英语作文写作指导之邮件(经典20篇)

一篇文章的结尾，是文章的画龙点睛之处，如何用精简的语言，最精确地总结和概括文章的意思呢?今天，的名师为您总结了5种文章结尾的方式，一起来看看吧。

1、Taking all these factors into consideration， we naturally come to the conclusion that…

把所有这些因素加以考虑，我们自然会得出结论……

2、Taking into account all these factors， we may reasonably come to the conclusion that …

考虑所有这些因素，我们可能会得出合理的结论……

3、Hence/Therefore， we’d better come to the conclusion that …

因此，我们最好得出这样的结论……

4、There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits.

毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点。

5、All in all， we cannot live without … But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise.

总之，我们没有…是无法生活的。但同时，我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题。

有了以上的五种万能的结尾句型，我们在托福写作结尾的时候，就不用啰嗦一大堆又得不到分了。

前补，如“___给我带来了欢喜”。后补，“拥抱__”。补中间，如“在__影响下”。补两边，如“__里的__”。补中前，如“__让__更美丽”。补中后，如“我想让__更__”。但无论是哪一种半命题作文的补题方式，都必须掌握一个诀窍，那就是：充分、合理、高效地利用好两个字“自由”。

半命题作文的考题方式,是将一个完全命题,省去其中的某一局部,使之成为一个不完全命题,省去的某一局部由作者去增补。这种考题方式从本质上讲,只是规定了一个写作框架范畴,而把与立意选材、主题的自由，统统留给了作者。这类题在三个方面给作者以“自由”：

一是重在让考生自由选材。如文题“我渴望__”、“__笑了”、“我爱我的__”等都是这样。做此类题,要在选材上仔细斟酌，以“易下笔、角度新”为原则，多次斟酌，筛选出自己最熟悉、最有意义、最简单好写的材料,补充好题目并实行写作。

二是重在让考生自由立意。如文题“做人要__”、“这堂课真__”、“星期天给我带来的__”、“那天，我真__”等。做这些问题，要以“站得住、立得稳”为原则，认真思虑立意角度，写出自己最真切的感受，表达自己的思想与情感。

三是既重自由选材，又重自由立意。如文题“当代科技带来的__”等。做此类题，要把它看成一篇自由拟题作文来写，把选材、立意、构思放在一起，统筹思考，合理安排结构，胸有成竹之后再落笔成文。

需要注意的几个问题：

一、填补题目要注意主谓宾搭配巧妙而合理，半命题作文基本涵盖了一个单据的框架结构，只是有时主谓宾俱在，有时略去了主语或者宾语其中的一个，只要搭配不超出语法结构要求就是合理。

二、补充部分角度不宜过大。比如“在__前”这一题目，有的考生写出了《在历史的大门前》，看似不错，但角度太大，弄不好就写成了一片历史的流水账。如改成《在圆明园的废墟前》，同样以历史为主题，切入点就变得具体而容易下笔了。

三、补题要彰显涵盖主题与思想，不能信马由缰，漫无目的。否则，补足的题目看似绝妙，但却是蚂蚁吃西瓜，无处下手，只能给自己徒增烦恼。

四、不能突破原题所给与的框架。半命题作文题只给考生一半的自由，也便是说，考生在完成命题时，还受到必定的要求。

再有的文题也有一大段笔墨，但这段笔墨的作用只是提示而不是要求(它没有要求必定要写哪一方面的内容)。如下面一个文题：

家庭给我的__(家庭给我们的有爱、有暖和、有教益，大概还会有烦恼和难过……)

这样的题目且其面面俱到，那样反而会尾大不掉了，你在哪个方面感应最深，就从哪个方面下笔，专其一项即可。

I.习作要求：

目前，全国各地都在大力实施素质教育，但是，学生课业负担过重的问题依然存在。请根据提示，用英语写一篇短文，对过重的课业负担予以评论。

内容要点如下：1.许多老师给学生留过多的课外作业，使学生大伤脑筋。2.学了一天，学生感到疲乏。3.应该休息，放松放松，诸如锻炼锻炼、唱唱歌等等。4.做太多的作业损害学生身心健康，益处不大。很多学生变成了近视眼。5.许多学生学了过时的知识，他们需要的是信息社会所要求的技能和创造力。6.应该采取切实措施，促进学生全面发展。

注意：1.词数：120个左右。

2. 提示词：放松relaxation;创造力creative power;全面发展develop in all-around way。

II. 学生习作：

III. 教师点评：

本文习作者抓住了提示作文的写作特点，所有的提示都能用上，不落俗套，没有逐句去翻译。成功地运用了一些语法难句，诸如被动语态、现在完成时、动词不定式及从句(What they need most)。在词语的用法上，虽有一些错误，但并不影响文章的整篇意义。纵观全文，作者对过重的课业负担予以评论，论点明确，论证有力，成功地运用了such as。这是一篇很好的作文。希望作者继续努力，力争写出更好的作文来。

现在是各大学校放寒假的时间，年后要参加中考的同学们要注意了，趁着假期要好好恶补一下英语哦，下面是小编收集整理的中考英语作文写作指导，希望对您有所帮助。

最近几年的中考英语当中，很多省市已经摆脱了单一作文模式，采用一大一小两个作文相结合的模式。例如，去年辽宁沈阳中考英语作文就是一个小作文，应用文-写假条，加上一个大作文，汉语提示作文构成。今年，北京中考英语作文也将是两个，一个看图作文在加上一个提示作文构成。这一讲，我们先来学习一下看图作文的写法。

看图作文要求考生按照所给图画，通过合理的联想将一组画面的内容正确地表达出来。看图作文与其他类型作文的不同之处在于，它除了要求考生有英语语言表达能力，还要求考生有观察能力、分析能力和想象能力。

写好看图作文应注意的事项1、结合文字提示，正确理解图意。一般情况下，看图作文在提供图画的同时也附带有简要的文字提示，我们可以利用文字提示去正确地理解图意，得到要点。切忌孤立地看图而忽视文字提示。

写作从图画的细节出发。所谓细节，就是指图画中的人物、事件、地点、环境、时间、动作等。依据图画细节，就可以把图画的内容用英语具体而生动地表达出来了。

例题分析(例题)

同学们，看到下面的四幅图片及相应的报道后，你感到最担忧的是哪两种情形?请简述你担忧的理由并提出建议或希望。

要求：

⒈ 从所给素材中任选两种情形进行阐述，不可多选或少选。

⒉ 条理清楚，意思连贯，语句通顺，标点正确;

⒊ 词数 80 ～ 100。

参考词汇： 建议 suggest v. suggestion n.

气体 gas n. 污染 pollution n.

THE POLLUTIONS

① One third of the worlds people dont have enough clean water.

② More and more diseases are caused by polluted air.

③ People are disturbed quite often by kinds of noises.

④ Every person in our city makes about 1.8 kilos of rubbish every day.

这道看图作文题，主题和图片连接得不是很紧密。从考查的形式上来说，虽是看图，实质上却属于提示性的作文。这个作文应该结合个人的观点，选择的余地还是很大的。做这个题应该注意几个方面：

1、认真读题。注意，题目虽然给了四幅图，但是却只要求写其中的两个就行。

2、题意要求的是阐述个人的观点-最担忧的两种情形。而不是对图片进行描述。

3、结合所给的提示。提示中，对每种污染都进行了阐述，考生可以这些描述进行写作。

4、注意字数，语法，拼写等，避免错误。

下面是两个例文，大家可以参考一下。

One possible version:

The environment is becoming worse and worse. There are many kinds of pollution I worry about. The most serious two are water pollution and air pollution, because people cant live healthily with dirty water and polluted air, nor can animals. More and more diseases are caused by polluted air.

I think factories should not pour dirty water into the river directly or produce more waste gas. Wed better go on foot or by like instead of by car, because more cars mean more waste gas. We should make our world more and more beautiful.

Another possible version:

The first fact I worry about is noise pollution. People cant sleep well if there is too much noise. Thats why so many people prefer to live in the countryside rather than live in the noisy city. I suggest all the factories and cars shouldnt make terrible noises. If they make terrible noise that isnt allowed, they will be fined, and we can also produce the cars which cant make terrible noise.

The other pollution is rubbish pollution. If everyone makes so much rubbish, one day we may live in a world filled with rubbish. Some people throw the waste paper about. I suggest rubbish should be put into different kinds of dustbins or paper bags.

下面，我们来看看这道题的评分标准。一般来说，各地的评分标准都和下面的这个标准差不多。这个最高的标准，实际上也就是我们写作的目标。

评分标准：

1. 内容完整，语句流畅，无语法错误，书写规范，给9-10分;

2. 内容较完整，语句较流畅，基本无语法错误，书写较规范，给6-8分;

3. 内容不完整，语句欠流畅，语法错误较多，书写较规范，给3-5分;

4. 只写出个别要点，语法错误较多，书写欠规范，只有个别句子可读或不知所云，给0-2分。

看图作文不可小视。希望大家掌握答好这种题型的要点，并积累词汇。

Most of us look away when we pass strangers. It is the expectional person who stops to help the woman maneuvering her kids and groceries up the staircase. We rarely give up in line or on the subway or bus. Locked into our automobiles, we prefer gridlock to giving way.

