2015年中考英语写作之看图作文【汇总六篇】 作文【精彩20篇】

好的句子运用得到可以为作文提高分值。下面是语文迷为大家整理的英语励志名言，希望对你写作有帮助。

1、When all else is lost the future still remains.就是失去了一切别的，也还有未来。

2、Sow nothing, reap nothing.春不播，秋不收。

3、Keep on going never give up.勇往直前， 决不放弃!

4、The wealth of the mind is the only wealth.精神的财富是唯一的财富。

5、Never say die.永不气馁!

6、Nurture passes nature.教养胜过天性。

7、There is no garden without its weeds.没有不长杂草的花园。

8、The best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today.对明天做好的准备就是今天做到最好!

9、The reason why a great man is great is that he resolves to be a great man.伟人之所以伟大，是因为他立志要成为伟大的人。

10、The best preparation for tomorrow is doing your best today.

对明天做好的准备就是今天做到最好!

11、You cannot improve your past, but you can improve your future. Once time is wasted, life is wasted.

你不能改变你的过去，但你可以让你的未来变得更美好。一旦时间浪费了，生命就浪费了。

12、Knowlegde can change your fate and English can accomplish your future.

知识改变命运，英语成就未来。

13、Dont aim for success if you want it; just do what you love and believe in, and it will come naturally.

如果你想要成功，不要去追求成功;尽管做你自己热爱的事情并且相信它，成功自然到来。

14、Jack of all trades and master of none.

门门精通，样样稀松。

15、Judge not from appearances.

人不可貌相，海不可斗量。

16、Justice has long arms.

天网恢恢，疏而不漏。

17、Keep good men company and you shall be of the number.

近朱者赤，近墨者黑。

18、Kill two birds with one stone.

一箭双雕。

19、Kings go mad, and the people suffer for it.

君王发狂，百姓遭殃。

20、Kings have long arms.

普天之下，莫非王土。

21、Knowledge is power.

知识就是力量。

21、Knowledge makes humble, ignorance makes proud.

博学使人谦逊，无知使人骄傲。

22、Learn and live.

活着，为了学习。

23、Learning makes a good man better and ill man worse.

好人越学越好，坏人越学越坏。

24、Learn not and know not.

不学无术。

25、Learn to walk before you run.

先学走，再学跑。

26、Let bygones be bygones.

过去的就让它过去吧。

27、Let sleeping dogs lie.

别惹麻烦。

28、Let the cat out of the bag.

泄漏天机。

29、Lies can never changes fact.

谎言终究是谎言。

30、Lies have short legs.

谎言站不长。

31、While there is life there is hope.一息若存，希望不灭。

32、I am a slow walker,but I never walk backwards.我走得很慢，但是我从来不会后退。

33、Cease to struggle and you cease to live. 生命不止，奋斗不息。

34、Never underestimate your power to change yourself!永远不要低估你改变自我的能力!

35、Nothing is impossible!没有什么不可能!

36、Do what you say,say what you do.做你说过的，说你能做的。

37、The man who has made up his mind to win will never say "impossible ".凡是决心取得胜利的人是从来不说“不可能的”。

38、Live a noble and honest life. Reviving past times in your old age will help you to enjoy your life again.过一种高尚而诚实的生活。当你年老时回想起过去，你就能再一次享受人生。

39、You have to believe in yourself . Thats the secret of success.人必须相信自己，这是成功的秘诀。

40、If you fail, dont forget to learn your lesson.如果你失败了，千万别忘了汲取教训。

41、You cannot improve your past, but you can improve your future. Once time is wasted, life is wasted.你不能改变你的过去，但你可以让你的未来变得更美好。一旦时间浪费了，生命就浪费了。

42、There is but one secret to sucess---never give up!成功只有一个秘诀--永不放弃!

43、For man is man and master of his fate.人就是人，是自己命运的主人。

44、What makes life dreary is the want of motive.没有了目的，生活便郁闷无光。

45、Difficult circumstances serve as a textbook of life for people.困难坎坷是人们的生活教科书。

46、Gods determine what youre going to be.人生的奋斗目标决定你将成为怎样的人。

卷面整洁 书写清楚

构思简单 少犯错误

中心突出 层次分明

借助经典 名句俗谚

重在变化 避免重复

卷面整洁，书写清楚

1、打好腹稿再动笔，减少涂改。

2、书写漂亮的当然更好，达不到的最起码也要工整。

3、使用黑色水笔作答，白纸黑字，这样能够有效提高整洁度。

构思简单 少犯错误

根据阅卷经验，四级作文的主要错误集中在思路、标点、时态、单复数、结构等五个方面。

英语四级错误十错十察

1.句子成分残缺

We always working till late at night before taking exams.(误)

We are always working till late at night before taking exams(正)

2.句子成分多余

This test is end, but there is another test is waiting forus. (误)

One test ends, but another is waiting for you. (正)

3.主谓不一致

Someone/Somebody think that reading should be selective. (误)

Someone/Somebody thinks that reading should be selective. (正)

4.动词时态误用

I was walking along the road, and there are not so many cars on the street. (误)

I was walking along the road and there were not so many vehicles on the street. (正)

5.动词语态误用

The driver of the red car was died in the accident. (误)

The driver of the red car died in the accident. (正)

6.词类混淆

It is my point that reading must be selectively. (误)

In my opinion, reading must be selective. (正)

Honest is so important for every person. (误)

Honesty is so important for everyone. (正)

7.名词可数与不可数的误用

In modern society, people are under various pressures(误)

In modern society, people are under various kinds of pressure. (正)

8.动词及物与不及物的误用

Because of his excellent performance, the boss rose his salary. (误)

Because of his excellent performance, the boss raised his salary. (正)

9.动宾搭配不当

We must make solutions to the problem. (误)

We must find a solution to the problem. (正)

It also may help you to make success. (误)

It may also help you succeed/obtain your goal. (正)

10.根据中文逐字硬译

Let us touch the outside world of campus.

Let’s keep in touch with the world outside of the campus.

Don’t forget to keep a good body health.(误)

Don’t forget to keep fit/healthy.(正)

高考英语任务型写作训练练习（一）

读写任务（满分25分）

请阅读以下的短文，然后根据提供的任务说明和写作要求， 写一篇150字左右的英语短文。

（任务说明）

1.概括短文的内容要点（该部分的字数大约60-80）；

2.清楚地陈述你自己的看法；

3.提供具有一定说服力的论据或实例来支持你的观点，可以参照文中的内容，但不能抄袭文中的句子；

4.文章体裁不限，但必须结构合理，内容连贯，有条理性。

（阅读材料）

Almost everyone knows that water covers three-fourths of the earths surface. Most of it， however， is in the oceans and is too salty to drink. Also， some of it is frozen and cannot be used. In fact， less than one percent is left for the use of people， animals and plant life. All through history men have tried to build their homes near the sources of fresh water. Now fresh water is becoming scarce， but more and more is needed because of the increasing number of people in the world. Some industries also use large amounts of fresh water in the production of things such as steel， petroleum， paper and rubber and so on. Scientists estimate that the need for fresh water will have doubled by the year 2003. If they are correct， we must find new ways of saving it or producing it. Some nations have worked on the problem and are already sharing their information with others. They are trying to keep their rivers from becoming polluted. Deep wells are also being dug， and rain water is being collected in huge artificial lakes. In one way or another， they hope to provide enough water to satisfy the needs of their people.

参考范文

With the worldwide increase of population， more and more water is needed. Meanwhile，the water sources are getting polluted by human beings in one way or another. Some nations are taking measures to solve this problem. They even communicate with each other hoping to find better ways to save and produce water to meet the needs of their people.

