定句)

The manager _________ _________ him how to get useful information.

5. Tom’s sister can speak English and Japanese very well. (改为反意疑问句)

Tom’s sister can speak English and Japanese very well, _________ _________?

对划线部分提问)

_________ _________ he live twenty years ago?

7. Sam does some cleaning in the morning. (改为否定句)

Sam _________ do _________ cleaning in the morning.

对划线部分提问)

_________ _________ have the students worked on the survey?

9. Your father used to ride a bike. （改成反意问句）

Your father used to ride a bike, _______ ________? （对划线提问）

__________ ___________ the population of Germany?

11. Mr. Wang washes his car once a month. （改为一般疑问句）

Mr. Wang (对划线部分提问)

will Susan come back from Athens?

13. My friends lost their way when they were traveling in Hong Kong. (改为一般疑问句)

________ your friends ________ their way when they were traveling in Hong Kong?

14. 对划线部分提问)

________ ________ has Yao Ming been in the Rocket Team?

15. She put the digital camera on the bed just now. (改为否定句)

She _________ _________ the digital camera on the bed just now.

16. Marks flown to Hainan Island for winter holidays. (改为反意疑问句)

Marks flown to Hainan Island for winter holidays, _________ _________?

(专辑). (划线部分提问)

_________ did Super Girl Zhou Bichang _________ to Vienna?

18. I’ve already saved enough money to buy a new car. (改为否定句)

I ________ saved enough money to buy a car ________.

19. Lily used to have long straight hair. (改为反意疑问句)

Lily used to have long straight hair, ________ ________?

20. He has already been there .(改为一般疑问句)

__________ he been there __________?

21.They decided that they wouldnt have the picnic because of the bad weather. (改为简单句)

They decided __________ _________ have the picnic because of the bad

weather.

22. The English people hardly ever shake hands between the strangers .( 改为反意疑问句)

The English people hardly ever shake hands between the strangers, __________ __________?

23. They grew some sunflowers in their garden last year.（改为否定句）

They __________ __________ any sunflowers in their garden last year.

24. Jane drinks milk every morning.（改为一般疑问句）

_________ Jane ___________ milk every morning? （就划线部分提问）

___________ map ___________ to Class 4?

26. You can choose only one of the two: a mini-TV or a DVD player. (改为选择疑问句)

you want a mini-TV a DVD player?

27. That detective film is so amazing. （改为感叹句）

___________ ___________ amazing detective film!

28. He has some money left.（改成否定句）

He money left.

29. （划线部分提问）

do the members of the film society meet?

30. His mother knew why the little boy was unhappy all day. (改为一般疑问句)

_______ his mother _______ why the boy was unhappy all day?

31. He looks very funny with that hat on. (改为感叹句)

_______ _______ he looks with that hat on!. 对划线部分提问)

_______ _______ they build this factory?

33. I have already finished the test paper.（改为否定句）

I ________ finished the test paper ________.

34. Johnson denied cheating in the competition.（改为反意疑问句）

Johnson denied cheating in the competition, ________ ________? （对划线部分提问） ________ ________ the story need to be funny?

36. Sam does some cleaning in the morning. (改为否定句)

Sam _________ do _________ cleaning in the morning.

对划线部分提问) _________ _________ have the students worked on the survey?

38. （对划线部分提问） _________ _________ has he been a top fashion designer?

39. 对划线部分提问)

________ ________ will they move into the new school?

40. to go to the People’s Square by underground. (对划线部分提问)

________ _______ did it take you to go to the People’s Square by underground?

练习二：

1. Gold is less valuable than diamond. (保持句意不变)

Gold is ________ ________ valuable as diamond.

2. He told the children to go and watch his tank of Ghost fish. (改为被动语态) The children ________ ________ to go and watch his tank of Ghost fish.

3. Unless I have a quiet room, I cannot do any work. （保持句意不变）

I cannot do any work ________ I _________ have a quiet room.

4. The manager arrived here a few minutes ago. （保持句意不变）

The manager has _________here ________ a few minutes.

5. They will send him to work in Japan for one year. (改为被动语态)

He will ________ _________ to work in Japan for one year.

6. The words on the notice board are very small. I can’t see them clearly.(保持句子原意)

The words on the notice board are small I can’t see them

clearly.

7. We can solve the problems with the help of the teacher. (改为被动语态) The problems can _________ _________ with the help of the teacher.

8. We can’t finish the work in such a short time. (保持原句意思)

It’s _________ _________ us to finish the work in such a short time.

9. We must keep the noise under 50 dbs.(分贝)（改成被动语态）

The noise must ________ _______ under 50 dbs here.

10. Mike doesn’t like classical music. Billy doesn’t either. （合并成一句） _________ Mike nor Billy __________ classical music.

11. The room is so dirty that we can’t live in it.（保持句意不变）

The room isn’t __________ _________ for us to live in.

12. No one knows when we will start tomorrow. （保持原句意思）

No one knows start tomorrow.

13. The Smiths will invite the professor to take part in the party. (改成被动语态) to take part in the party by the Smiths.

14. If you are not brave, you’ll lose your last chance.（保持原句意思）

you are ’ll lose your last chance.

15. They store much information in the computer. (改成被动语态)

Much information ________ ________ in the computer.

16. Don’t throw rubbish here and there. Our teacher said to us. (合并为一句)

Our teacher told us ________ ________ throw rubbish here and there.

17. If John doesn’t apologize for what he did, I will tell the teacher about his bad behavior.

（保持原句意思）

_______ John _______ for what he did, I will tell the teacher about his bad behavior.

18. I dont know where we can grow vegetables in the city. (改为简单句) I dont know _________ _________ grow vegetables in the city.

19. People used to enjoy themselves chatting on MSN when it worked well. (保持句意基本不变)

People used to _________ a lot of _________ chatting on MSN when it worked well.

20. If you don’t improve your handwriting, you will lose marks in the exam. (合成同义句)

You will lose marks in the exam ________ you ________ your handwriting.

21. To go fishing is fun. （句意不变 ）

_____ is fun _____ ______ fishing.

22. Dick was so short that he couldn’t touch the top of the bookshelf.（保持句意基本不变）

Dick wasn’t __________ __________ to reach the top of the bookshelf.

23. “Can I borrow your bike for a while or not?”（ 保持句意基本不变）

Tom asked his sister __________ he __________ borrow her bike or not for a while.

24. The couple couldn’t decide which flat they should choose at first. （保持原句意

思）

The couple couldn’t decide which flat at first.

25. Meaningless information is difficult for the little boy to remember. （保持原句意思）

is difficult for the little boy remember meaningless information.