当我们与陌生人擦肩而过时，多数人往往把目光移开。要是有人停下来帮妇女哄她的小孩和帮她把食品搬上楼梯，反而会被人看成另类。无论是排队还是乘地铁或公共汽车，我们很少让位于他人。坐在自己的汽车里，我们宁愿堵塞交通也不愿给人让路。

These daily encounters, when they are angry or alien, diminish our lives. When they are pleasant, we feel buoyed. Yet when we sit at home and make resolutions, we think about what we can accomplish in private spaces：home, work. Too many have given up the belief that they control the shared, the public world.

这些日常接触，要是气冲冲的或是使人反感的，那便会减少我们生活的乐趣，要是它们令人愉快，那便会使我们精神振奋。然而，当我们坐在家里做出各种决定的时候，我们考虑的仅是在个人天地--家庭和工作里可以实现的目标。太多的人已经放弃了他们也管理着共享的、公共的世界这一信念。

As individuals we can change the contour of a day, the mood of a moment, the way people feel. The demolition and reconstruction of public life is the result of personal decisions made every day：the decision to give up a seat on the bus;the decision to be patient or pleasant against all odds;the decision to let that jerk take a left-hand turn from a right-hand lane without rolling down the window and calling him a jerk.

作为众人的一员，我们可以改变一天的面貌，一时的情绪，以及人们对某件事的感觉。公共生活的毁坏和重建是人们每日所做的种种个人决定的综合结果。这些决定包括：公共汽车上让座，面对逆境而能容忍或具有乐观精神;让那个笨蛋从右车道往左拐而不摇下车窗骂他蠢货。

Its the resolution to be a civil, social creature. This may be a peak period for the battle against the spread of a waistline and creeping cholesterol. But it is also within our will power to fight the spread of urban rudeness and creeping hostility. Civility doesnt stop nuclear holocaust and doesnt put a roof over the head of the homeless. But it makes a difference in the shape of a community, as surely as lifting weights can make a difference in the shape of a human torso.

这是做一个文明的、社会的人的决定。今天也许是人们为减少腰围和降低胆固醇而斗争的高峰期。然而，反对城市野蛮行为和人际敌对态度的蔓延，也是我们只要愿做就能做到的事。有礼貌不能制止核战争，也不能为无家可归者提供栖身之所，但它的确能改变一个社会群体的面貌，犹如举重定能改变一个人的体形一样。

指导要点

打破常规描写植物的模式，写生活中让自己感兴趣的植物，写植物最为独特有趣的地方，让观察描写植物成为生活中一件饶有趣味的事情。

写在前面

钢筋水泥混凝土构筑的城市，让我们的同学和植物渐渐陌生。爱护花草树木的公共美德，让我们的孩子和花草不再亲近。二十年前的我们，可以用钩子扯下一嘟噜槐花，坐在树下细细的吃蜜；可以捋下一把凤仙花，捣烂了用来染指甲；可以摘成把成把的芦苇，放在窗台上看着芦花快乐飘洒……可是，现在的孩子们，早已不会和植物游戏，于是，笔下的植物就没有了鲜活的生命，成了枯燥无味的解剖。

发现植物的可爱之处

亲爱的孩子们，你们喜欢身边的花花草草吗？也许你们的回答会不一样。但是，跟我到植物乐园里来走一趟，你一定会爱上他们。先摘一朵蒲公英，轻轻地吹一口气，看，漫天的小绒伞飘飘悠悠。再扯一片槐树叶子，抿在唇边，轻轻运气，听，清亮的声音飘向远方。拔两根小草，你一根，我一根，挤出茎中的汁液聚于顶端，看谁能把对方的汁液吸过来。拽两片荷叶，你一片，我一片，顶在头上，我们不再怕骄阳……你是否已经发现，身边的植物真得很可爱，你是否也迫不及待想告诉我，你曾经也吃过迎春花的蜜，也让含羞草低过头。对了，这才是我们身边的植物，它们一直以来就是孩子们的朋友和玩伴！

可是，为什么我们的笔下，那些植物就不那么可爱呢？

因为，你从没想过要告诉别人他们的可爱之处。不信，你看：有人总是喜欢选择高大的树，写它的一年四季。我们熟悉，其实却不欢喜。有人爱写奇花异草，虽然珍稀，但了解甚少，让人觉得了无生趣。有人观察特别仔细，根、茎、叶、花、果实、种子，一一巨细，自己写得都觉得没意义。

写作，其实是对生活观察的一种书面表达。只有了解的，熟悉的，热爱的，才会写得生动。你只有选择了自己真正了解的、喜爱的、觉得颇有趣味的植物，才能将你的文字和植物的生命融合在一起，谱出有个性的植物之歌。

描摹植物的特别之处

写植物的样子和写人物外貌一样，不需要面面俱到。因为我们无法掘地三尺挖出它的根来看个究竟，也不可能从发芽观察到结果。我们要告诉别人的是你最关注的那个部分，记住，是你最关注的，而不是别人！比如说，龟背竹，有的人关注的是它漂亮的叶子，而你却对它的气根感兴趣，那么你就把重点放在气根上。再比如，你觉得玫瑰和月季很像，可是总分不清它们，那么你就把重点放在它们的对比上。这总比循规蹈矩地写茎、叶、花来得有趣。有些爱研究的同学喜欢查资料，把自己对植物的疑惑全都解开，这是个非常好的习惯。可是在写作的时候，可不要把自己的文章变成了科普宣传，用最少的文字说清楚，往往会起到画龙点睛的效果。如果长篇累牍的摘抄只能是画蛇添足。

回忆植物带来的快乐

写好一篇文章有一个很重要的因素，那就是自己的情感。一个与自己毫无干系的植物，我相信你写出来也精彩不到哪里去。但是，如果，你的生活中有它的快乐影子，那么，你的快乐就会感染读者，你笔下的植物就会有自己的生命。有个学生写过一篇关于荷叶的文章。文中没有“接天莲叶无穷碧”的感慨，也没有朱自清《荷塘月色》中的经典再现，有的只是在巨大荷叶后面与外婆躲猫猫的淘气，有的只是撑着一顶荷叶让水珠在里面滑滑梯的天真。多么亲切，多么快乐，一下子把我带到了我的童年。这样的文章才是我们孩子自己的文章啊！

植物有自己的生命，让它在我们的文字中绽放笑容吧！

[有关状物作文写作指导

写作是最灵活的一种测试形式。写自己提前准备的表达是提分最有效的利器。下面是语文迷为大家提供的高分英语写作方法，希望对你有帮助。

一、“功能段落”突破CET写作

“To be or not to be: that is a question。”莎士比亚如是说。冲刺阶段，背模板还是不背?我的答案：背，但绝不是盲目地背。

整篇背诵模板不是最有效的方法，因为模板的写作思路是固定的，然而很多时候试题的命题思路可能与所背模板思路不同。因此，可能导致“所背非所考”，甚至导致文不对题，生搬硬套。

但是，无论四六级写作话题如何变化，一般都对应三个或两个汉语提纲。只要按提纲要求去写相应的内容段落，就做到了紧扣主题。历年写作提纲可以总结为六种功能段落：现象描述、危害分析(弊)、原因分析、建议措施、观点阐述(观点的本质为利弊：支持方观点等于分析“利”，反方观点等于分析“弊”)、意义阐述(利)。

下面，结合近年真题展示功能段落内容：

2011-06：Online Shopping

1.现在网上购物已成为一种时尚

2.网上购物有很多好处，但也有不少问题

3.我的建议

解析：本次四级作文对应四个段落分别是：现象、观点(利、弊)和建议。该类作文可以被称之为：观点对比型作文，对比的内容重点在利弊分析上。

2010-12：How Should Parents Help Children to Be Independent?

