英语作文写作指导之邮件（精品20篇）

教学目标 ：

1 、通过训练，让学生进一步学会写人记事的记叙文的写法；

2 、启发引导学生在 写人记事 中，用心去体会所写人和事中所蕴含 的情感。

教学重点 ：交代清楚记叙的要素。

教学难点 ：详略得当，突出中心思想。

教 具 ：胶片。

课时安排 ：本次作文训练分两个课时，其中辅导、堂上写作各一课时。

教学过程 ：

一、创设作文情境 ，让学生产生一种 内驱力 。可尝试用下列的方法去激发。（ 8` ）

▲让学生自主地回忆最近所遇到的值得一说的人或事，以激发学生的情趣。

二、学生结合第一单元所学的四篇课文，谈谈记叙文的六要素在具体的文章中的体现和运用 。（ 20` ）

教师在学生充分自由地发表意见的基础上，总结下列一些规律性的知识和方法：

▲事情是由人在一定的时间、地点做出来的，事情本身有它的起因，经过和结果，因此，记事应把六个要素交代清楚；

▲交代要素要根据情况灵活掌握，一般说来，记叙真实的重要的事情，六个要素都要交代清楚。不需要作者交代，读者就明白的，可以省略；

▲在记叙的几个要素中，事情的起因、经过和结果构成记叙文的主要内容，这部分要着重写，写具体，写充实，以突出中凡思想。

▲记叙的要素，要详略得当，突出中心。（含盖前三点）

三、学生先朗读课文第 33-35 页中的例文 《我们的国土到处都是一样》，然后简述事情的起因、结果和发展过程，以进一步让学生弄清和学会

要素

在文章中的体现和运用。（ 15` ）

然后教师明确：

事情的起因 -- 闲聊《可爱的浙江》征文比赛

事情的发展 -- 各人谈及自己的 所爱

事情的结果 -- 我们的国土到处都是一样

四、教师出示 5 个作文题，以便让学生有自由发挥的空间 ( 胶片 ) （ 2` ）

1 ．我的小伙伴。

2 ．童年的一件趣事。

3 ．上中学后遇到的一件事。

4 ．根据下边提出的情况，写一篇文章，记叙这件事。

体育课前，王勇同学没做准备活动就 跳山羊 ，结果把脚给崴了。

5 ．逛集市或花市。

作文要求：

①将六个要素交代清楚，且做到详略得当。

②中心突出。

③字数不少于 500 字。

④书写工整。

附 1 ：说课精要：

本次作文训练的重点就是 交代清楚记叙要素 。由于学生从开始接触写作以来就是 写话 ，也往往就是 小小记叙文 ，但也许正是由于这样，又会疏忽或轻视，因此教师不仅仅只保留在让学生知道 什么是记叙的要求 ，而且更重要的是通过学生回顾分析课文，尝试分析范例的方法让学生学会 交代清楚记叙要素 这一要求在写作实践中的运用，在其中，同时也弄清并非硬是要面面俱到，而是要详略得当，有重点，这样难点也就迎刃而解了。一句话，在阅读尝试中去体会，在写作实践中去运用，读写结合。

一、审题要清

看到考题后，先不要急于动笔，要仔细看清题目要求的内容。在自己的头脑中构思出一个框架或画面，确定短文的中心思想，不要匆匆下笔，看懂题意，根据提供的资料和信息来审题。审题要审格式、体裁、人物关系、故事情节、主体时态、活动时间、地点等。

二、要点明确

要点是给分的一个重要因素。为了防止写作过程中遗漏要点，同学们要充分发挥自己的观察力，把情景中给出的各个要点逐一罗列出。

三、列出提纲

为写作做好准备。根据文章要点短文的中心思想将主要句型、关键词语记下，形成提纲。

四、写顺全文

写短文时要做到五个方面：

1.避免使用汉语式英语，尽量使用自己熟悉的句型。

2.多用简单句型，记事、写人一般都不需要复杂的句型。可适当多使用陈述句、一般疑问句、祈使句和感叹句。不用或少用非谓语或独立主格结构等较复杂的句型。

3.注意语法、句法知识的灵活运用。语态、时态要准确无误;主谓语要一致，主语的人称和数要和谓语一致;注意冠词用法，例如：It takes Tom half an hour to go to school by bus.中的an不能写成a;注意拼写，例如：fourteen，forty，ninth等不要写成forteen，fourty，nineth等;注意标点符号和大小写。

4.描写人物时，要生动具体，可以选择使用下列词汇，例如：外形：tall，short，fat，thin，strong，weak，pretty等;颜色：red,yel-low，blue，white，green，brown，black等;心情：glad，happy，sad，excited，anxious，interest-ed等;情感：love，like，hate，feel，laugh，cry，smile，shout等。

5.上下文要连贯。同学们应把写好的句子，根据故事情节，事情发生的先后次序(时间或空间)，使用一些表示并列、递进等过渡词进行加工整理，使文章连贯、自然、流畅。同学们应注意下面过渡的用法：并列关系：and,as well as,or…;转折关系：but,yet,how-ever…;时间关系：when,while,after,before,then,after that…;因果关系：so，there-fore，asaresult…;目的：in order to，in order that，so as to,so that…;列举：for example ,such as…;总结性：in general,in all,in a word,generally speaking…

五、没有病句

中考作文时，由于时间紧、内容多，同学们出错在所难免。因此，改错这一环节必不可少。中考作文评卷是根据要点、语言准确性、上下文的连贯性来给分，根据错误多少来扣分。因此中考时花几分钟时间用来检查错误显得尤为重要。检查错误应从以下几个方面入手：(1)看字数是否达到要求，看有无遗漏要点。

(2)看文体格式是否正确规范。

(3)看有无语法或用词上的错误。

(4)看单词拼写、字母大小写是否有错，标点符号有无遗漏或用错等等。

(5)注意时态、语态、人称是否上下文一致。

六、先打草稿

考试中，书面表达应做到先打草稿，写完后多读几遍，检查是否有误，然后再抄到试卷上，注意字迹要工整，不涂、不画、不勾不抹，避免不必要的扣分。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。论点的基本要求是：观点正确，认真概括，有实际意义，恰当地综合运用各种表达方式;论据基本要是：真实可靠，充分典型;论证的基本要求是：推理必须符合逻辑。

一、关于论点

题目：对于我国自古以来流传的许多格言和成语，我们今天常常会有不同的思考。下列题目中任选一题(或自拟题)，说说你对这条格言或成语的思考。

①近朱者赤，近墨者黑A、近墨者必黑 B、近墨者未必黑

②知足常乐：A、知足方能常乐B、常乐者不知足

(一)论点一定要在开头提出

开头三句话提出论点，不要离题太远，要尽快切入话题。

例一

中国的文化博大精深，在文化的摇篮中孕育着几千年沉淀下来的哲理、经验。其中，成语是语言文化的一个完美的桥梁，沟通着高深的文化与想了解它的人们，它精炼的将有内含的哲理简单的表述给人们，并引发后者的深思。

“知足常乐”这一成语原意是知足者可常乐。这一简单的道理似乎人人都明白，但细想起来，似乎想常乐，只知足是达不到的。相反，想常乐更应不满足于现状。

这个开头中的有用信息集中在第二段，第一段的内容即属于离题太远。

例二

近朱者未必赤，近墨者未必黑

近朱者赤，近墨者黑。这个成语大致的意思是说：把一种东西和红色的放在一起一段时间后会变红，而把它放在黑色的之中会变黑，引申为一个人如果在一个好的环境中就会变得品德高尚，相反，他如果在一个不好的环境中也会变坏。

这个开头中的“这个成语大致的意思是说：把一种东西和红色的放在一起一段时间后会变红，而把它放在黑色的之中会变黑”也可删去，因为这个成语的字面意思既不是难点又不是文章要探讨的重点。

例三

让纪念闪耀理性光芒

广东一考生

纪念是内心情感的涌动，但又不是感情的无节制挥霍;纪念需要行动来升华，但又需要理性的引导。

真正的纪念是心灵的回响，是历史的回音;它审视过去，启迪未来……

黑格尔曾经自夸德国人天生就是哲学家。然而就是这样一个天生严谨自律的民族，就在一个狂人的引诱下，陷入了战争的渊薮。60年前的那幕惨剧:生灵涂炭、妻离子散、血流成河……生者在对往者的审视中找到道德的标杆，也找到了纪念的理由。德国人用尽一切方法阻止时间淡褪那血色、稀薄那呼声:修建集中营纪念馆，全力处理战后的善后问题，还有那德国总理在犹太人纪念碑前的惊世一跪!德国人在60年里不断地反思，不停地纪念，终于完成了灵魂的自我救赎。德意志民族向世界展示了理性的力量，也赢得了世人的尊敬!

可见理性的纪念才是正确的纪念，理性让纪念闪耀出人性的光辉。

但纪念一旦脱离理性的制约，它就会变成不可控制的魔鬼。日本在60年前那幕惨剧中同样扮演了不光彩的角色，作为亚洲地区的主要刽子手，日本犯下的罪行罄竹难书。往者已矣，大和民族的纪念却是如此这般:右翼势力大肆鼓吹“中国威胁论”，还妄图为二战罪行翻案;不顾史实修订历史教科书，文过饰非，美化侵略罪行;更有首相一年一度的靖国神社“拜鬼”……日本这种偏离理性范畴的“纪念”活动，自然得到各国人民的一致谴责。有句话说得好:“跪着的德国人比站着的日本人更高大!”

中国在****战争中付出巨大的代价才取得胜利，中国人民自然无法容忍这种倒行逆施的行为。于是各地都掀起了声势壮大的抗议和纪念活动。但近来这些纪念活动在少数激进分子的鼓动下出现了打砸抢日货商店的不理智举动。群众爱国的赤子之心可以理解，但纪念并不是感情的挥霍，非理性举动无益于解决问题。我国领导人多次表达出严正立场，但同时并不关闭中日会晤的大门，“前事不忘，后事之师;以史为鉴，面向未来”无疑就是对过去痛苦最理性，也是最深刻的祭奠。

人不能忘本，“忘记过去意味着背叛”。而高贵的心灵在铭记苦难，咀嚼苦难过后，方能理智地纪念苦难。当纪念的洪波涌动时，勿忘用理性的“闸门”控制情感。

【简评】本文是2005年广东一篇满分作文。作者用议论的写法开门见山提出中心论点“纪念需要行动来升华，更需要理性的引导”，立意较高，观点正确，能针对现实，颇有时代气息。论据鲜活，材料典型，有较强的说服力。文章既摆事实，又讲道理，分析中肯，论证有力，总分结构，条理清晰。是议论文只的三要素突出、完备的典范的议论文。

例四

干事业需要激情

激情是吹动船帆的风，没有风船就不能行驶;激情是火箭的推进剂，没有推进剂，火箭就难以飞向蓝天。生活告诉我们，灵感可以催生不朽的艺术，激情能够创造不凡的业绩;缺乏激情，疲沓涣散，很可能一事无成。因此，我们对待工作必须始终保持高昂的激情，有了激情，工作才能轰轰烈烈地进行。

对待工作的激情不是心血来潮、兴之所至，而是一种觉悟、追求和境界。在实际工作中，有许多胸怀大志、奋发向上，开拓进取、顽强拼搏，只争朝夕、埋头苦干的人，他们始终保持高昂的工作热情和旺盛的革命干劲，因而工作成效明显，事业日新月异。

高昂的激情来自崇高的理想。没有理想，人就会失魂落魄。一块手表可能有最精致的指针，可能镶嵌了最昂贵的宝石，然而如果缺少了发条，它仍然一无用处。同样，一个人无论怎样学富五车，也不管多么健壮高大，如果对工作毫无激情，甚至连热情都不足，生命就会黯然失色。昆虫学家法布尔正是因为有献身昆虫学的崇高理想，正是因由于对事业有着火热的激情和满腔的热忱，才创造出了骄人的成就。

高昂的激情来自强烈的责任感。责任感是对党和人民事业的忠诚和热情。一个具有高度责任感的人，会把工作看成追求和奉献，而把名利看得轻如鸿毛，满怀激情地投入工作;一个丧失责任感的人，会把工作当作一种负担，自然就会失去工作的乐趣。田家英同志曾经写过一首诗：“十年京兆一书生，爱书爱字不爱名。一饭膏粱颇不薄，惭愧万家百姓心。”这就是一种高度责任感的写照。由责任感激发出来的力量是巨大的。有了强烈的责任感，才会有奋发有为的精神状态，才能开拓创新，干好事业。

高昂的激情来自自强不息的追求。“天行健，君子以自强不息。”自强不息是激情不断迸发的动力，是推动事业发展的加速器。我们所处的时代是一个强手如林、竞争激烈的时代，是一个日新月异、你追我赶的时代，是一个大潮涌动、不进则退的时代。我们应当保持清醒的头脑，与时俱进，自强不息，克服知足常乐的思想惰性，向着更快更高更强的目标前进，不断研究新情况，解决新问题，开辟新境界。

让我们始终保持奋发向上的精神状态，把高昂的激情投入到工作中去，才能用勤劳的双手创造幸福的生活和美好的未来。

【简评】这是一篇结构规范的议论文。整篇文章是典型的“总→分→总”结构，本论部分又设置了三个分论点“高昂的激情来自崇高的理想”“高昂的激情来自强烈的责任感”“高昂的激情来自自强不息的追求”，层层论证了中心论点，呈现出并列式结构。整篇文章结构严密，层次分明，脉络清楚。

(二)几点提示

1、怎样从材料中提炼观点?

