英语作文写作指导之邮件（合集20篇）

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

虽然我只是一个一脸稚气，调皮捣蛋的孩子，但是我已经长大了。

我再也不是以前那个饭来张口，什么事情都需要爸爸妈妈帮助的小公主了。我从妈妈开刀的那时我就觉得我变懂事了，长大了。

在前不久，我妈妈因为得了急性阑尾炎，所以要住院做手术。我回到家后，一听到这个坏消息，我就觉得鼻子酸酸的，眼泪像雨一样，不停地下来。

我一写完作业，我赶紧就叫爸爸带我去医院看妈妈。一来到医院，就看见妈妈吸着氧气，挂着盐水，脸色苍白。我心里想妈妈开刀一定很疼吧!我不忍心打扰妈妈，便在旁边看着妈妈，守护着妈妈。过了几天，妈妈渐渐好了点，我就给妈妈端茶送水，我像妈妈以前照顾我一样无微不至地照顾妈妈。妈妈坐在床沿上微笑着抚摸着我的头说：“你长大了，真是我的乖女儿。”

从那妈妈的一句话开始，我就认为我已经长大了，懂得照顾妈妈，是个真正的大孩子了。

要写好英语作文，具体要做到以下几点：

注重英文阅读习惯的养成与坚持

坚持英语阅读的习惯，不仅可以保持对英语语感的敏感度，更重要的是它有助于培养英式思维，从而避免汉式思维句子的出现。

(1)平时多读，积累句型：读的越多，语感欲强烈，写作的时候自然而然就可以自如的运用灵活多变的句式来完整一篇小作文了，另外建议多积累名言警句、谚语等以作为高级句型运用与作文中。

(2)选出一些代表性范文精读：选出不同题材的优秀作文范文，读的时候注意文章的开头、结尾、层次结构以及所用句型等。要有目的、用学习的心态来精读优秀范文，并做到学以致用。

注重平时的写作训练

英语写作训练可以以日记、话题或仿写的形式来进行。通过坚持一个学期的英语日记，保持英语写作的习惯。所以一定要坚持每周两到三次的写作训练，正所谓习惯成自然就是这个道理。

五步写出一篇好作文

什么才是好作文呢?很多同学误认为只要像学校平时测验那样子“句子结构正确，无单词拼写错误”就应该得满分。而小升初对作文的考核并非如此简单，同学们应该走出对英语写作认识上的误区。那么除了以上两个方面外，我们怎样才能写出一篇优秀作文而在小升初中获取高分呢?下面就来看我们的“高分作文五步法”。

(1)认真审题，确定时态人称，同时关注题材格式

时态：故事性文章一般用过去时，其中表达感受时可用现在时。说明性或议论性文章一般用现在时，举例时可用过去时。根据题目要求也会出现时态的交错使用，如过去和现在的对比等。如果句中出现了时间状语，时态则要遵循时间状语。

如ago，last…过去时;next，in…将来时等

人称：注意在句子中人称的统一。

例如：

Thanks to the teachers， we have improved our English.

其中we和our就是人称的统一。

格式：注意书信格式的开头和结尾。

(2)找全信息点，紧扣主题，突出重点

切忌只看表格中或所列1、2、3中的信息点。一定把题读全，找齐信息点，建议用铅笔标出，写完后再涂掉。根据题目，可适当增加合理内容。特别注意文章要有开头和结尾。

(3)成文时表述正确，文字流畅

切忌与汉语提示的一一对应，使用所学表达方法将语义表达出来即可。首先考虑句子结构(如主谓宾，主系表等)。同时注意短语的正确使用和单词的拼写，最好使用课本上学过的短语和句式。

(4)文章结构清晰，重点句型画龙点睛，可使文章在得分上提高一个档次，考虑文章的篇章结构，使用适当的连接短语，使文章结构紧凑。

常用连接词：

1.表文章结构顺序：

First of all， Firstly/First，Secondly/Second…

And then， Finally， In the end，At last

2.表并列补充关系的：

What is more， Besides，Moreover，

3.表转折对比关系的：

However， On the contrary， but

On one hand… On the otherhand…Some…， while others…

4.表因果关系的：

Because， As、So， Therefore， As a result

5.表换一种方式表达：

In other words

6.表进行举例说明：

For example，句子;For instance，句子;such as + n/doing

7.表陈述事实：In fact

8.表达自己观点：

As far as I know， In myopinion

9.表总结：

In short， In a word.

文中正确使用两三个好的句型，如：感叹句、宾语从句、动名词做主语等。

宾语从句举例：

I believe Tianjin will be morebeautiful and prosperous.

感叹句举例：

How I want to study in thebest middle school in Guangzhou!

动名词做主语举例：

Reading books and swimming aremy hobbies.

常用状语从句句型：

1)时间：

when， not…until(直到…才…)， as soon as(一…就…)

2)目的：

so that + clause; (为了)

3)结果：

so…that…(如此…以至于…)， too…to do(太……以至于……)

4)条件：

if， unless(除非)， as long as(只要)

5)比较：

as…as…(与…一样)， not so…as…， than

(5)认真检查，检查信息点是否全面，时态、人称是否一致，句子结构是否清晰，短语使用、单词拼写是否准确等。

检查后，将草稿誊写在纸上，请注意按结构分段，书写清晰。

下面列举一些在检查中可发现的错误：

We livemore and more comfortable.

改正：comfortably(副词修饰动词)

2.we can getmany informations by reading newspapers.

改正：much information (不可数名词由much修饰)

3.There willhave a football game tomorrow.

改正：There will be a football game tomorrow.(Therebe句型的将来时结构)

4.I thinkride a bike can keep our health.

改正：I think riding a bike can keep us healthy.(动名词作主语)

I like reading books so much, rencently, I fall in love with the travel

books. When I open these books, I am attracted by the colorful pictures. Reading

these books can broaden my vision, I know there are so many places that I have

never heard of before. I also learn the different culture. I am so eager to go

to these places and have a look at them. So I have made up my mind, I will

travel to the places that are around me first, and then when I grow up, I will

travel further. This is my little dream, it is also my motivation to study

well.

1. I would appreciate the privilege of an interview. I may be reached at the address given above，or by telephone at 32333416.

2. I would be glad to have a personal interview，and can provide references if needed。

3. Thank you for your consideration。

4. I welcome the opportunity to meet with you to further discuss my qualifications and your needs. Thank you for your time and consideration。

5. I have enclosed a resume as well as a brief sample of my writing for your review. I look forward to meeting with you to discuss further how I could contribute to your organization。

6. Thank you for your attention to this matter. I look forward to speaking with you。

7. The enclosed resume describes my qualifications for the position advertised. I would welcome the opportunity to personally discuss my qualifications with you at your convenience。

8. I would welcome the opportunity for a personal interview with you at your convenience。

9. I feel confident that given the opportunity，I can make an immediate contribution to Any Corporation. I would appreciate the opportunity to meet with you to discuss your requirements. I will call your office on Friday，to schedule an appointment. Thank you for your consideration。

10. I look forward to speaking with you。

1。我会赞赏采访的特权。我在上面给出的地址可能达到,或者通过电话32333416。

2。我很高兴能有一个面试,如果需要,可以提供参考。

3。谢谢你的考虑。

4。我欢迎机会与您进一步讨论我的资格和您的需要。谢谢您的时间和考虑。

5。我随信附上了我的简历以及一个简短的示例编写为您的回顾。我期待着与你进一步讨论如何为您的组织。

6。感谢你关注这件事。我期待着与你说话。

7。附上的简历描述我的资格为广告位置。我会欢迎机会与您亲自谈论我的资格在您的便利。

8。我欢迎机会个人采访你在你方便的时候。

9。我有信心,有机会,我可以立即对任何公司的贡献。我很高兴能有机会与您会面,讨论您的需求。周五我将打电话给你的办公室,安排一个约会。谢谢你的考虑。

10。我期待着与你说话。

1.发言稿是介绍性说明文，在语言使用一定要准确简洁，通俗易懂，层次清楚，条理分明。介绍说明事物的内容关系要明确，要求逻辑性强。发言稿印版有开头语，正文和结束语三部分组成。开头语一般来说比较简单，目的就是吸引听众或读者的注意力。

发言稿的开头和结尾一般都有固定的的格式，如：

Dear friends,

I’m glad to introduce myself to you

.___________________________

That’s all. Thank you.

如果是熟悉的听众，头尾可以活泼一些，灵活一些，如：

(1)Good morning,/Good afternoon,everyone…

That’s all. Thank you.

( 2 )Good evening!Ladies and gentlemen..

That’s all. Thank you.

2.正文是发言稿的主体，主要是提供论点和相关的论据等，论点要明确，论据要充分有力。发言稿的正文常见形式：

第一部分：开门见山提出本人要谈的问题及对问题的看法;

第二部分：说明理由，常见的关联词有：First of all , Secondly, Finally等;

第三部分：照应开头，总结全文。最后可以做简明扼要的总结，也可以谈自己的希望或看法等。常见的句式有：In short, In a word…等。

3.发言稿的语句表达要直接面对听众，尽量不要用复杂啰嗦的句子，更不要采用深奥难懂的句子。话要说的准确易懂，最好用大众语言。除了要求以简单句为主的同时，可以适当穿插一些复合句结构。由于文章要求以简单句为主，所以不要把文章写成单句的罗列，适当的使用关联词承前启后，可以使文章前后连贯，浑然一体。

发言稿的时态一般以现在时态为主。

常用句型

1.I’d like to tell you something about our school.