26. People throw away millions of plastic bags in our city every day. （改成被动语态）

Millions of plastic bags away in our city.

27. She was so careless that she couldn’t find the mistakes in her test paper. (保持句意基本不变)

She was _______ _______ to find the mistakes in her test paper.

28. We will hold the next Olympic Games in Beijing in 2008.（改为被动语态）

The next Olympic Games will _______ _______ in Beijing in 2008.

29. The elderly man pushed the birds into the river.（改为被动语态）

The birds ________ ________ into the river by the elderly man.

30. Dolphins are so clever that they can follow the instructions.（保持句意基本不变） Dolphins are ________ ________ to follow the instructions.

31. We can’t finish the work in such a short time. (保持原句意思)

It’s _________ _________ us to finish the work in such a short time.

32. They invited the astronaut and his wife to the party on Christmas Eve.(改为被动语态)

The astronaut and his wife _________ _________ to the party on Christmas Eve.

33. The little girl didn’t go to bed unless the grandmother told her a story. (保持句意基本不变)

The little girl didn’t go to bed _________ the grandmother _________ tell her a story.

34. The plane is so big that it can carry 300 passengers at one time. （改为简单句）

The plane is big _________ _________ carry 300 passengers at one time.

35. Did they know the answer to the question? Ididn’t know… (合并为一句) I didn’t know ________ they had ________ the answer to the question.

Keys

练习一

1. don’t do 2. How often 3.could she 4.didn’t tell 5.can’t she

6.where did 7.doesn’t any 8.How long 9.didn’t he 10.What is

1、gaps are left in life through which comes the sad music of death.

生命中留下许多间隙，从中传来死亡的伤感乐曲。

2、on earth there is nothing great but man; in the man there is nothing great but mind.

地球上唯一伟大的是人，人身上唯一伟大的是心灵。

3、good advice is beyond all price.

忠告是无价宝。

4、let life be beautiful like summer flower,and death like autumn tears.

让生命如夏花般绚烂，让死亡如秋叶般静美。

5、where there is a will ,there is a way.

有志者，事竟成。

6、knowing something of everything and everything of something.

通百艺而专一长。

7、one sad voice has its nest among the ruins of the years. it sings to me in the night “i loved you.”

一个忧郁的声音，筑巢在似水年华中，它在夜里向我歌唱“我曾那么爱你。”

8、a bold attempt is half success.

勇敢的尝试是成功的一半。

9、a handful of common sense is worth a bushel of learning.

少量的常识，当得大量的学问。

10、like teacher ,like students.

严师出高徒。

11、no invention has received more praise and abuse than internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

12、a little knowledge is a dangerous thing.

浅学误人。

13、if you want knowledge,you must toil for it.

若要求知识，须从勤苦得。

14、doubt is the key of knowledge.

怀疑是知识之钥。

15、life is a leaf of paper white, thereon each of us may write his word or two.

生活是一张白纸，每个人都在上面写上自己的一两句话。

1. 火星表面没有生命存在。(改为设问句)

2.老师带病坚持工作，无微不至地关心我们，我们不会忘记。(改为反问)

2. 汽车在奔驰。(扩句)

4.要想取得好成绩，必须刻苦学习。(改为反问句)

5.我不会辜负老师对我的期望。(改为反问句)

6.一团烈火把邱少云整个包住了。(改为被字句)

7.战士们消灭了全部敌人。(改为被字句)

8.我的战友邱少云壮烈地牺牲了。(缩写)

9.冬夏常青的松树和柏树，堆满了蓬松松、沉甸甸的雪球。(缩写)

10.值班室的同志送来两杯热腾腾的绿茶。(缩写)

11.整个下午我都怀着一种自豪感等待父亲回来。(缩写)

12.这种爱的力量是灵感和创作的源泉。(缩写)

13.小路穿过树林。(扩写)

14.难道世界上糟糕的诗不够多么?(改为陈述句)

15.哪条法律规定巴迪一定要成为诗人?(改为陈述句)

16.蓝色的天空飘着一块块红绸般的浮云。(缩写)

17.河水打着漩涡哗哗地向下流去。(缩写)

18.那奔驰的列车是祖国奋勇前进的象征。(改为反问句)

19.少先队员要用雷锋精神鞭策自己。(改为反问句)

20.我们每一个人需要的是这种精神。(改为反问句)

21.竹子的品格体现了我们中华民族自强不息的民族精神。(改为反问句)

22.百灵鸟在树上叫。(写成拟人)

23.这花真香。(写成夸张)

24.十五的亮很圆。(写成比喻)

25.你来了。你别走。(用关联词连成一句话)

《改写句子》

（根据划线部分提问）

_______________________________________________________

2.Whatdoyouwanttobe?（根据实际情况回答）

_______________________________________________________

3.Thesharklikesswimming.Thedolphinlikesswimming.（两句并一句）_______________________________________________________

（对划线部分提问）

_______________________________________________________

（根据划线提问）

_______________________________________________________

（对划线部分提问）

_______________________________________________________

（对划线部分提问）

________________________________________________________

（对划线部分提问）________________________________________________________

9.Ihaveacold.（根据答句写出问句）

________________________________________________________

10.Pleasetryonsometrousers.（改为否定句）

________________________________________________________

（根据划线部分提问）

_________________________________________________________

成长是向一个方向靠近，下面是关于成长的英语句子，欢迎大家阅读。

一】at the touch of love everyone becomes a poet.每一个沐浴在爱河中的人都是诗人。

二】Good name in man and woman, dear my lord, is the immediate jewel of their souls: Who steals my purse steals trash; ’tis something, nothing. (Othello )无论男人女人，名誉是他们灵魂中最贴心的珍宝，如果有人偷走了我的钱袋，他不过偷走了一些废物，那不过是些毫无价值的东西罢了。——《奥赛罗》

三】We all are wishing especially for you the nicest birthday. May all the beautiful things in life will come to you.大伙儿都祝福你度过一个最美好的生日，愿你拥有生活中的一切美丽!

四】the sandflass remembers the time we lost沙漏记得`我们遗忘的时光

五】、Love, and the same charcoal, burning, need to find ways to ask cooling. Allow an arbitrary, it is necessary to heart charred爱，和炭相同，烧起来，得想办法叫它冷却。让它任意着，那就要把一颗心烧焦

六】don’t forget the things you once you owned. treasure the things you can’t get. don’t give up the things that belong to you and keep those lost things in memory.

七】我需要他，正如我需要呼吸空气。look into my eyes - you will see what you mean to me.

八】gaps are left in life through which comes the sad music of death. 生命中留下许多间隙,从中传来死亡的伤感乐曲.

