英语基本句型写作合集20篇

目录

一、写自荐书的目的是什么？

二、自荐书的内容及注意事项

三、优秀自荐书范文

四、个人简历的格式及内容

五、如何使自荐信更具针对性和吸引力呢？

六、一点警示……

一、写自荐书的目的是什么？

这个问题谁都明白，就是得到你追求的那个职位，这是最终的目标。

要达这个最终目标，第一步是尽可能地使招聘单位对你产生注意，发生兴趣，这样你才可能顺利的进入面试。

要引起招聘单位的注意，自荐书中要有闪光点，比如：你的书法不错，你就充分展示你的书法水平；你的文章写得好，你就在介绍自己时充分表现你的文章；你的学历高，你就突出写明你所学的知识；你的专业正好与招聘职业相符，你就应该充分显示一下自己本专业上较深的造诣；假如你有丰富的社会阅历，你可以通过简要罗列，引起单位的兴趣；假如你是俊男或靓女，也可选取自己最可心的照片贴上去，甚至身高和体重，学生期间是否当过干部，是否党团员等等都可以成为亮点，都是你的资本。恰到好处的利用这些资本，就是求职的决窍，会利用这些资本宣传自己，推销自己的人才称得上是一个有经验的求职者。

求职应该明白，你想去的单位，应聘者决不可能只你一人，在众多的应聘者中，你能否不被筛选掉，获得面试机会，主要看专业对不对路，水平高低，但在同等条件下，自荐书写得如何就成为能否进入面试阶段的关键。所以，谁要拿写自荐书当儿戏，那最后被戏弄的肯定是他自己。

二、自荐书的内容及注意事项

在西方，自荐书和简历是一样重要的。而在我国，虽然有的雇主不要求写自荐书，有的猎头顾问或是企业招聘人员也没时间仔细阅读自荐书，但自荐书的作用还是不容小看。从最近网上的一份网上调查：“人事经理，您对自荐书的关注程度如何？”34%参与调查的人事经理表示非常重视自荐书、54%的人事经理表示将自荐书作为重要参考、只有11%的人事经理是根本不看自荐书。

那么该如何撰写出一份能让你脱颖而出的自荐书呢？

1、标准的自荐书内容：

一份标准的自荐书内容包括：

写自荐书的理由：从何处得悉招聘信息、你的申请目的、加入企业的原因，你要申请什么职位；

做自我介绍，说明你为什么适合申请的职位，提出你能为未来雇主做些什么，而不是他们为你做什么；

简明突出你的相关实力，即为什么你比别人更适合这个位置；

强调你所受过的培训、你的经历、技能和成就；

结尾段落中提出你的进一步行动请求，这里你可以建议如何进一步联络，留下可以随时联系到你的电话或地址。当然如果能对阅读者表示感谢，效果会更好，以我们的经验，现在许多公司招聘任务是十分繁重的，招聘人员每天要阅读大量的简历，一句关切的问候会给人留下很深的印象。

2、写自荐书的注意事项：

自荐书要短，但一定要引人入胜，记住你只有几秒钟吸引你的读者继续看下去。在自荐书中要重点突出你的背景材料中与未来雇主最有关系的内容。通常招聘人员对与其企业有关的信息是最敏感的了，所以你要把你与企业和职位之间最重要的信息表达清楚。

言简义赅，切忌面面俱到。自荐书的功用只是为你争取一个参加面试的机会，你不要以为凭一封自荐书就可以找到一份你满意的工作，而且这种错误的心态会使你写的自荐书罗罗嗦嗦。招聘人员工作量很大，时间宝贵，自荐书过长会使其效度大大降低，1992哈佛人力资源研究所的一份测试报告的数据也证明了这一点，即一封自荐书如果内容超过400个单词，则其效度只有25％，即阅读者只会留下对1／4内容的印象。