随着世界范围内的人口增长,越来越需要更多的水。与此同时,水源被污染,人类以一种方式或另一种方式。一些国家正在采取措施来解决这个问题。他们甚至相互沟通希望能找到更好的方法来保存并生成水来满足人民的需要。

On a personal level， to solve the problem with fresh water， both the government and inpiduals should make every effort. For example， for the government， it is urgent to make detailed laws that require businesses and inpiduals to stop polluting the environment and to save water while it is not necessarily used. Besides， education should be offered to all the citizens to raise their awareness of the importance of protecting environment and saving water. As inpiduals， we need to take action to play our own part in our everyday life.

在个人层面上,用淡水来解决这个问题,政府和个人都应该尽一切努力。例如,对于政府来说,迫在眉睫的是做出详细的法律,要求企业和个人停止污染环境,节约用水,而不一定是使用它。除此之外,教育应该提供给所有的公民提高他们的意识保护环境和节约用水的重要性。作为个人,我们需要采取行动来扮演自己的角色在我们的日常生活。

要点：实际上中考英语写作就等于两个字，翻译!因为中考英语写作一般会给出几个要点，要求必须在文章中有所体现。文章写的再好，只要缺少要点就会扣分。所以要点，也就是文章的第二段内容，要做到全，围绕中心。

结构：中考最流行的结构就是三段式，深受各地区中考英语写作阅卷老师的喜爱。为什么尼?因为这种结构十分清晰。“观点——要点——总结”让人一目了然。三段式的第一段：简单明了，开门见山，不超过2句话，如，我们想表达小强很强壮，第一段直接说XQis extremely strong。观点明确，这一句足矣。

第二段：分2-3点说为什么他强壮。1. 每天吃10顿饭，He has ten mealseveryday!详举吃的是什么。2. 每天运动2小时，He does exercise 2 hours a day!详举做了什么运动。

第三段：经过第二段的论证，可以得出结论。但请注意，不能完全照抄第一段，要有升华。也可以提出希望和建议等。如，Howstrong and robust XQ is!I hope to be him one day!

逻辑：这里的逻辑实际指的就是逻辑词。最常用的就是表示递进的，转折的，总结的逻辑词等。递进：除了first，second，third，finally等还可以使用高级点的，如first of all(首先)，in addition，whatsmore，moreover(都是另外的意思)，in a word，all inall(表示总结的)。转折：but，yet，however等。真正有经验的阅卷老师会很注意这些逻辑连接词，因为这些词体现了这个文章的思路。

语法：其他几点都不是硬性的要求，不那样做不能说是错，只能说是不好，但是语法却是硬性的。如，单词的使用，时态等。

亮点：当我们将前八个字都做得很完美的时候也只能得到一个二等文的上。要想得到一等文，最后两个字，亮点至关重要。大家设想如果我们是阅卷老师。有两篇写人美丽的作文摆在我们面前，都是结构清晰的三段式，要点都很全，都用了一些逻辑词，都没有语法错误，但是A篇只用了beautiful，good-looking，B篇却用到了attractive，charming，catching等，我坚信正常人都会给B篇高分的。这些高级一点的词汇，词组，句型便是我们得到一等文的最有力的绝招。所以，以后写英语作文要养成一般词汇限量用的好习惯。

Pollution around us

In recent years our life is becoming better and better. But our environment is becoming worse and worse. Its very bad for our life. Now many people have air-conditioners and cars, they produce (give off ) waste gas. More and more trees are being cut down. There are so much sand on the earth (leaving only sand ) . We often see factories pour waste into rivers or lakes. Water in the river is quite dirty. We havent enough clean water to drink in cities. Now we are in danger. Its very necessary and important to protect the environment well. I think if everyone tries his best to protect the environment, the world will become much more beautiful , and our life will be better and better .

我们周围的污染

近年来我们的生活越来越好。但是，我们的环境越来越糟。它对我们的生活很糟糕。现在很多人都有空调和汽车，他们生产的（出）废气。越来越多的树被砍伐。有那么多的沙子在地球（只留下沙）。我们经常看到工厂把废水倒入河流或湖泊。河里的水很脏。我们没有足够的干净的水的城市。现在我们有危险。这是非常必要和重要的保护好环境。我想，如果每个人都尽自己最大的努力去保护环境，世界将变得更加美丽，我们的生活会越来越好。

为配合我市开展“创建文明城市(build a civilized city)”活动，学校举办以“How to Behave Well”为主题的英语征文比赛。现在请你根据所给提示内容，用英语写一篇参赛短文。

提示：

1. 衣着整洁;

2. 保持环境卫生;

3. 待人有礼，乐于助人;

4. 遵守交通规则;

5. ……

要求：

1. 文章必须包括所给提示中1—4 项内容，可展开思路，适当发挥;

2. 文中不能出现考生的真实姓名、校名和其他真实信息;

3. 词数：80词左右。

范文

How to Behave Well?

In order to build a civilized city, we students should try our best to behave well in the activities.

Its a good habit to keep our clothes clean and tidy. Our city should be kept clean every day. Dont throw litter or spit about. Its good manners to say "Thank you" and "Please" and so on. We should never say dirty words. Be friendly to others and always ready to help the people in need. For example, when we are on a bus, we should give our seats to the old and the women with babies. We should also obey traffic rules. When the traffic lights are red, we should stop. And wed better not talk or laugh loudly in public.

If everyone behaves well, our city will be more beautiful and more attractive.

[中考英语作文热门欣赏

按照二十四节气，谷雨是春季的最后一个节气，处在暮春时节的谷雨，意味着春将尽，夏将至，冷空气大举南侵的情况比较少了，但影响北方的冷空气活动并不消停。4月底到5月初，气温毕竟要比3月份高得多，土壤干燥、疏松;空气层不稳定，上层风动量下传，锋面气旋活跃，共同引发的大风、沙尘天气比较常见。

According to the twenty-four solar term, rain is the last solar term of spring, in the late spring of the spring rain, means that will do, summer is approaching, the cold air to the southward invasion situation is relatively small, but the effect of cold air activities in the north is not corpuscles. At the end of 4 to early 5, after all, to the temperature was much higher than that of March, the soil is dry, loose; the air layer is not stable, the upper air quantity, frontal cyclone activity, trigger winds, dust weather is more common.

雨水节气，不见雪花飞舞，静听春雨无声，意味着黄河中下游地区开始下雨。而谷雨节气的名称，来自古人的“雨生百谷”之说，表示这个时期的降水对农作物的生长极为重要。不过这谷雨的谷字不仅指谷子这一种庄稼，而是农作物的总称。谚语说“谷雨无雨，交回田主”，是从相反的角度来说明雨水的重要。

The solar term, does not see the snowflakes dancing, listening to the rain sound, means that the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River began to rain. While the name Guyu solar term, from the ancient "the valley", said the growth in this period of precipitation on crops is very important. But the Guyu Valley not only refers to the millet this kind of crops, but the crop. The saying goes: "rain no rain, returned to the owner", is to illustrate the rainwater from the opposite angle of.

There’s no doubt that my mother gives all her love to me. I do believe she is a great person who makes my life beautiful and meaningful.

She is an easygoing and kind woman with bright eyes and a lovely smile. Although she is often busy, I still feel that I am taken good care of by her. It’s a great pleasure to chat with her when I get into troubles. She always encourages me not to give up and tries to cheer me up by coming up with good solutions. In addition, I am fascinated by her cooking and writing.

With her love, I feel like a fish swimming happily in a beautiful sea. I’ll cherish her love forever.

[我的母亲英语中考作文

【作文材料】

南极大陆的水陆交接处，全是滑溜溜的冰层或者尖锐的冰凌，企鹅身躯笨重，没有可以用来攀爬的前臂，也没有可以飞翔的翅膀，如何从水中上岸?