2.Let me give you a brief introduction about our school.

3.Please allow me to introduce the travel arrangements to you.

4.It’s my honor to say a few words to welcome you.

5.I am sure we will benefit a lot from the lecture.

6.Personally, I think it’s a good idea for us to have daily exercise.

7.In my opinion,…

8.Personally,…

9,In a word,…

10,However,…

英语书面表达是体现个人水平的一个主要因素，也是各种考试考查的重要内容。怎样才能提高英语写作能力呢?方法是多种多样的，但最重要的是夯实学生的语言基本功，打好坚实的基础。语言的基本功在写作教学中体现为准确应用词汇和正确使用句型结构的能力，语句的组织衔接和谋篇布局的能力。在学生真正地掌握语汇用法的前提下，比较行之有效的方法是把句型教学放在写作情景中进行教授，培养学生的应用和运用能力。

在句型结构教学中，应尽多设计一些写作情景，使句型结构服务于教学，这样不仅提高了学生的写作兴趣，也加强了教学的目的性和针对性。为了提高写作能力和写作水平，本文主要归纳和总结了英语写作中常用的一些重点句型。希望能给同行们在教学中，学生在学习上有一些帮助。

以形式主语it引导的句型。

句型1.

It (so) happened(chanced) that +clause. = sb. happened /chanced to do sth. =sb.did sth. by chance. 如：

It happened that he was out when I got there. 当我到那儿时，碰巧他不在。=He happened to be out when I got there.= It chanced that he was out when I got there= He was out by chance when I got there.

句型2.

It seems that sb. do/ be doing/ have done/ had done= Sb. seems to do/ be doing/ have done/to be done/to have been done(还有动词appear等可这样使用)如:

It seemed that he had been to Beijing before.他好象以前去过北京。=He seemed to have been to Beijing before.

句型3.

It is / was+被强调的部分+that(who)+剩余的部分.如：

It wasn’t until he came back that I went to bed.直到他回来我才睡觉。(一定要注意被强调句型中的谓语动词否定的转移)。 It was because he was ill that he didn’t come to school today.只因为他有病了今天没有来上学。(只能用because而不能用for, as 或since)

It is I who am a student. 我确实是个学生。(句中am不能用are来代替。)

句型4.

It is high time (time/ about time)+ (that) 主语+should do / did+其它。(从句中的谓语动词用的是虚拟语气。)如:

It is high time that we should go / went home.我们该回家了。

句型5.

It is / was said ( reported…)+that+从句. 如：

It was said that he had read this novel.据说他读过这篇小说。=He was said to have read this novel.

句型6.

It is impossible / necessary/ strange…that clause.(从句中的谓语用should+do / should have done，其形式是虚拟语气。)如：

It is strange that he should have failed in this exam.真奇怪，他这次考试没有及格。

句型7.

It is + a pity/ a shame…that clause.(注意从句中的谓语动词用should do或should have done的形式，但should可以省略。)如：

He didn’t come back until the film ended. It was a pity that he should have missed this film. 他直到电影结束才回来。他没有看到这部电影真可惜。

句型8.

It is suggested / ordered/ commanded /…that +clause.(从句的谓语动词用should do, 但should可以省略。)如：

It is suggested that the meeting should be put off.有人建议推迟会议。

句型9.

It is/was+表示地点的名词+where+从句。(注意本句不是强调句型，而是以where引导的定语从句。)如：

It was this house where I was born.请比较：It was in this house that I was born.(后一句是强调句型。)

句型10.

It is / was +表示时间的名词+when+从句。(注意本句型也不是强调句型，而是以when引导的定语从句。)如：

It was 1999 when he came back from the United States. 请比较：It was in 1999 that he came back from the United States.

句型11.

It is well-known that+从句。如：

It is well-known that she is a learned woman.众所周知，她是个知识渊博的妇女。

句型12.

It is +段时间+since+主语+did. 请比较：

It was +段时间+since+主语+had done. 如：

It is five years since he left here.他已经离开这儿五年了。

It was five years since he left here.(同上)

注意下列句型的翻译:It is five years since he lived here.他从这儿搬走已经有五年了。

句型13.

It +谓语+段时间+before+主语+谓语.( before引导的是时间状语从句。) 如：

It wasn’t long before the people in that country rose up.没有多久那个国家的人民就起义了。

It will be three hours before he comes back.三个小时之后他才能回来。

句型14.

It is +形容词(possible, impossible, necessary等) +for+ sb.+ to do. 如：

It is impossible for me to finish this work before tomorrow.我明天之前完成此工作是不可能的。

句型15.

It is +(心理品质方面的)形容词+of + sb. +to do.= 主语+ be +形容词+to do.(常用的形容词有：kind, stupid; foolish, good, wise等。)如：

It is kind of you to help me.=You are kind to help me.你真好给我提供了帮助。

1.向别人介绍我自己的性格和爱好;

2.写我做的一件事情，来表现我的性格或思想;

3.写我自己的理想。

二、写我自己的参考题目

1.《我》

2.《我这个人》

3.《自我介绍》

4.《自画小像》

5.《父母心目中的我》

6.《明天的我》

7.《我的理想》

8.《今天我当家》

9.《我爱_____》

三、写我自己的参考开头

1.《我》的三种开头

第一种开头：我是个很普通的小学生，长得很普通，名字也很普通，我叫张平。

第二种开头：我的学名叫张平，是什么意思呢?大概是爸爸妈妈希望我一生平平安安吧!

第三种开头：在平门小学四(二)班第一小组的第一个位子上，你就可以找到我，我的名字叫张平。

2.《我这个人》的两种开头

第一种开头：我这个人做什么事情都缺乏耐心，据说这是从爸爸那儿遗传下来的。

第二种开头：在我的家里，要说起我，我爸爸准会告诉你一个我的外号：“包打听。”

3.《自画小像》的两种开头

第一种开头：小眼睛，淡眉毛，黑皮肤，再加上短头发，这就是我的外貌特征。

第二种开头：如果你要到班级里找我，那非常容易，只要找到最胖的那个人就行——我在班级里有“相扑运动员”的美称呢!

4.《明天的我》的三种开头

第一种开头：美丽的夏夜，我静静地坐在阳台上，我在遐想：明天的我是个什么样子?

第二种开头：如果时光飞快地度过，已经过了二十年，那时的我会是个什么样子?

第三种开头：一百二十层的高楼，一间宽敞的办公室，一张特大的写字台，一个人正在紧张地忙碌着，他一会儿给部下下达指示，一会儿又在纸上快速地写着什么……这个人不是别人，正是明天的我，二十年后的我!

5.《今天我当家》的三种开头

第一种开头：星期六，一吃完早饭，我就对着全家高声宣布：“今天我当家!”

第二种开头：爸妈这个双休日要到外地去，家里就剩下了我和弟弟。爸爸信任地对我说：“我们走了之后，这个家就要由你来当了，你一定行的!”听了爸爸的话，我坚定地点了点头。

第三种开头：为了锻炼我的能力，爸妈决定让我当一次家，把这一天的所有大小事情都交给我来处理。我一听高兴得差点跳了起来!

1918年11月11日，延续4年之久的第一次世界大战以英、美、法等国的胜利和德、奥等国的失败而告结束。1919年1月，获胜的协约国在巴黎凡尔赛宫召开和平会议。中华民国作为战胜国参加会议。中华民国代表在会上提出废除外国在华特权，取消二十一条等正当要求，均遭拒绝。会议竟决定日本接管德国在华的各种特权。对这丧权辱国的条约，中华民国代表居然准备签字承认。消息传来，举国震怒，群情激愤。以学生为先导的五四爱国运动就如火山爆发般地开始了。

In November 11, 1918, the first World War lasted for 4 years in Britain, America, France and other countries and the victory of Germany, Austria and other countries come to an end in failure. 1919 January, winning xiediguo held in the Palace of Versailles in Paris peace conference. The Republic of China as a victorious nation to attend the meeting. The representative of China at the proposed abolition of privileges in China and foreign countries, cancel twenty-one legitimate demands were rejected. Japan has decided to take over the meeting in Germanys privileges in china. To humiliate the country and forfeit its sovereignty of this treaty, the representative of the Republic of China was prepared to recognize the signature. When the news came out, the country burning, burning with indignation. The student led five four patriotic movement like a volcano began.