1. 目前不少父母为孩子包办一切

2. 为了让孩子独立， 父母应该……

解析：该题目只有两个提纲：现象和建议，可以添加一个功能段落：原因。这样这篇作文就是“三段论”的形式：提出问题(负面现象描述)、分析问题(原因)、建议措施段。2010年6月CET也属于该种那类型。

2009-12：Creating a Green Campus

1. 建设绿色校园很重要

2. 绿色校园不仅指绿色的环境……

3. 为了建设绿色校园，我们应该……

解析：该段对应提纲如下：意义阐述(即分析：利或好处)、现象描述(解释绿色校园环境之外的因素)、建议措施段。

综合以上分析，六种功能段落已经涵盖住了以上考试的所有提纲。因此，如果能够掌握住六种功能段落的写作实际就掌握了四六级考试写作考题的最本质特征。那样的话，无论题目如何变化，我们准备都是有的放矢的。反观，死背模板容易导致生搬硬套，甚至文不对题。

二、写作短期提分方略

在了解了四六级考试在命题特点的基础上，考生在冲刺阶段最需要准备的是两个内容：思路和表达。思路解决怎么写的问题，表达解决写什么的问题。如果拿到一个作文题目，你知道应该按照什么思路去写，又知道应该写什么表达，这篇作文就已经成功了一半。

思路点拨：在本人所讲授的基础班、强化班、精品班等不同班型上都曾讲授到现象、原因、建议、利弊、观点分析时的逻辑：“一个中心，四个基本点”。具体内容：“以孩子(学生、事件)为中心，以家长[微博](老师、相关人员)、家庭(学校、管理机构)、社会、法规(道德意识)为基本点”。

试举例说明：以2010年12月真题为例，主题为子女教育话题。谈到子女，必然涉及到家长，孩子和家长组成家庭，千千万万的家庭组成社会，是什么在维护着社会稳定?法规和道德意识。这样我们就找到了可以入手去分析的五个方面：孩子、家长、家庭、社会、法规道德意识。如何使用这五个方面?比如分析家长溺爱孩子原因时至少可以从家长意识、家庭结构变化、社会背景角度去分析。

同理，2010年6月话题为学生英语学习，可从学生自身、教师教学、学校教学政策角度去分析。那么，如果主题不是孩子也不是学生，怎么分析?2011年6月主题为网络购物，分析时就以该事件为中心，可以想到相关人或物(买方：customers/clients/shoppers;卖方：online shops/stores;中间方：支付宝、淘宝等)，其管理机构(政府)、社会背景，相关法规是否健全等。

“一个中心，四个基本点”的分析逻辑形成一种立体化网状结构，考生运用该思维模式，只要能想到其中两到三点，思路问题即可迎刃而解。建议童鞋们首先将该思路背诵下来，以备将来可以在考场上灵活应用。

表达积累

表达分为四个层次：词句段篇。其中篇章层面只要按照提纲要求去组织文章即可，因此篇章方面不足为虑。段落方面按照“功能段落”的六种形式去识别，也小菜一碟。

词和句是表达的基本元素，也是语言质量的根本体现。在新东方教书的这几年中和参加四六级考试阅卷的经历中，看过无数学生的作文，深感学生词句方面能力的薄弱。同时结合过往教学中的成功案例，提出冲刺阶段表达积累的高效途径。

背写：思路+表达

很多同学考前也在背，背的滚瓜烂熟，脱口而出，觉得自己水平很牛!上了考场也顺利将文章写了出来，却得了一个很低的分数，为什么?因为单词都拼错了。冲刺阶段，请牢记：口头背诵得再好不等于能够写对。背写是提高写作和翻译唯一也是最有效的方法。

那么，背写什么内容哪?答案是思路和表达。思路上文中已有论述，遣词和造句的表达方面应该紧密结合功能段落来背诵有效句式和用词。考生不必刻意追求适用难词，但可以将常见词汇稍作替换：如，

exceedingly, extremely, intensely替换very;an army of/a great many/a host of 替换a lot of;advancement 替换 development; positive, favorable, promising(有希望的)， perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding, superior替换good; give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause; harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that替换think; beneficial, rewarding替换helpful; bear in mind that替换remember; enjoy, possess替换have; shopper, client, consumer, purchaser替换customer……

表达精彩体现在三个方面：遣词、造句、连贯。大家可以结合以下例文感受这三个方面：

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minute to write a short essay on the topic of To Help or Not to Help. You should write at least 120 words following the outline given bellow:

1. 帮助别人是一种美德

2. 但是帮助陌生人容易使自己陷入麻烦

3. 我的看法

首段阐述意义：In contemporary society, it should be a virtue for individuals to offer help to those who are in need. Without this morality, it is impossible for the society to be named “Harmony”. Apparently enough, it is of great importance/ significance/ value/ benefits for people to help each other, especially in difficulties。

二段描述负面现象：However, a host of people find it hard or troublesome to offer helps to strangers. We have been frequently informed that(A typical example is that) a warmhearted man —who lends a hand to an old lady—gets himself in trouble. Since helping others may trigger trouble, a few people refuse to offer help timely. And if we let/allow this situation to continue as it is now, we would not know where civilized society will be in the forthcoming future。

尾段我的看法或建议：As college students, we should bear in mind this virtue. However, it is essential that regulations should be worked out to support this virtue. In addition, it is suggested that we should offer aid to strangers in a safe way, such as dialing 12o or 110 for help. If we try our utmost to do so, the future of our society/ civilization will be promising, hopeful and rosy. (以上范文字数为202词，请自己酌情删减即可)

三、冲刺复习安排建议

总体原则：先背再写、阶段总结、适当模拟。

先背再写：基础较差同学一定要先背一些功能句式和教材相关范文，然后模仿该作文的思路和表达去写。背写的目的是积累语言表达实力，同时练习书写的公正和优美。建议书写较差的考生买本英语字帖练一下书写，也许你会有意外的惊喜。

阶段总结：每过一周就要问自己几个问题：所背诵的表达可以用来写什么类型的文章?该类文章的相关词汇或表达有什么?关键词如何避免重复?请记住：没有复习，没有巩固。

适当模拟：在熟练掌握背写了六种功能段落的思路和表达之后，可以结合适当题目在写作中运用所讲所背所总结提分词汇、句式。建议大家能够灵活运用，做到一例多用。比如我在多个班上讲过的关于英语学习的话题作文，可以写13次四级考试的作文。

题目：On English Learning

提纲：1. 英语学习很重要;2. 英语者所面临的困难;3. 如何学好英语

In contemporary world, English learning has gained great popularity and it is of great significance. (主题句) Firstly, based on a survey, a majority of tourists acknowledge that they prefer to speak English when traveling around the world. (调查法表述)Secondly, compared with the poor English speakers, good English-speakers are superior in many ways. (比较模板句式)

However, English learners may have a variety of difficulties or troubles in their learning. (主题句) For example, it can be noticed that a large number of students have difficulty memorizing words. Sometimes, it is difficult for them to understand the rules of grammar. In addition, though some are good at reading or writing, they can not express themselves freely in English。

Then, how to get a good command of (学好) this language? I am convinced that practice makes perfect. Only practice can enable one to speak and write fluently. And it is also through practice that one can master the rules of grammar and remember words, and there is no other way. (强调句式)

[摘要]作为国家选拔人才的考试，每一个考生都必须按照同一的命题要求来写作，否则就不好比较了。说得简单些，就是叫你写什么，你就得写什么，千万不能我行我素，否则便是“跑题”。

一、准确地审题

作为国家选拔人才的考试，每一个考生都必须按照同一的命题要求来写作，否则就不好比较了。说得“白”一些，就是叫你写什么，你就得写什么，千万不能我行我素，否则便是“跑题”。跑题，意味着彻底失败。当47万考生都在比赛“排球”时，你却偏偏去踢“足球”，即使踢得有如马拉多纳，也是无效的。 审题失误的主要原因是“粗心”。考生朋友必须定下心来，一字一句把命题看清楚，千万不能慌慌张张地“扫描”。临场怎样默读?大体上讲，乃是一个词、一个词地“慢”读!譬如：请以—尝试—为题—写—一篇—记叙文，不得—少于—800字。这是审题的一种好技巧，可以强迫你把题目全部看清楚。如此阅读，目的是找出“关键词”，吃透“关键词”。关键词是命题老师下达指令的最主要的载体，决不能等闲视之。2003年的关键词，是“情感亲疏”的“亲疏”和“认知事物”的“认知”;2004年的关键词，是“山的沉稳”的“沉稳”和“水的灵动”的“灵动”。你把这些关键词抓住了，你的立意和构思就不会滑到其它地方去了。

关键词找出来了，你最好用铅笔轻轻把它圈出来，以强化自己的定向注意，免得心中一慌，丢三忘四。那一年考两幅漫画的比较，有4个关键词——“欣赏”、“比较”、“更”、“理由”，许多考生都看出来了，但下笔时一乱，便丢了其中的一两个，成绩大受影响。如果用铅笔圈出来了，有一种可视的“物质”依托，你就不会“黑熊掰玉米”——掰一个丢一个了。

二、辨析几种作文模式

从1999年起，江苏考生连续6年面对“话题作文”。有人问我：今年考不考“话题”了?我说：6月7日上午准知道。用意很明白，即不要猜题、押题，只要从多方面准备好了，临场一定有底气。