九】to keep someone around you is not love; love is to let the one you love go freely.不是把对方留在自己身边才叫爱，能放手让所爱的人离开，也是爱的一种。

十】a thousand-li journey is started by taking the first step. 千里之行，始于足下。

十一】words can not express true love, loyalty behavior is the best explanation 真正的爱情是不能用言语表达的，行为才是忠心的最好说明。

十二】idon’t think that when people grow up, they will become morebroad-minded and can accept everything. conversely, i think it’s aselecting process, knowing what’s the most important and what’s theleast. and then be a simple man.我不觉得人的心智成熟是越来越宽容涵盖，什么都可以接受。相反，我觉得那应该是一个逐渐剔除的过程，知道自己最重要的是什么，知道不重要的东西是什么。而后，做一个纯简的人。

十三】the road of life is a spiral path, only swagger, flexible turning, can rise to the ideal.人生道路是一条螺旋上升的路径，只有昂首阔步，灵活弯转，才能上升至理想的峰顶。

十四】to keep someone around you is not love; love is to let the one you love go freely.不是把对方留在自己身边才叫爱，能放手让所爱的人离开，也是爱的一种。

十五】why is it that i have to climb , mountains to get to you and all you have to do is smile to get to me 为什么我要翻山越岭才能靠近你，而你，则只需一个微笑?

十六】even next second we didn’t meet, on one second we will meet.即使下一秒我们没有相遇，上一秒我们也会相见。

十七】love is not a matter of counting the days. it’s making the days count. 爱情不是数着日子过去，它让每个日子都变得有意义。

十八】if you leave me, please don’t comfort me because each sewing has to meet stinging pain.

十九】active long will be very tired, care about for a long time will crash! 主动久了会很累， 在乎久了会崩溃!

二十】an aim in life is the only fortune worth finding.生活的目标，是唯一值得寻找的财富。

二十一】eternity is not a distance but a decision. 永远不是一种距离，而是一种决定。

二十二】in love’s bumpy road, we’d better not say love.在爱情的坎坷路上，我们最好别说爱。

二十三】andyoudon’tknowifitwillbeyourlast.你无从知道这是否最后刻。

二十四】put my broken heart together again把我破碎的心再拼凑起来

二十五】i feel happy at times we have had angry words but these have been kissed away.我们生气争执时，爱的双唇把它们吻得无影无踪，我的心也顿觉甜蜜。

二十六】to the world you may be one person, but to one person you may be the world. 对于世界而言，你是一个人;但对于某个人，你是他的整个世界。

二十七】don’t try so hard, the best things come when you least expect them to. 不要着急，最好的总会在最不经意的时候出现。

二十八】why is it that i have to climb , mountains to get to you and all you have to do is smile to get to me 为什么我要翻山越岭才能靠近你，而你，则只需一个微笑?

二十九】：no man or woman is worth your tears, and the one who is, won‘t make you cry.没有人值得你流泪，值得让你这么做的人不会让你哭泣。

三十】Warm wishes on your birthday. I send along my love and affection for you as well as a small gift. Take care!热烈祝贺你的生日，捎给你我对你的爱，也寄去一件小礼物，多保重!

三十一】even next second we didn’t meet, on one second we will meet.即使下一秒我们没有相遇，上一秒我们也会相见。

三十二】he who has ability to be such a naughty guy and can be stronger more as well. 有本事任性的人，也会有本事坚强

代替主句的现在分词短语

下面A和B中的现在分词结构主要用于书面英语。

A如主语同时做出两个动作时，通常其中的一个动作可以由现在分词来表示，这时分词既可

以放在动词不定式之前，也可以放在之后：Herodeaway．Hewhistledashewent．他骑马走了。他一边走一边吹着口哨。相当于：Herodeawaywhistling．

他吹着口哨骑马走了。

Heholdstheropewithonehandandstretchesouttheothertotheboyinthewater．相

当于：Holdingtheropewithonehand，hestretches…

他一只手拉着绳子，把另一只手伸给水中的男孩。

B如主语所做的一个动作紧接着所做的另一个动作，第一个动作常常用现在分词来表示，而且分词必须放在前面：Heopenedthedrawerandtookoutarevolver．相当于：Openingthedrawerhetookoutarevolver．

他打开抽屉，拿出了一把左轮手枪。

Sheraisedthetrapdoorandpointedtoaflightofsteps．相当于：Raisingthetrapdoorshepointedtoaflightofsteps．

她把翻板活门拉开，指着一段台阶。

Wetakeoffourshoesandcreepcautiouslyalongthepassage．相当于：Takingoffourshoeswecreepcautiouslyalongthepassage．

我们脱了鞋，小心地、偷偷地沿着走廊走过去．

这里好像用现在分词的完成式更合乎逻辑，如Havingopened，Havingraised，Havingtakenoff等。但除了使用现在分词的一般式可能使意思含混不清的时候以外，不必要使用完成式。

举一个必须使用分词完成式的例子：Eatinghisdinnerherushedoutofthehouse会给人这样一种印象，好像他手里还拿着菜盘子就走出了房子。因此，这里最好用HavingeatenHisdinner…形式。

C第二个动作构成第一个动作的一部分时或第二个动作是第一个动作的结果时，可以用现在分词表示第二个动作：Shewentout，slammingthedoor．

269

她出去后，砰地关上门。

Hefired，woundingoneofthebandits．

他开了枪，打伤了其中一个匪徒。

Ifell，strikingmyheadagainstthedoorandcuttingit．

我摔了个跟头，头撞在了门上，划了个口子。（这个句子中有三个动作，后面的两个动作是用分词来表示的。）

这样使用的现在分词的主语并不一定要同前面的动词的主语相同。它可以有自己的主语：Theplanecrashed，itsbombsexplodingatithittheground．

飞机坠毁了，它携带的炸弹在它触地的同时爆炸了。

277代替从句的现在分词短语

这种结构主要用于书面英语。

现在分词可代替as/since/because+主语+动词，即分词可

帮助解释其后面所发生的动作：Knowingthathewouldn’tbeabletobuyfoodonhis

journeyhetooklargesupplieswithhim．相当于：Asheknow…

他知道路上买不到食物，就带了很多食物。

Fearingthatthepolicewouldrecognizehimheneverwentoutinday-light．相当于：Ashefeared…

因为害怕警察认出他来，他从不白天出门。

注意：当being位于句首时，通常意为asheis或ashewas（由于他是……）：Beingastudenthewasnaturallyinterestedinmuseums．相当于：Because/Ashewasastudent…