纪录片《深蓝》，详尽地展示了企鹅登陆的过程。在将要上岸时，企鹅猛地低头，从海面扎入海中，拼力沉潜。潜得越深，海水所产生的压力和浮力越大，企鹅一直潜到适当的深度，再摆动双足，迅猛向上，犹如离弦之箭蹿出水面，腾空而起，落于陆地之上，画出一道完美的弧线。

这种沉潜为了蓄势，看似笨拙，却富有成效。

人生何尝不是如此?企鹅的沉潜原则一定能给你一些人生哲理的启示。请根据你对这段文字所蕴涵哲理的理解，以“沉潜”为话题，写一篇不少于800字的议论文或记叙文。

【写作指导】

“沉潜”“蓄积与勃发”有三个层次含义：一是指一种策略，一种权宜之计，一种智慧，属于谋略层面意义;二是指一种思维方式，一种量变到质变的过程;三是指一种“忍”“韧”的哲学理念，一种“于无声处听惊雷”的心理素养，一种收敛、内向、自省，锻造灵魂的手段。它当然可以指具体的人或物，可以写个人的体验和感受。也可以指抽象的哲学思辨。可以写韬光养晦积蓄力量，更可以写果断出手一鸣惊人。

人生又何尝不是如此?当我们面前困难重重，出头之日遥不可及时，何不学学企鹅的沉潜?这种沉潜绝非沉沦，而是自强。如果我们在困境中也能沉下气来，不被“冰棱”吓倒，在喧嚣中也能沉下心来，不被浮华迷惑，专心致志积聚力量，并抓住恰当的机会反弹向上，毫无疑问，我们就能成功登陆!反之，总是随波浮沉，或者怨天尤人，注定就会被命运的风浪玩弄于股掌之间，直至筋疲力竭。甘于沉下去，才可浮出来，企鹅的沉潜原则，也适用于人的生存。

Mamma you gave life to me，Turned a babysintosa man，And mamma all you had to of fer Was a prom is e of a lifetime of love,Now I know there is no other

love like a Mothers.Love for her child,I know that love so complete someday must leave.Must say goodbye,Goodbyes the saddest word,I＇ll ever hear.Goodbyes the last time I will hold you near,Someday you＇ll say that word and I will cry,It＇ll break my heart to hear you say Goodbye.

Mamma you gave love to me,And Mamma all I ever needed Was guarantee of you loving me,Cause I know there is no other love like a mother,the love you give will always live,You＇ll always be there every time I fall,You take my weakness and you make me strong,And I will always love you till forever comes.And when you need me,I＇ll be there for you always,I＇ll be there thru the lonely days.You are the wings that guide my

broken flight,and my shelter thru the raging storm,And I will love you till forever comes.

妈妈你给了我生命，从婴儿到老人，妈妈，你不得不更是舞会是E的一辈子的爱，现在我知道有没有其他的

爱情就像一个母亲。爱她的孩子，我知道，爱是如此完整的总有一天要离开。必须说再见，再见伤心的话，我＇将永远听到。再见最后一次我会抱着你靠近，总有一天你＇会说那句话，而我将会哭泣，它＇将打破我的心听到你说再见。

妈妈你给我爱，妈妈，所有我所需要的是保证你爱我，因为我知道有没有其他的爱，像一个母亲，你给的爱会永远活，你＇将总是有每次我跌倒，你拿我的弱点，你让我坚强，和我将永远爱你直到永远是。，当你需要我，我＇会永远在那里等你，我＇会有穿过寂寞的日子。你的翅膀，我的向导

破碎的飞行，和我的庇护通过肆虐的风暴，我会爱你直到永远。

[中考英语作文MY MOTHER’S LOVE

导语：苏东坡曾对他的弟子们说：“吾上可陪玉皇大帝，下可以陪卑田院乞儿，眼前见天下无一个不好人。”下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

苏东坡是豪放词的代表，他的许多词一改之前婉约绮靡之风，抒豪情，言壮志，如《江城子·密州出猎》：“会挽雕弓如满月，西北望，射天狼。”苏东坡又是旷达人生的典型，他的一生熔儒、释、道思想于一炉，宠辱皆忘，处变不惊，唱出了“人有悲欢离合，月有阴晴圆缺，此事古难全。但愿人长久，千里共婵娟”的隽永之叹。这是苏东坡庄的一面。

但苏东坡又有谐的一面。他通判杭州时，弟弟苏辙任陈州州学教授，东坡写诗戏谑道：“宛丘先生长如丘，宛丘学舍小如舟。常时低头诵经史，忽然欠伸屋打头。”(《戏子由》)以诙谐之笔将陈州学舍的简陋表现得淋漓尽致。还有一次，苏东坡与黄庭坚评论彼此的书法，调侃黄庭坚的字笔势太瘦，仿佛挂在树梢的蛇，而黄庭坚则称东坡的字褊浅，仿佛压在石头底下的蛤蟆。说完，二人不禁哈哈大笑。

苏东坡临死前曾作《自题金山画像》：“心似已灰之木，身如不系之舟。问汝平生功业，黄州惠州儋州。”黄州、惠州、儋州，是他一生遭贬谪被流放的三个地方，此诗颇有自嘲的味道。而正是在这三个地方，其亦庄亦谐的特点表现得尤为突出。

45岁时，苏东坡被贬为黄州团练副使，成为他人生的重要转折点。在黄州，一方面，他不仅唱出了《念奴娇·赤壁怀古》这样的千古绝调，更有前后《赤壁赋》这样的旷达之咏。但另一方面，苏东坡在黄州也留下了许多谐趣佳话。他有一次赴何秀才会，吃的油饼甚酥，就问主人油饼的名字，主人说没有名字，苏东坡就说：“干脆就叫‘为甚酥‘吧。”又有一次，苏东坡去一农民家喝酒，酒放多了水，很酸，他就笑道：“这酒大概就叫‘错煮水’吧。”后来，他带全家出去游玩，忽然想起“为甚酥”“错煮水”，就作小诗求取：“野饮花前百事无，腰间唯系一葫芦。已倾潘子错煮水，更觅君家为甚酥。”苏东坡经常与好友陈慥一起谈佛论道，陈慥妻很凶悍，苏东坡便写诗调侃道：“龙丘居士亦可怜，谈空说有夜不眠。忽闻河东狮子吼，拄杖落手心茫然。”(《寄吴德仁兼简陈季常》)从此，“河东狮吼”便成了妇人妒悍、男人惧内的形象语。此外，苏东坡还写了一篇著名的《猪肉颂》：“净洗锅，少著水，柴头罨烟焰不起。待他自熟莫催他，火候足时他自美。黄州好猪肉，价贱如泥土。贵者不肯吃，贫者不解煮，早晨起来打两碗，饱得自家君莫管。”这既是著名的“东坡肉”的制作秘籍，又让人仿佛看到他煮肉吃肉的样子，定然憨态可掬。

59岁时，苏东坡又被贬广东惠州，但他没有被吓倒，不仅吃得好：“罗浮山下四时春，卢橘杨梅次第新。日啖荔枝三百颗，不辞长作岭南人。”(《食荔枝二首》其二)还睡得香：“白头萧散满霜风，小阁藤床寄病容。报道先生春睡美，道人轻打五更钟。”(《纵笔》)据说后面这首诗被当时的权臣看到，笑着说：“苏轼还这么快活吗?”便把他贬到了更远的海南岛。

苏东坡在海南岛的生活非常艰苦，正如他自己所说：“此间食无肉，病无药，居无室，出无友，冬无炭，夏无寒泉。”(《与程秀才书》)但这也难不倒他，他自谑：“他年谁作舆地志，海南万里真吾乡。”(《吾谪海南，子由雷州，被命即行，了不相知。至梧乃闻其尚在藤也，旦夕当追及。作此诗示之》)又替自己开解道：“天地在积水之中，九州在大瀛海中，中国在少海之中，有生孰不在岛者?”(《试笔自书》)有一次他吃了当地渔民送给他的海鲜，觉得味道异常鲜美，就告诫小儿子苏过，千万不要对别人讲，“恐北方君子闻之，争欲为东坡所为，求谪海南，分我此美也”(《食蚝》)。有一次他喝了一点酒，顿时脸色红润，小孩子们以为是“返老还童”了，苏东坡一笑，顿时露出了破绽。苏东坡由此赋诗道：“寂寂东坡一病翁，白须萧散满霜风。小儿误喜朱颜在，一笑那知是酒红。”(《纵笔》)这在作者看来是调侃，但在读者看来却是以乐境写哀，读后心里颇不是滋味。