不宜有文字上的错讹。一份好的自荐书不仅能体现你清晰的思路和良好的表达能力，还能考察出你的性格特征和职业化程度。所以一定要注意措辞和语言，写完之后要通读几篇，精雕细琢，切忌有错字、别字、病句及文理欠通顺的现象发生。否则，就可能使自荐书"黯然无光"或是带来更为负面的影响。

切忌过分吹嘘。从自荐书中看到的不只是一个人的经历，还有品格。

针对性和个性化让你的自荐书从数百封的信件中"脱颖而出"。不少人事经理反映，现在自荐书中最常见的问题是"千人一面"。的确，网络给求职提供了更多的方便，但面对着互联网上成千上万的职位，有的求职者采用了"天女散花"式发自荐书的方式，事实上它的命中率很低，结果不仅是"广种薄收"都达不到，而是多以"广种无收"告终。原因很简单，这种千篇一律、没有任何针对性的自荐书，招聘人员看的太多了。此时，针对性已成为自荐书奏效与否的"生命线"。另外，个性化也很重要。有的自荐书没有任何豪言壮语，也没有使用任何华丽的词汇，却使人读来觉得亲切、自然、实实在在。

写作是考研英语的第二大重头戏，仅次于阅读。但是这部分又经常被考生忽略，考前不动手，依赖临考模板，很难写出高分作文。那么，如何准备2018考研英语写作呢?一起来看下。

对于考研英语写作，最基本的要求是考前必须动笔写出35篇文章，其中十篇应用文，二十五篇图画作文。注意：动笔写的文章最好是有范文的题目。写作应分为五步：

NO.1 写作

写作写作，第一步首先是写!一定要动手写，你看多少，背多少，都没有动手写来得实在，建议同学们拿考题多加练习。

NO.2 仔细对比

第二个就是仔细对比，写完后对照范文从三个方面去研究：第一个是内容，也就是构思和原文有何区别;第二个是语言，也就是用词、用句和原文有何区别?第三个是结构，就是你的行文思路和原文有什么区别?这是第二个步骤，写作的区别其实就是写作的弱点。

NO.3 背诵

第三步骤就是背诵：也就是可以去背诵一些范文。有的同学说了，范文我背过了，但是写作的时候还是不会写。有两个原因，第一个原因是你背得不熟，背得结结巴巴，还不如不背;第二个原因是没有练过，只是死记硬背。

所以为什么背了还不会用，有两个原因，第一背不熟，第二没有练过。背到什么程度，有12个字“滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善。”要背到不需要去想，不需要去动脑子!如果背一篇文章还需要去想，那就证明还背得不熟。大家上考场，如果能想起平时的70%，那已经是相当不错了。所以一定要背熟，这就是第三个步骤。

NO.4 默写

第四个步骤就是默写：背熟后把书合上，把这篇文章默写下来。默写后，做一个工作：仔细对比原文发现写作弱点，你会发现你默写的文章和原文会有一些出入，包括拼写、语法、标点等，这种错误就是你写作的弱点，最好能够把这些错误用红笔标出来。大家为什么写作拿不到高分，根源只有一个——错误太多。很多错误自己都不知道。

NO.5 仿写

第五个步骤就是仿写：什么叫仿写?就是模仿你背过的文章再写出一篇新文章。在背完一篇文章后，要想想这篇文章有什么精彩的词组、词汇和句型可以使用。然后换一个话题，把这篇作文用一下，用里面词汇、词组和句型去构思另一篇文章。

写作的注意点和技巧：写作首要的是，一、不跑题;二、字数达到要求;三、字迹整洁工整;四、少有语病。

这些是很基本的要求，考试的时候就要好好落实。比如，拿到作文题目后要审题。在写的过程中注意字数的限制，不要写太多，会扣分的，字数不够也会扣分。所以实在不行就写完一段话，停下来数一数字数。字迹工整可能短期内提高不了。只要你比平时稍慢一点写字母，就会写得比较整洁。要知道老师的印象分是很重要的。病句的避免技巧就是，凡是你想的过程中感觉别扭的句子，多半就是病句。干脆不要写出来，换一种形式去表达。不要追求好词，要追求准确性。