总的来讲，要认真阅读分析材料，把握材料的实质，抓住材料的中心，抓住中心句和关键句。具体来讲，可根据材料性质具体分析：

(1)若材料是写人的，可根据人物的语言、行动来分析人物的性格，根据性格来提炼观点;

(2)若材料是写事的，应弄清事件的意义，根据其意义来提炼观点;

(3)若给的材料是一些现象，要分析其现象的本质，根据其本质来提炼观点;

(4)若给的材料是结果性的，要分析其结果产生的原因，根据原因来提炼观点;

(5)若材料是寓意型的、象征型的，要通过材料抓住寓意，根据寓意来提炼观点。

此外，观点的表述一定要明确、完整，可以用单句，可以用复句，也可以用陈述句或否定句、疑问句、感叹句。

2、怎样自拟题目?

这个问题应当引起重视，在考试中有不少考生对题目自拟不重视，因此2分被扣得可惜。拟题可以从以下几个方面入手：

(1)可以拟成论题型的。

(2)可以拟成论点型的

(3)可以用上议论型的标志，如“论、小议、有感”等等。

二、议论文结构

议论文写作有没有一个便捷的套路?就一般而言，议论文写作是有一个便捷的套路，那就是古人常说“起承转合”。所谓起，就是开门见山端出论点;所谓承，就是分析论点，指出如此会怎样，不如此又会怎样;所谓转，就是转而说开去，用举例的方式证明论点，因而也是全文的主体部分;所谓合，就是全文结尾，与开头部分遥相呼应，再次肯定论点。运用这样一种便捷的套路，它的好处是显而易见的。一可以节省宝贵的时间，因为轻车熟路;二来眉清目秀，极有条理;三不会引起阅读歧义。

实践中，可以将“起承转合”具体细化为以下训练思路：

(一)一个原则，两套思路，三种模式

例五

语言，架起沟通的桥梁

人类与其它动物不同的其中一个地方，就是人类有自己独特的语言，语言为人类彼此间的沟通架起了一座桥梁。通过这座桥梁，我们才能了解彼此的需要，感受彼此的心情，分享彼此的悲喜。

语言，有时是化解误会的良药。赵国的大将廉颇因妒忌相如被赵王器重，扬言要使他难堪。而相如却处处避免发生冲突。众人不解。相如的一句“先国家之急而后私仇也”道出了他的用意。这句话亦使廉颇瞬间消除了对相如的偏见，负荆请罪，最终与相如成为刎颈之交。相如的那句掷地有声的话化成了两位大臣心灵的桥梁，使他们的心能够得到沟通，使廉颇能够了解到相如的人格。语言，是传递信息的载体，通过语言，许多误会得以消除，那么，心灵的隔阂也可以被冲移了。

语言，是传递关爱与理解的信鸽。现代许多家长抱怨说孩子总是不听自己的话，许多孩子也埋怨家长老是不理解自己，总是束缚自己。这种状况发生的原因有很多，但最主要的还是家长与孩子之间的沟通太少。有的家长什么都不让孩子做，只要求他好好读书，不要分心，这不能算是关爱。真正的关爱应该是建立在相互理解的基础上。有一些家庭会每天腾出一点时间来，让大家能够说出内心所想的和所希望的，父母仔细聆听儿女的惊讶声，儿女默默记信父母的教诲和期望。彼此的了解促进了彼此的沟通。语言就像信鸽一样，把一方的心声传送到另一方，从而理解得以建立，家长与孩子之间的理解，令家长找到表达关爱的最佳方式，亦令孩子体恤家长，懂得该如何报答父母，彼此的语言交流，令沟通与理解的大门敝开。

语言上的交流如果不得当，就会造成沟通上的误解。正如冯妇葬身火海的寓言，语言在沟通上的作用是不可忽视的，因此，学好语言的表达，对沟通是裨益巨大的，架好这座沟通的桥梁，我们才能够更好地彼此理解。

有了语言，沟通才会变得顺畅;有了语言，沟通才会如此的多姿多彩。

【简评】这是一篇很规范的高考议论文，它没有华丽的辞藻，也没有新颖的材料，更没有惊世骇俗的观点，但它得了57分的高分。凭什么?除了准确的审题、朴素的说理及丰富的材料外，我想一条重要的原因就是结构清晰，层次分明。可见，议论文结构的恰当安排也是赢取高分的一大亮点。

写作技巧提示：

⑴一个原则。谋局布篇时，一定要遵循化难为易、化繁为简的原则，集中火力，攻其一点。两条要求：完整，清晰。

⑵两套思路。叔本华说：“谁想得清楚，谁就说得清楚。”这话很有道理。考场上，谁想得清楚，谁就写得清楚;谁写得清楚，谁就能得高分。议论的思路有千千万万,但简单典型、适合于同学们训练的就是两种。

一是三段论式，基本思路是：提出问题(提出中心论点)——分析问题(论证中心论点)——解决问题。前面所引的”一号标文”就是一篇典型的三段论式的议论文：第一段提出中心论点——语言为人类彼此间的沟通架起了一座桥梁，中间两段围绕中心论点从两方面进行分析论证,最后两段解决怎样沟通的问题。

二是因果分析式,基本思路是：是什么——为什么——怎么样。

例六

谈坚持

人们都希望驻足金碧辉煌的“罗马宫城”，到达魂牵梦萦的“象牙之塔”，实现自己长久的念想，这就需要不懈的努力，因为坚持就是胜利。

坚持是对极限的挑战，是对心血和汗水的慷慨挥洒，是对理想的执着，是不到长城不止步的豪迈。王军霞在汗水里争渡，在“苦海”里泛舟，最终登上奥运会冠军的宝座，是坚持;中国工农红军爬雪山，过草地，将两万五千里踩在脚下，这惊天地泣鬼神的壮举还是坚持。

绳锯木断，水滴石穿，成功往往就诞生在再坚持一下的努力之中。爱迪生的风骨令人折服，他发明蓄电池历时十年，进行了五万次实验，才取得了成功。这就是坚持的力量。有一年的高考作文题是一道漫画题，漫画上那位老兄挖了四口井没有见到井便扬长而去。其实有的井距水层只有一锨之遥，如果再坚持一下，胜利便属于他了，然而他放弃了，于是与成功失之交臂。丢弃恒久长远的坚持，捡起浅尝辄止的遗憾，当然摘不到金灿灿的苹果了。

坚持需要七擒孟获的韧性，需要六出岐山的不坠之志，需要耐得住寂寞的孤独，更需要知其不可为而为的大智大勇。张海迪从小便患了脊柱瘤，胸椎以下的肢体永远失去了知觉，然而她却以惊人的毅力自学了英语、日语和德语，甚至翻译创作了几十万字的小说。这就是坚持，坚持使她只有三分之一的躯体放射出灿烂的光彩，坚持使它终于托起了一轮不落的人生太阳。

当然，坚持不是固守，更不是画地为牢。试想，如果蔡伦在造纸的多次失败之后，仍坚持原来的作法，而不是大胆的改进原料，那么我们引以为自豪的“四大发明”恐怕就要改写成“三大发明”了。鲁迅若不是认清形势，弃医从文，中国现代史上恐怕就要多一个平凡的医生，而少一个文豪。那种只知在陈迹斑斑的老路上挥汗如雨，不撞南墙不回头的人，是莽夫，是懦夫，其结果，势必南辕北辙，头破血流。

远方的诱惑是我们之所以忙碌，之所以奋斗，之所以拼搏之所在。当我们遇到困难，遭受挫折，当我们汗流浃背，精疲力竭的时候，我们应该在心中默念一声：再坚持一下。

【简评】此文是严格按照“是什么——为什么——怎么样”这一思路来构思行文的，开头结尾照应点题，第二段写坚持是什么，第三段写为什么要坚持，第四、五段写坚持需要什么及坚持要注意什么，即怎样做到坚持。整篇文章思路清晰，层次分明，想不得高分都难。

⑶三种模式。我根据名家所写的经典议论文和近几年高考优秀作文总结出三种基本结构模式，具有较强的可操作性，实践证明，也是用之有效的。

模式一：中心论点加分论点式。这是非常典范的议论文结构模式，许多名篇都是采用这种模式的。例如《说“勤”》《谈骨气》等等。下面是《说“勤”》的结构提纲：

中心论点：“俗话说：‘一勤天下无难事。’唐代文学家韩愈说：‘业精于勤。’学业的精深造诣来源于勤。”

分论点一：勤出成果。

分论点二：勤出智慧。

这种模式最适合高考考场快速成文，也是最简单易学的。因此，教学中指导中要把它当作重中之重来训练。要注意几个细节。首先肯定是要有论点，不仅要有中心论点，而且还要有分论点。论点一定要用一句或几句话明确地表述出来。其次，还要注意将论点放在恰当、醒目的位置。具体要求：中心论点一般放在第一段的末尾，如果句子比较长，还可以单独放一段(第二段);分论点一般放在每一段的开头。分论点的提炼和表述是重点。

①一篇议论文至少要有两个分论点，最好有三到四个;

②分论点的语言要精练，一般控制在15字内;

③分论点句子的结构要一致，使中间几段构成排比或准排比段;

④分论点的表述要尽量紧扣话题的关键字眼，以保证每一段都扣题;

⑤几个分论点应尽量围绕“是什么”“为什么”“怎么样”这三个问题。

模式二：奇妙的“三三制”式，即开头三句话提出论点，主体三段文论证中心，三个事例充当论据。请看下文(2002年全国卷)

例七

选 择

我们似乎每一天都遇到需要作出选择的事情。选择无处不在，无时不有，选择一条正确的道路，将会影响人的一生。因此，我们要学会心灵的选择。

我们要选择真理。还记得布鲁诺殉难的故事吗?布鲁诺是16世纪一位著名的唯物主义者，他阐述和捍卫哥白尼的日心说，还提出宇宙在时间和空间上都是无限的。他的坚持引起了当时教会的强烈不满，而在个人的生命和坚持真理中，布鲁诺毅然选择了真理。于1600年，布鲁诺在罗马鲜花广场上被宗教教徒放火烧死了。布鲁诺虽然光荣地牺牲了，但是清醒的人们深深知道他的选择是正确的，他使唯物主义在后世得到推崇和继承，为科学真理作出了贡献。