苏东坡曾对他的弟子们说：“吾上可陪玉皇大帝，下可以陪卑田院乞儿，眼前见天下无一个不好人。”

苏东坡就是这样一个人，始终怀有一颗赤子之心，不论待人接物还是写诗作文，都是直抒胸臆，绝无虚伪、做作、掩饰，正是在这一点上，他的的“庄”和“谐”得到了完美的统一，他才既可敬，又可爱。

导语：学会变通，是我们走向成功的必经路。下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

人想要生存，必须懂得变通。对那些华而不实、于身无益的东西就要果断舍弃。舍弃才能发展。

变通，变则通，通则达。一个裁缝在吸烟时不小心将一条高档的裙子烧了个洞，致使裙子成了废品。这位裁缝为了挽回损失，凭其高超的技艺，在裙子四周剪了许多窟窿，并精心修饰以金边，然为其取名为凤尾裙。不但买了个好价钱，还一传十，十传百，使不少女士上门求购，生意十分红火。他的灵通一变，不仅使他的生意红火，还令他的名声一震。所以，我们要学会改变自己的思维，学会变通，走向人生新方向!

学会变通，是我们走向成功的必经路。在十九世纪中叶，美国加利福尼亚洲涌来了大量的淘金者，淘金的人越来越多，金子就越来越难淘。当地的气候十分炎热干燥，水源极缺，不少人因为缺水而被渴死。一位十七岁的男孩亚默尔灵机一动，断然放弃淘金的念头，改为买水。他的这一行动引起了不少人的不解与讪笑。然而，当许多的淘金者空手而归时，亚默尔已成为一个小富翁了。亚默尔正是学会了变通，不执着于很多人已尝试过的失败的事物上，而是在同一种情况下转换思维寻求商机。他以改变自己为途径通向成功，这一点，往往是会被许多人忽视的。所以，学会变通，会使我们走向成功。

在充满不定性的环境中，有时我们需要的不是朝着既定的方向执着努力，而是在随机应变中学求生的出路;不是对规则的遵循，而是对规则的突破。我们不能否认执着对人生的推动作用，但也应该看到，在一个经常变化的世界里，灵活机动的行动比有序的衰亡要好得多。只知道执着的淘金者走向失败，而知道变通的亚默尔却成了富翁。

学会变通，我们就要合理的分析自己所处的环境。每个人的经历都是独一无二的，世上没有两个人的经历是一样的，世上没有两个人在相同的境遇中，所以我们就要针对自己所处的环境，结合自己的实际情况，进行有利于自己发展的变通。就像是鲁迅，处在中国危机之际，他清楚的认出到自己所从事的职业医生并不能医治好当时的中国，而通过文学作品可以影响人们的内心世界，改变中国的命运。所以他选择了变通，弃医从文，从而在一定程度上影响了中国，也改变了自己的命运，让自己活的更有价值。所以学会变通，我们要具体情况具体分析，通过变通找到更好的适合自己的发展途径。

学会变通，走向新的道路。改则通，通则顺，顺则生。于国如此，于身亦如此。让我们学会变通，创造新的生活。

很多同学对英语书面表达的部分都感到头疼，一是因为突然拿到一个题目，脑中一片空白，写不出几个句子来，二是写好一篇文章，可是总是流于平淡，语言枯燥，不得老师喜爱，分数也一直不高不低，难以突破。建议同学们，第一类问题，是可以通过练习而补救的，第二类问题，则需要我们的积累和智慧了。

每一次考试或练习，我们的语文写作中总是时不时的会出现很多诗词，名言，他们或哲理，或抒情，或励志，或优美，总能让我们的文章读来津津有味，而且让老师觉得有文学感，甚至会因此而觉得有文采。同样是作文，我们为什么不能把这种思路搬到英文中来呢?答案当然是可以的，而且成功的例子也不少。

在英文的写作当中，运用名言警句这样的潜规则也是存在的。根据目前的要求，一篇英文作文篇幅在100词以上，这样的长度相对于语文作文来说自然是很简单了，但是对于高考水平的英语写作来说，是完全有空间在其中运用名言警句的，只要我们用的合适，就会取得意想不到的效果。

那么，我们如何善用这些名言警句呢?

第一，积累是必需的。英语是一门语言，语言是没有速成的，尤其是一些经典的词句，是需要我们一点一滴积累的。在收集名言警句的过程中，我们可以有目的性地收集。所谓目的性，是指在作文中，命题的形式和题材一般是固定的，那么针对这样的内容，我们就要尽量收集能用得上的名言警句，或者说，名言警句要对的上路子，这么做可能有一点功利，但咱们毕竟是应试，退一步说，这样收集的句子也不一定都是没有用的，所以，我们要首先找准方向，少走弯路。

第一类是哲理类的，这一类名言警句可以说是万精油，放之四海而皆准，几乎在每一篇作文中都能用到它们。比如说描写做家务活。我们就可以用上Just as the saying goes： It is never too late to learn!来说明学习做家务活的积极性。再比如以汶川地震为背景描写一个叫Lin Hao的小孩救出同学的事迹，我们就能用As we all know， where there is a life， there is a hope.或者where there is a will， there is a way来赞扬Lin Hao的精神品质等等，诸如此类的命题比比皆是，只要我们用得恰当，就一定能波的阅卷老师的青睐;

第二类是励志类的，这种语句在涉及到个人成长经历内容的文章中，可以发挥很大作用;

第三类是情感类的，表现家庭生活或者个人情感的内容能用到它。

[中考英语作文出色善用“潜规则”的方法

对于作文这一部分来说，大家应该首先了解不同文章的特点和规律，下面是小编整理的2017考研英语高分作文写作方法，欢迎阅读。

一、了解意图，抓住精髓

近年来的大作文非常玄妙，值得细品。首先，很可能大作文正在经历由时事向哲理过渡的重大变革，这在2001年、2002年、2004年、2007年、2009和2010年真题上表现得最为明显。其次，出题人将尽量用图画来表达意图，而不借助或少借助图中或图旁的文字，这样意义表达的会更深刻，对考生的思考力和判断力的要求也就更高。第三，图画的含义深刻，可以接受的解释也较多，但要想取得高分，必须紧扣图画，把握住其中的精髓，最深刻地表达其核心的意义。

二、扣紧主题

写大作文时切记要扣紧主题，切不可离题太远，导致最后回不来或时间不够写不完。另外，各部分之间的比例应适当，第一段不要太长。与主题相关的关键词语一定要用对，否则会影响分数。

三、看清要求

有的同学一看到写“网络”，就立即联想到这方面最火爆的话题“网络成瘾”，将主题确定为此。有的同学干脆将之转变为自己看到过的文章——“网络的利与弊”。这些都是不正确的做法。写大作文时，首先要减少语言的错误，提高语言的准确性。语言错误有许多种，有的是小错误，甚至可以忽略不计，而有些是大错误，是让老师看到后不得不扣分的错误。另一方面就是增加闪光点，除了结构清晰外，闪光点主要指好的词、词组或句型，一是使用恰当，二是要有变换。上述这两点都不容易，而结合起来就更难了。如果文章分为三段，那么起始段、结尾段和中间段落的开始部分是非常关键的。对于背诵的好词、词组和句型，一定要和具体的行文联系起来，融入到文章中去，不仅要用对，还要用好，避免给人突兀的感觉。

四、避免投机取巧

近年来，有些考生有投机的心理，结果却很惨烈。有的考生准备了万能模板，直接往上套，这样的效果并不好。正如有的较为激进的阅卷老师所说，这些考生是想通过不诚实的手段得到不属于他的东西，这样的人应该得到惩罚。实际上这些考生中有的水平还不错，如果坚持依靠自己，咬紧牙关奋力拼搏的话，结果会是不错的。

综上所述，对于作文这一部分来说，大家应该首先了解不同文章的特点和规律，而后用心地学习范文并进行模仿，然后练习全文写作并请老师批改再细细揣摩。相信通过这样的过程，大家的写作一定会有长足的进步。

导语：清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。清明激发了文人墨客的诗兴，成为历代文人创作的高发期。下面是小编整理的关于清明节的诗词，欢迎阅读，谢谢!