一般说来，高考(课程)作文的模式主要有3种：话题作文，材料作文，命题作文。下面分别做一些说明。

①话题作文。

只要题干中有“请以______为话题”一语，你便可立即认定：此乃“话题作文”。话题作文的“材料”，只是命题者的一种“启发”和“提示”，仅供参考。它的关键部位是引号(“……”)中的那些文字，这是明确的、法定的指令，大家都得遵照。所以，我恳请47万考生朋友一定要把引号里的每个字、每个词看清楚，想明白，然后再立意、构思、行文。话题作文可以不使用考卷上提供的“材料”(如去年的哲理散文诗，前年的智子疑邻寓言)，而且鼓励考生挣脱“材料”，开辟新的天地。说得再具体一些，即你的文章中可以不涉及“材料”的内容，但必须直接与引号中的词语相关。再者，“话题”本身不是文题，你应当自己拟定一个好题目;直接把话题拿来作标题，效果肯定不妙。

②材料作文。

这种模式，多年不用了，但生命力还在。不可忽视。如果题干中没有“话题”二字，你就得小心了，应当想一想：这究竟是什么作文?1999年高考作文没有“话题”二字，但却是“话题作文”，它的表述是：“请以“假如记忆可以移植”为作文内容的范围，写一篇文章”。这一年，江苏阅卷点发明了“话题作文”一说，第二年全国命题移植过去了，从此风靡天下!一般说来，材料作文的命题表述是：请阅读以下材料，根据材料，自选角度，自拟标题，联系实际，写一篇文章(记叙文或议论文)。材料作文的“材料”，是考生写作的根本依据，所以这类作文在行文时必须紧扣“材料”;如果通篇没有提到“材料”，那就严重违背命题要求了。这，正好与“话题作文”相反。材料作文既要紧扣“材料”，又不能大段复述材料，比较顺当的做法是：一开始，交待一句“读了以上材料，我想到了什么什么”，然后进入正文;在正文写作中，可以适时回顾、点击一下“材料”。

看图作文是以图画或图表来提供目的、对象、时间、地点、内容等情景，要求作者借助图画，通过联想将一组画面的直观内容转换成传神达意的文字形式，用于反映图中所表现的思想内容。

从写作体裁上看，可说明介绍，可叙事记人、可写景状物，也可以发表议论。

1.仔细审题、弄清题目要求

看图作文主要考查考生的观察能力、分析能力、想象能力、创造能力和语言表达能力。

想写好看图作文，必须遵循以下步骤：

首先，必须通读试题中的每一个字，认真观察所给的每一幅图画，正确理解提示所提出的各种要求，从而明确作文的中心思想，判断文章的类型、特点，了解文章的重点内容，力求切中题意。

2.审好图，确定要素

认真观察图中的故事发生于何时?何地?图中的人物为何人?他们做了什么事情?结果如何?

3.考虑用恰当的词语、句型和时态

弄懂了图上的大意后，在内心构思一个基本的框架，考虑用什么样的句型、词语、时态来充分表达文章的内容，尽可能用你熟悉的词语或句型，力求语言准确、意思明了。

4.列出要点，组织语言

在认真审题、弄清题意的基础上，我们应逐个完整无误地把内容要点列出来，我们可以在每幅图画的旁边用简单的词语标出其所表达的要点，这样，既可以提醒自己不要漏写了要点，又能防止过分发挥。接着就可以将内容要点译成英文词语或句子，以便下一步组织语言，形成短文。要注意使用适当的连接词或过渡性语句，以使上下文更为连贯，过渡自然。

5.详细得当

对一些细节方面的内容，如果是文章必不可少的细节，在写作时不可将这些细节忽略;如果是可有可无的细节，则可视具体情况进行增删。因此，我们在审图时，一定要注意各图中的一些细节内容，看其是否影响文章的内容。

6.仔细检查、修改

文章写完后，应进行必要的检查、修改，力求全文内容表达准确、完整，并最大限度减少错误。

具体从如下做起：

(1)核对图中要点是否有遗漏;

(2)时态、语态是否正确;

(3)文章句、段、篇是否连贯;

(4)用词是否得当、词数是否符合要求;

(5)单词大小写、拼写、标点是否准确无误。

最后提醒大家：一篇好的作文不但要内容写得好，字迹也要美观、工整、漂亮。

开头部分:

How nice to hear from you again. Let me tell you something about the activity. I’m glad to have received your letter of Apr. 9th. I’m pleased to hear that you’re coming to China for a visit. I’m writing to thank you for your help during my stay in America.

结尾部分：

With best wishes. I’m looking forward to your reply. I’d appreciate it if you could reply earlier.

在我的眼中，我的家乡就是一个美丽的缤纷世界。

春天，我的家乡是一个碧绿的世界。门前的一排排大树吐出了嫩绿的枝芽，大地就像铺上了一层绿毯，草丛里开着五颜六色的野花。青青的草，鲜艳的花，连空气都是甜甜的。

夏天，我的家乡是一个凉爽的世界。一排排大树枝叶茂盛，就像一把把遮阳伞，人们在树下乘凉，唠着家常。小朋友们在池塘边玩耍，嬉戏。清凉的水让我们更加凉爽了。

秋天，家乡是一个金黄的世界。树上的叶子变黄了，渐渐落了下来，像一群群蝴蝶翩翩起舞。金黄的玉米，香甜的瓜果都成熟了。农民伯伯们忙着秋收，脸上洋溢着灿烂的笑容。

冬天大雪过后，我的家乡更是变成了银白的世界。放眼望去，一片洁白，是那样的纯净。小朋友在雪地上打雪仗，堆雪人，玩得热火朝天。

我爱我的家乡，我爱这个缤纷多彩的世界。

导语：英语作文也是需要日积月累的练习的，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的优秀英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. We re often told that ......But is this really the case ?

我们经常被告知......但事实真是这样吗?

2. People used to ......however , things are quite different today .

过去，人们习惯......但,今天的情况有很大的不同。

3.some people think that ......Others believe that the opposite is true . There is probably some truth in both sides.But we must realize that ......

一些人认为......另一些人持相反意见。也许双方的观点都有一定道理。但是我们必须认识到......

4.Recognizing a problem is the first step in finding a solution .

认识到问题是找到解决办法的第一步。

5. It is another new and bitter truth we must learn to face .

这是一个我们必须学会面对的痛苦的新情况。

6. In short , we must work hard to make the world a better place .

简而言之，为了把世界变成更美好的地方，我们必须勤奋工作。

7.Lost time is never found again.

岁月既往，一去不回。

8.Everybody should have a dream.

每个人都该有个梦想.

9.Hope for the best, but prepare for the worst.

抱最好的愿望,做最坏的打算。

10.Failure is the mother of success.

失败乃成功之母。

11.Lets look on the bright side.

让我们往好处想吧。

比喻就是打比方，是用具体的、浅显的、熟知的事物去说明或描写抽象的、深奥的、生疏的事物的一种修辞手法。写文章如果能适当地加点比喻，将使语言更加鲜明、生动、形象，使深刻的、抽象的道理浅显地具体地体现出来。

一、分析成分

提到比喻句的组成，很多孩子都会不假思索地回签“本体”、“喻体”、“比喻词”。

如：满世界都是雨，头顶的岩石像为我撑起的巨伞。这句话中本体是“岩石”，喻体是“巨伞”，比喻词是“像”。

又如“红红的枫叶像一枚枚邮票。”本体是“枫叶”，喻体是“邮票”，比喻词是“像”。对比喻句成分的分析，看似非常简单，但书面练习或检测中却不会这么直白地问你“本体”、“喻体”、“比喻词”是什么。通常会出现这样提问：本句把比作。那么，孩子们就要懂得这种问法的解答方法。即把“本体”放前“喻体”放后来回答。结合刚才的例句就是：第一句把岩石比作巨伞，第二句把枫叶比作邮票。另外，还有一种问法，即“用 比喻”，它的答法则刚好相反，即把喻体放前本体放后来回答。即第一句用巨伞比喻岩石，第二句用邮票比喻枫叶。这两种问法都是分析比喻句成分的常用形式。因此，孩子们要扎实掌握，灵活运用。这种问法也是在为高年级时分析比喻手法做准备。

二、体会作用

比喻能给人以生动亲切之感，这种感觉我们如何用语言表达出来呢?如孩子们经常遇到这种题型：

问题：啊，老桥，你如一位德高望重的老人，在这涧水上站了几百年了啊?这句话用了修辞手法，这种表达的效果好在哪?