5月4日下午，北京3000多名学生在天安门前集会游行，他们高呼：“还我青岛”“收回山东权利”、“拒绝在巴黎和会上签字”、“废除二十一条”、“抵制日货”、“宁肯玉碎，勿为瓦全”、“外争国权，内惩国贼”等口号，并且要求惩办交通总长曹汝霖、币制局总裁陆宗舆、驻日公使章宗祥，呼吁各界人士行动起来，反对帝国主义的侵略行径，保卫中国的领土和主权。这一运动得到的工人和各阶层人士的声援和支持，上海、南京等地的工人纷纷举行罢工或示威。在全国人民的压力下，北洋政府被迫释放被捕学生，罢免曹汝霖等人的职务，并指令巴黎参加会议的代表拒绝在和约上签字。

The afternoon of May 4th, more than 3000 students in Beijing shouting at them in front of the Tiananmen demonstrations,: "I also Qingdao" "Shandong," refused to withdraw the right "in Paris and will sign", "the abolition of the twenty-one", "boycott Japanese goods," "would rather die, not for your guns", "defend our sovereignty, punish traitor" and other slogans, and for the punishment of traffic chief Cao Rulin, President of monetary Bureau Lu Zongyu, Minister Zhang Zongxiang, calls for action, fight against imperialist aggression, defend the territorial integrity and sovereignty Chinese. This campaign workers and all sectors of the solidarity and support, Shanghai, Nanjing and other places of the workers have held strikes and demonstrations. In the country under the pressure of the people, the government was forced to release the arrested students, and others recall Cao Rulins position, and ordered the Paris representatives attending the meeting refused to sign the peace treaty.

为了继承和发扬“五四”运动以来中国青年光荣的革命传统，1939年，陕甘宁边区的西北青年救国联合会规定5月4日为青年节。1949年12月，中央人民政府政务院正式宣布这一规定。

In order to inherit and carry forward the "five four" youth movement Chinese glorious revolutionary tradition, in 1939, the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region of the Northwest China Youth Federation provides for the May 4th Youth day. In 1949 December, the Central Peoples government officially announced the provisions.

写作练习：旅游活动（中段考范文）

【单元财富运用】

假定你是李华，上周末和家人开车去大角湾度假。请你根据以下要点，给你的美国朋友Tom介绍你的旅游经历。

1. 出发时间：周六早上7点；

2. 准备物品：零食、衣服、相机等；

3. 旅游活动：游泳，欣赏海水、海滩、日出和日落等美景，吃海鲜，买纪念品；

4. 你的感受。

【注意】：1. 词数100；

2. 开头已给出，但不计入总词数；

3. 可以适当增加节，以使行文连贯。

Last weekend my family and I went to Dajiaowan Gulf for a holiday.______________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________

步骤1：认真审题，提炼要点。

一定体裁：记叙文，记叙一次旅游活动

二定时态：旅游发生在过去，因此描述旅游前的准备和过程都应该采用一般过去

时；而感想则可以用一般现在时或现在完成时。

三定要点：结合写作内容，整理和罗列要点。

表达旅游活动的常用词汇：

步骤2：整合信息，连词成句。

1. 星期六早上7点开车出发。

_____________________________________________________________________

2. 准备好零食、衣服、相机等。

__________________________________________________________________

3. 在海滩游泳，欣赏海水日出和日落等美景。

__________________________________________________________________

4. 吃海鲜，买纪念品；

___________________________________________________________________

5. 谈感受。

___________________________________________________________________

步骤3：连句成段，用上适当的关联词。

not only…but also…, where, what’s more /besides / in addition, then, because…..

【我的作文】

Last weekend my family and I went to Dajiaowan Gulf for a holiday.______________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

作文考察的是学生综合语文运用能力，有些考生会比较害怕作文，今天就和那些作文比较差的、害怕写作文的同学们分享一个高考作文的小技巧：

第1段150字左右：写出中心论点，首选单句形式，且是判断句或肯定句。绝对不用复句(复句容易走题，影响得分)，点出写作的由头，作文题中含有的提示性文字材料，一定要有所涉及。

第2段200字左右：段首讲述分论点一，如第一节的内容是几个分论点的简单组合，则“分论点一”适宜放在段尾。这样和分论点二、分论点三的位置区别开来，使行文有变化。“分论点一”论证不许举例，采用纯分析的说理论据展开。

第3段200字左右：段首讲述分论点二，采用举例论证，首选作文题提示中的例子来分析论证，同时也可辅助一个自己举的例子，自己举的例子要比前例文字少。如没有作文题提示中的例子，则自己举个典型的例子来分析论证，同样要求叙写例子的文字一定要比分析论证的文字少。否则对文体特征会产生重创，影响得分。

第4段200字左右：段首讲述分论点三。采用联系实际举例。这是写作本文的时代意义所在。联系的实际可以是学习、生活、社会任何一个方面，目的是或提高思想认识，或明确是非正邪，或提出解决的方法途径，或揭示某种疑难迷惑，总之要给人以启发。

第5段150字左右：要再现中心论点，扣住中心论点写出作用、意义、号召、展望等。

2015中考将至,目前距2015 中考仅有几个月，因此现在是复习的关键时刻，在此YJBYS为了让考生们了解更多的中考试题，以为今年的中考取得更好的成绩。YJBYS的小编为考生们收集了2015中考英语作文关于【解决方法题型】写作，具体内容请各位考生及时查看如下，尽请关注!

1. 问题现状

2. 怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点)

in recent days, we have to face i problem-----a, which is becoming more and more serious. first, ------------(说明a的现状).second, ---------------(举例进一步说明现状)

confronted with a, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. for one thing, ---------------(解决方法一). for another -------------(解决方法二). finally, --------------(解决方法三).

personally, i believe that -------------(我的解决方法). consequently, im confident that a bright future isawaiting us because --------------(带来的好处).

许多同学都想把作文写得好一点，但总觉得学好作文不容易，有什么办法使作文的水平提高快一些呢?许多文章写得好的人都有这样一点经验：写作文要三“多”。

首先是：多阅读。就是要大量地广泛地阅读。阅读愈多愈广、愈认真，就愈有助于写作能力的提高。阅读可以开阔眼界，扩大知识面，阅读可以增加自己的知识和丰富自己的材料仓库。多阅读可以使我们学习如何选材立意、布局谋篇、选词炼句和不同的表现方法。汉代杨雄说：“能读千赋则善赋。”唐代大诗人杜甫曾说：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神。”清代大小说家蒲松龄在《聊斋志异·阿宝》曾说：“书痴者文必工。”意思说，沉迷阅读的人他的文章必定会写得好。《唐诗三百首》的编者也曾说：“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。”我们阅读犹如蚕吃桑叶，蚕不吃桑叶，就吐不出丝，人不阅读，也写不好作文。博读广览对于丰富写作题材也是极有帮助的。俄国作家高尔基说：“我觉得，当书本给我讲到闻所未闻、见所未见的物、感情、思想和态度的时候，似乎是每一本书都在我面前打开了一扇窗户，让我到一个不可思议的新世界。”读得多了，积累必然丰富，思想也就开阔。有些学生作文语言枯燥、词汇贫乏，初看似乎是语法修辞的毛病，实际上是读得太少，腹中空空是一个重要的原因。

第二个是：多观察。多观察是很有好处的，一是可以培养自己认识外界事物的能力;二是可以积累许许多多真实的写作素材。有经验的猎手，看一看地上的脚印，他就能推测出是什么野兽;老中医看一看病人的脸与舌，他就能大体知道你的病情。这是什么原因?因为他们在长期观察中积累了许多经验，已经找出了规律。我们与作文也一样，要细致观察，才能看到看清看懂外界的事物，这样写起作文既有具体又能真实生动。比如唐代诗人王维写过一首《出至塞上》的诗，诗中有“大漠孤烟直，长河落日圆”两句。后来有些读者认为用“直”字描写“孤烟”似不真实。如《红楼梦》中香菱说：“想烟如何直，日自然是圆的。这‘直’字似无理，‘圆’字似太欲。”宋陆佃《埤雅》中说：“古之烽火用狼粪，取其烟直而聚，虽风吹之不斜。”赵殿臣注解说：“边外多回风，其风迅急，袅烟沙而直上，亲见其景者，始知直字之佳。”可见这诗句中用“直”字是王维细致观察边塞生活得来的真实的奇观异景。我们平时要留心观察，如观察人时，应观察人物的行为、对话、外貌等方面的特点;观察物时，要观察它的形状、颜、质地、构造和用途等方面的特点。大作家巴金说：“不管熟悉或者不熟悉的，我开始写小说以来就不曾停止观察人……我养成了观察人的习惯。”我们若也能养成观察人的习惯就好了。

第三个是：多动笔。我刚才说了多观察。我们会发现每个人的外表、性格、思想等都是不相同的。我们要把观察到的及时记到笔记本里，也可以说写点观察日记吧。勤练多写，刻苦实践，这可以说是学好作文的诀窍之一。犹如学游泳，不多下水游泳是学不起来的，学作文也要多动笔，才能笔下生辉。如蒲松龄，就是多动笔的典型。他“每峨冠博带，日游于田野间，遇乡人则扯之谈鬼为乐。乡人谈甫终，而先生已下笔如风，记载一悉矣。”乡人刚刚讲好，他已很快地把故事全记在本子上了。俄国作家果戈理也是多动笔的人，他会把所见所闻一一记入随身带的笔记本里。甚至到菜馆里吃饭，他也会急忙把菜单抄到笔记本里。后来那张菜单就被用到他写的小说里了。所以你能不怕苦不怕烦，能多动笔，经常写点，日积月累，你的笔头就“灵活”起来。同学们，你们若能保持一股热情，努力做到多阅读、多观察、多动笔，你们的作文水平就会在不知不觉中提高起来。