他作为一个学生，自然对博物馆感兴趣。

这里beingastudent的意思并不是whilehewasastudent（在他学生时代）。

这样使用的分词的主语并不一定要与跟在后面的动词的主语相同。它可以带有自己的主语：Thedaybeingfine，wedecidedtogoswimming．

天气好，我们决定去游泳。

在这种情况下分词必须跟在作其主语的名词/代词之后。Be-ingfinetheday，wedecided…是错误的。但是Beingathletic，Tomfoundtheclimbquiteeasy（作为运动员，汤姆觉得这次爬山比较容易）是正确的，因为汤姆同时是found和后面跟着的climb的主语。同一个句子中可以连着用两个或两个以上的现在分词：Realizingthathehadn’tenoughmoneyandnotwantingtoborrowfromhisfather，hedecidedtopawnhiswatch．

知道自己钱不够，又不想从父亲那里借钱，他决定把手表当掉。

Notknowingthelanguageandhavingnofriendsinthetown，hefoundithardtogetapieceofwork．

既不懂当地语言，在此城又没有朋友，他发现自己很难找到一份工作。

278分词的完成式（主动语态）

A形式

having+过去分词：havingdone?havingseen

B用法

分词的完成式可代替现在分词，如第276节B中所举的例子所示（即同一个主语的一个动

270

作紧接着另一个动作）：Tyingoneendoftheropetohisbed，hethrewtheotherendoutofthewindow．相当于：Havingtiedoneendoftheropetohisbed，hethrewtheotherendoutofthewindow．

他把绳子的一头系在床上，另一头扔出窗外。

分词的完成式强调第一个动作在第二个动作开始前就已经完成，但除非使用现在分词的一般

式可能使意思混淆不清外，一般不必要使用这种结构。下面是造成混淆的一个例子：Read-ing

theinstructions，hesnatchedupthefireextinguisher。这句话给人的印象好像是两个动

作同时发生的。因此在这里用分词的完成式比较合适：Havingreadtheinstructions，hesnatchedupthefireextinguisher．

看完了说明书之后，他迅速拿起了灭火器。

如果两个动作之间有一段间隔，则必须用分词的完成式：Havingfailedtwice，hedidn’twanttotryagain．

已经失败了两次，他不想再试了。

如第一个动作持续一段时间时，也必须用分词的完成式：Havingbeenhisownbossforsuch

alongtime，hefoundithardtoacceptordersfromanother．

自己当老板已经这么久了，他觉得难以听从别人的差遣。

279过去分词（被动语态）及分词的完成式（被动语态）

A形式

规则动词的过去分词由不定式加ed或d构成：worked?loved

不规则动词的过去分词参见第39节。

B用法

1用做形容词：stolenmoney偷来的钱

awrittenreport一份书面报告

fallentrees倒了的树木

brokenglass碎玻璃

tireddrivers筋疲力尽的司机

blockedroads堵塞了的马路

2用来构成完成时态、不定式的完成式、分词的完成式以及被动语态：hehasseentohaveloved

itwasbroken

3正如现在分词可以用来代替主语+主动态动词结构一样，过去分词可以代替主语+被动态动词结构：Sheenters．Sheisaccompaniedbyhermother．相当于：Sheenters，accompaniedbyhermother．

她由母亲陪着走了进来。

Hewasarousedbythecrashandleapttohisfeet．相当于：Arousedbythecrash，heleapttohisfeet．

他被撞击声惊醒，一跃而起。

Thebridgehadbeenweakenedbysuccessivestormsandwasnolongersafe．相当于：Weakenedbysuccessivestorms，thebridgewasnolongersafe．

Havingbeenweakened…

这座桥遭到接二连三的暴风雨的破坏，已经不安全了。（请看下面）

Ashewasconvincedthattheyweretryingtopoisonhim，herefusedtoeatanything．相271

当于：Convincedthattheyweretryingtopoisonhim，herefusedtoeatany-thing．

因确信他们正企图毒死他，他拒绝进食。

C当有必要强调分词表示的动作发生在其后一个动词表示的动作之前时，应当用分词的被动完成式（havingbeen+过去分词）：Havingbeenwarnedaboutthebandits，helefthisvaluablesathome．

听到关于强盗出没的警告，他把贵重物品都留在家里了。

Havingbeenbittentwice，thepostmanrefusedtodeliverourlettersunlesswechainedourdogup．

邮递员被狗咬了两次之后要我们把狗拴起来，不然就不给我们送信了。

280误连分词

通常认为分词是说明它前面的名词或代词：Tom，horrifiedatwhathehaddone，couldatfirstsaynothing．

汤姆被自己所做的事吓坏了，一开始都说不出话来了。

Romeo，believingthatJulietwasdead，decidedtokillhimself．

罗密欧相信朱丽叶已死，就决定自杀。

Amancarryingalargeparcelgotoutofthebus．

一个拿着一大包东西的男人下了公共汽车。

但要注意分词也可被主要动词把它跟所说明的名词或代词隔开：JonesandSmithcamein，followedbytheirwives．

琼斯和史密斯进来了，他们的妻子跟在后边。

Sherushedpastthepoliceman，hopinghewouldn’taskwhatshehadinhersuitcase．她赶紧从警察身边走过去，希望他不会问起手提箱里有什么。

如果在分词前面没有名词或代词，则认为分词是说明后面主要动词的主语的：Stunnedbytheblow，Peterfellheavily．

彼得被这一击打昏了，重重地倒了下去。（彼得被击晕了。）

Believingthatheisalone，thevillainexpresseshisthoughtsaloud．

那恶棍相信他身边没别人了，出声说出了自己的想法。

如果不遵守上述法则，就会造成混乱。Waitingforabusabrickfellonmyhead的意思似乎是说砖头在等候公共汽车，那岂非笑话。分词与名词或代词被这样错误地连接时就叫做误

连分词。上述句子应改写成：AsIwaswaitingforabusabrickfellonmyhead．

在我等公共汽车时一块砖头落到了我的头上。

下面再举几个误连分词的例子：（误）Whenusingthismachineitmustberemembered…（正）Whenusingthismachineyoumustremember…

使用这台机器时（你）必须记住……

（误）BelievingthatIwastheonlypersonwhoknewaboutthisbeach，thesightof

someoneelseonitannoyedmeverymuch．

（正）AsIbelievedIwastheonlyperson/BelievingthatIwastheonlyper-sononthebeach，Iwasannoyedbythesightofsomeoneelse．

因我自以为是唯一一个在这海滩上的人，看到有别人在这里时所以心里很不高兴。

Clauseswithpastparticiplesarepossible(mostlyinaformalstyle)after协when,while,onceanduntil.

Ifaskedtolookafterluggage户;someoneelse,informpoliceatonce.

Whenopened;keepinrefrigerator.

Oncedeprivedofoxygen,thebraindies.