在考前，小作文的提高是非常快的。方法就是分析小作文的类型。应用文写作部分(小作文)考查内容包括投诉信、咨询信、道歉信、求职信等信函类应用文，而且涵盖报告、通知、海报等告示类应用文。不同类型的作文，要自己总结模版。小作文是完全可以准备模版的，其作用也是常明显。一定要注意：总结出自己的模板。

主语+谓语+介词+宾语

We all agreed on the terms.

He hates to argue with his wife about such small matters.

All these things are to be answered for.

主语+系动词+形容词

Good medicine tastes bitter to the mouth.

He was so tired that he fell asleep the moment he went to bed.

Your explanation sounds reasonable.

主语+谓语+直接宾语

I want your promise.

Have your fixed my watch?

This factory produces 1000 cars a week.

主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语

He paid me a visit yesterday.

He owed me 50 yuan.

He wrote his family a letter yesterday.

主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 (to do)

I will get someone to repair the recorder for you.

I didn’t mean to hurt you.

He invited me to teach at a well-known university.

主语+谓语+宾语+宾补 (do)

I often hear her sing the song.

The boss made workers work 15 hours a day.

Don’t forget to have him come.

主语+谓语+现在分词

I heard her singing in the next room.

We could feel our heats beating fast.

Did you observe the birds flying around the trees?

主语+谓语+过去分词

I must have my watch repaired.

We must get he task finished on time.

Speak louder to make yourself understood by everybody.

主语+谓语+宾语(动名词)

I suggested putting off the meeting.

They all avoided mentioning the matter.

We can’t help laughing at the news.

主语+谓语+宾语(不定式)

I can’t afford to buy such a large house.

Don’t pretend to know what you don’t.

He feared to speak in her presence.

主语+谓语+宾语(名词/代词)+介词+宾语

Nothing can prevent us from going forward.

Thank you for your help.

He demanded an answer from me.

练习写好句子的方法一：合并句子

It was early in the morning. Mr. Smith was in his garden. He was watering flowers.

Early in the morning, Mr. Smith was watering flowers in his garden.

A girl was crossing a road. The girl was pretty. The road was wide.

A pretty girl was crossing a wide road.

1、True mastery of any skill takes a lifetime.

对任何技能的掌握都需要一生的刻苦操练。

2、Sweat is the lubricant of success.

汗水是成功的润滑剂。

3、If you are doing your best,you will not have to worry about failure.

如果你竭尽全力，你就不用担心失败。

4、Energy and persistence conquer all things.

能量和坚持可以征服一切事情。

5、Bravery never goes out of fashion.

勇敢永远不过时!

6、Those who turn back never reach the summit.

回头的人永远到不了最高峰!

7、Proper preparation solves 80 percent of lifes problems.

适当的准备能解决生活中80%的问题。

8、Winners do what losers dont want to do.

胜利者做失败者不愿意做的事!

9、Every noble work is at first impossible.

每一个伟大的工程最初看起来都是不可能做到的!

10、We improve ourselves by victories over ourselves. There must be contests, and we must win.

我们通过战胜自己来改进自我。 那里一定有竞赛，我们一定要赢!

11、Speech is the image of actions.

语言是行动的反映。

12、It is always morning somewhere in the world.

世界上总是有某个地方可以看到阳光。

13、If you do not learn to think when you are young, you may never learn. ( Edison )

如果你年轻时不学会思考，那就永远不会。(爱迪生)

14、Anger begins with folly, and ends in repentance.

愤怒以愚蠢开始，以后悔告终。

15、Talents come from diligence, and knowledge is gained by accumulation.

天才在于勤奋，知识在于积累。

16、The greater the man, the more restrained his anger.