环境污染问题已然是严重的问题了，我们要重视保护环境，保护我们赖以生存的地球。

阅读下面的文字，按要求作文。

环境保护与经济发展应该是并驾齐驱的。没有经济的发展，环境保护就无法实施;而只顾经济发展，不注意环保，对人类来说无疑是一种自杀行为。当某一天，曾经很蓝的天，曾经无比清澈的河水，曾经满山绿色汇成的一片无边的海洋都远离我们而去……我们才觉得今天对自然掠夺式的的索取所导致的资源枯竭，环境恶化是一种犯罪?我们应该清醒地认识到，破坏环境，不注重环保，到时候，不但经济不能发展，就是人类的人类小命也难保全了。

请以“环保”为话题写一篇文章。

要求：(1)自定立意。(2)自拟题目。(3)自选体裁。(4)不少于600字。

【写作导引】

环保，是当今社会叫得最响亮、在各种媒体出现频率最高的一个词语，也这是摆在当今世界各国人民面前的一个最沉重的话题，环保与发展，更是人们关心的焦点和热点。

伴随着社会的进步、工业的发展，环境破坏日益严重，各种污染更是越演越剧，已经严重的威胁着人类的生存，制约着未来的发展。环保与发展密不可分，正如话题导语所说：“环境保护与经济发展应该是并驾齐驱的。没有经济的发展，环境保护就无法实施;而只顾经济发展，不注意环保，对人类来说无疑是一种自杀行为。”我们不是说要保持经济的高增长吗?必须实施可持续发展的战略吗?那就必须让环境保护与经济发展这两架马车并驾齐驱，切不可以厚此薄彼，顾此失彼，倚轻倚重，有所偏废。

写作这个话题，不但能够考查同学们对现实生活的关心程度、队事物的观察能力，而且能够培养同学们对环境保护的意识，对社会责任的良知。只要同学们平时关心时事，善于思考，注意环保与发展信息的收集，就不愁无话可说。

话题的导语说得很警醒。不但阐明了环境保护与经济发展的关系，而且深刻地指明了不注意环境保护会带来的恶果，并告诫人们，必须注意环保，否则“不但经济不能发展，就是人类的人类小命也难保全”。循此，我们就不难早准作文的重点、立意的关键、选材的范围、写作的方向了。

例如，我们可以驰骋想象，将地球比喻为“地球村”，采用对比手法，回忆过去，审视当今。想当年，我们走进森林，可以看到花草树木、飞禽走兽的欢愉;走进溪流，我可以分享到鱼翔浅底、水流湍急的乐趣;走入大山，可以领略到高山青翠、奇石嶙峋的壮美，而今呢?欢愉在逐渐消逝，乐趣在不断锐减，壮美在不断黯然，以此来唤醒每个“村民”保护地球、保护环境的意识和责任。我们还可以从“可持续发展”的眼光出发，阐明环保的重要，阐明环保与发展密不可分的关系。为了人类长久的发展和福利，我们必须处理好与自然的关系。

总之，只要我们开阔思维，善于思考，紧扣话题，就不愁造不到灵感，造不到素材。

夺命的雾霾作文

2013年，如果要问哪个词最吸引人们的眼球，当属雾霾二字。它就像坐火箭似的迅速窜红起来，走进人们的视野和生活中去，它太火热了，火热得让人整天提心吊胆，生怕哪天躺进医院。

每天早晨，爸爸骑着电动车驮着我上学，我爷儿俩时常在灰雾笼罩的天气中，穿行于被堵塞在马路上排着长龙的汽车，虽然我戴着口罩，仍然抵挡不住众多汽车尾部散发出浓烈的废气味道。好不容易品尝过汽车废气味，我又迎来路边一个个敝开的建筑工地，那工地上随风卷起的灰尘，向空气中飘散，灰尘毫不留情向我的眼睛灌去，狡滑灰尘颗粒“躲”进眼里就是不出来，害得我用手直揉眼晴，泪水夺眶而出，跟个小泪人似的。

最让我难忘的是今年四月的一天，从天气预报得知，这本是一个阳光明媚的日子，可早晨上学出门，天空大雾弥漫，此时的太阳不知害羞地躲到哪里‘闭门谢客’了。无奈，我还是像往常一样，把自己裹得严严实实，当爸爸骑车带着我骑车经过一个路口时，一起车祸发生了，一辆轿车驾驶员由于前方视线不清，将一位正常骑车送孙子上学的老人碰了，老人和孩子裁到在地，老人顾不得还在流血的脚，爬到孙子面前一边抱到满脸是血的孙子，一边向路人求助，原本打电话报警的驾驶员，在路人先救孩子的喊声中缓过神，他赶紧抱着受伤孩子，拦下一辆出租车将孩子送往医院。目睹车祸的一位骑车市民感叹道，这雾霾该死的天气。我至今不知那天在雾霾中受伤爷孙伤势如何，衷心祝愿他俩早点康复。

今年放暑假，妈妈带着我一趟乡下外婆家，虽然，乡下的交通不方便，也没有什么好玩的地方，夏天晚上的蚊子特多，但是，我还是喜欢乡下，每天早上呼吸着带有泥土芳香清新空气，望着远处的青山绿水，让久住城市饱受雾霾的人，顿时充满一种心旷神怡的感受。有一次，外婆曾经问我，什么是雾霾。在没有多少文化水平的外婆面前，我装起秀才摇头晃脑，把平常自己在网上看的有关雾霾知识道了一遍，雾和霾两个本不相干的兄弟聚到了一起，对大气造成空前的破坏，雾霾里面却含有各种酸、碱、盐、胺、酚、尘埃、病原微生物等有害物质，其含量是普通大气水滴的几十倍，对人体健康构成巨大威胁，尢其对人体呼吸系统伤害最大，可以引起急性上呼吸道感染、急性气管炎、支气管炎、肺炎、哮喘发作等疾病。面对我的这番解释，外婆听得云里雾里，最终外婆摸着我的头说，我听明白一点的就是雾霾对人体有害，你有时间就多到乡下来住，远离这害人雾霾。

离开外婆家，我又回到城市，面对这座自己生活和学习的城市，我要呐喊，夺命的雾霾，请你离我们生活远点，我们需要的是清新的空气，绿色的家园。为此，我们要让污杂工厂搬出城区，城区不要再出现裸露工地，倡导环保出行，减少汽车尾部排放。

点评：作者深受雾霾之害，因此能用文字来反映自己的所见所感，这对那些总感觉写作无素材的同学来说，应该是个很好的启发，让我们都拿出笔来写自己的生活吧!作者善于对比，行文自然，描写很有功力，能让人对雾霾之害深有体会。

导语：中考作文要取得高分，努力积累是必不可少，一些小技巧也很重要，小编带来中考高分作文写作小技巧。

我们常规学到的比喻的修辞手法无非两种使用。

一是考察你在阅读理解中对比喻的应用，具体的格式就不加以详述了，这个应该是每个初中生必须掌握的。

而在作文中，最长用的手法有明喻，暗喻，借喻。

举一个最简单的，例如：“沉默的价值像金子一样珍贵。”

这便是明喻，有本体有喻体也有比喻词。而我换一个用法，“沉默是金。”则为暗语。这种用法可以大量放在开头的排比句中，既有分量，又很厚重。

如古诗“山是眉黛聚，水是眼波横”就是很好的代表。

借喻相对于其它两种手法来说更能说明一个人的文笔。借喻是本体比喻词都不出现，只参考喻体。比如，“皓月当空，我们每个人身上仿佛有一层薄薄的珠纱。”珠纱是银白色月光的喻体。常用借喻，使得文章更有韵味。

今天小编就想与大家一起分享一些特殊的比喻。

一是巧用“想”字。

古诗有云“云想衣裳花想容”，什么意思呢?看到云我们想到了飘逸的纱衣，看到花，我们想到了娇美的容颜。这句诗的本质其实就是一个比喻。所以很多时候我们学古诗，被古诗，更多的要从写作的角度去揣摩他。

所以这样的用法可以是“离家在外的我看着天上的圆月，却想起了出发那天早起的母亲给我煮的汤圆。”

当然我们要注意，比喻句中本体和喻体不可以是相同的一种物品。

而“想”字句又会在不知不觉中帮你完成“虚实结合”这样一个重要的作文结构的搭建。

二是“成”字句。

“每天奔波劳累的爸爸把自己忙成了一个陀螺。”

“哥哥早已经把他的心炼成钢铁。”

诸如此类。其实“成”字句和我们暗喻手法中的“是”字句是一样的模式，只不过“成”字句更侧重选择具有强烈情感特点表述的对象，并要求我们善于把共同的特点放出来。

我的学生曾给我写过这样的句子，“你是风一样的走了，却又风一样的在左在右。”“相思成树，连虬成空。”这就是对这个技巧综合运用比较好的表现。

高考就要开始了，考生们不用在为怎么写作高考作文发愁，下面是小编整理的跳出写作误区，欢迎阅读。

一、投机取巧，套用时文

2002年高考首次在卷面上提出“不得抄袭”的要求，还相应设立了一条评分标准：“确认为抄袭的作文，‘基础等级’在四等之内评分，‘发展等级’不给分。”但多年以来部分考生心存侥幸，套用现成故事的问题依然存在。比如海南省2010年高考评卷语文组副组长苏盛葵在题为“提倡真实的文风”的阅卷手记中介绍：“我们在现场还发现了2篇抄袭作文，抄江苏和上海高考的满分卷，经过在场外网上搜索，在场内验证，给了8分以下的处理。这些孩子完全是昏了头脑，是那些满分作文的书害了他们，也是背诵范文上考场默写的‘报应’。”四川省作文(考新材料作文“点线面”)阅卷也大力封杀“套作”——比如一篇作文题为“坚强”、一篇题为“古镇情韵”，它们分别套用了以前的高考作文及记者撰写的时文，判分都低得可怜。