1.借问酒家何处有?牧童遥指杏花村。 —— 杜牧《清明》

2.春城无处不飞花，寒食东风御柳斜。 —— 韩翃《寒食 》

3.燕子来时新社，梨花落后清明。 —— 晏殊《破阵子·春景》

4.日暮汉宫传蜡烛，轻烟散入五侯家。 —— 韩翃《寒食 》

5.二月江南花满枝，他乡寒食远堪悲。 —— 孟云卿《寒食》

6.帝里重清明，人心自愁思。 —— 孟浩然《清明即事》

7.况是清明好天气，不妨游衍莫忘归。 —— 程颢《郊行即事》

8.拆桐花烂漫，乍疏雨、洗清明。 —— 柳永《木兰花慢·拆桐花烂漫》

9.清明时节雨纷纷，路上行人欲断魂。 —— 杜牧《清明》

10.明朝寒食了，又是一年春。 —— 顾太清《临江仙·清明前一日种海棠》

11.春水船如天上坐，老年花似雾中看。 —— 杜甫《小寒食舟中作》

12.淡荡春光寒食天。 —— 李清照《浣溪沙·淡荡春光寒食天》

13.梨花风起正清明，游子寻春半出城。 —— 吴惟信《苏堤清明即事》

14.中庭月色正清明，无数杨花过无影。 —— 张先《木兰花·乙卯吴兴寒食》

15.满眼游丝兼落絮，红杏开时，一霎清明雨。 —— 冯延巳《鹊踏枝·清明》

16.无花无酒过清明，兴味萧然似野僧。 —— 王禹偁《清明》

17.听风听雨过清明。 —— 吴文英《风入松·听风听雨过清明》

18.素衣莫起风尘叹，犹及清明可到家。 —— 陆游《临安春雨初霁》

19.马上逢寒食，愁中属暮春。 —— 宋之问《途中寒食题黄梅临江驿寄崔融》

20.佳节清明桃李笑，野田荒冢只生愁。 —— 黄庭坚《清明》

21.南北山头多墓田，清明祭扫各纷然。 —— 高翥《清明日对酒》

22.六曲阑干偎碧树，杨柳风轻，展尽黄金缕。 —— 冯延巳《鹊踏枝·清明》

23.风雨梨花寒食过，几家坟上子孙来? —— 高启《送陈秀才还沙上省墓》

24.可惜一片清歌，都付与黄昏。 —— 黄孝迈《湘春夜月·近清明》

25.百草千花寒食路，香车系在谁家树。 —— 冯延巳《鹊踏枝·几日行云何处去》

26.谁把钿筝移玉柱?穿帘海燕惊飞去。 —— 冯延巳《鹊踏枝·清明》

27.恻恻轻寒翦翦风，小梅飘雪杏花红。 —— 韩偓《夜深 》

28.清明上巳西湖好，满目繁华。 —— 欧阳修《采桑子·清明上巳西湖好》

29.童颜若可驻，何惜醉流霞。 —— 孟浩然《清明日宴梅道士房 》

30.黄昏疏雨湿秋千。 —— 李清照《浣溪沙·淡荡春光寒食天》

31.浓睡觉来慵不语，惊残好梦无寻处? —— 冯延巳《鹊踏枝·清明》

32.梨花榆火催寒食。 —— 周邦彦《兰陵王·柳》

33.日落狐狸眠冢上，夜归儿女笑灯前。 —— 高翥《清明日对酒》

34.把酒看花想诸弟，杜陵寒食草青青。 —— 韦应物《寒食寄京师诸弟》

35.大堤欲上谁相伴，马踏春泥半是花。 —— 窦巩《襄阳寒食寄宇文籍》

36.好风胧月清明夜，碧砌红轩刺史家。 —— 白居易《清明夜》

37.忽逢青鸟使，邀入赤松家。 —— 孟浩然《清明日宴梅道士房 》

38.故园肠断处，日夜柳条新。 —— 宋之问《途中寒食题黄梅临江驿寄崔融》

39.试上吴门窥郡郭，清明几处有新烟。 —— 张继《闾门即事》

40.林卧愁春尽，开轩览物华。 —— 孟浩然《清明日宴梅道士房 》

41.贫居往往无烟火，不独明朝为子推。 —— 孟云卿《寒食》

42.江淮度寒食，京洛缝春衣。 —— 王维《送綦毋潜落第还乡 》

43.雨中禁火空斋冷，江上流莺独坐听。 —— 韦应物《寒食寄京师诸弟》

44.宠柳娇花寒食近，种种恼人天气。 —— 李清照《念奴娇·春情》

45.清明时节雨声哗。 —— 张炎《朝中措·清明时节》

46.梨花自寒食，进节只愁余。 —— 杨万里《寒食上冢》

47.宿草春风又，新阡去岁无。 —— 杨万里《寒食上冢》

48.客思似杨柳，春风千万条。 —— 王安石《壬辰寒食》

49.黄蜂频扑秋千索，有当时、纤手香凝。 —— 吴文英《风入松·听风听雨过清明》

50.乌啼鹊噪昏乔木，清明寒食谁家哭。 —— 白居易《寒食野望吟》

51.寒食不多时，牡丹初卖。 —— 晁冲之《感皇恩·寒食不多时》

52.梦回山枕隐花钿。 —— 李清照《浣溪沙·淡荡春光寒食天》

53.庭轩寂寞近清明，残花中酒，又是去年病。 —— 张先《青门引·春思》

54.今日清明节，园林胜事偏。 —— 贾岛《清明日园林寄友人》

55.惆怅双鸳不到，幽阶一夜苔生。 —— 吴文英《风入松·听风听雨过清明》

56.白下有山皆绕郭，清明无客不思家。 —— 高启《清明呈馆中诸公》

57.才过清明，渐觉伤春暮。 —— 李冠《蝶恋花·春暮》

58.芳洲拾翠暮忘归，秀野踏青来不定。 —— 张先《木兰花·乙卯吴兴寒食》

59.冥冥重泉哭不闻，萧萧暮雨人归去。 —— 白居易《寒食野望吟》

60.海燕未来人斗草，江梅已过柳生绵。 —— 李清照《浣溪沙·淡荡春光寒食天》

61.春事到清明，十分花柳。 —— 辛弃疾《感皇恩·滁州为范倅寿》

62.三千丈清愁鬓发，五十年春梦繁华。 —— 乔吉《折桂令·客窗清明》

63.风风雨雨梨花，窄索帘栊，巧小窗纱。 —— 乔吉《折桂令·客窗清明》

64.寒食后，酒醒却咨嗟。 —— 苏轼《望江南·超然台作》

65.怀家寒食夜，中酒落花天。 —— 赵长卿《临江仙·暮春》

66.野棠花落，又匆匆过了，清明时节。 —— 辛弃疾《念奴娇·书东流村壁》

67.迳直夫何细!桥危可免扶?远山枫外淡，破屋麦边孤。 —— 杨万里《寒食上冢》

68.巾发雪争出，镜颜朱早凋。 —— 王安石《壬辰寒食》

69.花落草齐生，莺飞蝶双戏。 —— 孟浩然《清明即事》

70.娟娟戏蝶过闲幔，片片轻鸥下急湍。 —— 杜甫《小寒食舟中作》

71.烟水初销见万家，东风吹柳万条斜。 —— 窦巩《襄阳寒食寄宇文籍》

72.桐花半亩，静锁一庭愁雨。 —— 周邦彦《琐窗寒·寒食》

73.棠梨花映白杨树，尽是死生别离处。 —— 白居易《寒食野望吟》

74.独绕回廊行复歇，遥听弦管暗看花。 —— 白居易《清明夜》

75.洒空阶、夜阑未休，故人剪烛西窗语。 —— 周邦彦《琐窗寒·寒食》

76.清娥画扇中，春树郁金红。 —— 温庭筠《清明日》