我们要选择国家利益。刘胡兰、邱少云在国家利益和个人利益面前，不屈不挠，视死如归，为国捐躯，为新中国的解放贡献力量。还有近代著名作家鲁迅，他为了唤醒中国那部分麻木不仁的人，决定弃医从文，他深知只有医好病人肉体上的病患是不够的，精神上的病患同等重要。鲁迅写下了《狂人日记》、《药》、《孔乙己》等作品，揭露了中国封建社会的吃人制度，唤醒千万群众，为新民主主义的胜利奠定了坚实的基础。鲁迅选择了国家利益，舍弃自己的爱好，但他的选择无疑是正确的。

我们要选择光明的前途。记得一位高考状元是这样说的：“在我的读书生涯中，我舍弃了平凡，选择了读书;舍弃了大量的游戏，选择了学习;舍弃了骄傲和自满，选择了谦虚，我的成功是在选择中获得的!”我们的确要为自己的前途作出正确的选择。在科学技术相当发达的今天是人才的竞争，这就要求我们要树立远大的理想，努力学习科学文化知识，抵制形形色色的诱惑，不断地实践自己，充实自己，改善自己，为自己的光明前途奋斗。

选择如此重要，我们应当学会心灵的选择，抛弃阻碍自己发展的事物，保持清醒的头脑，作出正确的选择，走向光辉灿烂的明天。

【简评】这篇高考优秀作文就是典型的“三三制”式，给人的感觉是清晰明朗，条分缕析，克服了常见的议论文“观点+事例=议论”的毛病，使阅卷人能够在短时间内抓住作者的行文思路和思维进程，同时又给人内容厚实，论据充分之感，肯定是高分佳作。

模式三：六段定“乾坤”

第一段：开宗明义，提出论点。或引用，或比喻，或排比，或比兴，总之，三句话即直奔主题，切忌故弄玄虚，弯起绕八，拖泥带水。

第二段：详例剖析，叙议结合。事实胜于雄辩，一个精当的事实论据，往往能够有力地证明论点。只是要写好详例剖析殊为不易，不少学生忘记了议论文的体裁特点，叙事过于详尽，变成了记叙文的写法，这是应该尽力避免的。笔者在指导时，就让学生学会“三明治”式的结构，即首尾是议论评价性文字，中间是高度概括性的叙述(一般不超过120字)。

第三段：略例排比，形成气势。如果说详例是点的勾勒，那么略例就是面的铺展。点面结合能够形成立体感，略例以三四个为佳，若能形成古今中外的格局，则更有全面的代表性了。

第四段：正反对比，凸现中心。即在上面详例剖析、略例排比的基础上，再从反面切入，正反结合，对比鲜明，从而更加突出中心。

第五段：辨证分析，立论周全。任何理论都不过是一种假设，绝对的结论容易产生偏颇，因而一段辨证的分析能使立论更为严密周全。

第六段：联系实际，升华主题。这一段是为了突出文章的现实针对性，联系实际，解决问题，从而使主题得到进一步升华。

这种模式，易于掌握，可操作性强，非常适合考场作文。因为它的优势很明显：思路清晰，逻辑严密;六步模式，环环相扣，一气呵成，无啰唆拖沓之嫌，使阅卷老师一看即明;论据充实，论证充分，有效地克服了写议论文内容空乏的毛病。

我们看看高考优秀作文《走出旧框框，冲破习惯势力》(1988年全国卷)的结构：

第一段，追根溯源，引出习惯：千年历史，沉重习惯。

第二段，初举一例，习惯可变：人们习惯了“迪斯科”。

第三段，连举三例，强调危害：爱迪生、赵王和猿人。

第四段，辨证分析，指明危害：缺乏创新，永远落后。

第五段，冲破习惯?安于现状?正反对比，敲响警钟。

第六段，联系实际，习惯沉重;呼吁冲破，焕发潜能。

此文就是六段定“乾坤”，思路清晰，层次分明，有论据，有分析，论证充分合理，克服了常见的议论文“观点+事例=议论”的毛病,值得借鉴。

议论文的结构模式有许许多多，每一种都要学习，每一种都要掌握，对于高三学生来说，肯定是不可能的。千万不要让学生什么都去训练，否则可能什么都练不好。上面三种模式，几乎适用于任何作文话题。因此，在备考阶段，我们就让学生反反复复地练这两三种，熟能生巧，一年下来，大部分学生能对这几种结构模式烂熟于胸，考场上也就能游刃有余了。

上面三种模式，几乎适用于任何作文话题。因此，我们要反反复复地练这两三种，熟能生巧，一年下来，就能对这几种结构模式烂熟于胸，考场上也就能游刃有余了。

这是一个富含喻意和诗意的文题，文题中的“花”可以指事业之花、学业之花、科学之花、艺术之花等，也可以指精神之花、美德之花、幸福之花、爱情之花等，“春天”则可以指通常意义上有利于人生之花盛开的生命阶段、成功条件、工作环境、人生处境等。有位哲人曾经说过：“一年既然分为四季，是鲜花，不一定非在春天盛开。”的确，春有百花夏有荷，秋有丛菊冬有梅，花开不只在春天，这是物性使然。自然如此，人生又何尝不是如此？有人早慧，而有人则大器晚成；有人平步青云，而有人则曲径通幽；有人登顶是“华山一条路”，而有人则中途易辙领略到另一番风景……人生的得意和辉煌并非出现在最顺乎人意的情况下，这是主观、客观的条件使然，是内因、外因的影响使然。这就需要我们有坚韧之志、耐得寂寞之定力，也需要我们有变通之智、化苦水为美酒之诗意情怀。领悟了这些深意，你的写作思路自然也就清晰而开阔了。

看图作文，或看图写话，是学生进行写作训练的一种好形式。

小学语文教师常常用它引导儿童口说手写，作为初学写作的启蒙手段。其实，看图作文于中学生也是颇为适宜的。当然，这里并不是排斥命题作文等形式，而是深感各种形式应该互为补充，相得益彰。请看下面一篇看图习作：

捉 野 鸭

夏天，太阳象火球似地照着大地。一天中午，“小机灵”和他的弟弟“小乖乖”在河边步行乘凉。微风吹来，河边的芦苇轻轻地摆动着。

突然，有两只肥胖的野鸭从芦苇丛中钻出来了，不停地发出“嘎，嘎，嘎──”的叫声。兄弟两喜出望外，兴奋地扑了上去。野鸭受惊，煽动着翅膀，尖叫着飞向河中间去了，他们扑了个空。“小乖乖”嘟着小嘴，头上的“锅铲装”上的几根头发一摇一摆的，红红的脸蛋上现出不高兴的表情，埋怨地说：“都怪你，把鸭子吓跑了。”“小机灵”本来也要怪弟弟毛手毛脚，但看着弟弟生气的样子，便反过来哄着“小乖乖”。他在弟弟的耳旁叽哩咕噜了几句，两人便匆匆忙忙地跑开了。

过了一会儿，河里的那两只野鸭又恢复了平静，在水里戏游着。它们游呀游的，猛地发现有一个“西瓜”浮了过来。它们大概是有点饿了，看见这个“西瓜”都很想吃，便争先恐后地用那扁扁的嘴啄着“西瓜”，把“西瓜”啄出了两个洞。

正在这时，不知怎的，两只野鸭又惊吓得不停地拍打着翅膀，发出急促的“嘎，嘎”声，好象在喊“救命，救命!”这时，水中露出了“小机灵”的上身。他头上戴着一个半圆的西瓜皮，一只手抓住了一只野鸭的腿，两只野鸭全给捉住了。他笑得简直合不拢嘴，“小乖乖”呢，也连蹦带跳地跑来，说：“哥哥，你真行!”头上的“锅铲装”的几根头发又一摇一摆的……。

原来，兄弟两悄悄回到家里，拿了半边西瓜皮，由“小机灵”戴上它游到野鸭边，让“小乖乖”躲在芦苇里观察动静，等抓住了野鸭，“小乖乖”才跑了出来。

这个故事告诉我们，凡事要开动脑筋，多想才能出智慧。

实践表明，看图作文计有以下几条显著的优点：

一是学生眼前有画一张，大家均感有话可写，不至于搜索枯肠，苦思冥想，茫然不知所措;

二是学生根据各人对图画的不同理解，透过画面发掘其思想真谛，从各个角度运用语言进行描述，有利于锻炼与培养学生的观察能力和想象能力;

三是看图作文，体裁不限，既可记叙说明，亦可写景状物，还可议论抒情，便于充分发挥学生的特长，培养学生的写作兴趣;

四是看图作文使写作练习的方式多样化，有利于防止作文中的猜题、押题、套题以及依照范文“生搬硬套”等弊病的产生;

五是看图作文便于教师较快地评定学生写作水平的优劣，使作文教学更具针对性;

六是将运用语言文字反映生活的写作和运用线条、色彩等反映生活的绘画结合起来，有助于启发学生的形象思维。

因此，我常想，既然文学作品反映的是现实中的“人生图画”，那末，中学生进行写作练习，何尝不可以也来几次“看图作文”呢?

半命题作文是命题人只给出题目的一部分，先由考生按照要求将题目补充完整，然后再进行写作，它兼具限制性和灵活性的特点，半命题作文比较突出地考查了考生的构题、审题、构思及语言表达等方面的能力。

一、半命题作文结构有以下几种形式：

1.命后半题。如《我不再 》，《十六岁，我多了一份 等等

2 命前半题，如《 的滋味》，《 等等

3.命中间部分，如《当我面对 的时候》，《一份 等等

4.命首尾部分。如《 。

在完成补题的同时实际上也就是确定了写作的素材。材料的选材直接关系到文章的成败。 ，别再让我 》，《 _阅读 》的答卷》是一把双刃剑》，《 之乐》》

二、补题的技巧

写好半命题作文，关键在于补题。补题要充分调动生活积累，考虑自我写作的特长，以内容“熟”为考虑的重点，以立意“新”为前提，以“题目小”为上策，闪亮登场，抢人眼球。下面仅以《让___的____》为例，谈几种常见的补题技巧。

1.巧借经典歌曲添趣味。

2.化解诗词警句添韵味。

3.倚仗修辞求生动。

三、半命题作文容易犯的毛病

1、拘于提示，拟题过大。 2、选材俗套，情感平淡。

3、贪大求全，缺少细节。 4、脱离自我，文题不符。

四、【写作策略】

写作半命题作文的关键就在于如何把握好“一半命题”的权力与空间，把半命题变为容易自己发挥的命题，这就是半命题作文的补题技巧。下面就此问题谈四点策略。

1、切合题意，明确补题范围

琢磨半命题作文的题目要把握两个方面：一是补题的内容。一般半命题作文的补题以名词、形容词和动词居多，考生应当根据题意明确补题的范围，否则容易偏题甚至离题。二是文体的要求。有一些半命题确定了文体，比如《小议》，显然是议论文，但更多的题目则是不同的补题有不同的文体，因此，考生要在文体定向的前提下选择补题内容。

2、拓展思维，筛选补题对象

许多考生由于没有掌握一定的思维方法，所以往往难于开掘出更大的补题空间，因而也就无法补好题目。一般来讲，可以按照“家庭、学校、社会、自然和自身”这个思维体系去拓展思维，从而筛选好补题对象。

比如《生活因______更精彩》这个题目，从家庭考虑，可选择亲情、母爱、温馨、电视等;从学校考虑，可选择语文、学习、《红楼梦》、考试等;从社会考虑，可选择爱心、宽容、选择、网络等;从自然考虑，可选择登山、探险、亲近自然等;从自身考虑，可选择思考、信心、忍耐等。

3、力求新颖，发挥补题创意

对任何一种作文题型来说，创新都显得相当重要。在半命题作文考试中，要使自己的补题富有新意，一要善于拓展思维，让思考的触角伸向不同的层面。二是要把握好题目的引申含义，学会从深处补题。

比如：《 的滋味》这一文题，填上“牛排”、“辣椒”、“喝茶”，就滋味写滋味，则缺乏新意。如能把握好题目的引申含义，扣紧“滋味”进行深处开掘，那么《登山的滋味》、《下雪的滋味》、《采访的滋味》，则有了一定的新意。再进一步拓展思维，选择《作弊的滋味》、《说谎的滋味》、《出走的滋味》，则题目就更为新颖了。求新是好的，但不能为求新而求新，否则容易适得其反，弄巧成拙，令人生厌。