这里要提醒考生：如果某些时文确实很精彩地诠释了作文话题，写作时予以概括，把它作为写议论文的例证，是完全可以的;但不能全文主体套用现成的故事，只在首尾加上一点扣题的话，更不能原封不动地照抄。

二、内容幼稚，气度狭小

2010年广东卷阅卷中发现，有些叙事文编得像小学五、六年级学生写的，缺乏必要的思想深度。比如《与你为邻(与你为邻，让我感到十分快乐)》一文，不足800字的篇幅就写了三个邻居，人物形象单薄，记叙水平不高。另外，文中反反复复提到的就是“(赵叔叔)你做的食物，每次都让我们感到十分美味，大饱口福”、“我一见到食物就十分高兴，马上把食物拿进了屋子，一口气把它们吃光了”、“(王大妈)她总会拿一些小零食给我，让我感到十分开心”，其品位十分低下。语言表达上则有生造词、方言词出现，如“而你每次都让我们这班小馋猫试食”、“也像在课室一样”等。

还有些考场作文在用语上出现了低幼化倾向，像“太阳公公”、“月亮婆婆”、“司马迁爷爷”、“雷锋叔叔”和“张海迪阿姨”这样的字眼频频出现。一个高中毕业生，已经是成人了，应该对社会、人生有比较深刻的理性思考和独立见解，如果到了十八九岁还停留在十岁多一点的思想情趣上，总让人觉得器量狭小。

三、选材雷同，了无新意

高考作文选材撞车的现象年年有，2010年依然突出。在江苏卷中，“低碳”作文相当泛滥——有老师戏称：“一看到低碳就长叹。”山东卷作文题(考“光明和阴影”)新颖度不算高，于是一些老掉牙的素材重新登场：史铁生、霍金、张海迪等摇着轮椅唱着生命阴晴不定的歌谣;海伦?凯勒、贝多芬、邰丽华等摸着盲文、打着哑语诉说着人生的执着与永恒;司马迁遭受难以启齿的侮辱却被众多学子不留情面地反复咀嚼。另外，李白、苏轼、丛飞、朱邦月等也频频出场。据粗略统计，二类卷中作文材料的“撞车”达75%。

除了事例陈旧，还有材料张冠李戴的现象。比如北京卷阅卷中发现，明明是宋朝的论据被套上明朝的时间，明明是这个名人说的话却套在另一个人的嘴上。这体现出考生知识积累并不细致、扎实。

对症下药

为丰富写作材料，平时应做到“三备”：备思想，备知识，备生活。

备思想，首先是要学好中学各门功课，各门功课的基本理论体现了辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义的思想，是我们认识世界的最基本的观点。其次是关心社会生活和时事政治，正确认识当代社会的一些热点、焦点问题。

备知识，可与备思想结合起来进行。可注意阅读思想性、文化性较强的报刊，还可进行搜集、分析事例的训练，大致做法为：通过课外阅读每周搜集三至五个事例，并列出每个事例可用来阐明的一种或多种观点。

备生活，这有多种途径，如注意观察周围的人、事、物，积极参加社会实践活动，与同学、亲友交往等。真要备好生活，还得把上述活动的内容写进日记或练笔中，特别是那些有闪光点、有冲击力、有启发性的人与事，要及时记下来。到临考前翻出来整理一番，记住一些典型的事件及细节。

时评”是“时事评论”与“时政评论”的略称，是针对现实生活中的重要问题直接发表意见、阐述观点、表明态度的新闻体裁。

“时评”可以取材于新闻报道，对新闻事件和人物发表议论，也可以就“身边”事、“心头”事发表意见，只要是关于当下的(现在进行时)意见，就是“时评”。

几种形式

时评写作，最重要的环节就是就事论事，就是对时事本身进行直接的评论。一般有三种类别，一是赞扬式，即对新闻中的人物、事件、工作方法等表示肯定，然后阐释肯定的理由。二是批评式，即对新闻中的人物、事件、工作方法等进行否定，然后从法律、道德等方面找出反对的依据。三是建议式，即提出自己对新闻事件中某个问题的建设性意见。

基本特征

1、讲究“时效性、针对性、准确性、说理性、思想性”。尤其要注重准确性和说理性。

2、在写法上，分为就事论事和就事论理两类。就事论事，就是按照事物本身的性质来评定是非得失，不要求作过多的材料外的拓展和延伸，主要就材料本身进行评议，发表自己的看法，能言之成理，持之有据。就事论理，是对所评之事进行具体深入分析，充分说理，阐明一个道理，而不是停留在就事论事上，以达到“扶正祛邪，激浊扬清”的写作目的。

3、在命题上，具有开放性，可以仁者见仁智者见智。

写作要求

1.选取恰当的当下新闻(话题鲜) 2.确定鲜明独到的观点(观点辣)

3.搜集典型有力的论据(论据杂) 4.运用严密有趣的语言(语言趣)

基本思路

请就下面的材料，联系生活实际，写一篇800字以上的文章。

老师带领学生到建筑工地参加劳动，看到脚手架上悬挂着一副标语：“百年大计，质量第一。”老师问学生：“这八个字有什么含义?我们从中得到什么启示?”

范文示例：百年大计，质量第一

建筑工地上，我们常常可以看到这么一则令人信心百倍的宣传标语：“百年大计，质量第一”。(引述材料)

这的确是一句睿智的口号!(亮出观点)

毫无疑问，建筑，理所当然的是我们生存生活的最基本的物质条件之一;建筑居室，也理所当然的是关系到居民生活水平高低的大硬件之一;它们与人们的生活紧密相关，更是关乎百姓幸福生活的百年大计!因此，建筑工地上，绝不能允许偷工减料，粗制滥造，“豆腐渣”工程横行!而必须坚持“百年大计，质量第一”。(展开一：分析材料——建筑)

由此，我们联想到，作为立国根本的教育事业又何尝不是应“百年大计，质量第一”呢?从这个意义上讲，这条标语有两层含义。其一，“十年树木，百年树人。”教师是人类灵魂的工程师，就应以“塑造人类灵魂”为己任，以“育人育本”的“思想教育”为重点，努力探索，积极实践，做到“质量第一”，努力培养出“思想先进，作风过硬，本领高强”的适合当前现代化建设需要并能与国际接轨的甘于奉献乐于助人且“以天下为己任”的优秀人才。而教育部门的领导者，更应首先把学生综合素质的提高作为主要的工作任务来抓，决不应只重数量不重质量地只管分数靠前而不问素质质量如何。其二，作为学生，也应该以这条标语为座右铭，努力学习，提高自己的思想素质和文化素质从而做到“质量第一”。如果我们的教师和学生都不以“育人育本”的思想质量为高，不以“育人育本”的思想质量和教学质量为重，而只求分数上去了，其他则不管!那么，纵有再多的大学生研究生硕士生博士生博士后也是枉然!这样不仅会使祖国兴旺发达的现代化建设成为泡影，而且和谐社会建设也必将成为一句空话!中国人民又将永陷贫穷落后的万丈深渊之中!赶欧超美也永远只能是“白日梦”!(展开二：由建筑联想到教育—先教师后学生)

由此我们进一步联想到，无论干什么事业都需要强调“质量第一”。今天已是经济一体化全球化的时代，是高科技迅猛发展使地球成为小村落的时代。小而言之，一个企业，只有讲究质量，才能在激烈的国际国内竞争中站稳脚跟;大而言之，我国各方面的规划和建设只有奉行“质量第一”的原则，才能真正占领市场，击败称雄于全球的强烈竞争对手从而赢得真正的胜利。三鹿集团因质量疏忽而宣告破产的沉痛教训，再一次告诉我们：质量是企业的生命，更是国家的生命!哪个国家拥有高质量的人才，拥有高效率的管理，拥有高水平的领导，那么，哪个国家就一定处于世界领先地位!(展开三：事业—先企业后国家)

总之，没有“百年大计，质量第一”的精神，建筑队无法生存，教育无法发展，国家无法昌盛。(总结全文)

学生作文结构提纲与评点：

“述”，看到建筑工地上悬挂的标语“百年大计，质量第一”，(述材料)，深思之余，油然而生赞叹之情。(亮观点)

“议”，这不是一句单调的口号，它包含着丰富的内容，有着启发人们心智的强大力量。(分析材料)，它立足现实，放眼未来，把人们当前的工作与造福子孙后代的伟大事业挂起钩来，赋予平凡的工作以深远的意义。(稍作拓宽，为下文联系实际张本)