77.花燃山色里，柳卧水声中。 —— 范成大《清明日狸渡道中》

78.楼前绿暗分携路，一丝柳、一寸柔情。 —— 吴文英《风入松·听风听雨过清明》

79.未知轩冕乐，但欲老渔樵。 —— 王安石《壬辰寒食》

80.舞烟眠雨过清明。 —— 晏几道《浣溪沙·二月和风到碧城》

81.夜深斜搭秋千索，楼阁朦胧烟雨中。 —— 韩偓《夜深 》

82.困人天气近清明。 —— 苏轼《浣溪沙·春情》

83.西园日日扫林亭。 —— 吴文英《风入松·听风听雨过清明》

84.去年上巳洛桥边，今年寒食庐山曲。 —— 宋之问《寒食江州满塘驿》

85.车声上路合，柳色东城翠。 —— 孟浩然《清明即事》

86.啼红正恨清明雨。 —— 赵令畤《蝶恋花·欲减罗衣寒未去》

87.野老不知尧舜力，酣歌一曲太平人。 —— 宋之问《寒食还陆浑别业》

88.料峭春寒中酒，交加晓梦啼莺。 —— 吴文英《风入松·听风听雨过清明》

2016年中考已经进入倒计时，作文对语文成绩十分重要，一定要加强作文练习，多多积累，下面是小编收集中考议论文的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

1悬念式开头

也称倒装式开头或直接切入式开头。即开篇以特写镜头写出事件的某个最富有吸引力的片段或事情的结果，以设置悬念，吸引读者。

例：以“空间”为话题写的一篇作文(开头)

“李轶凡自杀了!”“不会吧，他平时那么听话，学习成绩又是这么好，怎么可能呢?”“是呀。他的爸爸妈妈是那么地关心他……”

接着作者追叙了李轶凡自杀的原因及经过，从而表现像李轶凡那样的学生们对拥有自己的心灵空间的渴望。

例：“人生之桥”为题的作文开头：

楚子涵狠狠地踢了一下桥栏。

已经是离家出走的第三天了，三天中他就一直露宿在这座桥上，口袋里的几块零钱早已花光了，饥肠辘辘的他无力地坐在桥上。

(接着作者交待了楚子涵离家出走的原因，叙述了在桥上与一位老人的交谈，写出从中悟出一些深刻的道理)

2开门见山法

开门见山，就是直截了当的落笔扣题，总领全篇，纲举目张。

如：朱自清《背影》一文开头：“我与父亲不相见已二年余，我最不能忘记的是他的背影”。

又如：学生习作《生活需要笑声》开头：“笑一笑，十年少”，生活需要欢乐，生活需要笑声……

两篇文章直截了当的开头，直接进入主题，就更容易使中心突出，读者读起来也容易抓住要领，掌握内容，深刻了解主题。

3景物描写开头法

用景物描写可渲染气氛，推动情节发展;可以铺垫情节，导出下文。

如：“山，好大的山!起伏的青山，一座挨一座，延伸到远方，消失在迷茫的暮色中……”这里渲染了哀牢山中深远迷茫的气氛，对后文边疆助人为乐的感人事迹起了很好的衬托作用。

又如：《金黄的大斗笠》中开头：“干干净净的蓝天上，偷偷溜来一团乌云，风推着它爬上山头”，此处写景暗示有雨将至，为下文送伞作了很好的铺垫。

4诗词、歌词、格言等引用开头法

如：《人生需要挫折》开头：“不经历风雨，怎能见彩虹，没有人能随随便便成功”，在通往成功的道路上，不是一帆风顺的，磨难挫折必不可少。

这里小作者巧妙引用歌词，诗词开头既增添了文章的生动性，也起到了文眼的作用。

5抒情式开头法

这种开头的语言常常抒发某种感情、或赞美、或悲痛、或激动、或欢乐……在抒情过程中，也常常运用许多修辞手法。

如：《春》一文开头中“盼望着，盼望着，东风来了，春天的脚步近了。”开头就运用反复拟人手法表达了作者盼望春天的强烈感情。

又如：《我爱秋天》开头：“一年四季，春的姹紫嫣红，夏的绿满枝头，秋的丰盈充实，冬的银装素裹，都宛如一幅幅画卷，但我更钟情于秋天”，这样开头既写出四季特点，又巧妙抒发了作者对秋天的独特情怀。

6设问法

作文开头，提出疑问，既能总起下文，又能吸引读者，激起读者好奇心理，以致于急切地读下文。

如：《秋魂》中秋味篇开头：“你品味过秋吗?它是什么滋味?”秋色篇中开头：“秋是什么颜色?”

7诗意式开头法

也称整句式开头，即运用排比、比喻、拟人等修辞手法，采用骈句、整句的形式开头，来议论点题、抒发感情或点题、总领全文，以达到引人入胜的效果。

例如，《轻轻落地的一滴水》的开头：“一滴水轻轻落地，是森林中叶片上滚下的露珠，还是峭壁岩石间的清流?是云的哭泣还是雾的叹息?答案是丰富多彩的。你喜欢小桥流水的温馨，还是大漠孤烟的雄浑?你偏爱银装素裹的北国风光，还是热烈浪漫的南国风情?我想，答案也是因人而异的。”

再如《回家》开头：“远去的飞鸟，永恒的牵挂是故林;漂泊的船儿，始终的惦记是港湾;奔波的旅人，无论是匆匆夜归还是离家远去，心中千丝万缕、时时惦念的地方，还是家。”用三个结构相近的句子组成排比句，用“飞鸟”、“船儿”、“旅人”类比来点题，形象生动而富有吸引力。

再比如《感谢“挫折”》：“未经历坎坷泥泞的艰难，哪能知道阳光大道的可贵;未经历风雪交加的黑夜，哪能体会风和日丽的可爱;未经历挫折和磨难的考验，怎能体会到胜利和成功的喜悦。挫折，想说恨你不容易……”议论抒情相结合，并开篇点题。

英语写作要拿高分其实并不是很难，只要掌握了一定的词量以及写作方法就有可以能拿到高分。下面是语文迷为大家整理的英语写作高分秘诀，希望对你有帮助。

一、中考英语写作的概述

你对于在中考英语写作中拿高分有把握吗?实际考试中，许多学生却常常有“无话可说”的感觉。那要如何我们才能克服这种无话的状态，取得高分呢?

归根到底这是一个英语基本功——单词、短语和句型的问题。

英语作文的前提条件是掌握了一定量的词汇、语法及体裁、题材等方面的知识。学生如果想要在写作方面有本质上的提升，必须进行多次的写作练习。因此，必须合理地设置训练步骤，遵循从初级到高级，从简单到复杂的原则去练习，经过一段写作实践之后，写作水平一定会有大幅度的提高。

中考英语作文对考生的要求有四点：1、内容要完整。2、语句流畅。3、没有语法错误。4、书写规范。

二、中考英语写作的评分标准

1、老师拿到的标准

写作水平的高低和文章的好坏，分数是最直接的评分标准，也是考生们最关心的。但是多少考生真正透彻知道中考英语写作的评分标准?什么样的文章才是阅卷老师眼中的好文章?