4、寻求展示，争取补题有利

俗话说“题好一半文”，好的题目能够使考生得心应手，下笔如有神助，因此，在补题时，考生要尽量选择一个有利于自己发挥和展示的内容。

有利于自己发挥和展示的内容表现在两方面：一是自己熟悉的内容，不熟悉的内容，考生难于把握，很难写成功。二是与自己的知识储存紧密相连，巧妇难为无米之炊，丰富的知识储存为我们的写作提供了方便和自由。

五、【训练题目】

选择下列一道题目，先补充完整，然后写一篇文章，文体不限，诗歌除外，500字左右。

1、爱，是非常珍贵而又奇妙的东西。在我们的生活中充满着爱，它伴随着我们的成长，丰富我们的人生，同时我们也都在献出自己的爱，使世界变得更加美好。请以“________的爱”为题，作文。

2、鼓掌就是一种肯定，是一种鼓励，也是一种尊重。因此，我们要学会鼓掌：为别人鼓掌，为自己鼓掌，为丰富多彩的人生鼓掌。请以“为 鼓掌”为题，作文。

3、在 的影响下

4、 ，感觉真好

5、珍惜所拥有的 (如亲情、友谊、时光……)

6、不管是生活在喧闹的都市，还是在宁静的乡村，每个人对大自然都会怀有浓浓的依恋之情。某一次走进自然的行动，会给你留下难忘的记忆：也许是观赏万顷碧波，也许是留意田间小路，也许是仰望当空皓月，也许是谛听枝头蝉鸣……自然的美妙让你流连忘返，心醉神迷。请以“________让我陶醉”为题，写一篇文章

7、一个人在成长的历程中，需要的有时很多，有时很少。有的人需要无限的鼓励、关怀、理解和空间，有的人则只需要一张书桌，一个上学的机会;有的人渴望成长，无惧挫折，有的人则害怕成长所要付出的代价… 亲爱的同学，你认为成长最需要什么?请结合自己的经历、认识和感受，在下面题目的横线上填入一个你自己认为合适的词语(如宽容、空间、挫折、成功、快乐、付出代价等)，然后作文。题目：成长，需要___________________

8、生活因__________更精彩 (如音乐、读书、挫折、爱……)

【佳作展示】

珍惜所拥有的亲情

亲情，是世间最珍贵的感情。它比水还纯净，比金还纯粹，可是它总是静悄悄的到来，不被人发现，它没有友谊那样易碎，没有爱情那样明显可见，它像一杯茶，散发出淡淡的洁香，让人回味无穷。

——题记

奶奶的嘱咐

“考试时别慌!别吃油炸的东西，别喝生水别乱跑，别受凉，别……”奶奶一遍遍地嘱咐着我，有时会觉得多余而又哆嗦。但是从奶奶那饱含深情的眼神中，我知道奶奶对我的嘱咐，就是对我爱的另一种表达。奶奶，您一定在为我担心吧!不用担心，有您的爱，孙女会成功的。

爸爸的电话

“菲子，小心身体，别担心，能考多少都是你的成绩，爸相信你，支持你，多买点营养品，别怕花钱，爸有的是力气，女儿花钱，我高兴，多喝点牛奶……”。爸在电话里边说边笑着。但我知道，其实他也很担心我，只是想消除我的紧张感罢了!爸是靠力气挣钱的，但却给我寄那么多钱，我想这个月爸一定要紧紧皮带啦。写到这我的眼泪快流下来啦。

姐姐的忠告

“小妹，考试时，多注意，能得的分，千万别让它失掉，细心点!……”。由于要进考场姐姐的话有点语无伦次，在考生潮中，我回头看了一下她，火辣辣的太阳照得她汗流满面。我赶紧扭回头，怕姐姐看见我含着泪的眼睛。

朋友，珍惜你的拥有，当你失去后，才知其珍贵，方知珍惜，是否已经太迟了呢?亲情像茶，回味无穷。我们应该珍惜它，让它留香永远，永远……

佳作探胜：作者选取“亲情”作为“珍惜所拥有的”对象，看似简单，实则最为切合作者自己的生活实际，正是因为作者自己有了很深的生活体验和独特感受，所以文章写得感情细腻，自然流畅，平凡中见真情。可见，半命题作文的补题显得异常重要，选得恰当与否，在很大程度上关系到文章写作成败。此外，本文的构思也精巧别致，分别从三个不同的角度(祖辈、父辈、同辈)选取三个特写镜头进行组接，作为文章的主体部分，生动地揭示了亲情的不同表现，却展示了亲人对“我”的一样的关爱，可谓紧扣主题。文章的语言细腻传神，再辅之以哲理式的题记和抒情式的结尾，与三个小标题遥相呼应，结构浑然一体，堪称考场佳作。

以“深深的脚印”为话题作文，一般应着眼于虚义进行构思。所谓“深深的脚印”，其实就是留下的人生足迹，可以从以下几个方面来考虑：

1.从“脚印给我以启示”的角度落笔，可列出3个层次——脚印告诉“我”，人生的路不会永远平坦;脚印告诉“我”，走好人生之路，关键要靠自己;脚印告诉“我”，从哪里跌倒就从哪里爬起来。

2.谈脚印不应该只是人走过后留下的痕迹，而应是真正印在心里的东西。

3.提倡一步一个脚印的踏实作风。

4.论述应沿着前人的“深深的脚印”前进，并努力探索新路。

5.抒写“脚印歪斜但那是我的人生”(即坚持走出一条属于自己的人生路)。

At present, there is a hot word in our life - "low carbon". For this new

friend, I have done a detailed understanding, the original, low carbon is to

reduce carbon dioxide emissions. Low carbon environmental protection, green

travel, in todays society, bike sharing is the top priority.

In 2017, shared bicycles have sprung up on the streets of Fuzhou with

colorful colors, including blue, orange and yellow Dressed up in the beautiful

streets of Fuzhou. It serves every citizen of Fuzhou and brings convenience to

us. Everyone is contributing to the environmental protection cause of Fuzhou.

This is the responsibility and obligation of Fuzhou citizens. I see the rapid

development of bike sharing. There are yellow cars, Moby bikes, and hello bikes

This aroused my curiosity, and I also wanted to experience it. Today, I took my

mothers mobile phone and couldnt wait to find a small yellow car. I turned on my

mobile phone, scanned the QR code of the bike sharing car, and input the

password. I only heard "didi" and the lock on the bike was opened. This

operation is really convenient. So my mom and I got on the bike sharing. We

enjoy the scenery on both sides of the road, talking and laughing all the way,

but also exercise. This is really a healthy and environmentally friendly way to

travel!

However, the good time is not long, bike sharing is facing unprecedented

disaster. Some are thrown into rivers, some are short of arms and legs, some are

locked in private Where are the qualities of these people? Is this the quality

that we Chinese should have? No, this is not the quality that we Chinese should

have! This small bike sharing is like a mirror, reflecting the quality of

Chinese people. The original intention of bike sharing is good, it can bring

convenience to the public, low-carbon environmental protection, green travel! I

hope you can maintain bike sharing together!

With the progress of society, peoples quality should be constantly

improved. Bike sharing is a good invention. Lets protect it together. Low carbon

and environmental protection. Starting from me, lets maintain a better tomorrow

with both hands. Lets make our sky bluer and our air cleaner!

导语：在为期一周的国庆假期生活中我们的身边一定会发生那么一两件或有趣或难忘的事情，各个学校的老师应该也会布置上一篇以“国庆见闻”为主题的作文让小朋友们来写，那怎么样才能把这篇作文写好呢?下面和小编一起来看看吧！

一、什么是见闻

在写作之前，我们要先明确到底什么才是见闻。顾名思义，见闻其实指的就是自己的所见所闻所思所感。国庆见闻就是指在国庆期间，自己的身边发生了什么事情，或自己听说了什么事情，自己对这些事情又有着什么样的思考和感悟。比如说去旅游所看见的景色，回老家所经历事情，国庆外出期间大街上的小事和节日的整体气氛等等，这些都可以写。但需要注意的是，所写的事情必须都是自己亲身参与的，这样才符合见闻的写作要求。

二、见闻写作要点

1、时间要点明：文章所叙述的事情发生时间必须是国庆期间的，很多同学在写作时容易忽略时间直接写内容，文章最后也没有点题，这样就不符合“国庆”这个时间限制的要求。

2、过程要交代完整并突出重点：把一件事情写完整，文章中就必须要具备六要素：时间、地点、人物、起因、经过(高潮)、结果(结局)。其中最为重要的就是后三个要素。通常，每件事情发生都是有原因，发展过程和结果的，就好像我们在看电视的时候，总在在开始之前交代好这件事情发生的原因是什么，最激烈，最吸引人的情节，以及最后的结果是什么。而在这三要素中，原因和结果可以稍微交代一下，中间的高潮部分才是读者最想看，也是最感兴趣的部分，所以写作选择切入口时要小而细致。另一方面，国庆所经历过的事情活很多，写完整并不代表你要将“吃喝拉撒”什么都写了，不然就会让读者感觉很乏味无趣。正确的写法是恰当地选择其中的一件小事写，同时放大事情切入点，无论是一句话，一个眼神、一个动作、一个细微的事情都可以成为你这篇文章的亮点，都可以成为你重点描写的对象，使之贯穿全文，文章自然就不会成为流水账，反而变得集中而又灵活有趣了。

如： ① 喝结婚酒——新郎发开门红时，怎么折腾新郎的或抢新娘的时候发生的事情 ;② 游景点——将你觉得最有趣或者最美的景色进行描写，而其他普通的景色略过 ;③ 去逛街——看见让你印象最深刻的事情; ④ 坐公车——一个小小的故事情节中人物的某个动作或者表情 。

3、运用各种修辞手法、幽默的语言来增加文章的生动性。“公园里有很多树”和“公园里长着很多高大茂密的树，这些树就像战士一样守卫着公园”两个句子相比，明显后面的句子更长同时写得更好，这就是修辞的魅力。再比如说看到别的小朋友随地扔香蕉皮，我上前去说“你怎么能随地扔香蕉皮呢?”和“大哥哥，你的香蕉皮掉到地上了，你把它扔到这里，那边的垃圾桶会很伤心的。”这两个句子相比，依然是后面的句子略胜一筹，所以在写作文时一定要注意“遣词造句”。

国庆见闻作文具体提纲如下：

一、是写记叙文还是议论文?

这个问题的实质是：你是准备叙事呢，还是议论或抒情?写文章的表达工具只有五种：叙事、抒情、议论、说明、描写。不同的表达方式为主构成的文章就具备了不同的体裁，即我们所熟悉的说法，议论文、说明文、记叙文或散文、小说、戏剧、诗歌等。

所以，审题的时候，我们要考虑选用怎样的表达方式。决定选用何种表达方式的要素有哪些呢?起码有四种。即：题目本身的限定、写作方向的限定、写作内容的限定、写作能力的限定。

二、议论文的思路如何展开?

记叙文(散文)以画面抒情，所以通常采用折扇式结构——以一条线索串起若干依次展开的画面。因此，写作记叙文(散文)的基本功是先具备用文字营造画面的能力，写景当然容易一些，人物众多的场面可能就更难一些了。画面展开的顺序无外乎三个：时间、空间、心理(意识流)。或者三者兼用。另外，记叙文(散文)的写作还需要塑造形象(意象)，形象(意象)需要强化，这样又要处理好几个画面之间的同中之异，或异中之同。

这里重点谈谈议论文思路展开的问题。议论文的思路简单地说其实就是三个短语：是什么?为什么?怎么办?也就是说，所有的议论文都可以看成由三部分构成：提出问题，分析问题，解决问题。首先要确定论点即“是什么”，然后必须回答“为什么”或“怎么办”。论点有两种，一种是讲述道理的，一种是指导实践的。前者需要讲清楚“为什么”，后者既需要讲清楚“为什么”还需要讲清楚“怎么办”。行文的时候或两者兼而有之，或两者只需其一，这与写作情境与潜在读者的需要有关。但是，不管怎么说，提出一个观点以后，你必须能够直面别人的质疑，要论证自己道理的合法合理性，解决一个“为什么”的问题。所以，第一要思考的问题是：我的理由是什么?