“联”，其实，何止建筑要质量，学校的教学，育人育本，更要讲究质量。青年学生是祖国的未来，是四化建设的未来力量。然而由于他们阅历较浅，辨别是非能力差，所以学校在抓教学质量的同时，不可忽视加强思想的教育，育人育本，质量第一。(联系老师、学生、学校实际来谈)……

无数的事实证明，我们的党，我们的国家，(注意以小见大，由此及彼地推衍)，一向都把抓好教育，提高全民族的思想道德素质放在第一位。

“结”，培育人才乃是国家之根本，而培养具有良好的品德修养的人才,更是千年大计万年大计。只有育人育本，讲求质量，社会主义大厦才能永远高高屹立。(小结全篇，干脆而不离题;照应材料，简洁而不重复)

它的基本思路是：引——点——议——联——结

根据例文我们可以归纳出以下的写作模式：

1、开篇引用材料的新闻报道内容。(引)【略】

2、对报道内容进行一些解析作为过渡。(点)【略】

3、从多个角度分析新闻，或阐释其意义，或剖析其谬误。(议)【详】

4、联系社会现实的类似现象，挖掘现象背后的根源。(联)【详】

5、最后从多个层面提出若干个解决问题的“合理化建议”。(结)

除了“联”，驳论与归谬也是时评中运用比较多的技巧。这种时评作文，往往在材料中有针锋相对的观点，这时采用的结构就稍有变化：先破后立。

所谓“先破”，即批驳对方错误码，可以驳观点、驳论扰、驳论证。尤其以驳对方论据的虚假、论证的可笑用得最多。

所谓“后立”，指批驳对方错误之后，再水到渠成地阐述自己的观点、确立自己的观点。

示例：

中学校园里时下流传着一句顺口溜，“一怕文言文、二怕写作文、三怕周树人”，鲁迅的文章生涩难懂，不好学，几乎成了中学校园里师生的“共识”。人民教育出版社新版的语文教材中，鲁迅的作品明显减少，《药》、《为了忘却的纪念》等作品不见了，保留下来的只有《拿来主义》、《祝福》和《记念刘和珍君》3篇，更是引起疑惑：鲁迅的作品真的过时了?一时间，陪伴几代人成长的鲁迅作品，竟然在校园里面临尴尬的境地，是去是留，争议不断。

范文示例：鲁迅不能远去，更不能删去

中学生随便杜撰的一句顺口溜“一怕文言文，二怕写作文，三怕周树人”，害得鲁迅先生不轻。有些人就借这句话，想删去鲁迅先生的作品，减少鲁迅作品在中学语文课本中的分量(述材料)，我看是一种轻率不理智的表现。(亮观点)

大家可以推敲一下中学生的这句顺口溜，怕文言文，我们就要把文言文给删掉?怕写作文，我们就不写作文啦?显然不能。学生所怕的，反而是最有用，最应该加强的。传统国学不要啦?文言文是我们传统文化中的瑰宝，难道因为学生一句不太负责任的顺口溜就轻而易举的删去?写作的重要性就不用多说了，难道因为学生惧怕，我们就不训练写作，就不再运用写作?就取消平日的作文训练?显然十分可笑荒唐!学生毕竟年幼无知，其意见也不定就正确，完全跟着学生感觉走，这是很明显是愚蠢不明智的。(驳对方论据与论证，推出一个荒唐的结果。从而可见，鲁迅经典是不可删的。)

学生喜欢什么样的文章?看看学生读的课外书籍，你就会明白个大概。学生喜欢智慧背囊式的精悍的小美文，学生喜欢有浅显道理的所谓哲理故事，学生喜欢让人心动的情感故事，喜欢《读者》、《青年文摘》等刊物选载的新潮时尚文章。如果你细细分析一下就会发现，学生喜欢的这些快餐式的美其名曰的美文，实际价值不是很大，最多给人一时的心动，不会长久的影响你。这些文章看似美，实际经不起咀嚼，也不会被历史沉淀下来。可是，由于高考、中考大量选用这类文章作为试题，大大影响了学生，给学生严重的误导。现在的高考、中考试卷中，，大多是流行的时尚美文。这些文章，阅读难度不大，语言华丽精彩，学生乐意读。所以，学生在阅读学习鲁迅先生那些有一定历史感现实感的文章时，就要费一点事，就觉得有难度。学生阅读，不想费事，不想费脑子，想的是轻松。很显然，这是有害的。快餐式文化作品，冲击了鲁迅，冲击了那些有一定难度的经典文章。(要论删鲁迅之原因，从反面找原因——学生喜欢什么样的文章，这样有思维。)

鲁迅先生的文章，已经被历史证明有着很高价值的经典作品，他的作品不仅属于那个特殊的时代，也属于今天和未来，所以根本不存在过时的问题。有人说，鲁迅是那个时代的产物。可是，有谁不是时代的产物?谁能超越时代?脱离时代?

因为鲁迅关心社会，关心广大的民众，所以文章带有时代的色彩，留下了时代的烙印。鲁迅的作品是反映现实的，揭露现实的。可是，现在的很多中学生不关心现实，不喜欢看现实主义的作品。学生所喜欢的那些新潮的美文，往往不痛不痒，无病呻吟，和现实有很大的距离。实际上，这是很危险的。

而对鲁迅作品的畏惧和后怕，完全是学生以讹传讹的误导，是对鲁迅作品的误读。这句不负责任的顺口溜，伤害了鲁迅，也坑害了广大青少年。让学生远离鲁迅，不仅是一个天大的错误，而且是实实在在的无知。不是鲁迅作品失去了价值，失去了应有的历史地位，失去了市场，而是我们有些人的误导和错误教育，影响了鲁迅的存在。

我们已经十分无知，我们不能再错。让鲁迅留下来，不容商量!

技法点击

(1)要学会就事论事。就是要求旗帜鲜明发表自己对某件事或某现象的看法，或褒或贬，或弹或赞，实话实说

评“事”不限于一点或一个角度，可以多点或多角度，但需记，所评所说，必须与所评之“事”密切相关，不能游离于“事”高谈阔论。

(2)要为自己的评判写出分析和理由。

评事要言之有理、言之有据，才能评得文明，才能让人心悦诚服，才能收到辨是非、明事理的效果。能把看法说清楚，又能将看法的依据和道理写深写透，这样的时评才是好时评。评者，可以评，可以争，也可以谏、可以讽、可以怨，可以嬉笑怒骂，甚至可以作楚狂之歌。

①叙事议论不蔓不枝。举例新颖，最后一句分析回扣中心。确定一个中心句，并阐明确定中心句的依据。

②论点方面。要做到论点明确，一般有两种方式：a开门见山，开宗明义。b卒章显志，画龙点睛。只有做到论点明确，才能有的放矢。

③论据方面。

不去关注身边最新的时事要闻，热点的科技动态等等，论据就不新颖，就做不到共性和个性相结合，时代性(时代精神)和历史性(有新因素的历史素材)相结合，点(详写事例)和面(略写事例)相结合，叙议相结合，论据就不能为论点服务。

④论证方面，论证时必须叙议结合，即结合事例进行分析。一般可以有以下几种分析方法：因果分析法，假设分析法，条件分析法，意义分析法，比较分析法，辩证分析法。做到叙议结合的论证才是有力的论证。

⑤语言方面。中学生议论语言处于一种“失语”状态，没有属于自己的真的语言。真的语言，应该能让人感觉到一个“鲜活”生命体存在。作为中学生这个特殊年龄阶段的群体，要有一种青春的气势，褒扬真善美，批判假恶丑。

(三)注意拟题

提问法：把人们关心的问题提出来，为读者设置悬念。如《安排就业能不能“优先下一代”?》

数字法：用数字突显出问题的严重性或复杂性，使读者一目了然。如《二十六个百姓摊一个“仆人”》

判断法：用一个表判断的短语点明中心论点，如《恶搞是对批评的滥用》

反问法：用反诘的语气将批驳的事实或要评论的问题提出来，具有震撼人心的效果。如《格言能 “震撼”贪官?》

引用法：直接引用要批驳的观点，并给予否定，这样态度鲜明。如《不可盲目“先就业后择业”》

从历年高考写作题来看, 特别是基础写作, 要点都是一目了然的, 写什么, 对于考生来说不是问题, 问题是不知如何写。

实践证明, 只有写出正确地道的句子, 才有可能把文章写好。磨刀不误砍柴功, 写作需练基本功。你有了扎实的基本功, 不管是基础写作还是读写任务, 也不管考什么作文题, 你都能得高分。因此, 从某种意义上说, 我们不必刻意追求猜题押题, 而应脚踏实地地去练好基本功, 这才是高考高分的备考上策。

【基本句型特训】

这里的基本句型包括简单句的五个基本句型和there be句型。

所谓简单句就是由一个主语 (包括并列主语)和一个谓语 (包括并列谓语) 组成的句子, 即一个主谓关系的句子。

六个基本句型

典型例句

主+谓

He studies very hard.

主+谓+宾

We enjoy sports.

主+谓+间宾+直宾

Sports bring me happiness.

主+谓+宾+宾补

Exercise mades me healthy.

主+系+表

Exercise is very beneficial.

There be句型

There are three reasons why I like it.