分析：

1.这个句子把老桥比作老人，用了比喻的修辞手法。

2.回答比喻的好处，一般从两个方面来作答。一是写清作者写了什么;二要写出自己读的受。结合本句，从“老”字体现了桥的年代久，从“桥”的使用价值来看，它是用来载人为人众服务的。“德高望重”一词的意思是品德高尚，名望很大。综合对词语的理解，我们可以这样回答本句比喻手法的好处：作者生动形象地写出了桥的古老和它默默无闻为大众服务的品质，表达了作者对桥的赞美和敬佩。这里要重点强调这样的语式：作者生动形象地写出了;表达(表现了)。这样的语句很自然地把两方面内容串联在了一起。

再举个例子，让大家感受一下。

忽然，像被一阵风吹来似的，远处的小丘上出现了一群马，马上的男女老少穿着各色的衣裳，群马疾驰，襟飘带舞，像一条彩虹向我们飞过来。

分析：这句话把“各色的衣裳，飞驰的骏马，飘舞的衣襟、衣带”统一作为一个本体出现，那么整理后我们可以说，本句的“本体”是蒙古族友人远道迎客的景象，那么本句就是把这些景物比作彩虹，这样写的好处是作者生动、形象地写出了蒙古族友人远道迎客的场景，表达了他们对汉族朋友的热情好客。

三、学会仿写

低年级学生的比喻句通常来源于课文中的优美语句，因此语言简单，结构短小，如：太阳像火球、月亮像小船。

可是随着年级的升高，本应越写越精彩的比喻句却出现了非常尴尬的局面。很多高年级的学生，在答题时依然在写低年级时非常简单的句子。为了考察高年级学生语词积累和运用能力，同时也为了避免“低智”的句子出现，现在的比喻句多以“仿写”的形式出现，即“照样子写句子。”对于仿写，我们要牢牢把握两点。

1.结构要正确

如：雨像一曲无字的歌谣，神奇地四面八方飘然而起。

这个句子分前后两部分，前半部把雨比作歌谣，后半部写了歌谣飘然而起的景象。那么我们的仿写也要分前后两部分。

又如：索溪像一个从深山中蹦跳而出的野孩子，一会儿绕着山奔跑，一会儿撅着屁股，堵着气又自个闹去了。

这句话分两个部分，前半部用野孩子比喻索溪，后半部分采用并列关系，用两个“一会儿”写出了索溪淘气的行为，那我们仿写同样要采用这样的结构。

2.搭配要合理

前两个例句让我们清晰地看到，一个比喻句要做到生动形象，除了要有精彩的喻体外，作者还要对喻体进行了进一步详细地补充：山雨的静谧，索溪的淘气劲儿都是作者通过补充描写展现出来的。由此可见，后面补充的句子，特别是动词一定要与喻体相搭配。下面结合孩子的仿写，做进一步说明。

原句：啊，老桥，你如一位德高望重的老人，在这涧水上站了几百年了吧!

仿写：啊，老师，你如一位辛勤的园丁，哺育着我们这些刚刚发芽的幼苗。

分析：仿写句子的结构是正确的，但“哺育”不是园丁的行为，因此搭配“园丁”是不会理的。

改写：啊，老师，你如一位辛勤的园丁，精心浇灌着我们这些刚刚发芽的幼苗。

分析：“浇灌”是“园丁”发出的动作，这样的搭配就比较合适了。

再举个例子：

原句：雨像一曲无字的歌谣，神奇地从四面八方飘然而起。

仿写：风像妈妈温柔的手，轻轻地抚摸着孩子们。

分析：句子结构正确，“抚摸”搭配“手”合理，正确。

今天，我从三个方面分析了比喻句，一般来说这也是有关比喻句的出题类型，希望能给你带来帮助。

训练指导者方针的好坏是一个前提条件。合理地设置训练程序，使英语习作从初级到高级沿着一条循序渐进，由简到多的进程发展是成功训练者必须具备的指导思想。本篇认为，在习作训练的初期，应采纳一条从有材料可依的习作方式过渡到脱离本本进行自由写作方式的途径。从有材可依到元材可依的训练过程应包括三个阶段：

一、短文缩写(Summary)阶段。

短文缩写可以是就所学课文进行缩写，也可以采用其它阅读材料，但要求被缩写的材料难易程度不超过所学课本。被用于进行缩写的课文或其它材料必须观点明确，层次分明，叙述有条理。缩写时应做到简明扼要，抓住重点，不要拖泥带水，没有主次。初学阶段的被缩写材料不宜太长，以不超一千词为佳，缩写文以不超过2m词为佳。以下就一篇短文进行缩写，限于篇幅，短文内容有所节略。

Most shops in Britain open at 9.00 a.m. and close at 5.00 or 5.30 in the evening. Small shopsusually close for an hour at lunchtime. On one or two days a week-usually Thursday and/or Friday-some large food shops stay until about 8.00 p.m. for late night shopping.

Many shops are closed in the afternoon on one day a week. The days is usually Wednesday orThursday and it is a different day in different towns. Nearly all shops are closed on Sunday. News-paper shops are open in the morning, and sell sweets and cigarettes as well. But there are legal restrictions on selling many things on Sundays. Many large food shops(supermarkets)are self-service. When you go into one of these shops you take a basket and you put the things you wish to buy into it. You queue up at the cash-desk and pay for everything just before you leave. If anyone tries to take things from a shop without paying they are almost certain to be caught. Most shops have store detectives who have the job of catching shoplifters. Shoplifting is considered a serious crime by the police and the courts. When you are waiting to be served in a shop, itis important to wait your turn. It is important not to try to be served before people who arrived before you. Many people from overseas are astonished at the British habit of queuing.

将短文缩写如下：

This article tells us about British shops. British shops usually open at 9.00 a.m. and close at 5.00or 5.30 p.m. Many shops are closed in the afternoon one day a week. Nearly all shops are closed on Sundays. In Britain, many large food shops are self-service. And when you wait to be served in a shop, you have to wait patiently for your turn.

这是一篇不超过100词的缩写，句子基本上由原文各段落的主要内容构成。个别段落被完全删除以保证缩写重点突出，前后连贯。缩写是一种“依材剪贴”的习作方式，基本上采用原材料中的词语和句子，仅作了部分调整，是最初级的习作方式。

二、短文评论(Brief Comment)阶段。

短评是就所学课文或阅读材料进行评论。通过分析原文中的内容和观点，提出一定的看法。短评可以是对原文观点表示赞同，也可以提出异议或不同看法。如对前文便可作以下评论：

From the article we learned about British shops, about their opening and closing time and their service. But we find that there are something inconvenient with British shop service. First is the time. Shops in Britain open very late and close too early. Second is that there is almost no Sunday service. Where can people go if they suddenly need to buy something? The last is the habit of queuing. It will be a waste of time if the queue is too long.

初学阶段，短文评论的字数一般也应在150字左右，不宜写大多。短评是一种“一半依材一半发挥”的习作方式。在内容上，一部分取自原文，一部分靠自己的思考。在用词上，可以部分地依赖原文，也需使用一些其它词汇。此外，短评的行文布局和用句也是一半模仿，一半创造。短评的这种特点使它非常适合承接短文缩写阶段，而又为后期阶段打下一定的基础。

三、引导写作(Guided Writing)阶段。

引导写作可分为重新编排句子顺序。规定情景作文。看图作文。提纲作文。关键词作文等形式。这些形式均可以用于训练，但以提纲作文和关键词作文多用为佳. 提纲作文是一种给出题目和段落提纲的习作方式，其段落写作提纲可以采用段落主旨句的形式，也可以是短语。关键词作文是一种给出作文题目和一些关键词或词组的命题作文形式。由于有段落写作提纲或主旨句等，进行习作时，减少了审题环节，且写作思路受到引导。在训练初期，引导写作的命题应尽量与所学英语书本的内容挂钩，使学生能够参照一部分课文所学的词汇与结构，避免大多生词。如针对上篇短文便可出一道相关命题引导学生习作：

题目：shops in China

提纲：(1)中国商店的作息时间 (2)中国商店的周未服务情况 (3)中国商店服务态度的好坏 以上是关于英语习作初级阶段的训练步骤。三个步骤的三种形式，相承相继，循序渐进，为进入自由命题写作打下了良好的基础。既适合教师指导学生习作课使用，也适合学习者自我训练。事实证明，这三个步骤是英语习作人门的有效做法。

一、了解高分作文的特点

要想作文获得高分，必须了解高分作文具有的特点，才有助于我们朝之而努力。高分作文一般具有以下特点：

1、书写工整，书面整洁，很少有涂改痕迹。

2、分段合理。全文分段一般不止一个自然段，让阅卷老师很容易就能找到作文所要求写的要点和重要句子。

3、要点齐全，不缺要点。

4、首尾呼应，自然成一体。

5、使用了大量的高级词汇和句型。阅卷老师一看就知道这个同学的功底非不一般，自然就给打高分了。

6、开头言简意赅，不啰嗦，不偏题，迅速引入主题。

7、段与段之间，自然过渡。有合适的连接词。

8、句与句之间，有恰当的连接词，使之自然成一体。

9、全文中同一个意思，基本没有重复使用某一个词、短语或者句型等，说明这个同学的词汇量不同寻常。老师自然就对该作文有好感了。

10、能够恰当使用谚语、格言等给文章添彩。

二、勤积累，巧准备

要想作文得高分，除了了解以上的特点外，还要在平时的学习中注意一下方面：

1、牢记课标词汇是基础

一篇作文多数是由积极词汇写出来的，这些词汇主要来源于课标。因此，牢记课标词汇是写好作文的基础。

2、掌握课标词汇和短语的用法

要想作文不扣分或者少扣分，有个要求是作文的语病少。怎么能够减少语病呢?这就要求我们在平时的学习过程中反复通过练习，掌握课标词汇和短语等的用法。例如，对于assoonas、stopsomebodyfromdoingsomething、other、another等的用法很多学生就经常出错。

3、高度重视同一个意思的多种表达方式

高分作文有个特点是：让老师发现你拥有丰富的词汇量，你的水平高人一筹。这由何而来?靠我们在平时学习过程中，逐步积累起来的。比如：今年的中考作文，谈的就是帮助他人的问题。同一个意思“帮助”，假如你就用一个动词“help”，岂不显得你词汇贫乏?假如你在作文中不断地变换方式，用help、givesomebodyahand、giveahandtosomebody、beinneedof等以表达“帮助”同一个意思，岂不更好呢?