从总体上来说，议论文思路展开的大框架如下——

论点(是什么)→理由(为什么)→做法(怎么办)

有人将议论文的思路概括为48个字，不妨借鉴——

提论点，开议论：为什么——怎么能;正面讲，反面论;讲道理，引言论;举事例，典型新;联实际，确切准;生发开，驳异论;结尾时，要回应。

【导语】英语写作是中考中检测学生语言应用能力的最重要部分。提高中考写作水平，需要有效的训练。下面关于英语作文的写作方法，一起来阅读下文吧!

学生写作时，如果语句平平，只选用一些普通的、直截了当的词，那么，这样写出来的文章根本没有可阅读行，就像是一碗没有油盐酱醋面条一样，让人提不起一点精神和看下去的欲望，呆板、单调，没有可读性。如果一篇文章要让读者有可读性、有深度，同学们更应该掌握一些高级点词和语句来装饰你的文章，突出这篇文章的彩头，使文章增添文采，给读者以不一样的感受。具体方法可以参照下面的语句：

1. 画龙点睛，一篇文章的开头很重要。

在通常情况下，英语句子的排列方式为“主语+谓语+宾语”，即主语一般都会在谓语前面。但若根据情况适当改变句子的开头方式，比如在文章的开始的时候写一些倒状语句或以状语为起始语句的开头，这样子的文章更具表现力和感染力。如：

(1) There stands an old temple at the top of the hill.

→ At the top of the hill there stands an old temple.

在小山顶上有一座古庙。

(2) You can do it well only in this way.

→ Only in this way can you do it well.

只有这样你才能把它做好。

(3) A young woman sat by the window.

→ By the window sat a young woman.

窗户边坐着一个年轻妇女。

2. 避免重复使用同一词语

为了使表达更生动，更富表现力，同学们在写作时应尽量避免重复使用同一词语来表示同一意思，尤其是一些老生常谈的词语。如有的同学一看到“喜欢”二字，就会立刻想起like，事实上，英语中表示类似意思的词和短语很多，如 love, enjoy, prefer, appreciate, be fond of, care for等。如：

I like reading while my brother likes watching television.

→ I like reading while my brother enjoys watching television.

我喜欢看书，而我的兄弟却喜欢看电视。

3. 合理使用省略句

合理恰当地使用省略句，不仅可以使文章精练、简洁，而且会使文章更具文采和可读性。如：

(1) He may be busy. If he’s busy, I’ll call later. If he is not busy, can I see him now?

→ He may be busy. If so, I’ll call later. If not, can I see him now?

他可能很忙，要是这样，我以后再来拜访。要是不忙，我现在可以见他吗?

(2) If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If it is not fine, we’ll not go.

→ If the weather is fine, we’ll go. If not, not.

如果天气好，我们就去；如果天气不好，我们就不去了。

(3) She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t do so.

→ She could have applied for that job, but she didn’t.

她本可申请这份工作的，但她没有。

4. 适当运用非谓语结构

非谓语结构通常被认为是一种高级结构，适当运用非谓语结构，会给人一种熟练驾驭语言的印象。如：

(1) When he heard the news, they all jumped for joy.

→ Hearing the news, they all jumped for joy.

听了这消息他们都高兴得跳了起来。

(2) As I didn’t know her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

→ Not knowing her address, I wasn’t able to get in touch with her.

由于不知道她的地址，我没法和她联系。

(3) As he was born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

→ Born into a peasant family, he had only two years of schooling.

他出生农民家庭，只上过两年学。

5. 结合使用长句与短句

在英语写作中，过多地使用长句或过多地使用短句都不好。正确的做法是，根据实际情况在文章中交替使用长句与短语，使文章显得错落有致，这样不仅使文章在形式上增加美感，而且使文章读起来铿锵有力。如：

At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. Then we had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced. Some told stories. Some played chess.

→ At noon we had a picnic lunch in the sunshine. After a short rest, we had great fun singing and dancing, telling jokes and playing chess.

中午我们晒着太阳吃野餐。休息一会儿后，我们唱的唱歌，跳的跳舞，还有的讲笑话、下棋，大家玩得很开心。

6. 适当使用短语代替单词

(1) He has decided to be a teacher when he grows up.

→ He has made up his mind to be a teacher when he grows up.

他已决定长大了当老师。

(2) He doesnt like music.

→ He doesnt care much for music.

他不大喜欢音乐。

(3) He told me that the question was now under discussion.

→ He told me that the question was now being discussed.

他告诉我问题现正正在讨论中。

7. 恰当套用某些固定表达

(1) He was very tired. He couldn’t walk any farther.

→ He was too tired to walk any farther.

他太累了，不能再往前走了。

(2) The film was very interesting. Both the teachers and the students liked it.

→ The film was so interesting that both the teachers and the students liked it.

这电影很有趣，学生和老师都很喜欢。

(3) Your son is old. He can look after himself now.

→ Your son is old enough to look after himself now.

你的儿子已经长大，可以自己照顾自己了。

8. 尽量使句子带点“洋味”

(1) Dont worry. Be bold and try it, and youll learn it soon.

→Dont worry. Just go for it, and youll get it soon.

别担心，大胆试一试，你很快就会学会的。

(2) Thank you for playing with us.

→Thank you for sharing the time with us.

谢谢你陪我玩。

9. 综合使用各类所谓的“高级”结构

(1) Now everyone knows the news. I think Jim must have let it out.

→ Now everyone knows the news. I think it must have been Jim who has let it out.

现在人人都知道这消息了，我想一定是吉姆把它泄露出去的。

(2) We had to stand there to catch the offender.

→ What we had to do was (to) stand there, trying to catch the offender.

我们所能做的只是站在那儿，设法抓住违章者。

(3) If her pronunciation is not better than her teacher’s, it is at least as good as her teacher’s.

→ Her pronunciation is as good as, if not better than, her teacher’s.

如果她的语音不比她的老师好的话，至少也不会比她老师的差。

10. 适当使用名言警句点缀

在写作时根据实际情况恰当地用上一两句名言警句来点缀文章，不仅使文章显得有深度、有智慧，而且会让文章在评分中上一个“得分档次”。如：

(1) As the proverb says, “Where there is a will, there is a way.” Though you fail this time, you needn’t lose heart. As long as you work hard and stick to your dream, you will succeed one day.

(2) There is a proverb goes like this “Life isn’t a bed of roses.” It is ture that it is likely for everyone to meet problems and difficulties in life.

(3) In the modern world, more and more people live alone, which is not so good for our life. It is better for us to make more friends and enjoy friendship. Just as a proverb says, “A near friend is better than a far-dwelling kinsman.”

应用文是人们日常生活中广泛使用的文体。它最突出的特点是它的实际应用性，应用文包括很广，如书信、通知、日记、海报、便条、启事、请柬、电报、合同等。应用文的语言应使用规范语言，重在实用，力求朴实、准确、简洁。

一、书信

书信我们分为两部分：信封和内容。

1、信封的写法。

英语信封正面的左上角，写发信人的姓名和地址。在信封的正面中央偏左一点，写收信人的地址和姓名。

英语信封上的地点名称由小到大，视其长短可占二至五行不等。

寄信人只写姓名，不写头衔。但是，收信人一般都在名字前加上头衔，以示礼貌和尊敬。对于没有官衔和学衔的人士，通常在姓名前写上Mr., Mrs.,或Ms.。

信封的写法，一般来说，很少出现在中考英语的作文中。

2、内容。

英文信一般可以分为下列几个部分。

1)信端(Heading)即写信人的地址和发信日期。

2)收信人姓名地址

3)称呼

4)信的正文

5)结束语

6)签名

有的时候，出题者会让考生写e-mail。e-mail的写法和书信的写法基本一致。只不过少了书信在信封上的繁琐。

二、发言稿

发言稿要注意以下三点：

1、发言的地点

2、发言的对象

3、发言的内容。

三、通知

通知的正文一般都是写在"Notice"以词之下，一般来说不必写称呼语和结束语。出同时的单位名称可以写在notice之上，也可以写在正文的右下角。

正文一般采用文章式，有时为了醒目，也可采用广告式。广告式要力求简明扼要，一个句子可分几行。每行第一个字母一般要大写。

四、启事

启事是一种公告式的应用文。团体或个人如有什么事情要向大家公开说明或对公众有什么要求，可将要说的话写成启事，张贴在布告栏上或登在报刊上。启事一般无固定格式，要求简明扼要即可。

五、海报

海报是一种带有装饰性的宣传广告。有时配以绘画图案。内容以影讯、展览、演出信息、友谊赛等为主。为了尽可能使更多的人知道，海报往往贴在醒目之处。

从下面两个题目中任选一题，写一篇文章(40分)

题目一：人们常说：读万卷书，不如行万里路，行万里路，不如名师指路!虽然未必每一个教练都能教出冠军，但每一个冠军背后都有教练!回想自己的成长历程，都会有来自老师的帮助，请以"记一位帮助过我的初中老师"为题，写一篇文章。

题目二：吹面不寒杨柳风

要求：

(1)将所选题目抄写在答题卡上。

(2)文体不限(诗歌除外)。

(3)不少于600字。

【题目分析】

题目一：

"记一位帮助过我的初中老师"乍一看特别像小学经常考查的题目"我的老师"，但认真审题之后会关注到"帮助"，还有提示语中的"成长"，所以塑造人物形象是落脚点，而人物形象的塑造必然是通过帮助自己的事及最终自己获得的成长或者成功体现出来的。

所有人都熟悉的作文题目，更要求考生做到作文新颖性，因此在写作时一定要大胆放弃自己的第一想法。

同时，考生在完做到这些要点之后，还应注重加入生动形象的细节描写，辅以我们曾经在课程中讲过的塑造人物形象的表现手法，如：抑扬法、正侧面描写相结合等。这样才能在一个看似很普通的作文中打动读者，取得高分。

中考在即，初三考生必须要做到快速提升作文能力，作文新颖性、动情点、主题类作文等都是考生必须要迅速掌握的要点，而这些要点，一直都是东学堂课程始终践行的重点，且针对中考层出不穷的变化，我们在即将到来的寒假课程中加入了更多考生必须要掌握的点：动情点设置、想象类作文等等，希望所有考生都能抓住中考最后的冲刺时间。

题目二：

"吹面不寒杨柳风"。简单7个字，相信给了考生不小的视觉冲击力。

但是沉下心来，认真思考之后，会发现，其实这个题目并不难，"吹面不寒杨柳风"就是"温暖的杨柳风迎面吹来一点寒意也没有"，很显然这个题目是含有比喻义的。考生只要想一想生活、学习中哪些人、事、物给过你温暖，让你有过"杨柳风拂面"的感觉，这个题目就变得特别好写。可以写成成长类的作文，那成长中的"杨柳风"便是激励你成长的良师益友、至爱亲朋，亦或是某种自身的品质(乐观、坚持不懈等)，亦或者是某种物(礼物、小草、松、菊……)，也可以写成励志类的，也可以写成亲情类的……这几类写作立意的角度，在东学堂语文初二春季班课程中进行过详细的讲解，东学堂语文的学员你们有福了!