特别提醒: 根据历年高考阅卷的情况, 考生写句子最易犯的错是: 不用be时却用了, 或者该用be时却没用。因此, 我们须注意:

1.英语句子通常要有谓语动词, 否则就不完整。如表达 “他很累”, 不能说He very tired.

而要说He is very tired. 因为tired是形容词, 句中无动词。切记: 当句子意思完整, 但句中没有动词时, 一定要加上be。

2. 当句中已有谓语动词时, 若不是进行时态或被动语态, 一定不要再用be。如表达 “他昨天来过这里”, 不能说He was came here yesterday. 而要说He came here yesterday.

[课堂练习]

用基本句型翻译下列各组句子, 然后合并成一篇通顺自然的5句话的短文。

●心中有梦:

单句翻译

1. David 7岁了。 (主系表)

2. 他有一个梦想。 (主谓宾)

3. 他想在天上飞。 (主谓宾)

4. 他做了一架纸飞机。 (主谓双宾)

5. 他完成了作业。 (主谓宾)

6. 他玩纸飞机。 (主谓)

7. 有一天, 天上有一架飞机在飞。 (there be句型)

8. 他的父亲鼓励他努力学习成为飞行员。 (主谓宾宾补)

9. 他非常努力地学习。 (主谓)

10. 十八年后他实现了他的梦想。 (主谓宾)

合并成文

______________________________________________________________________________________________

【标准答案】

1. David was seven years old.

2. He had a dream.

3. He wanted to fly in the sky.

4. He made himself a paper plane.

5. He finished homework.

6. He always played with the paper plane.

7. There was a plane flying in the sky.

8. His father encouraged him to study hard and be a pilot.

9. He worked very hard at his lessons.

10. He made his dream come true 18 years later.

合并成文: When David was seven years old, he dreamed of flying in the sky. Having finished his homework, he made himself a paper plane to play with. One day, there was a plane flying in the sky. His father

encouraged him to be a pilot in the future. It was by working hard that he made his dream come true eighteen years later.

导语：小编就高考英语广东卷写作题将由基础写作(满分15分)和任务型写作(满分25分)两节组成。为了更有效地备考基础写作题，需要搞清楚基础写作题的特点和对考生写作能力的要求。本文将探讨这两个方面的问题，并对备考给出一些建议，供考生参考。

一、基础写作题的特点

高考设置基础写作题目的目的是要检测考生最基础的书面语言表达能力，如用词的合理性、句子结构的复杂度、语法运用的正确性、信息内容的完整性、句子之间的连贯性等。因此，基础写作题与往年的书面表达依然会有很多相似点，但也会出现一些新的特点。

1. 写作题材贴近考生的学习和生活。历年来高考作文题的题材都非常贴近考生的学习和生活，如校园活动、校外见闻、交友、旅游，和考生有关的话题讨论等。可以预料明年高考写作题的题材还会在这些范围之内，并为所有所考所熟悉。

2. 写作的体裁主要是故事性描述和应用文。基础写作题的体裁主要有故事性描写和应用文写作两大类。命题形式可能是看图写故事、看图表说明、根据表格信息完成一封短信或一份通知这类的应用文等。

3. 内容呈现的方式具有半封闭性。作文试题逐步走向开放将是大势所趋。但是，基础写作题还只能是半封闭的，其特点是写作的内容是被规定了的，考生必须将文章所规定的信息点完整、全面地表达出来，但对于语言表达的方式、信息组织的先后秩序、需要补充哪些必要的信息等，考生又有一定的自主构思空间。

4. 用5句话表达。这是基础写作题与往年书面表达题最显著的不同点。往年是规定字数(100词左右)，句子的数量不作规定，所以很多考生为了不犯句法错误总是用一些简单句。而基础写作只能用5句话来表达题目所给的全部信息点，但所给的信息点与往年的书面表达相比并不会减少，所以，用5个简单句很难完成任务，必须使用复合句或并列句来综合多个信息点，而且还要照顾句子之间的衔接和语意上的连贯。从这一点来说，基础写作题对考生运用语言能力的要求大大提高了。

二、基础写作题提出的新要求

由基础写作题的特点可以看出，它对考生提出了一些新的要求。

1. 信息组织能力。笔者认为，信息组织能力包括信息归类、信息排列和信息表达三个环节。对于题目所提供的各种信息点，考生首先需要依照一定的标准将信息进行归类，并初步计划将哪些信息放到同一个句子中;其次是将信息进行合理的排列，排列必须依照一定的标准，如时间顺序、空间顺序、因果关系、递进关系等;第三是选择信息表达的秩序，确定句子之间的先后关系，这既要考虑语法上能否衔接，还要考虑语意上的连贯。在组织信息的过程中，还要对某些信息进行必要的增删，使文章意思连贯、语言畅通、逻辑严密。

2. 运用复杂句子的能力。在整理和归类信息点之后，就需要正确地使用比较复杂的句子，综合地表达信息。复杂句子主要有三类：

第一类是复合句，包括含有名词性从句的复合句，含有定语从句的复合句，含有状语从句的复合句。

第二类是并列句，包括具有递进关系的并列句， 如由and，then，besides，in addition, furthermore，moreover, what’s more等连接的并列句，具有转折关系的并列句，如由but，however，on the contrary, after all等连接的并列句，具有平行选择关系的并列句，如由both…and…，as well as，as well，neither…nor…or，either…or…，not only…but also…等连接的并列句。

第三类是一些特殊句型，如使用强调句、倒装句、含有with复合结构的句子、there be开头的句子、以形式主语it开头的句子等。

正确地使用各种句型，不仅能够完成题目所要求的任务，还能使文章的句式变得丰富、行文更加流畅、中心和主旨更加突出。

三、基础写作题的备考策略

在基础写作的备考过程中，一方面要重视养成一些良好的写作习惯，如认真审题、巧妙构思、常写草稿、工整誊写、仔细核对等好习惯，另一方面在组织信息和训练复杂句子结构方面要多下些功夫。下面我们以“广东省普通高等学校招生全国统一考试广东省英语科考试说明”中的样题为例，探讨如何备考基础写作题。

第一节：基础写作(共1小题，满分15分)

假设你最近参加了由某电视台举办的中考生英语演讲比赛并获奖，该台准备组织获奖者去北京参加一次英语夏令营活动，下表是这次活动的时间安排和活动内容。

活动时间

7月15日-22日或8月15日-22日

活动内容

参加英语角 学唱英语歌曲

听英语讲座 表演英语短剧

看英语电影 教外宾学中文

【写作内容】

电视台现就活动时间和活动内容征求你的意见。请按照以下要求用英语以书信形式给予答复。

1. 选择适合你的时间并说明理由;

2. 解释你只能参加其中的两项活动(听英语讲座和教外宾学中文)，虽然你认为所有的活动都很有意义;

3. 说明你选择的理由：听英语讲座了解英美文化的信息;教外宾学中文因为2008北京奥运让越来越多的外宾想了解中国。

【写作要求】

1. 必须使用5个句子表达全部的内容

2. 信的开头和结尾已给出。

Dear Sir or Madame,

I’m glad to be invited to the English summer camp.

Thank you very much.

Yours truly,

Li Ping

【评分标准】

句子结构的准确性和复杂度;信息内容的完整性和连贯性。

由此我们可以看出，信息点的数量与往年的书面表达题相比并没有减少，要想用5个句子把所有的信息都表达出来，考生必须从以下三个方面进行备考：

1. 养成重视审题的习惯。虽然基础写作题是半封闭性的，但审题仍然十分重要。现以样题为例，谈谈如何审题：

思考的问题

样题分析

要写的文章主题是什么?(topic)

参加夏令营。

为什么要写这篇文章?(purpose)

电视台邀请参加夏令营，写信回复

要写文章的信息点有哪些?(information items)

选择的时间、参加活动的内容、解释为什么。

怎样安排信息点的逻辑顺序?(order)

说明要参加的活动并解释原因—→说明要参加的时间并解释原因。

动作是什么时候发生的(时态)?(when)

夏令营还没有开始，文章主要用一般将来时。

2. 提高组织信息的能力。组织信息的过程包括信息分类、信息排列和信息表达三个环节。这些步骤看起来好像很繁琐，但对于中下成绩的考生来说，一步一步地思考这些问题是很有必要的。现以样题为例，说明该怎样组织信息。

信息分类

信息排列

信息表达

时间信息：两个时间段。

内容信息：6项活动。

选择信息：其中的两个活动及其理由。

夏令营的内容信息点排列：可以将自己要参加的两项活动放在前面，其它信息点可以略写。

作者的选择信息点排列：依照自己所参与的活动顺序逐项表述，紧接着给出选择的理由。

结合已经给出的头和尾，写作的顺序可安排如下：

很高兴被邀请(已给出)——感谢安排这么多的活动——说明活动的意义——表达自己只能参加两项活动的遗憾和原因——说明参加的活动内容及原因(两项活动用两句话)——说明自己选择的时间及原因。

3. 夯实基础，掌握基本的句子结构及其用法。对于大多数考生来说，用词不准和句子结构错误是写作失分的“罪魁祸首”。夯实基础、掌握基本的句子结构及其用法是基础写作备考的主要任务，完成这项任务可以分步骤进行：

第一步：练习写简单句，练就写简单句基本不犯语言错误的“真功”。简单句大体上可以分为两个基本类型，考生必须掌握：“主语+谓语+(其它成分)”“主语+系动词+表语”。

第二步：练习运用复杂句。要提高运用复杂句的能力，考生必须要攻克三个易错点：一是主句与从句之间主谓结构混乱，造成主句缺谓语;二是没有掌握关联词的用法，错用、多用、漏用关联词;三是该使用简单句的地方人为地复杂化，如可以用分词或介词短语来表达的，却偏要用从句。

下面以样题为例，介绍笔者是如何思考写这篇文章的(为了分析方便，笔者将5个句子进行编号)，仅供参考：

Dear Sir or Madam,

I’m glad to be invited to the English summer camp. ①Thank you very much for arranging so many activities, such as English corner, English lectures, English films, English songs, English plays and helping foreigners learn Chinese. ②I am sure all the activities will do a lot of good to us students. ③But it’s a pity that I can only take part in two of them, because I will have to spend some time in doing my research project. ④I would like to listen to the lectures, by which I will learn more about western culture, and help foreigners learn Chinese, as more and more foreigners want to know about China and the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.