像这样的例子很多，比如：大家都觉得很简单又很基础的“表示姓名的方式”就有：MynameisJim.I’mJim.I’mcalled/namedJim.I’maboycalled/named/withthenameofJim.等等。

表达年龄的方式有：Sheis12.Sheis12yearsold.Sheisaged12.Sheisagirlof12(yearsold)。Sheisagirlaged12.等等。

很显然，使用高级一点的更好。

4、加强练习，积累经验

学习语言最好的方法是运用，作文也不例外。我们要想作文得高分，必须经常练习，才能提高水平。

5、充分利用作文范文

很多资料书上都有作文范文。诚然，他们有很多值得借鉴的地方。

我们怎么利用它们呢?首先，我们先不要看文章，自己先思考一下：假如你来写，你会怎么去写，会用到哪些词或者句子等。然后去比较，勾出其中的好词佳句，并且把它摘录在专门的作文册子上。供写作时选用。

另外，背一些范文也是很有必要的。

6、背诵一些谚语和警句

作文中如果出现恰当的谚语和警句，会有锦上添花的效果。

三、精心审题，沉着写初稿

很多同学看到作文后，下笔就写。这是不对的。一则很容易写偏题、写出病句，涂改后书面又不整洁，影响得分。

其实，会写作文的同学都知道，审题非常的重要，可以防止很多毛病，提高得分。那么我们审题要做些什么呢?

审题主要要做一下事情：

1、审人称、时态、体裁等

审题时，要求我们要弄清楚这篇文章主要使用的人称是第几人称，什么时态、什么体裁。这些问题解决后至少不会犯很严重的错误：全文皆错。例如，如果一篇文章，本来应该一般过去时，你的每句话却用了一般现在时态。你想想，那还能得高分吗?

2、明确必须表达的要点

高分作文有个特点是要点齐全。如果漏掉一个要点，则要扣分。因此我们必须认真细读其要求，把必须表达的要点勾出来。保证不漏掉任何一个要点。

3、罗列出可能会用到的短语、句型，确定好使用哪个?

4、确定好如何分段

1．词语选择的重要性

在The Right Word at the Right Time的“序言”中，编者对词语选用的重要性作了一个很好的比喻：“Using the right word at the right time is rather like wearing appropriate clothing for the occasion：

it is a courtesy to others，and a favor to yourself-a matter of presenting yourself well in the eyes of the world."

显然，说话或写文章时用词适当比穿着适当难度大得多，因而也具有更大的重要性。在我国，古人写文章时常为一个词语的选用具思苦想，因而有“语不惊人死不休”的说法。

成语“一字值千金”也说明了选择词语的极端重要性。有时“一字之差”造成令人遗憾的败笔，或招致成千上万的经济损失。这些反面的教训也告诉我们必须重视词语选用的问题。

2．词语选择的可能性

实际上，我们每个人的脑子里都有了一个或大或小的词库，只要我们肯去发掘，往往可以得到更好的表达方式。这是我们做好词语选用的主观条件。

从客观条件广看，我们有各种类型的词典和参考书，只要我们平时多翻译、多阅读，写作时勤查考，就会在词语选用上不断进步。当然，一部好词典也不会毫无缺点，更难以面面俱到，因此在这里我们应牢牢记住著名英国作家、评论家和辞书编纂家Johson的话：

用心培育一个读书的民族

前两年，在国内一大都市召开的全球市长会议上，西方发达国家的市长的发言风趣、幽默，观点新颖、条理清楚，思维敏捷、表达优雅，而我们中国的市长几乎都是满口的套话、空话，显得平庸无趣，江郎才尽，大失水准。造成这种局面的原因固然是多方面的(包括我们干部的选拔机制)，其中一个重要的原因是我们的市长们大概是不怎么读书的。

(析：对比中外市长“口才”一敏一拙之事实，显出时评“时”之特征，而且得出自己的结论，并指向自己写作的方向：市长读书—读书—全民读书。)

我对国人的不读书，有着切肤之感：我们很多人对书籍没有兴趣，对精神生活没有兴趣，我发现很多人离开学校以后就几乎与书籍绝缘了。当我们走进许多家庭，就不难发现，什么高档电器都有，唯独没有几本书。我们这么大的国家，图书销量却很小，而且主要是教辅读物。以色列每年人均读书是55本，俄罗斯是50本，美国是44本，我们只有4本，而且百分之九十是教参和教科书。大家不妨想一想，你一年读了几本书?

(析：市长不读书是个由头，自然要引申“国人”，也算是从点到面。作者并不是只有“市长不读书”一个材料上打转转，又加上自己的“私藏”：国人读书与别国人读书之对比，量小单一。由此推广而广之：这个问题严重了。)

中国人中有阅读的需要和兴趣的人在总人口中的比例无疑是很低的。很多非常好的书发行量也只有一两千册，这固然与中国经济不发达、百分之七十多的人尚在为生计而奔波有关，但那百分之二十多的人呢?尽管他们摆脱了生存危机，他们仍旧不爱看书，这就很值得深思了。

(析：前两句似乎是在为国人不读书而开脱。这样使得文章更切实际。然后把矛头转向“有余力者”，得出结论“摆脱生存危机者，仍不爱看书。的确值得深思。这样，文章已经更有针对了。)

政府官员大多不读书，他们忙着应酬，忙着出国考察和谈项目，他们热衷于去大学或研究机关兼职，热衷于捞学位，热衷于拿项目、搞课题，可就是不读书——他们没有时间也没有必要读书;商人大多不读书，他们忙着公关行贿，忙着猜拳、喝酒、洗桑拿。今天的中国是“仕场经济”，而不是知识经济，读书值几个钱?他们没有心情读书。工人农民大多受教育程度偏低，收入也低，既没有钱买书，又读不进去，读书对于他们是一件奢侈的事情。教师读书的也不多——中小学教师工作太劳累，没有精力读书，大学教师在为课题交差而读书，确切地说，是翻书，是查书。真正的阅读，超越功利的心灵阅读，恐怕是很少很少的。

(析：议论面已经扩大了。从官到商，再到工农，再到教师。教师不读书，这就真的严重了。以上总的是文章的第一部分，可以看成是“与时相关”的现象提炼概括：由一个由头，扩大到一种现象。这都可看成是时评的根基。没有这个根基，议论再高妙，也恐怕“论高易折”。)

一个民族不读书，这个民族的文化就丧失了创造性、批判性，个人就会被群体所淹没。国人为什么不读书?我仔细揣摩，大致有以下几个方面的原因：

一是国人经历了漫长的、刻骨铭心的物质贫困，今天挣钱的机会突然多了起来，于是一个物质的时代，一个物欲横流的时代，普遍的浮躁，人们自然难以静下心来读书。

二是长期的思想专制使得人们头脑禁锢，才情枯竭。人们既不易创作出思想深刻、文质兼美的作品，即使有很好的作品，阅读时也难以产生豁然开朗、悠然心会的美妙感觉，人们难以从阅读中感受到快乐。

三是学校教育和家庭教育中没有成功地从小培养起人们的良好的阅读习惯和理智的好奇心。应试教育的泛滥使学生自由阅读的空间变得十分狭小，并使学生从小养成阅读的功利取向。

四是中国文化是一个“皇权至上”的官本位的文化，是一个讲究伦常日用的文化，而对纯粹理性和精神超越缺乏强烈而深刻的追求。历史上频繁的改朝换代，使得中国缺乏贵族传统，从而也就缺乏一种崇高而强大的精神传统。中国传统中其实非常缺乏对于纯粹精神的崇尚。“万般皆下品，唯有读书高”，只因为读书可以做官，可以成为“劳心者治人”的“人上人”，功利的取向是赤裸裸的。

(析：从现象概括到原因分析，与后面的求解之法构成本文的主体框架，虽然后面的“解决问题的“方法求解”显得相当乏力，本来中国人不读书就是一个知易行难的问题。在一篇文章里想求得“全解”，确非易事。四个原因，从物质贫乏到精神禁锢，再到应试教育，再到功利至上的文化。此等分析可算确论。)