【把议论文写规范】

从同学写作议论文的现状看，有两种情形比较普遍：一是太“杂”，思路不清，表达混杂;二是太“死”，典型的三段式，中间部分是事例的堆砌。解决问题的办法有没有?有。那就在于掌握议论文两种基本结构形式，从规范的议论文写起。

一是横式结构。就全文而言，是非常典型的“总-分-总”结构。开头引出观点，结尾总结照应，而中间(主体)部分则一般由三个以上的分论点支撑，即从几个方面(或几个角度)分别展开论述，来证明作者在文中所要阐明的观点。这里要说明的是主体部分用来论述中心论点的几个方面，它们是并列的关系，中间没有主次之分。所以，这种横式结构，我们又通俗地称它为并列式结构。譬如，我们以“幸福”为话题作文，如果以横式结构来写一篇议论文，我们可用“幸福在哪里?”的设问开头;主体部分则从“幸福在劳动者的汗水里”、“幸福在有志者的追求里”、“幸福在无私者的奉献里”等几个方面来展开论述;最后以“幸福无处不在，幸福就在我们的手中”来作结。由此看来，以横式结构行文，全文的层次显得非常清晰。

二是纵式结构。如果说横式结构的主体部分由几个并列的分论点支撑，那纵式结构主体部分在展开事理论述时，则是逐层深入的。很虽然它不是并列推进，而是层层递进。在论述时，我们既可以按事理的性质，由表及里地展开;也可以按事理的范围，由小到大地展开;还可以按事理的发展，由浅入深地展开。比如针对学生的“浪费”现象，我们既要跟他们谈谈经济问题，也就是要“算算账”，让他们明白“积小成多”的道理;更要跟他们说说性质问题，一旦“浪费”成习，极易形成“奢侈”的作风，那后果就严重了。这样的分析，很显然是按照从现象到本质的事理逻辑进行的。由此可见，采用纵式结构行文，事理层次清楚，文章的逻辑性强。

要写好英语作文，还要带着敏锐的目光细心地观察，注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。小编收集了中考英语作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、要善于模仿

对大多数学习英语的同学来说，英语的词汇量、句式的积累还极其有限，远不能达到用英文流畅表达，挥洒自如的境地。在这一阶段进行创作是不合时宜的，如果非要创造，只能写出“long time no see”这样的文字来。因此，模仿是这一阶段的必经途径。

谈到模仿，一些同学的办法就是背一堆范文，然后再到考场上进行一个“剪切”、“粘贴”的工作，效果可想而知。这不是真正意义上的模仿，充其量算是默写课文。如何模仿呢?

首先，模仿的目标要明确。模仿的重点永远要放在一定的句式结构上，而非个别的词汇。道理很简单：一个词，随着文章内容的变换，可能就不能用了;而句式结构是放置四海而皆准的东西，适用的范围广，学来对写作的帮助也就明显。

其次，模仿的材料要地道。像新概念英语这样的教材就提供了很多原汁原味的英语表达法。盲目选择文章学习，记一些不中不洋的句子，以讹传讹，浪费时间。

最后，模仿要体现在实际动笔上。比如说，新概念第三册有一个句式说：“…for the simple reason that…”表示某种现象的原因是什么，用在大学英语考试中，我们就可以拿来解释为什么自行车在中国如此的流行，表达为：“the bicycle is very popular in china for the simple reason that…”。然而，很多同学经常背了这些句式不用，一谈到原因仍然是“…because…”，等等。

二、要灵活变通

在批改英语作文的过程中，经常能发现一些将中文生硬地翻译成英文的表达法。由于中英文之间的差异和词汇量、表达法积累的不足，出现难于表达的情况是十分正常的。关键问题在于如何处理。有一句话叫做“立志如山，行道如水”，套用在这个问题上就很合适。写英文作文，一定要有决心把它写好，有信心把意思表达清楚，这是“立志如山”;但关键是遇到问题时要有个灵活的态度，能像流水一样变通解决问题。

有个翻译界的故事说：在某大型国际会议的招待会上，一道菜是用鸡蛋做的。与会的客人问翻译：“what is it made of?”本来是非常简单的一个问题，结果翻译太紧张，忘了“egg”这个词，但是他急中生智，回答：“it is made of miss hen’s son.”这里，就是一个灵活变通的范例。绕道表达，是写作中应该常常运用的一种方法。

三、要细心观察

要写好英语作文，还要带着敏锐的目光细心地观察，注意英语中一些表达上的习惯。

比如说，在正式文体的写作中，很少用 “it isn"t”这样的略缩形式，而往往是一板一眼地写作 “it is not”。同理，在正式文体中的日期一般不缩写，阿拉伯数字一般会用英文表达(特别长的数字除外)。

再比如说，翻翻新概念第三册所有的课文，会发现凡是一段文章的段首句出现转折时，转折词however都放在句子结构中的第二部分，以插入语的形式出现。分析原因，是因为段落一开始就用转折词，会时转折显得较生硬、突兀。

最后，许多同学在写作文时，习惯于把 “since” “because” “for”这样的词放在句首引导原因状语从句。事实上，在我们见到的英语报刊杂志文章中，这样的从句一般都是放在主句之后的。另外, “and”也常常被误放在一句话的开头，表示两个句子之间的并列或递进关系。其实，经常留心地道的英语文章能发现，如果是并列关系，完全可以不用连词;如果是递进关系，用 “furthermore” “what is more”更为普遍。

四、要心有全局

英文写作十分强调形式上的严谨性，特别是全局的丝丝入扣。如果写作时结构意识良好，应试写作就简化成为一个填空的过程了。框架万变不离其宗，适当地填如观点、素材，文章就自然而然地立起来了。

掌握了这些英文写作中的练习技巧，会使提高英文写作水平的努力有更大的收益。

下面智康教育跟大家分享写作的“五项基本原则” ：

1、 长短句原则

工作还得一张一驰呢，老让读者读长句，累死人!写一个短小精辟的句子，相反，却可以起到画龙点睛的作用。而且如果我们把短句放在段首或者段末，也可以揭示主题：

as a creature, i eat; as a man, i read. although one action is to meet the primary need of my body and the other is to satisfy the intellectual need of mind, they are in a way quite similar.

如此可见，长短句结合，抑扬顿挫，岂不爽哉?牢记!

强烈建议：在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短;在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思，然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

2、 主题句原则

国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事!

特别提示：隐藏主体句可是要冒险的!

to begin with, you must work hard at your lessons and be fully prepared before the exam(主题句). without sufficient preparation, you can hardly expect to answer all the questions correctly.

3、 一二三原则

领导讲话总是第一部分、第一点、第二点、第三点、第二部分、第一点… 如此罗嗦。可毕竟还是条理清楚。考官们看文章也必然要通过这些关键性的“标签”来判定你的文章是否结构清楚，条理自然。破解方法很简单，只要把下面任何一组的词汇加入到你的几个要点前就清楚了。

1)first, second, third, last(不推荐，原因：俗)

2)firstly, secondly, thirdly, finally(不推荐，原因：俗)

3)the first, the second, the third, the last(不推荐，原因：俗)

4)in the first place, in the second place, in the third place, lastly(不推荐，原因：俗)

5)to begin with, then, furthermore, finally(强烈推荐)

6)to start with, next, in addition, finally(强烈推荐)

7)first and foremost, besides, last but not least(强烈推荐)

8)most important of all, moreover, finally

9)on the one hand, on the other hand(适用于两点的情况)

10)for one thing, for another thing(适用于两点的情况)

4、 短语优先原则

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处：其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点—精彩的短语，那么你的文章定会得高分了。其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数，怎么办?用短语是一个办法!比如：

i cannot bear it.

可以用短语表达：i cannot put up with it.

i want it.

可以用短语表达：i am looking forward to it.

这样字数明显增加，表达也更准确。

5、 多变句式原则

1)加法(串联)

都希望写下很长的句子，像个老外似的，可就是怕写错，怎么办，最保险的写长句的方法就是这些，可以在任何句子之间加and, 但最好是前后的句子又先后关系或者并列关系。比如说：

i enjor music and he is fond of playing guitar.

如果是二者并列的，我们可以用一个超级句式：

not only the fur coat is soft, but it is also warm.

其它的短语可以用：

besides, furthermore, likewise, moreover

2)转折(拐弯抹角)

批评某人缺点的时候，我们总习惯先拐弯抹角说说他的优点，然后转入正题，再说缺点，这种方式虽然阴险了点，可毕竟还比较容易让人接受。所以呢，我们说话的时候，只要在要点之前先来点废话，注意二者之间用个专这次就够了。

the car was quite old, yet it was in excellent condition.

the coat was thin, but it was warm.

更多的短语：

despite that, still, however, nevertheless, in spite of, despite, notwithstanding

3)因果(so, so, so)

昨天在街上我看到了一个女孩，然后我主动搭讪，然后我们去咖啡厅，然后我们认识了，然后我们成为了朋友…可见，讲故事的时候我们总要追求先后顺序，先什么，后什么，所以然后这个词就变得很常见了。其实这个词表示的是先后或因果关系!

the snow began to fall, so we went home.

更多短语：

then, therefore, consequently, accordingly, hence, as a result, for this reason, so that

4)失衡句(头重脚轻，或者头轻脚重)

有些人脑袋大，身体小，或者有些人脑袋小，身体大，虽然我们不希望长成这个样子，可如果真的是这样了，也就必然会吸引别人的注意力。文章中如果出现这样的句子，就更会让考官看到你的句子与众不同。其实就是主语从句，表语从句，宾语从句的变形。

举例：this is what i can do.

whether he can go with us or not is not sure.

同样主语、宾语、表语可以改成如下的复杂成分：

when to go, why he goes away…

5)附加(多此一举)

如果有了老婆，总会遇到这样的情况，当你再讲某个人的时候，她会插一句说，我昨天见过他;或者说，就是某某某，如果把老婆的话插入到我们的话里面，那就是定语从句和同位语从句或者是插入语。

the man whom you met yesterday is a friend of mine.

i don’t enjoy that book you are reading.

mr liu, our oral english teacher, is easy-going.

其实很简单，同位语--要解释的东西删除后不影响整个句子的构成;定语从句—借用之前的关键词并且用其重新组成一个句子插入其中，但是whom or that 关键词必须要紧跟在先行词之前。

记叙文是指记人、叙事、写景、状物的文章，它属于散文文体中的一类基本文体。由于应用广泛，写作形式灵活多样，在高考写作中受到考生的青睐。记叙文的叙述方式多种多样，有顺叙，倒叙，插叙，平叙和补叙。在高考中，一篇详略得当，有变化，有波澜，情景交融的记叙文容易打动阅卷老师的心。

第一个问题，叫做化虚为实。我们写作文的时候，脑子里面总有个概念性的东西，你要把它表现出来。我们有的同学写作文往往虚一点，都不是概括性比较强的概念。比方讲，一说，哎呀今天教室里安静极了，咱们同学一说安静，安静极了、很安静、十分安静、特安静，这个词用得太多了，怎么安静啊？是吧，只听见飒飒飒记笔记的声音，有的时候就有一点哗哗的翻书的声音，老师讲话的声音虽然不大，但是大家都听得清清楚楚，窗外有的时候还传来两声鸟叫，有一个同学一不小心把铅笔盒碰得掉在地下，大家很吃惊地回过头来看着他。为什么会出现刚才那个情况，那是因为教室里面怎么样？安静。好了，你把这些写出来了，还要你在那儿说吗？教室里安静极了、教室里特安静，不行。影响你们得高分的好像就是在形象方面考虑得不够，把虚的化成实的注意得不够。比方说，遇到一个场面挤。哎呀，挤极了、挤得要命、特挤，咱们同学们往往会这么说，有的同学稍微夸张一下，都快把我挤成一张相片了。这还不够，化虚为实，把它说破了，那意思就是说，你描绘出一个形象来，让别人看，别人看完了，让别人得出这个结论。你说“安静”，你写完了让我一看，多安静；你说“热闹”，最好你的文段里面不用热闹最好，写出来让我一看，这个同学写的这个场面多热闹啊。好，你回忆一下，遇到过挤没有？挤，你想想看，怎么个挤法？好，告诉你一段“挤”，大家注意听，“公共汽车擦着人群的边缘，驶了过来，没等到停稳，人们便一起涌向前门、中门、后门，于是，青年的潇洒大度、教授的温文尔雅、姑娘的矜持恬静，便一齐被抛在那空落落的车牌下，只有那一个个黑发的头、白发的头、长发的头、短发的头和戴帽子、包围巾的头，一样地在车门口攒动，那一双双白皙的手、粗糙的手、青筋暴露的手和戴手套的手，一齐向上挥舞着，努力向前伸——企图抓住车门，此时人们之间便无了高低贵贱，紧紧‘团结’在一起：笔挺的西装和肮脏的工作服挨在一起，白亮的高跟皮鞋胡乱地踏在黑亮的大头皮鞋上，人们之间也没有了礼貌谦让：身体高大的在尽情发挥高空优势，身体瘦小的也在巧妙地利用低层空间，上的人气急败坏，下的人败坏气急，满眼扭曲的面孔、暴怒的目光，满耳叫声、喊声、骂声和小孩的哭声。”