Leaveinovenuntilcookedtoalightbrowncolour.

AftertalkingtoyouIalwaysfeelbetter.

Afterhavingannoyedeverybodyhewent)tome.

Depressclutchbeforechanginggear.

Shesbeenquitedifj}erentsincecomingback加mAmerica.

W}tentelephoning加mabroad,dial1865,notOI865.

Onbeingintroduced,Britishpeople可yenshakehands.

Theylefturithoutsayinggoodbye.

Shestruckmeasbeingaverynervykindofperson.

t…so}nazmcompie}eryrumeaournoiiaay·}

Notethat-ingclausescanbemadewithverbslikebe,have,wishandknow,whicharenotnormallyusedinprogressivetenses(see47i).Inthesecases,theparticipleclauseusuallyexpressesreasonorcause.

Beingunabletohelpinanyotherway,Igavehersomemoney.

Notwishingtocontinuemystudies,Idecidedtobecomeadressdesigner.Knowingherpre仰well,1realisedsomethingwaswrong.

，.。?:.，杏，.一:，一}..}.,刁二，?;，;…，

Participleclausesareoftenverylikerelativeclauses(see494.5),exceptthattheyhaveparticiplesinsteadofcompleteverbs.

Whosthegirldancingwithyourbrother?(=，..thegirlwhoisdancing.，.)Anyonetouchingthatwirewillgetashock(=Anyonewhotouches…)

Halfofthepeopleinvitedtothepartydidntturnup.(=…whowere

invited…)

Perfectparticiplesarenotoftenusedinthisway.

Doyouknowanybodywhoslostacat?(NOT

勿汁食栩哟

Whyareallthosecarsstoppedatthecrossroads?

Somemorepastparticiplescanbeusedwithactivemeanings,butonlywithadverbs.Examples:

awell-readperson($uTNOTa--i时例黝阶)

amuch-travelledmanrecentty-arrivedimmigrants

Thetrainjustarrivedatplatformsixisthedelayed13.1S,fromHereford.Someactivepastparticiplescanbeusedafterbe.Examples;

Sheisretirednow.Thosecurtainsarebad妙faded.

MyfamilyareallgrownupnowThisclassisthemostadvanced.

Recovered,camped,stopped,户nished(see205)andgone(see229)areusedinthiswayafterbe,butnotusuallybeforenouns.

Whyareallthosecarsstoppedatthecrossroads?(BUTNOT...令孩举脚份份)Ihopeyourefullyrecoveredfromyouroperation.

Werecampedinthe加Id~thestream.

Illbefcnishedinafewminutes.Thosedaysaregone

1Wesometimes

Insteadof:

Wecansay:

2Wesometimes

Insteadof:

Wecansay:

usebeinginplaceofis,are,wasorwere,thoughthisisoftenformal:

Iwaslost,soIhadtoasksomeonetheway.

Beinglost,Ihadtoasksomeonetheway.

usehavingbeeninplaceofhavebeenorhadbeen(alsoformal):

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

1. John can hardly understand Russian. (反意疑问句)

John can hardly understand Russian, ______ ______?

2. Tom said to Alice, Can you help me with the work? (宾语从句)

Tom asked Alice _____ she _____ help him with the work.

3. The Red Cross has helped the homeless people in the floods four times since last

year.(划线提问)

_____ _____ times has the Red Cross helped the homeless people in the floods since last year?

4. Tom didnt watch TV that evening. He listened to music. (句意不变)

Tom listened to music ______ ______ watching TV that evening.

5. Will you go home tomorrow? the mother asked her son. (保持句意不变)

The mother asked her son ________ he ________go home the next day.

6. They will move into the new school in a month. (对划线部分提问)

________ ________ will they move into the new school?

7. Mr. Smith wanted to know where he could get the information. (保持句意不变)

Mr. Smith wanted to know ________ ________ get the information.

8. You can do it in class. You can also do it at home. (保持句意不变)

You can do it ________ in class ________ at home.

1、Wuhan

just had a disease, the motherland and we still love it!

武汉只是生了一场病，祖国和我们依然爱它！

2、With

so many people sticking it out, why wouldnt we try.

有这么多人都在坚守，我们有什么理由不去努力。

3、No

party this year, double love next year.

今年不聚会，来年双倍情。

4、All

over China is waiting for you to recover. We will meet you in spring to watch

the cherry blossoms!

全中国等你痊愈，我们相约春天观赏樱花！

5、Having

a meal together will not break the family relationship; eating together will add

chaos to society.

少聚一顿饭，亲情不会断；聚一起吃饭，给社会添乱。

Ⅰ单项选择

1.thehouseonfire,hedialed119.

A.ToseeB.SeeingC.HavingseenD.Beingseen

2.Ifelldownandbrokethreeofmyteeth.IwonderhowmanytimesIhavetocomehereandgetmyfalseteeth.

A.fixB.fixingC.fixedD.tofix

3.Weretolistentoher_voice.Itstohearhersing.

A.pleased;pleasing;pleasureB.pleased;pleasant;apleasure

C.pleasing;pleased;apleasureD.pleasing;pleasant;pleasure

4.somestamps.

A.Passed,buyingB.Passing,tobuyC.Havingpassed,buyD.Pass,tobuy

5.withthesizeofthewholeearth,thehighestmountaindoesnotseemhighatall.

A.ComparingB.TocompareC.ComparedD.Havingcompared

6.Herearesomenewcomputerprogramsforhomebuildings.

A.designingB.designC.designedD.todesign

7.alittlemoney,Jimmywasabletobuyhismotheralovelynewlamp.

A.TosaveB.SavingC.SavedD.Havingsaved

8.Theteachercameintotheclassroombyhisstudents.

A.followingB.tobefollowingC.followedD.havingfollowed.

9.Withthemoney,hecouldntbuyanyticket.

A.toloseB.losingC.lostD.haslost

10.Therewassomuchnoiseintheroomthatthespeakercouldntmakehimself.

A.beingheardB.hearingC.heardD.hear

11.Theresultofthetestwasrather.

A.disappointedB.disappointingC.beingdisappointedD.disappoint

12.IveneverheardthewordinspokenEnglish.

A.useB.usedC.usingD.touse

13.howtodothehomework,Iwenttoaskmyteacherforhelp.

A.NottoknowB.NotknowingC.KnowingnotD.Notknown

14.Deeply,Ithankedheragainandagain.

A.beingmovingB.movedC.movingD.tobemoved

１

15.Withwinteron,itstimetobuywarmclothes.

A.cameB.comesC.comeD.coming

16.theoffice,theforeignvisitorswereshownroundtheteachingbuilding.