没有出版自由与言论自由，阅读就难以成为大众深刻的精神需要。一个读书的民族一定是一个智慧的民族，一个充满生机与活力的民族，一个必定有着光明前途的民族。过去我们讲：一个人的心灵，高尚的东西不去占领，低下的东西就会趁虚而入。一个不读书的民族，是不会具有智慧和力量的，也不会具有崇高。以色列是全世界人均读书量最大的国家。直到今天，以色列人口也不过六百多万，而它在全世界是一个很有影响力的国家。读书对于一个民族的重要性可见一斑。

看过一幅对联：“为善最乐，读书更佳”，为善之乐在于“予”，读书之佳在于“取”。锦州铁路中学的苏凌老师说：“读书是一种可以忘乎所以悠然的自足，只要一卷在手，便可以拥有许多许多，我喜欢读书的感觉。”是的，有两种东西能让人的心灵永葆青春：真爱与好书。为了让我们的内心不再脆弱，让我们的心灵拥有力量，越来越多的人认识到了阅读的重要性，“多看点书，少看点电视”成为幸福人生的秘诀。更为可喜的是越来越多的学校把教师的系统阅读作为学校工作的重要议程，作为校本培训的重要举措。

(析：下一段是“解决问题”之“怎么办”，那么，这里属于什么内容呢?这里应是读书之重要。如果说开篇的现状概括是分析之根基的话，那么，“读书重要”可算是全文的精神支撑。是下文“如何培养一个读书的民族”的基础。)

如何培养一个读书的民族呢?首先，作为家长要培养孩子的阅读习惯，让阅读成为孩子生活的一部分。据研究发现，爱书的孩子其人格特征是温柔、善良、开朗、快乐、幽默、自信、有气质、有同情心，语汇丰富，人际关系良好，在学业上的表现也比较好。所以父母要循循善诱，引导孩子从小亲近书籍，崇尚学问，尽早养成阅读习惯。

其次，学校教育中要着力培养学生阅读的内在需要。学校要努力营造书香校园，让学生切实体会到明代于谦所说的：“书卷多情似故人，晨昏忧乐每相亲。眼前直下三千字，胸中全无一点尘。”当学生能够认识到，读书可以使精神充实，可以使人远离蒙昧和低俗，可以提升生命的质量，使人觉悟到人之为人的根本，那么他们就会终身与书籍为伴。

在学校图书馆不一定要建在固定的地方，而可以建在楼层的各个角落，学生读书不一定要到图书馆去，图书对学生来说越近，阅读便随时可以发生。为了方便学生读书，利用一切可能的时间和地点建起流动图书馆，以期让学生在不经意间接触到更多的书。而且，学校固定图书馆和流动图书馆交替开放，而且实行超市式全天侯开放，使借书看书特别方便。

再次，要打造具有时代精神的高品质的大众读物。让读书成为每一个人日常生活不可缺少的一部分，成为一个民族一个国家的社会风尚，学者具有不可推卸的责任。哲学界的周国平，文学界的余秋雨，史学界的易中天，经济学界的梁小民，伦理学界的何怀宏，他们的学术随笔都写得很好，对于唤起人们阅读的冲动和提升民众的阅读品位，功不可没。

(析：这里分析的层次为“学校、家长、社会”，就少了前文的力道，变得有些老生常谈了。时评怎样结尾，不见得一定要 “提出问题”“分析问题”“解决问题” 这般“全须全尾”。其实，有个现成的结尾，那就是还拿“市长不读书”说事，不就可以了吗?)

高考中的写作部分既限制字数，又要包含所有要点，且不能逐条翻译。如果写作方法运动得当，会有明显的提分效果。下面来看看小编为大家带来的方法吧。

一、 从词汇入手，强化短语写作

有研究表明，词汇学习可以促进英语水平的提高(文秋方，1998)。培养和提高学生的英语写作能力应从词和句入手，抓好基础训练。英语是结构语言，具有其自身的固定搭配、习惯用语和基本句型(陈立华，2003)。而《牛津高中英语》教材大量的词汇和地道的生活语言、任务型编排体系以及文本体裁的多样性，为“写”提供了基本素材。教师可根据不同话题的写作要求，采用不同形式的方法对学生进行写作基础训练。比如：关键词和短语写作训练法，即教师根据本单元的写作话题，每天精心选择2～3个词组或句型，让学生做翻译和造句练习;一周之后，让学生运用这些词组和句型进行写作。通过这种训练方法，既可以培养学生的写作能力，又可以提高写作的效率，还可以帮助学生掌握一些习惯用语和句子结构，从而提高学生遣词造句的能力。

二、抓好基本句型的训练，促进写作

书面表达题是由许多句子组成的，句子是写文章的基础。要完成书面表达题，首先要从句子入手，指导学生如何用句子表意。从语言形态学的角度看，英语属于分析型的语言，它有较为固定的基本句型、稳定搭配、俗成短语等，要想在写作中用好它们，必须加强这方面的基本训练。

首先，要加强五种基本句型的教学训练。几乎所有的英语句型都是这五种句型的扩大、延伸或变化，因此训练学生“写”就要抓住五种基本句型，熟练掌握这五种基本句型。五种基本句型是：S+V，S+V+O，S+V+O+O，S+V+O+C，S+V+P。五种基本句型虽然能表达一定的意思，但无法比较自由地表达思想，因此还必须对学生进行扩句训练，在课堂上充分发挥学生的想象力。

其次，加强句型教学，要对一些句子进行分析，增强学生利用各种句子进行一意多种表达的训练。

最后，充分利用教材，对学生进行基本语感的训练。

三、从阅读入手，培养写作表达技巧

阅读与写作密不可分，阅读是写作的基础，是搜集素材、学习词汇句型和新颖表达方式的源泉。因此，教师应想方设法把阅读与写作结合起来，利用教材训练学生的写作技能，在阅读能力的培养过程中融入多种形式的写作技能训练，将写作教学贯穿于阅读教学中。笔者采用了如下方法：

1.利用教材，开展改写

在完成阅读教学，学生基本掌握文章内容的基础上，笔者进一步指导学生改写文章。改写要求学生注意人称、时态、直接引语、间接引语、遣词造句和谋篇布局等方面的变化，充分理解课文内容，认真思考，写出语言得体、内容完整的文章。例如：《牛津高中英语》模块6 Unit 2What Is Happiness to You?的Reading部分是一篇以对话采访形式出现的课文，在采访过程中，嘉宾Dr.Brain以体操运动员桑兰的经历为例，谈到他对幸福的理解。在完成阅读教学后，笔者要求学生用第三人称写一篇介绍桑兰的作文，并鼓励学生引用课文中描述桑兰的经典词汇和例句。如：hard?鄄working, energet?鄄ic, stay optimistic/positive, in good spir?鄄its; She was happy to devote herself to gym?鄄nastics等。通过这些训练，学生既加深了对课文的理解，又运用了所学重点词汇，同时学生的写作技能得到了实际的锻炼。

2.模仿范文，鼓励仿写

写的过程实际上是模拟读者阅读的过程;而阅读也是模拟写作的行为(戴军熔，2002)。教师可给学生一篇与书面表达体裁和题材相同的范文，让学生通过阅读完成类似话题的写作任务。例如：《牛津高中英语》模块1 Unit 3 Looking Good，Feeling Good的写作话题是保持健康。笔者从英文报刊上选择一篇有关如何科学合理地减肥、健身的报道，先让学生在课堂上进行限时阅读，然后提问学生：Which do you think is more important，looking good or feeling good? How would you keep fit?Why?等。学生通过模仿阅读材料的结构进行写作。通过阅读带动写作，由知识的输入到知识的输出，提高了学生表达的条理性和连贯性，为学生提供了写作策略和技能。

四、培养学生用英语写作的习惯

“临渊羡鱼，不如退而结网。”如果仅仅掌握了写作技巧，熟背了大量文章，不亲自动手实践还是不行的，没有一成不变的文章让你照搬。《英语课程标准》指出：基础教育阶段英语课程的总体目标是培养学生的综合语言运用能力。因此，我们要遵循“一切为了运用”的原则，提倡和鼓励学生亲自实践，动手写作，用英语给亲人、朋友、老师写信，用英语写日记，或用英语写便条，写留言短信，还可以用英语与老师谈心或反映情况，或给老师写每周情况报告或总结。只有将所学内容适时地运用于实际生活，才能内化成自己的能力。

五、重视写作的规范化训练

起始阶段的写作训练，培养学生良好的写作习惯非常重要。首先，书写和文体格式要规范。严格要求学生正确、端正、熟练地书写字母、单词和句子，注意大小写和标点符号，养成良好的书写习惯。同时对各种文体特点、格式要清楚，使学生熟悉规范的书面表达形式，用正确的标准评析和规范自己的书面表达。其次，写作过程要规范。一般来说，短文写作都要有以下步骤：审清题目要求;确定写作要点;选好动词，搭好句子骨架;有效连接，使短文结构紧凑;认真检查，保证卷面整洁。对学生进行写作模式的训练，这样看起来比较麻烦，但避免了反复，养成了好的写作习惯。