这里面有挤吗？没听到有挤吧？挤呀，挤极了，挤得要命，好了，听完了以后挤不挤？挤。写作文就该这样，那么景物描写你也可以这么想，人物描写你也可以这么去想，我怎么把这个具体的形象描绘出来，让别人得出那个概念，是吧？你不要虚，你要化虚为实，你去描绘形象，让别人得出结论。

二、就是化显为隐。“明显”的“显”，“隐蔽”的“隐”，什么叫化显为隐？同学们都知道，写作文你要有中心思想，那个中心思想怎么让人感受到？怎么让人看出来？我们有的同学采用的方法，我觉得相对地说是不是笨了一点，“我虽然18岁，经过的事也不少，好多事我都忘了，唯独有一件事我忘不了，他告诉我怎样做人，一定要做一个诚实的人。”一看到这个开头我就知道你底下要干嘛了，是吧？或者，前面写完了，结尾来了，这件事告诉我应当怎样做人，一定要做一个乐于帮助他人的人。这个中心假如你把它不直接说出来行不行？我认为是可以的。怎么办？把它融在文章的字句段里面，不要直通通地说出来。直通通地说出来，我感觉到，这个味就不够浓，你要给看作文的人联想的余地、想像的余地。如果作为一个文学作品的话，要给读者二度创造的余地，直通通地说出来了就没意思，是吧？咱们有的时候为什么有些电影不爱看，看了五分钟就知道后面该干嘛了？你说你爱看吗？

先让大家看一幅画，就是说乾隆皇帝他拿出一句诗来：“深山藏古刹”，说谁能把它画出来？那么我这儿，画了一个示意图，找了几个画家。第一个画家画出这个来了：崇山峻岭当中这儿有一个庙。乾隆皇帝一看大不满意，说我这句诗要害是什么，大家知道吗？“藏”，你这儿露了。那么这个画家说我不画出来这不就是一幅山水画了吗？谁知道这里有寺啊？第二个画家来画了：崇山峻岭里面，有一个寺的一角露在外边了，多数被挡住了。你瞧瞧，藏了吧？乾隆还是不满意，我说的是藏。好，第三个人说了，我有办法，崇山峻岭里面这儿有一根杆子上面挂着中幡。大家都知道大一点的寺庙前面都有一个挂中幡的旗杆是不是？这上面还写着一个佛字，你看看藏了吧？乾隆说不行，你这还不好，比前面两个可能好一点。最后这幅画出来了：崇山峻岭当中有一片水，一个和尚来挑水了。好，乾隆满意了。为什么？给人联想、想像的余地了。崇山峻岭里面有一片水，和尚到这儿来挑水，挑到哪儿去？挑到寺里去。好了，山里肯定有寺。我就觉得咱们写作文是不是这样写，把什么东西都直通通地告诉别人，不是讲究有含蕴吗！写作文，这就叫含蕴。当然我又要提醒大家，化显为隐，中心隐在里边，别隐得让人看不出来，模糊不行，写中心的时候，你不要直通通地把这个中心写出来，让它的语言比较形象，用比较形象的语言把你要表达的中心思想说出来，不要太直白。前面我讲到想像、联想，它会帮助你把这个语言说得比较形象。

那么我现在要用一个例子来说话，我曾经让同学写过这样的作文，题目叫做《一件小事》，我对同学的要求是什么呢？事是小事，理要是大理，小事大道理，这是一；要求二：大道理不要直通通地给我说出来，让它形象化。我现在先把这一件小事我念给大家听：“眼一睁，糟糕，七点三十分了！我赶快从床上跳起来，穿上裤子，套上鞋，顾不得洗漱，拿上书包，推着自行车，腿一骗，迅速地向学校骑去。刚刚骑出大院的门，就看见门边停着一辆卖小吃的餐车，我赶紧下车，买了两个油条，接着上车，一边骑车，一边吃着油条。这时脑海里突然闪出一件往事。有一次，也是眼一睁，七点三十分了，我从床上跳起来，穿上裤子套上鞋，拿上书包推上车，飞快地向学校骑去。当时心想，去学校的路上，路边有个小吃店，经过那里的时候，买个火烧带到学校里去吃，既不至于迟到，也不至于挨饿，但当我快骑到小吃店就被那长长的由里排到外的人龙吓坏了，我只好带着失望继续向学校骑去。刚在座位上坐定，上课的预备铃就响了，第一节我还能专心听讲，第二节肚子就向我提抗议了，抗议的激烈程度使我再也无法专心听课了，要不时地安抚一下自己的肚子，安定坚持一下。想到这里，下意识地往回看了看，大院门口那个卖小吃的餐车，隐隐约约还看得见，我不由地心头一阵发热，我想，”你们看看他想什么了，“我想今后一定要更加努力地学习科学文化知识，长大了向那位卖早点的师傅一样全心全意地为人民服务。”

前面写得很形象，挺不错的，最后你能说他不对吗？对，但是好吗？不好，我给你介绍两个结尾，你看看什么叫做化理为形。前面完全一样，没改，就是到了大院门口那辆买小吃的餐车，隐隐约约还看得见这儿，下面这么写的：“我不由地觉得：那不是一辆普普通通的摊车，那分明是一座加油站，在我们奔向“四化”的道路上。正因为有了一座座这样的加油站，才使得一辆辆车能多装快跑，以飞快的速度向“四化”这一宏伟而远大的目标驶去。”怎么样，比刚才那个结尾更形象了，加油站，多装快跑，飞快地驶去，这位卖早点的师傅他是一个典型，是人们一心奔四化的典型，我们亿万人民正在一心奔四化呢。人家把这个中心表现出来了，但是没有直通通的意思吧？我一定要怎么样怎么样，不是的。多好啊，我再给你念一个结尾：“在我的眼里，那辆卖小吃的餐车忽然幻化成一朵花，一朵鲜艳夺目的花。正是这一朵朵鲜艳夺目的奇花异葩绚丽绽放，把精神文明的百花园打扮得万紫千红，春意盎然。”怎么样？花儿，鲜艳夺目的花儿，奇花异葩绽放，精神文明的百花园是万紫千红，春意盎然。多好啊。从这个卖早点的师傅身上，我们看到了大家都在讲精神文明，我们这个社会是一个充分体现着精神文明的社会，你看看他把这个表现出来了。我再给你念一个结尾，你听第三个结尾的时候，你别白听，你想想我为什么要给你念三个结尾：“远处的那辆推车，好像是一朵花，一朵小小的浪花。这一小小的浪花汇聚起来，汇成了改革开放的巨浪，以雷霆万钧之势，向东汹涌奔腾而去。”怎么样？我原来为什么挨饿呀，物资不丰富，今天吃的怎么能送到家门口来了？改革开放使得物资丰富了。因此，人们拥护改革开放，谁敢阻挡改革开放的潮流，我们老百姓不答应。这个中心引出来了。多好呀。前面一点没动，后面怎么样？化成形了。我刚才要你们把这三个结尾想一想，我现在点破了。

写作文还有个很重要的，就是时代感。

第四，就是化平为奇。平平常常、平平淡淡，你把它化了，能够达到什么？让人惊奇，哎呀感到意外。我想我这个奇，我有两个含义。俗话说“文如看山不喜平”，是不是波澜起伏呀？这是一个，平平淡淡的、平铺直叙的，不行；还有一个，别一看到开头最多看到中间就知道结尾了，那不行。好了，至于“文如看山不喜平”，起伏，几起几伏，说还有两个月，我们许多同学说我马上几起几伏我做不到。但是我认为意外结尾你做得到，那么，比方说你写提纲，我用那些材料，什么材料我放在最后用，让你感到意外，这就很重要。你把这个做好了，作文的分就上去了。有的作文表面上你一看没有看出什么来，一看那个结尾不得了。《项链》怎么样？鲁迅先生的《一件小事》怎么样？初中学过《我的叔叔于勒》怎么样？是不是都是意外结尾？到考场上我先列提纲，什么先写，什么后写，一定要养成写提纲的习惯。“磨刀不误砍柴工”，在提纲上你要让文章尽量有点起伏，不要平铺直叙，让这个结尾，让人感觉着意外，立刻就有一种震撼的感觉。

第五个我想讲的，叫做化情为物。有三句话大家可能都背熟了，老师可能都给你们讲过：“说明文以知育人，议论文以理服人，记叙文以情感人”。这个情怎么才能感人？许多同学比较习惯的做法：所谓议论跟抒情相结合。比方讲，文章写到一定的地方了，“妈妈我爱你，一千倍一万倍地爱你，假如有下一辈的话，我还做你的儿子，我还做你的女儿”。好像有的时候给人一个感觉，这个情怎么样，跟挤牙膏似的它挤出来的，谁知道你是不是真心。真情应当融在文章的字里行间，让人感觉到字字句句里面你都在表达一种情。我说的化情为物请大家注意，我这个物，是广义的物，人物、事物、景物、器物、动物、植物，你做到情物交融、情景交融、情事交融、情人交融。要做到这一点，不要在那儿空着喊那个情，那个情打动不了别人，我认为是这个。我下面我再给你们举一个例子，人家怎么把情融在物里的。

“爸爸，春天又到了！窗外那片竹，那样挺拔，那样秀颀，那样生机盎然。六年来，黄昏走来又走去，可我只能看到那片竹，爸爸，那是我终生难忘的一个春天！初春时还飘着零落的雪花，当冻土还未化尽时，您带回来了几株瘦竹，叶尖微微泛黄，蔫蔫的，虽无生气，却有壮实的根。您种下了绿的希望，给我留下了窗外那片竹。就在当年暮春，你匆匆地走了，再也没有回来！爸爸，那片竹顽强地活下来了，活得很旺盛，我整个的思念都系在了那片竹上，在那里，可以拾起您遗落的脚印，可以掬起您爽朗的笑声。夏天裹着燥热姗姗走来，昏黄的夕照中，我倚窗凝望那疲惫的竹，连日暴晒，叶面上蒙着厚厚的灰尘，叶片向下搭拉着，竹干微微倾斜，竹林似乎疏朗了许多，显得那样疲惫不堪。爸爸，这神情多像您！为了养育我们，您在暑天里四处奔走，收酒瓶，收破烂。归来时您是满身的灰尘，满身的汗，深深的皱纹里藏着辛劳和艰难。就这样，您还忙着为那片竹浇水！每当此时，我心中总涌动着阵阵酸楚。我觉得您很可怜，也恨自己无能。我下决心要好好学习，将来使您幸福。而今，我连着唯一的心愿也未曾兑现，您就走了，永远地走了！窗外的那片竹啊，只有你知道我的哀思有多深！”

写竹实际上也是写谁呀？写爸爸。“叶尖，微微泛黄，蔫蔫的”，但是怎么样？有壮实的根，是不是？爸爸虽然不能让家里富起来，但是在家里面怎么样？他是顶梁柱，顶着这个家承担着养活全家的责任。你看看是不是他的情融在对竹的描写上？融在对人的描写上？我觉得咱们写作文要这么写。

掌握写作技巧，对写作具有重要的意义，任何否定写作技巧在写作中的客观作用的观点无疑是错误的。小编收集了如何训练写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

第一，写作技巧是实现作者写作意图的重要条件。一般来说，作者的写作活动都具有一定的写作意图。所谓的写作意图，就是指作者打算在文章或作品中表达什么样的生活和思想内容，以及通过这种表达达到什么目的。而要使这一写作意图圆满实现，就必须依靠写作技巧。

第二，写作技巧是构成文学作品艺术性的内在因素。文学作品的艺术性，即文学作品反映社会生活或表达思想感情所达到的完美程度。这种艺术性的取得，决定于作者的世界观、创作方法和写作技巧。在具体的作品中，艺术性表现在作家在一定世界观的指导下，运用各种写作手法，创造出具有审美价值的艺术意境我典型形象，从而给读者带来审美愉悦。文学作品的艺术性虽不同于形式美，但它更多地体现在与内容和谐统一的艺术形式之中，而艺术形式的完美创造，则依靠写作技巧。

那么什么是写作技巧的操作训练呢?