A.HavingshownB.ShowingC.HasshownD.Havingbeenshown

17.Hewentfromdoortodoor,wastepapersandmagazines.

A.gatheringB.gatheredC.gatherD.beinggathered

18.Thestudentcorrectedhispapercarefully,theprofessorssuggestions.

A.followB.followingC.followedD.beingfollowed

19.Thepricewillsaveyouonedollarforeachdozen.

A.reduceB.reducingC.reducedD.reduces

20.Peopleinthecitydonotknowthepleasureofcountrylife.

A.liveB.toliveC.livedD.living

21.Theforeignertriedhisbest,buthestillcouldntmakehispoint

A.understandB.understandingC.tounderstandD.understood

22.Thescientistswerewaitingtoseetheproblem

A.settleB.settledC.tosettleD.settling

23.Thelibrarysstudyroomisfullofstudentsfortheexam.

A.busilypreparedB.busypreparingC.busilyprepareD.arebusilypreparing

24.Thegroundiswithleaves.

A.covering,fallingB.covered,fallingC.covered,fallenD.covering,fallen

25.Lessonseasilyweresoonforgotten.

A.tolearnB.learnC.learnedD.learning

26.Thewalletseveraldaysagowasfoundinthedustbinoutsidethebuilding.

A.stolen,hiddenB.stealing,hidingC.stealing,hiddenD.stolen,hiding

27.Apersonaforeignlanguagemustbeabletousetheforeignlanguageown.

A.tolearn,toforgetB.learning,toforgetC.tolearn,forgettingD.learning,forgetting

28.differentkindsofpianos,theworkersfartherimprovedtheirquality.

A.ToproduceB.BeingproducedC.ProducedD.Havingproduced

29.Thestudentsintheuniversityarealltakingcoursesadegree.

A.comingtoB.goingtoC.leadingtoD.turningto

30.Manythingsimpossibleinthepastareverycommontoday.

A.considerB.consideringC.consideredD.beconsidered

２

31.manytimes,hestillcouldntunderstand.

A.HavingbeentoldB.HavingtoldC.HehavingbeentoldD.telling

32.Theoldsickladyenteredthehospital,hertwosons.

A.tosupportB.supportingC.supportedbyD.havingsupported

33.Chinaisoneofthelargestcountriesintheworld,9.6millionsquarekilometres.

A.tocoverB.coveredC.coversD.covering

34."Wemustkeepasecretofthethingsatthemanincharge

oftheinformationoffice.

A.discussed,staredseriouslyB.beingdiscussed,seriouslystaring

C.tobediscussed,seriouslystaredD.discussed,stared

35.ThevisitingMinisterexpressedhissatisfactionwiththetalks,

A.havingaddedB.toaddC.addingD.added

36."Canyouread?"Marysaidtothenotice.

A.angrilypointingB.andpointangrilyC.angrilypointedD.andangrilypointing

37.thecomposition,Johnhandedittotheteacherandwentoutoftheroom.

A.WritingB.HavingwrittenC.WrittenD.Beingwritten

38.Wereyouwhenyousawthatwildanimal?

A.frightB.frighteningC.frightenedD.frighten

39.Properlywithnumbers,thebookscanbeeasilyfound.

A.markedB.markC.tomarkD.marking

40.Thechildsatinthedentistschair.

A.trembleB.tremblingC.trembledD.totrembled

41.Atthismomentthebellrang

A.announceB.announcingC.announcedD.toannounce

42.Hewalkeddownthehills,softlytohimself.

A.singB.singingC.sungD.tosing

43.Ihadtoshouttomakemyselfabovethenoise.

A.heardB.hearingC.heardD.tohear

44.Thegraduatingstudentsarebusymaterialfortheirreports.

A.collectB.tocollectC.collectedD.collecting

45.ThecarsinBeijingareasgoodasthoseinShanghai.

A.produce,produceB.produced,produced

C.produced,producingD.producing,producing

46.WhenIcamein,IsawDr.Liapatient.

A.examineB.examiningC.toexamineD.examined

３

47.asatisfactoryoperation,thepatientrecoveredfromillnessveryquickly.

A.HavingbeengivenB.HavinggivenC.GivingD.Beinggiven

48.asatisfactoryoperation,thedoctorbelievedthepatientwouldrecoverfromhisillness

verysoon.

A.HavingbeengivenB.HavinggivenC.GivingD.Beinggiven

49.HewrotealettertomethathistriptoJapanhadbeenputoffbecauseofthebadweather.

A.informB.informingC.informedD.beinginformed

50.Hereadsnewspaperseverydaytokeephimself__aboutwhatsgoingonintheworld.

A.informB.informingC.informedD.beinginformed

Ⅱ.用适当的非谓语动词形式填空

1.Shecaughtthestudent(cheat)inexams.

2.WhenIgotthere,Ifoundhim(repair)farmtools.

3.WhenIgotthere,Ifoundthefarmtools.(repair)

4.Justthenheheardsomeone

5.Heworkedsohardthathegothispay

6.Themissingboyswerelastseen(play)neartheriver.

7.His__________(frighten)expressionmadehiswife__________(surprise).

8.Theworkershadthemachines(run)allnightlongtofinishtheworkontime.

9.Peopleinthesouthhavetheirhouses(makeof)bamboo.

10.(lose)inthought,healmostranintothecarinfrontofhim.

Ⅲ.改写下列句子,其划线部分应改为分词短语

1.Gentlemenalwaysshakehands

2.Acoldrainwasfalling.

3.Theoldmanwalkedslowly.

4.Theground

5.Thereisatalltree

1,12.5公顷=()平方米78000平方米=()公顷

2,680平方厘米=()平方分米0.75平方米=()平方分米

3,270平方厘米=()平方分米1.4公顷=()平方米

4,4.5平方米=()平方分米2400平方厘米=()平方分米

5,3平方米=()平方分米4800平方厘米=()平方分米

6,4.08m2=()dm26200平方米=()公顷

7,90平方厘米=( )平方米4.3公顷=( )平方米

8,5平方米8平方分米=( )平方米=( )平方分米

9,108平方米=( )平方分米 9千米=()米=()分米

10,2.25平方米=( )平方厘米0.05时=()分

11,180平方厘米=( )平方分米 800千克=()吨

12,375厘米=( )分米600平方米=()公顷

13,2.6平方分米=( )平方厘米 400平方分米=()平方米

14,5.7公顷=( )平方米

15,3020平方厘米=()平方分米

16,0.45公顷=()平方米680平方厘米=()平方分米

17,5.34平方米=()平方米()平方分米=()平方分米

18,9平方分米50平方厘米=()平方分米

雅思写作有规律可循，掌握一些有用的句型，对你的写作必然是有百益而无害的，下面是小编整理的相关内容，希望对你有帮助。

1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking。

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework。

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet。

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation。

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation。

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study。

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness。

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism。

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution。

越来越多的专家相信移民(微博)对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers。

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it。

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement。

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy。

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price。

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus。

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse。

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets。

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure。

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place。

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life。

[英语雅思考试作文经典句子

英语写作的开头结尾是写作的重点。下面语文迷为大家带来了经典的句型，供大家阅读参考。

一.开头句型

1.As far as ...is concerned 就……而言

2.It goes without saying that... 不言而喻，...