评分标准：

(1)整篇作文满分20分，其中内容8分，语言8分，结构4分。

(2)内容贴切，句子流畅，用语准确，加整体印象分1分。

(3)不满60个词，少1——5个词扣0.5分，6——10个词扣1分。

(4)所有给出问题涉及的三项内容，每少一项扣3分。

(5)每个拼写，大小写，标点符号等错误扣0.5分;同一的拼写错误不重复扣分，扣分总和不超过2分。

(6)语法错误每项扣1分，同一错误不重复扣分，扣分总和不超过2分。

2、老师想看到的标准

语言(8分)：

词——固定搭配、高频重点词汇;

句——复杂句(各种从句)、特殊句型、正确的句子!

内容(8分)：(总、分)论点、论据支持句;简洁、切合主题的记叙内容。

结构(4分)：

语言结构——句子重点突出、内容清晰;

内容结构——论点、论据以及记叙之间的逻辑关系;

句数控制——对于相对内容的句数掌握;

亮点、出彩点——排比、拟人、谚语、成语、押韵等。

三、扣分

内容方面：要点缺失，可酌情扣分。比如中考作文“Iwanttodosomethingformyschool”，若没有写一件具体的事情，是要扣3分以上的;若写的事情太过于虚幻，没有实际内容，也会扣1-2分。

字数：少于60字的作文要酌情扣分。

中考英语作文要求60字以上，标点符号不算，少了就要扣分。

但是60字的作文能不能得高分?从我们拿到的实例作文来看，16分以上的作文，没有少于75字的，甚至少于80字的也少之又少。

当然，也极少有超过100字的，因为中考试卷的短线格一共80个，在格子下面大约还有2行的空间，可以加20字左右，再多阅卷人就很难看清了，也会影响卷面的美观。

所以，同学们如果想让作文得到高分，最好是让字数在75-100字之间。

语法和拼写错误：每个扣0.5，重复错误不计;

标点错误：每4个扣0.5。

四、加分

作文的组织结构分。就是根据学生使用复杂句型、单词和谚语、俗语的情况来加分。只要文章中有1个亮点，基本就可以争取到1分(3分的文采分是很难全部拿到的)。而这1分的亮点，是可以提前准备的。

“万金油”式的复杂句型，例如强调句型、only相关的倒装句等，只要同学们多操练几次，几乎是一定能用到作文当中，从而为自己争取到这1分。

其次就是卷面分。很多家长(微博)和同学，尤其是部分书法并不是十分整洁的同学，都会关心是否真的有“卷面分”的存在。虽然在阅卷标准里面并没有卷面分这一项，但是这个分数却真切地反映在了同学们的分数里面。

据阅卷老师的经验，在阅卷的时候并不是按这3个部分逐项打分的，而是在第一遍读完全文之后，心里已经形成了一个“印象分”，然后再细读第二、三遍，把印象分分配到各个打分部分。

因此，这个“印象分”就非常重要，而同学们的书法，也正是在这个环节，影响到了自己的分数。所以初三的考生，如果书法不好，一定要注意。

“好的开端是成功的一半”。开头在文章中的作用十分重要。小编收集了中考作文写作技巧，作文开头技巧，欢迎阅读。

1.落笔入题，总领全篇

例1.小时候，对印在连环画、贺卡上那些“挥着翅膀的孩子——天使”爱得痴迷。那纯洁的，绒棉似的白翅膀是一切美好的象征，它装饰着我儿时的梦。(重庆满分文《白翅膀装饰着我的梦……》开头)

这篇文章一开头就交代自己喜欢白翅膀，并用“它装饰着我儿时的梦”既照应文题，又领起下文。这种开头能给人干脆利落，入题快捷，不枝不蔓的感觉。应为考场作文开头的首选方法。

2.序引题记，醒人耳目

例2.叶子，是不会飞翔的翅膀;翅膀，是落在天上的叶子。(重庆满分文《翅膀，落在天上的叶子》题记)

这个题记采用比喻的方法来揭示“翅膀”和“叶子”的关系。“翅膀”和“叶子”怎么可以划上等于号呢?这个疑问，犹如一个谜团，一下子勾起阅读者的好奇心，只有当你读完全文才知道这是一篇“丑小鸭变成小天鹅”翻版的童话故事，作者用一个落叶代替“丑小鸭”，写他的无悔选择，写他的执著梦想，写他的美好心灵，新颖独到，让人耳目一新。

3.写景烘托，渲染心情

例3.又是炎夏了，开始有知了叫了。(北京满分文《动力来自那双眸子》开头)

这篇文章不落别人窠臼，独辟蹊径，从小处切入，从一双具体可见、可感的“眸子”切入，来写一位数学教师的目光情感的传达，给班上的每一位学生所带来的阳光般的温暖和突飞式的进步。此处开头的自然环境描写，既渲染了特定的气氛，衬托了人物的心情，又推动了故事情节的发展。

4.巧用对比，说明问题

例4.早晨8点刚过，一位怒容满面的妈妈就扯着一个个子高高的男孩推开了张教授办公室的门。一进门，妈妈就开始向张教授数落孩子的不是。而那个男孩似乎满不在乎，总是抬着头看天花板，身体还在不停地晃动着。时不时的还回上一句表示反对。(山东莱芜满分文《其实并不是这样》)

文章开头大肆渲染母亲眼中孩子的“不好”，可到了教授那里，教授反而轻易地就指出了孩子的“优点”，这样的对比，只能说明一点，其实并不是孩子不好，是“母亲”的眼光有问题，教育孩子的思想有问题。

5.反向立意，别出心裁

例5.我是魔鬼，是一个心中住着天使的魔鬼。(山东滨州满分文〈让天使永驻心中〉开头)

文章题目是“让天使永驻心中”，可开头就是一句“我是魔鬼”，让人感觉奇怪。再往下，第个段落的开头句都是“我是魔鬼”，一直到最后，细读才会领略到此反向立意的妙处是在突出“安琪儿”。

6.角度新颖，情理交融

例6.“王蜂一口针，橘子两边分。世间痛恨事，最毒淫妇心。”自从《水浒》一问世，人们便拿此评价其中的人物——潘金莲。这个人物形象成了人们心目中心狠手毒的“淫妇”、“荡妇”的典型。

潘金莲你实在是冤枉啊!(山东莱芜满分文《其实并不是这样》开头)

小作者将人们熟悉的《水浒》故事写入作文，读来却不觉重复。此处引用《水浒》开头，巧妙引出议论对象——潘金莲，既显自己的文化底蕴，又能将此与自己的观点形成对比，合情合理。

7.句式工整，含蓄蕴藉

例7.曾经留恋“秦王扫六合，虎视何雄哉”的英雄幸福，曾经追求“采菊东篱下，悠然见南山”的隐士幸福;也曾经探寻“会当凌绝顶，一览众山小”的志士幸福。但是我毕竟是我，我要去采撷最美丽的幸福，来点缀无悔的青春!于是，我乘上幸福专列，开始了寻找幸福的路程。(山东济宁满分文《乘上幸福的列车》开头)

文章开头诗文的引用，使文章的语言古雅流畅而充满诗意，意蕴丰腴而耐人寻味。

8.比喻扣题，主旨凸现

例8.每个人降临人世时都没有翅膀，惟有读书才能使生命飞翔。(重庆满分文《读书——生命飞翔的羽翼》开头)

这章的思路相当开阔，一般人很少将读书和“翅膀”话题联系在一起，考生一开头以比喻句“每个人降临人世时都没有翅膀，惟有读书才能使生命飞翔”开启下文，很好地凸现了文章的主旨“读书——生命飞翔的羽翼”。

9.起兴开头，直奔主题

例9.雄鹰拥有翅膀，就能展翅高飞;飞机拥有翅膀，就能翱翔蓝天。我也幻想有一对翅膀，风雨中让我展翅飞翔，没有谁能把我阻挡飞越世界的梦想。(重庆满分文《假如给我一双翅膀》开头)