(一)师法生活

生活是写作的源泉，丰富多采的大自然和人类社会，不仅为我们提供了取之不尽的写作材料，而且为我们提供了生动鲜活的关于写作形式与写作技巧的深刻启示。例如，巧合与悬念，往往是某些生活事件展示在人们面前时固有形式或“手法”;对比与映衬，常常是构成大自然优美景观及“艺术”美感的重要因素和“手段”;“人有悲欢离合，月有阴睛圆缺”作文人网 你也可以投稿，人生和自然的规律中寓含着曲折美、变化美、节奏美;“蝉鸣林逾静，鸟鸣山更幽”，常见的景象中包含着动与静相反相成的艺术辨证法则……因此，我们学习写作技巧，必须首先向生活学习。只有勤于观察生活，深入体验生活，才能使自己的写作技巧真正得到提高。

(二)阅读、借鉴

即从古今中外的优秀文章(以及音乐、绘画等艺术形式)中汲取营养。凡优秀的文章，内容和形式的完美程度都较高，其写作技巧往往是娴熟而又富于创造性。多读优秀的文章，在注意思想内容的同时，注意其写作技巧，看作者是运用哪些来表现思想内容，实现写作意图的，并且分析这些写作手法的具体运用情况及其所取得的写作效果。在此基础上，还应结合实际(写作者自身的思想和艺术修养的实际与题材和表现对象的实际)进一步思考，看哪些手法可以“拿来”，经过改造为我所用。这样，久而久之，潜移默化，自己的写作技巧，自然会有所提高。

(三)经常练笔

这是具有本质意义的技巧“操作训练”。清人唐彪写道：“谚云，‘读十篇不如做一篇’。盖常作则机关熟，题虽甚难，为之亦易;不常做，则理路生，题虽甚易，为之则难。沈虹野云：‘文章硬涩由于不熟，不熟由于不多做。’信哉言乎!”多写才能熟，熟才能生巧，这是不可更易的规律，任何企图改变或超越这一规律的人，永远也掌握不了写作技巧，永远也写不出好文章。只有经常写，反复写，才可能在写作者身上固定下一个写作技巧的“概括化系统”，一个“自动化的”写作“行动方式”。懂得了这一点，我们就会懂得那些语言艺术大师们为什么谆谆劝诫“我们大家都应该写、写、写，写得尽量多”了。

写作技巧的掌握是有一个过程的。这个过程可以分为两个阶段。一是“技能”阶段，一是“熟练”阶段。“技能”阶段，是无法之中求有法，能过观察、体验、多读、多写，学习并掌握了一些写作的基本手法，且能将它们运用于写作实践。这是掌握写作技巧的第一阶段。“熟练”阶段，是有法之中求变化。在第一阶段的基础上，进而掌握了包括写作的辨证艺术在内的多种写作手法，并能将它们纯熟自如、富于创造性地运用于写作实践。这是掌握写作技巧的第二阶段。古人说：“学诗当识活法。”“所谓活法者，规矩具备，而能出于规矩之外;变化不测，而亦不背规矩也。”识得“活法”，并能运用“活法”是掌握写作技巧第二阶段的重要标志。

掌握写作技巧，对写作具有重要的意义，任何否定写作技巧在写作中的客观作用的观点无疑是错误的。但是，我们也不能把技巧绝对化，走到唯技巧论的极端。因为，决定文章价值的主要因素，还是内容，脱离了丰富而深刻的内容，文章的审美价值乃至艺术性，也就不复存在了。这一点，尤其应该引起初学写作者的重视。

Mothers Day is a celebration honoring mothers and celebrating

motherhood,maternal bonds and the influence of mothers in society.Its a day to

showthanks to mothers.This festival first appeared in ancient Greece and

modernMothers Day originated in the United States which usually falls on the

secondSunday of May each year.Mothers usually receive gifts on this day

andcarnation is regarded as the flower for mother.In China, the flower formother

is day lily，also known as Nepenthe(忘忧草).In addition, cleaning upthe room, doing

housework and a big dinner are considered to be the bestMothers Day gifts.

英语写作是一种创作性的学习过程。启动知识信息储存，构思立意，谋篇布局，遣词造句，对语言表达的正确性和准确性、思维的逻辑性和文章的条理性都比口语要求更高。通常英语写作有以下几个特点：紧扣教学大纲对考生书面表达的要求;以有指导的写作为主(guidedwriting)，便于考生在短时间内构思成文;突出试题的交际性，考查考生在特定的情景中运用语言的能力;增强试题的实用性，所选话题贴近学生学习生活，为学生所熟悉;看图作文主要考查考生运用所学知识解决实际问题的能力。

一、给写作留有充分的时间

在小升初英语题中， “书面表达”往往是最后一项，有的学生把最后几分钟用在写作上，匆匆了事，这是很不明智的。学生用在写作上的时间应不少于10分钟，力争不丢分，少丢分。

二、认真审题，先打草稿

写之前一定要认真阅读写作要求，切忌见题就写。小升初英语作文主要有两种类型： “提示作文”和 “看图作文”。 “提示作文”一般已经给出要点，而 “看图作文”则需根据图画及提示在很短的时间内将要点列出。把要点列出后，在草稿纸上写提纲，打草稿，就可以看出大概有多少字。在正式往试卷上写之前，根据题目要求适当增减内容，保持卷面整洁。

三、写好简单句，慎用长句

考生要根据所列要点，运用相应的提示词及正确的动词形式在稿纸上写出简单句。考生应熟悉简单句的五种基本句型，尽量使用简单句。在简单句的基础上，根据各句之间的关系适当加上一些连词，使得整篇文章结构紧凑，行文流畅。套用句型，能显示考生的英语基础扎实，提高作文档次。慎用长句是因为其成分多，结构复杂，所以出错的机会也多。考生在没有十足的把握时最好少用或不用长句，以免给自己的作文带来不必要的损失。

四、熟悉各种时态，灵活运用

时态是学习英语语言的难点。考生务必系统地学习初中出现的各种时态，做到灵活运用。在同一篇作文当中，时态要保持一致。

五、切忌中式英语，避免生搬硬套

一些学生因缺乏写作技巧，往往在写英语作文时，根据中文意思堆积英文单词，编造出许多中式英语，结果错误百出，意思表达不清楚，直接影响考试成绩。

六、认真检查和修改，减少错误

做完写作题后要从头至尾读一遍，检查一下文章是否通顺，有无逻辑错误，标点符号、单词拼写和时态运用是否正确，避免笔误。

1)We have (take) pleasure in informing you that......

兹欣告你方......

2)We have the pleasure of informing you that......

兹欣告你方.....

3)We are pleased (glad) to inform you that......

兹欣告你方......

4)Further to our letter of yesterday, we now have (the) pleasure in informing you that......

续谈我方昨日函, 现告你方......

5)We confirm telegrams/fax messages recently exchanged between us and are pleased to say that......

我方确认近来双方往来电报/传真,并欣告......

6)We confirm cables exchanged as per copies (cable confirmation) herewith attached.

我方确认往来电报,参见所附文本.

7)We learn from Messrs......that you are interested and well experienced in ......business, and would like to establish business relationship with us.

我方从...公司获悉,你方对...业务感兴趣且颇有经验,意欲与我方建立业务关系.

8)Although no communication has been exchanged between us for a long time, we trust that you are doing well in business.

虽然久未通讯,谅你方生意兴隆.

9)Although we have not heard from you for quite some time, we hope your business is progressing satisfactorily.

虽然好久没接到你方来信,谅业务进展顺利.

10)We have pleasure in sending you our catalog, which gives full information about our various products.

欣寄我方目录,提供我方各类产品的详细情况。

11)We are pleased to send you by parcel post a package containing...

很高兴寄你一邮包内装...

12)We have the pleasure in acknowledging the receipt of your letter dated...

欣获你方...月...日来信.

13)We acknowledge with thanks the receipt of your letter of...

谢谢你方...月...日来信.

14)We have duly received your letter of ...

刚刚收悉你方...月...日来信.

15)We thank you for your letter of ...contents of which have been noted.

谢谢你方...月...日来信,内容已悉.

16) Refering to your letter of ......we are pleased to ....

关于你方...月...日来信,我们很高兴...

17) Reverting to your letter of ...we wish to say that...

再洽你方...月...日来信,令通知...

18)In reply to your letter of ...,we...

兹复你方...月...日来函,我方...

19) We wish to refer to your letter of ...concerning

现复你方...月...日关于...的来信

20) In compliance with the request in your letter of ... we...

按你方...月...日来函要求,我方...

作文的考试，在事业单位中是必考的，下面是小编整理了事业单位写作指导，欢迎阅读。

事业单位的考试整体来说并不太难，而且考试的内容也较为灵活，但是作文的考试，在事业单位中是必考的，一般被称为“综合能应用能力”主要有两种考试内容，一种是社会热点类，也就是和公务员考试差不多，主要是以半命题作文为主，如围绕“依法治国”写文章。另一类就是哲理类，一般会给一个故事，谈谈其中的感悟。但是万变不离其宗，在这里我们对写作方面的一些共性技巧进行讲解。

第二，我们再来说考试的一些技巧，作文的结构是要重点掌握的，一个篇好文章，一定是逻辑清晰，论证充分，那么就要求我们在结构上要有逻辑性。事业单位的写作，我们还是建议同学先用“五段三分”式的文章进行写作，即：开头，三个分论点，结尾。这个结构的优点就是思路清晰，而且重点突出，在考试中最能够让考官直接看展文章思路，而且这个结构也是相对容易掌握的。另一种就是“六段四分”式。也就是开头，然后过渡段，然后是分论点，最后是结尾。关于过渡段，主要是对于总论点的进一步阐释，将总论点进行展开，但是同学们在写过度段时还要注意，要把这段的主要内容写在前面这样方便阅卷人阅卷。

第三，段落内部的逻辑，如何更好的用论据证明论点，也就是我们经常说的论证方法，很多学生面临问题就是，在学习写作课程之后，知道了一些如“原因分析”“影响分析”“原理效应”等分析方法，但就是在写作的时候不知道如何把这些方法串在一起用，结果出来了文章段落内部逻辑不清楚，这里我们给同学几种常用的论证方法，当然这里要说明的是，这些证方法不是固定的，而是对于初学者来说，在写作时候可以借鉴的，待练习成熟之后，要再学会用一写自己的方法来写作。

方法一：正反论证：正确错误分明，是非曲直明确，给人印象深刻。具体形式为：分论点+正面举例+意义+反面举例+危害+对策(或结论)

方法二：道理论证：理讲得通俗易懂，语言生动形象，容易被人接受。具体形式为：分论点+原理效应+举例+影响分析+结论。

这些论证方法要用的时候要注意一些问题。第一个要注意的问题是：要用正确的观点去统率文章。 第一，论据要正确、合理。鲜明。 不论用哪种方法，每一个分论点段落的论据都是在说这个分论点，和其它分论点无关，要避免段落交叉。第二，分析说理要合乎正确的原则。第三，要善于从“小事”论起，但是不要以叙述代替议论。写作是事业单位考试中的“半壁江山”，也是必考题，所以同学们要好好的复习。