3.It can be said with certainty that... 可以肯定地说......

4.As the proverb says， 正如谚语所说的，

5.It has to be noticed that... 它必须注意到，...

6.Its generally recognized that... 它普遍认为...

7.Its likely that ... 这可能是因为...

8.Its hardly that... 这是很难的......

9.Its hardly too much to say that... 它几乎没有太多的说…

10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是

11.Theres no denying the fact that...毫无疑问，无可否认

12.Nothing is more important than the fact that... 没有什么比这更重要的是…

13.whats far more important is that... 更重要的是…

二.衔接句型

1.A case in point is ... 一个典型的例子是...

2.As is often the case...由于通常情况下...

3.As stated in the previous paragraph 如前段所述

4.But the problem is not so simple. Therefore 然而问题并非如此简单，所以……

5.But its a pity that... 但遗憾的是…

6.For all that...对于这一切...... In spite of the fact that...尽管事实......

7.Further, we hold opinion that... 此外，我们坚持认为，...

8.However , the difficulty lies in...然而，困难在于…

9.Similarly, we should pay attention to... 同样，我们要注意...

10.not(that)...but(that)...不是，而是

11.In view of the present station.鉴于目前形势

12.As has been mentioned above...正如上面所提到的…

13.In this respect, we may as well (say) 从这个角度上我们可以说

14.However, we have to look at the other side of the coin, that is... 然而我们还得看到事物的另一方面，即 …

三.结尾句型

1.I will conclude by saying... 最后我要说…

2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…

3.All things considered,总而言之 It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......

4.Therefore, in my opinion, its more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…

5.From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…

6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，....

7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论

8.From my point of view, it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好

1、关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……

There are different opinions among people as to ____ .Some people suggest that ____.

2. 俗话说(常言道)……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。

There is an old saying______. It"s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct inmany cases even today.

3. 现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……;其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。

Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life. First, ____ Second,____. Whatmakes things worse is that______.

4. 现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外(而且)……。

nowadays，it is common to ______. many people like ______ because ______. besides，______.

5. 任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。

everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.

6. 关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为(说)……，在他们看来，……

people’s opinions about ______ vary from person to person. some people say that ______.to them,_____.

7. 人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。

man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.

8. ……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。

______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.

9. ……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.

10. 根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢?

according to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while. obviously，______，but why?

陈述句改成双重否定句的方法和步骤：

1、根据句子意思，选择恰当的双重否定词；

2、替换或删去原句中“要、得(děi)、都、应该、只好、一定、必须、肯定”等词语；

3、删去原句中“很、非常、十分、分外、更加”等表示程度深的词语；

4、检查改后的句子是否读得通顺。

双重否定词及分类：

1、不得不、不能不、不会不、不是不、不敢不；

2、无不、无非、没有不、不是没有、不可能不；

3、不??不??、没有??不??、非??不可。

双重否定句

双重否定句是使用两个否定副词来表达肯定含义的句子。例如"不??不"、"没有??不"、"非??不"等。

双重否定句的肯定语气比一般肯定句强烈或委婉。例如：

他不敢不去。（强烈）

我不得不告诉你事情的原委。（强烈）

没有谁不惧怕他的威严。（强烈）

你若是想在这个世界留下值得让人怀念的事迹，那就非得有毅力不可。（强烈）他不会不同情我的。（委婉）

没有什么不可以。（委婉）

书面语中还经常使用"无不、无非、不无、未必不"等双重否定词语来表示肯定。例如：他的话不无道理。

在场的观众无不为他的精彩表演所打动。

他无非是想多捞点退休金罢了。

我虽然年轻，但未必不是你的对手。

双重否定句也就是一种语义大于肯定句的语句

我对老师们的勇敢，从心底里感到无限的敬佩．（改为双重否定句）

可以改为

1我不能不对老师们的勇敢，从心底里感到无限的敬佩。

2我对老师们的勇敢，不能不从心底里感到无限的敬佩。

练习

1、我们得保证那东西完好无损。

2、这次活动的经过你应该很清楚。

3、每一个孩子都应该爱自己的母亲。

4、飞向遥远的地方，要和爸爸妈妈商量商量。

5、楚王只好吩咐手下打开城门，迎接晏子。

6、爹妈都不在家，我只好自己动手丰衣足食了。

7、为了回家，凡卡只好给爷爷写信，诉说学徒生活的痛苦。

8、写得不怎么样，但还是有希望的。

9、我一定要为中国人争气。

10、这本书太有价值了,你一定要看。

11、这个问题必须讲清楚。

12、红四团的战士必须抢在敌人前面赶到泸定桥。

13、学校里只给每人发一张票,这真叫人为难。

14、燕子飞过大海，肯定非常辛苦、艰难。

15、他这样做虽然过分了点，但还是有道理的。

16、香港回归伟大的祖国，我们感到无比自豪。

17、您为我们付出了这样高的代价，足以表达您对中国人民的友谊。

18、每个小孩子都喜欢小动物。

19、我对同学们的勇敢精神，从心底里感到无限的敬佩。

20、信赖，往往创造出美好的世界。

21、这是伟大的奇观。

22、你应该知道这件事。

23、我们建成了希望小学。

24、詹天佑是我国杰出的爱国工程师。

25、星期天,我们必须去看排球赛。

26、报纸的诱惑力如此之大，每日都要读它。

27、他这样做虽然过分了点，但还是有道理的。

28、问题还没有弄清，但已经有了一点儿头绪。

29、写得不怎么样，但还是有希望的。

① 信头(Heading)，也叫信端，指发信人的地址和写信日期。其写法主要有全部齐头式(信头位于信纸的左上角)和半齐头式(信头位于信纸的右上角)两种。

② 信内地址(Inside Name & Address)指收信人的姓名和地址，写在信纸的左上角，从信纸的左边顶格写起，低于信头一、两行。

③ 称呼(Salutation)是对收信人的称呼用语，自成一行，写在低于信内地址一、两行的地方，从信纸的左边顶格写起，每个词的开头字母用大写或至少首词和专有名词的第一个字母用大写，末尾用逗号。

④ 正文(Body)

⑤ 结束语(Complimentary Close)是写信人自己对收信人的一种谦称，只占一行，低于正文一、两行，从信纸的中间或稍右的地方开始，第一个词的开头字母用大写，末尾用逗号。

⑥ 签名(Signature)

一般低于结束用语一、二行，从信纸中间偏右的地方开始。

⑦ 附件(Enclosure, 缩写为Encl.或Enc.)