⑤I want to see my grandparents in the country right after our school finishes in mid-July, so I am going to attend the camp from August 15th to 22nd.

Thank you very much.

Yours truly,

Li Ping

第①句顺应已给出的句中的glad心情，表示感谢安排这么多的活动，具有较好的连贯性。同时很自然地将活动内容做一介绍。

第②句用简单句表达活动的意义，语意上连贯，句式上没有继续用“长”句，有变化。

第③句用but转折并用it’s a pity 句型表示委婉的歉意，然后解释原因。

第④句用一个长句子表达自己要参加的两个项目，并解释原因，解释原因的第一句用定语从句，第二句用状语从句，使句子结构富于变化。

第⑤句解释参加的时间并给出解释。之所以把时间放在后面，主要是考虑它与题目已经给出的句子之间在语意上的连贯性不够。

下面是小编为大家整理的是半命题作文的写作指导，欢迎阅读!

想要写好此类作文，关键是要拟一个完整、恰当的题目。在拟题时，首先必须进行选材上的思考，然后根据所选材料再去拟定一个完整、恰当的题目。此后的构思写作同命题作文就没有什么两样了。

那么怎样才能拟好半命题作文的题目呢?可以从以下几个方面着手。

第一、具体事物拟题法。

这种方式可以以小见大，使选材新颖具体。如半命题作文"难忘的_________"，我们可以填上"一条红丝带"，叙写关爱他人，关注生命的动人一幕。又如"当我面对_________的时候"，可填上"那片绿叶"，托物言志，抒写自己愿做绿叶、无私奉献的情操;也可填上"那座荒山"，呼吁绿化荒山，爱护家园，加强环境保护。

第二、抽象事物拟题法。

这种拟题方式化具体为抽象，便于抒写自己内心复杂的情感。如"当我面对____________的时候"，可以填上"虚荣"，敞开心扉抒写自己对心灵的拷问;又如"寻找心灵的伊甸园" "寻找人生的方程 " "我好想有一片蓝天"等，用的也是此种拟题法。

第三、特定情境拟题法。

这种拟题方式新颖别致，" (2005年湖北黄冈能创设一种特定氛围，给人一个遐想的空间，极易引发人们丰富的联想" (2006年上海市人们丰富的联想。如"我好想再看你一眼" "我好想当一天老师的好学生，" "当我面对心灵的抉择的时候" "当我面对凛冽寒风的时候" "我梦见范进参加中" "我梦见妈妈下岗"等标题采用的便是此种拟题法。前面提

到的"当我面对__________的时候"这一半命题作文，若一定要选"成功"或"失败"的作文材料，采用特定情境拟题法，将题目拟为"当我面对掌声响起的时候" "当我面对鲜红的58分的时候"等，便会获得一种奇妙的效果。

第四，特殊符号拟题法。

此法是借用数学、物理或化学等学科特殊符号或公式来拟题。这类标题的作文在行文中必须恰当地体现公式符号与社会现象、某种道理的契合点，使形式和内容统一。如以"当我面对___________的时候"为题，来表达自己对社会上种种时弊的质疑;以"当我面对A、B、C的时候"为题，抒写自己学习英语的乐趣和享受。此外，如"我好想得到一个 A+" "感悟8-1>8""明天，我飞向?行星"等，形象生动，令人耳目一新。

第五，条块分割拟题法。

这种拟题法是从形式上来说的。为避免半命题作文拟题或内容上的严重"撞车"，不妨依据所选的体裁，将内容"裁"成几个小"条块"。如某考生的半命题作文《寻找失落的昨日》，将"昨日"一分为三，用小标题"镜头一" "镜头二" "镜头三"逐一"回放"给读者。另一考生的《感悟生活中的美》，则是先设一"题记"，下拟三组小标题："母爱之美" "劳动之美" "运动之美"，截取生活的三个画面，表现对美的热爱和感悟。

总之，题贵新颖，半命题作文的拟题追求的同样准确、生动而有魅力。只要平时注意积累文化知识，正确理解半命题作文的"另一半"提示、"另一半"导引的内涵，并且掌握一定的拟题技巧，就能拟出让读者击节叫好的标题。

但是，我们在阅卷过程中发现不少考生在拟题时出现了不少问题，这里列出一些，以便引起同学们的注意。

首先，是拟题雷同，千人一面。

由于半命题作文有"限"的一面，考生中最常见的毛病便是拟题雷同。比如，半命题作文《难忘的》，极易雷同的拟题是"难忘的一天""难忘的假期生活"等，相当多的考生似乎只有"一天"、只有"假期生活"是"难忘的";写《当我______面对的时候》这一半命题作文时，题为"当我面对挫折的时候" "当我面对成功的时候"的作文便会成批 出现，仿佛考生要"面对"的不是"挫折"就是"成功"。

其次，是拟题宽泛，难以下笔。

以《感悟_______》这一半命题作文为例，"感悟大自然" "感悟青春"这类既无新意、涵盖范围又过大的拟题很常见。显然，拟出这样的题日，写起来不易把握，只能泛泛而谈，要写深写透很难。

再次，是补题随意，缺乏考虑。

半命题作文的拟题之所以会出现上面提到的"一窝蜂"的拟题现象，一个很重要的原因是不少考生看到半命题作文时，不能根据所选材料确定一个最佳的词语或短语来将题目补充完整，也就是不能很好地将"选材"与"补词"同时加以考虑，而是匆匆提笔，信手"补词"。

总之，考生在拟题时不能充分利用半命题作文具有的"自我命一半题"这一有利条件，仅仅着眼于内容 是否"好写"，是否"耳熟能详"，而不是是否"写得好"，是否"能出新"。这种"先天不足"，势必导致自己拟的题目反"将"了自己"一军"，不是所拟题目限制了自己的手脚，思路打不开，就是拟题涵盖宽泛，想写的内容太多，不知从何入手。

题贵新颖，半命题作文的拟题追求的同样是务求准确、生动而有魅力。只要平时注意积累文化知识，正确理解半命题作文的“另一半”提示、“另一半”导引的内涵，并且掌握一定的拟题技巧，就能拟出让评卷老师“怦然心动”、击节叫好而一见钟情的好标题。

半命题作文是一种具有较强生命力的作文题型，我们在平时的作文训练中一定要给以足够的重视。

一、构思、准备不充分，匆忙下笔

任何一篇作文出题都是有它独特的道理的，所以提前审题和构思就显得必不可少了。很多孩子目前存在一个情况，想到哪写到哪，有记流水帐的习惯;这也造成了作文杂乱无章，毫无条理，同时容易出现写错单词和用错句型的情况。

针对这种情况可以从以下几个方面予以解决：

1、认真审题，审题的重点放在写作体裁、格式、字数方面，确保第一遍审题就能保证得到基本分。

2、确定文体和时态，因为不同的文体要求的写作格式也是不同的。

3、列提纲，打草稿，然后修改。这样可以保证错误降低至最少或者没有错误，同时也能保持卷面整洁。

二、中心重点不突出，切题不准确

英语写作不是语文散文(形散神不散)，写英语作文，尤其是在中考大压力下短时内写出高分作文一定要注意这一点。造成这种情况的主要原因是动笔前并没有认真审题和思考，对出题者希望得到的预期尚未揣摩透彻，这也就造成了一些同学虽然语言功底非常不错，但是最终的结果还是没有拿到一个自己预期的心理分数，最大的问题就出在切题不准确或者不够突出中心上了。

三、忽视文化差异

我们要时刻牢记一点，中英文表达方式有很大的差异，所以体现在作文表达上也常常会出现生硬的中国式作文表达，降低了我们的作文质量。所以注重中英语言差异，并努力找到两者之间的表达方式上的共通点，并且有意识的运用就能避免类似的问题。

四、忽视细节，无谓失分

很多孩子在写作文时常常感觉"下笔如有神"，但最终结果出来后大惑不解。这方面的问题主要体现在忽视标点、书写、段落安排、大小写的问题，所以只要更加注重细节，这些无谓失分就可以解决。