此开头由雄鹰、飞机起兴，倾诉“我”对梦想的执著之情，为下文描绘那些拥有翅膀的种种理由设置了悬念。

10.排比开头，注入诗韵

例11.云卷云舒，卷舒的是心灵的纯净无暇;雁过雁往，过往的是人性的清姿丽影;花开花落，开落的是灵魂的郁秀芬芳。(山东日照满分文《给我一个懂你的机会》)

作者文笔优美，此开头选取了自然界中几个画面进行描写，用语典押，句式整齐，朗朗上口，富有韵味。

11.一线串珠，珠珠润丰

例11.幸福是什么?(山东济宁满分文《幸福小语》)

文章以“幸福是什么?”开头，独句成段，发人深思，引起下文。下文分别用“司马迁说”“陶潜说”“李太白说”“刘禹锡说”“陈景润说”“林肯说”“甘地说”“我说”来高度概括8个人的幸福观，起到了“万箭攒射”的效果。作者丰厚的积累可见一斑。

12.论坛形式，新奇无比

例12.【主题帖子】幸福是什么?幸福是微笑着的闪着泪光的双眼;是耳边亲切的问候;是孩子们在沙滩上玩耍;是风烛残年的老人携手夕阳;是全家人围成一桌在中秋之夜享受天伦……一千个人对“幸福”就会有一千种诠释，正象一千读者眼中有一千个“哈姆雷特”。(不信请到“幸福”论坛里转一转。)(天津满分文《论坛里的“幸福水”》开头)

此开头从论坛“主题帖子”开始，用设问句引起读者注意，用排比句巧作道理论证，用“一千个人对‘幸福’就会有一千种诠释，正象一千读者眼中有一千个‘哈姆雷特’”概括自己对幸福的观点。新鲜的形式，巧妙的开头，实在是高招!

一、常用谚语

1. Actions speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩?

2. A friend in need is a friend indeed. 患难朋友才是真朋友?

3. A good beginning is half done. 良好的开端是成功的一半?

4. Where there is a will, there is a way. 有志者事竟成?

5. All roads lead to Rome. 条条大道通罗马?

6. Easier said than done. 说起来容易,做起来难?

7. Easy come, easy go. 来得快,去得快?

8. Every man has his weak side. 人人都有缺点?

9. Failure is the mother of success. 失败是成功之母?

10. Look before you leap. 三思而后行?

11. Nothing in the world is difficult if you set your mind to it. 世上无难事,只怕有心人?

12. A life without a friend is a life without a sun. 人若无友,就如同生命中没有太阳?

13. All things are difficult before they are easy. 万事开头难?

14. Always prepare for a rainy day. 未雨绸缪?

15. As you sow, so shall you reap. 种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆?

16. I might say that success is won by three things: first, effort; second, more effort; third, still more effort. 成功要靠三件事才能赢得:努力,努力,再努力?

17. Don’t put off till tomorrow what should be done today. 有事莫推明天?

18. Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧?

19. Bad news has wings. 好事不出门,坏事传千里?

20. Honesty is the best policy. 做人以诚信为本?

21. You have to believe in yourself. That’s the secret of success. 你必须相信自己,这是成功的关键?

22. Don’t judge a man by his looks. 不可以貌取人?

二、常用过渡语

23. 表起始的过渡语:first of all, to begin with, in my opinion, according to, so far, as far as等?

24. 表时间的过渡语:first, at first, then, later, in the end, finally, afterwards, after that, since then, for the first time, at last, as soon as, the next moment, meanwhile, later on, soon, finally等?

25. 表空间的过渡语:on the right/left, to the right/left of, on one side of… on the other side of…, at the foot/top/end of, in the middle/centre of, next to, far from, in front of等?

26. 表因果的过渡语:for, because of, one reason is that… another reason is that…, thus, so, as a result (of)等?

27. 表转折的过渡语:but, yet, however, after all, in fact, while, on the contrary, instead of, unlike, although, otherwise,nevertheless, in spite of, after all等?

28. 表列举的过渡语:for example, such as, that is, like, as follows, in other words, and so on等?

29. 表推进的过渡语:what’s more, on one hand… on the other hand…, in addition to, as well, still, also, in other words, not only…but also…, besides, furthermore, moreover等?

30. 表总结的过渡语:in short, in a word, in general, in brief, in all, on the whole等?

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导语：杨澜，被福布斯评为全球最具影响力的100位女性之一。关于她有什么励志故事呢?下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的中考写作素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

前不久厦门大学新闻传播学院成立时，邀请了原著名央视主持人杨澜给厦大学子开了一场精彩的讲座。当有人问她选择在事业的顶峰毅然去外国读书是不是一种心计时，杨澜讲了她所经历的一件事。

一年春节晚会，共有六名主持，多遍彩排之后，有一位主持的大姐，导演组突然决定不用了。但又没人去通知她。第二天，当那位大姐兴冲冲地拿着礼服来到化妆间时，化妆师告诉她名单上没有她的名字，结果那位大姐黯然神伤地走了。当时杨澜就坐在一旁，这件事对她的触动很大。她通过这个主持大姐所遭遇的"命运"似乎看到了自己的未来。

从那以后，那位主持大姐黯然神伤地离开春晚会场的那一幕深深地印在了杨澜的脑海里，她同情那位大姐。为台里那位导演不近人情的做法反感，因为她认为如果你觉得这位主持大姐不适合做主持，你可以通知到她并做好她的安慰工作，就不会出现这样尴尬的局面。这位主持大姐为台里作出了很大的贡献，也曾主持过很多重要的节目，然而这么深重的伤害仍然降临到了她的身上，杨澜怎么也想不通。她开始感到了世事无常，开始感到了来自生活的恐惧。她曾经历了好几个不眠之夜。她想，现在我正红时，人人都争着要我上栏目;如果有一天我走到才枯气竭的时候，我不是照样地任人挑来挑去难逃这样的命运吗?于是杨澜开始为自己躲避遭受那位大姐那样的伤害而积极地准备着一条退路。

选择放弃也不是一件容易的事，特别是她正处在事业蒸蒸日上的时候。杨澜在这之前工作是很顺利的，她1990年北京外国语学院毕业后就直接进了中央电视台，担任《正大综艺》节目主持人，这个节目她从1990年一直做到1994年。在这个节目中，杨澜那种充满睿智清新的主持风格给观众留下了深刻的印象。她于1994年获中国第一届主持人"金话筒奖"。这对于一个刚刚参加工作的主持人来说，在这么短的时间内取得如此骄人的成绩，实在是难能可贵，同行都向她投来了羡慕的眼光。然而在这个时候选择离开就算自己能说服自己，可是父母会同意吗?朋友会理解吗?这一系列的问题让她内心一度十分矛盾和痛苦。经过一段时间的深思熟虑，杨澜终于下定了决心要急流勇退。因为她深深明白：人要更好地生存就得牢牢地站稳脚跟，不能沉迷在鲜花和掌声中，要不断地去寻找新的成长方向。于是她毅然地在自己最红的时候选择了离开央视去美国哥伦比亚大学国际及公共事务学院攻读国际事务硕士学位。

杨澜三年留学回来后，加盟香港凤凰卫视中文台，开创名人访谈类节目《杨澜工作室》，并担任制片人和主持人。2000年，她创办了大中华区第一个以历史文化为主题的"阳光卫视"卫星频道，出任阳光媒体投资控股有限公司主席。2001年，杨澜应邀出任北京申办2008年奥运会的形象大使;同年7月，在莫斯科国际奥委会会议上代表北京作申奥的文化主题陈述，她的精彩表现赢得了与会专家的高度评价，为我国赢得2008年的奥运主办权立下了汗马功劳。

从杨澜的发展来看，她选择在当红的时候离开央视是明智的，也正因为她勇敢地选择了放弃，她才有时间去苦练内功，才有了后来她发展的更大空间，才取得了现在骄人的成绩。其实放弃并不是简单地扔掉，而是为下一次出发积蓄更大的能量，为新的目标找准方向。