信件如有附件，应在左下角注明Encl.或Enc.。

1.至于我，在某种程度上我同意后面的观点，我认为……

As far as I am concerned, I agree with the latter opinion to some extent.I think that ____。

2.总而言之，整个社会应该密切关注……这个问题。只有这样，我们才能在将来……

In a word, the whole society should pay close attention to the problem of ______.Only in this way can ______in the future。

3.但是，……和……都有它们各自的优势(好处)。例如，……，而……然而，把这两者相比较，我更倾向于(喜欢)……

But ______and ______have their own advantages.For example, _____, while_____.Comparing this with that, however, I prefer to______。

4.就我个人而言，我相信……，因此，我坚信美好的未来正等着我们。因为……

Personally, I believe that_____.Consequently, Im confident that a bright future is awaiting us because______。

5.随着社会的发展，……因此，迫切需要……如果每个人都愿为社会贡献自已的一份力量，这个社会将要变得越来越好。

With the development of society, ______.So it“s urgent and necessary to ____.If every member is willing to contribute himself to the society, it will be better and better。

6.至于我(对我来说，就我而言)，我认为……更合理。只有这样，我们才能……

For my part, I think it reasonable to_____.Only in this way can you _____。

7.对我来说，我认为有必要……原因如下：第一，……; 第二，……;最后……但同样重要的是……

In my opinion, I think it necessary to____.The reasons are as follows.First _____.Second ______.Last but not least,______。

8.在总体上很难说……是好还是坏，因为它在很大程度上取决于……的形势。然而，就我个人而言，我发现……

It is difficult to say whether _____is good or not in general as it depends very much on the situation of______.However, from a personal point of view find______。

9.综上所述，我们可以清楚地得出结论……

From what has been discussed above, we may reasonably arrive at the conclusion that____。

10.如果我们不采取有效的方法，就可能控制不了这种趋势，就会出现一些意想不到的不良后果，所以，我们应该做的是……

If we can not take useful means, we may not control this trend, and some undesirable result may come out unexpectedly, so what we should do is_____。

改写句子:即是根据原有句子成分，特点，在不改变愿意的前提下对句子的形式进行不同样式的改变。

改写句子类型:

1、陈述句、被字句和把字句之间的转换：

他扫干净了地。

他把地扫干净了。

地被他打扫干净了。

2、句子的拆分与合并：

我走进教室。我去上课。

我走进教室去上课。

3、基本句式间的转换：

难道这不是伟大的奇迹吗？（改为陈述句）

这是伟大的奇迹。

4、改变词语的顺序，不改变句子的意思：

李小青是我们班的劳动委员。

我们班的劳动委员是李小青。

5、引述句和转述句之间的转换：

（1）标点符号的改变：引述句改转述句，冒号和引号要改为逗号；转述句改引述句，要加上冒号和引号。

（2）人称的变化：

①引述句改转述句时，说话人即第一人称“我”要改为第三人称“他”或“她”；

如：老师对我说：“把你的作业本拿来我看看。”

改：老师对我说，把我的作业本拿给她看看。

②当引述内容涉及其他人称时的改法。

如：姐姐对我说：“你说得对，我就这样做。”

改：姐姐对我说，我说得对，她就这样做。

上面的例句中涉及了第二人称，在改为转述句时就应改为第一人称。应注意，冒号和引号前的内容不变。

③转述句改为引述句，第三人称“他”或“她”应改为第一人称“我”，说话内容涉及第一人称应改为第二人称。

如：老班长说，他没有完成任务，没把我们照顾好。

改：老班长说：“我没有完成任务，没把你们照顾好。”

考辅P42

1.IgaveTomthebook.／／

2.Heboughthismothersomeflowers.／／

3.Thebridgewasbuiltbyworkerslastyear.／／

4.Wehavetofinishtheworktoday.／／5.Hewilldohishomeworktomorrow.／／

6.Wecleantheroomseveryday.／／7.Thewriterspent3yearsonthebook.／／

8.Itisabookwithalotofbeautifulpictures.／／

9.Thebooksoldverywellduringthefirstweek.／／firstweek.

10.Marywastheonlyoneintheoffice.／／

11.Shefinishedherworkat10o’clock.／／Shedidn’12.Shehadtotakeataxihomebecauseitwastoolate.

13.LizaandMikearrivedattheGreatWallintwohours.

14.Theywerehappytogettothetop.／／

15.TheyenjoyedthemselvesontheGreatWall.／／

16.ThepostmansentSusanandTommyapaperbox.

17.Theyopeneditandfoundapresentfromtheirfriend.

18.Theybothlikedthepresentandfeltveryhappy.

19.Alicedidn’tfeelwelltoday,soshewenttothehospital.

20.Thedoctoraskedhersomequestions.／／

21.Thedoctordidn’tgiveheranymedicineintheend.

（全真１）

1.ThecapitalAirporthasbeeninusefor20years.／／

2.ThecapitalAirportisthelargestoneinChina.／／

3.Ihavenevertakenaplane.MyfriendLiPing,either.／／

（全真２）

1.Fathergave$20formetobuysomebooks.／／

2.IwasexcitedwhenIsawsomanygoodbooksinthebookstore.

3.ButsomebookswouldcostmorethanIhave.／／

ButIdidn’／／（全真3）

1.ManyChinesefriendswenttotheparty.2.Tonywasgivenalotofpresentsbyhisfriends.／／Tony’

3.SeeinghisChineseteacheratthepartymadeTonyveryhappy.／／（全真4）

1.Iwanttoeatsomething.／／2.Therefrigeratorisempty.／／3.Bobspentfifteenyuanonthehamburger.／／／（全真5）

1.Mr.Wangdoesn’tworkinthatfactoryanylonger.／／

2.Mr.Wanglefthomeearlierinordertocatchthebus.3.Mr.Wangfindsitnoteasytogetalongwiththatyoungguy.／／（专家1）

1.Manypeoplewentshoppingyesterday.

2.Janespent4hourstobuyNewyeargifts.／／

3.Shewassotiredthatshecouldn’twalkanylonger.／／

（专家2）

1.Myfriendssaidtome,“Areyoufree?”

2.Shewantedmetogoshoppingwithher.

3.Shethinksitapleasuretogoshoppingwithafriend.