总之，随着新课改的实施和近几年高考(微博)评分标准的完善，对学生的书面表达能力提出了新的要求。作为高中英语教师，在教学中要根据不同时期学生的具体情况采取相应的教学方法，灵活多样地开展英语写作教学，有效调动学生的积极性，定能使学生厚积薄发，写出行文通顺、流畅、有文采的佳篇妙作来。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

材料中的“飞翔”不仅仅是表面意义的飞行(动物的飞翔)，还应指人生的成长，乃至于集体的发展、进步等。所以在行文时应该有一个从动物到人、由表及里的过程。但又不能脱离“飞翔”而随意改成“磨难”、“奋斗”、“拼搏”、“困难”、“挫折”、“积累”、“智慧”等词语。

材料提供了两种“飞翔”的方式，一种是“用渐丰的羽翼飞翔”，一种是“借大鸟的翅膀飞翔”。题目明确要求“你认同哪种飞翔?”最佳立意是选择其中一种重点来谈，另一种可在行文中做适度对比。

当然，也可以先肯定一种再否定一种，但不能平均用墨。兼谈两种的，不符合要求。

用渐丰的羽翼飞翔：意味着独立追求理想，立身于世，意味着自主成长，自我完善，磨砺自己，走向成熟，实现人生价值。

借大鸟的翅膀飞翔：指“小鸟尚幼”，借助外力，依靠外在的优越条件，比如依靠父母、亲友、师长等行走于世，实现人生理想。

如果你认同“用渐丰的羽翼飞翔”，应该从正面切入，讲清你认同这种飞翔的具体理由。当然，也可以用少量篇幅否定“借大鸟的翅膀飞翔”的方式，理由可能是：借翅膀飞翔，虽然一时飞上了天空，但并不是真正属于自己的独立的飞翔。在外力的庇护下，难以得到真正的锻炼，一旦离开了他人的帮助，就可能因为自身能力不够，而一无所成。

作文是经过人的思想考虑和语言组织，通过文字来表达一个主题意义的记叙方法，下面是小编收集了高分作文的写作指导，欢迎阅读。

要想取得考场高分作文，在确保基础切入分的同时，还要在争取“发展等级分”上下功夫。“发展等级分”主要看“独到的视觉”、“鲜活的人事”、“真实的情感”、“哲理的思辩”、“别样的文采”、“优美的语言”、“工整的书写”等方面。

独到的视觉

独到的视觉，体现在思维的多角度上。例如，论证“爱国”角度：正常的思维角度：①爱国是公民的神圣使命②爱国就要为祖国的崛起而努力③爱国不能盲目排外④爱国要从自我作起⑤爱国就不会为祖国的贫穷而悲观等。而有人将纯净祖国的语言文字，规范用语、用字作为爱国的表现，这就是独到的视觉，写作口径小了，表达的却是大主题。

鲜活的人事

写自己熟悉的生活，是作文题材的源泉。要善于捕捉生活、提炼和加工生活。例如，2004年甘肃某考生《父亲的布底鞋》：“可当爷爷迈出门槛后，不由愣住了，父亲也楞住了——全村老小男男女女都站在门外，有的手里拎着半截米袋，有的提着一只瘦鸡，有的捏着几张破损了的沾满汗渍的钞票，有的托着几件陈旧却干净的衣服……村长四爷爷微微笑着说：”咱村祖上风水好，出秀才，小三子(父亲的小名)替咱村争了一回脸，咱村人脸上光彩……大家来送送娃儿……‘眼泪顺着爷爷脸上的皱纹滑了下来，爷爷对父亲大吼一声：“给大伙跪下……’父亲”嗵“的一声，双膝落在泥土地上……”作者写父亲当年考取大学离开村子去读书时的情景。通过爷爷和父亲面对全村人送行的活生生的细节描写，为下文写“父亲当年大学毕业后毅然放弃优厚的待遇回到村里，带领大伙儿开办企业”的事实伏一笔。文中无论是爷爷、父亲;还是村长、村民，一个个鲜活的人物，历历在目，让人动容。

真实的情感

真善美是衡量一篇佳作的试金石。特级教师喻旭初谆谆告诫：“文章内容要实实在在。写记叙类文章，不要胡编乱造，即使虚构，也应源于生活，能被人接受，不要过于‘另类’，写议论类文章，不要大话连篇，而应力求事例新鲜，说理充分。”专家的话说明了作文的真谛。例如，湖南考生这样写高考：“我爱这个六月，因为我们走到这个六月的路上，除了我们自己洒下的汗水，更有父母师长全身心的爱的浇灌。老师，还记得我们每一点进步带给您的喜悦吗?还记得我们的”屡犯旧错“带给您的焦急吗?还记得您为我们搜集最新高考信息而四处奔波吗?还记得您阅卷至凌晨的辛劳和您那因过分操劳而嘶哑的声音吗?谢谢您，敬爱的老师，请相信我们会在这个六月交给您一份最完美的答卷!爸爸，还记得您为了给我一个绝对安静的学习环境而放弃了最爱的足球欧锦赛吗?妈妈，还记得您为模拟考中失败的我鼓气，用并不宽裕的开支为我买营养品吗?谢谢你们，亲爱的父母，我会在这个六月‘金榜题名’。这个充满着温馨的六月，我喜欢!”考生将“黑色六月”反弹琵琶，唱出了一曲发自肺腑的“爱”的心灵赞歌。

哲理的思辩

从哲学的角度，事物都是一分为二的;然而事物又是多面的。因此，针对一个问题，从多个角度进行分析，寻求答案，由一点向四周辐射的开放性思考，便是发散思维。例如，2005年福建卷作文题：以“一个圆圈”为题写一篇作文。首先。我们要根据文题所提供的图形已经提示的话语进行联想，从中找出与此有关系的文章或者心灵的感悟。从人生的轨迹而言，吴克诚《人生与碗》哲理散文给我们有所启发：“人生多么复杂，人生又何其简单，简单到只是由两个动作组成的一条直线。一个动作是捧起碗，一个动作是放下碗。在捧起碗与放下碗的过程中，生命一点点的绚烂，又一点点的枯萎。当那只碗最后一次放下，永不被捧起的时候，生命也就戛然而止了。生命的线也因不在延伸而拥有了可以丈量的长度。”(《中学语文园地》卷首语2005年第6期)这里用捧碗与放碗形象地诠释了人的生与死的关系，用“碗”的“圆圈”轨迹与生命的直线的“长度”这一哲学命题，图解出活着和死了的两种不同的以及相同的价值取向，充满了哲理的思辩。

别样的文采

用小小说笔法来写记叙文就是其中的一种。它可以以某人某事为主，再兼取其他的人和事;也可以“杂取种种人，合成一个”(鲁迅语)，将多件事整合成某一件事。然后比较集中地反映生活的某一个侧面。江苏考生《赤兔之死》，就塑造了一个以诚实为本的人格化了的“赤兔马”的形象，通过伯乐和赤兔马的对话来敷衍情节，将一个自编的寓言故事切合题旨地娓娓道来。这是用小说笔法来写的考场记叙文。应该强调：这样的文章虽然写的不是真人真事，但一定要以真人真事为基础。另外，写作基础好的学生，议论文也可以采用杂文(文艺性议论文)的笔法，生动形象地发表见解，品评时事。

优美的语言

“语言是文章的外衣。一篇文章如果语言运用得好，内容也许就会妙笔生花：刻画人物栩栩如生，叙述事件生动活泼，写景状物绘声绘色。”例如，有位考生这样写不同的人生：“三分之一的菊花，我需要它的超脱;三分之一的古剑，我需要它的锐气;三分之一的酒，我需要它的‘难得糊涂’。于是，我拈一朵菊花，携一柄古剑，微笑着喝尽杯中酒，然后上路。”作者借菊花、古剑、酒三种意象，喻指人生的三种选择，象征了中国古代士林的典雅与脱俗，清高与超然，忧悒与郁闷，痛苦与无奈，可谓中国文化的“人生三味”。这一形象议论，充满文化品位和显豁的哲理。其文章的魅力，当数优美的语言。

工整的书写

写得一笔好字，犹如人的漂亮的外衣，甚至为人的第二副面孔。这也是作文得高分的要素之一。今年江苏率先将考生的作文扫描到电脑上批阅，这意味着对书写提出了高要求。因此，我们要重视书写的训练。首先，要采用0。5毫米的黑色签字笔(或笔尖稍细的黑墨水钢笔)书写。这样，扫描效果好，黑白分明。其次，书写正确，不涂改，注意卷面整洁。最后，值得题及的是字的书写应占作文方格纸的百分之八十五左右，字一定不要写得过大，否则，满目拥挤，破坏了行与行之间的疏朗之美。