人越伟大，越能克制怒火。

17、If there were less sympathy in the world, there would be less trouble in the world. ( O. Wilde )

如果世界上少一些同情，世界上也就会少一些麻烦。(王尔德)

18、All lay load on the willing horse.

人善被人欺，马善被人骑。

19、Strike the iron while it is hot.

趁热打铁。

20、When shepherds quarrel, the wolf has a winning game.

鹬蚌相争，渔翁得利。

第一段：考生需要简明扼要地阐述图片内容，并点出该图画的主题。第一句话引出话题：例如:Nothing gets people talking like the topic that parents ‘role in family education(图画反映出的话题);第二句话开始正式描述图画，包含两部分：中心人或物正在干什么，以及重要细节是什么，因为是两幅图，就分别描写即可。Just as we can see from the first picture,... But when glance at the second, we know tht…第三句可以简单翻译中文标题或是描述，或者直接引出主题And below the drawing, a title which says that…。

中间段为阐释段。首句一般点出图片的象征寓意，也就是明确指出图片反映的社会问题，也就是该篇作文的中心思想。这篇文章的主题是父母应该通过行动来做好孩子的榜样,我们可以这样引出：What the cartoon really intend to extend is that parents should not only educate their children in words but also in deeds。具体的论证方法：原因，举例，对比、在这里，我们可以使用原因。这里有一些原因句型,可供大家参考：

1. Owning to /considering /given the fact that +原因

2.The major determinant lies in…

3. It is well known that/as we all know,… therefore, …

4. There is no doubt that… consequently, …

最后一段，给出评论或总结提建议。可以从怎样在行动上起到表率作用为切入口进行描述。

热点话题：

1、人口问题

2、 西部大开发

3、 网络和双刃剑(金钱，阳光)

4、成功，梦想和现实

5、职业选择和规划/高分低能

6、洋节和传统节日

7、神七上天和嫦娥奔月

8、地震与爱心

9、 奥运举办

10、 抄袭与诚信

11、伪劣商品

12、食品安全

13、抄袭与诚信

14、乱收费(因果：因：法律制度不完善，部分人只顾自己利益，忽视学生利益; 果：为社会，个人带来不良后果和巨大压力)

15、节俭与压力

16、心理问题

17、交通阻塞

18、创新创业

考试就要开始了，对还有什么不了解的呢？为考生们提供各种面试、学习、择校等技巧及经验，希望可以帮助大家考得好成绩。在这里先网预祝大家考出理想成绩。

1.表文章结构顺序：

Firstofall,Firstly/First,Secondly/Second…

Andthen,Finally,Intheend,Atlast

2.表并列补充关系的：

Whatismore,Besides,Moreover,

3.表转折对比关系的：

However,Onthecontrary,but

Ononehand…Ontheotherhand…Some…，whileothers…

4.表因果关系的：

Because,As、So,Therefore,Asaresult

5.表换一种方式表达：

Inotherwords

6.表进行举例说明：

Forexample,句子;Forinstance,句子;suchas+n/doing

7.表陈述事实：Infact

8.表达自己观点：

AsfarasIknow,Inmyopinion

9.表总结：

Inshort,Inaword.

文中正确使用两三个好的句型，如：感叹句、宾语从句、动名词做主语等。

宾语从句举例：

IbelieveTianjinwillbemorebeautifulandprosperous.

感叹句举例：

HowIwanttostudyinthebestmiddleschoolinGuangzhou!

动名词做主语举例：

Readingbooksandswimmingaremyhobbies.

常用状语从句句型：

1)时间：

when,not…until(直到…才…)，assoonas(一…就…)

2)目的：

sothat+clause;(为了)

3)结果：

so…that…(如此…以至于…)，too…todo(太……以至于……)

4)条件：

if,unless(除非)，aslongas(只要)

5)比较：

as…as…(与…一样)，notso…as…，than

以上即是网为大家整理的英语作文写作技巧，大家还满意吗?希望对大家有所帮助!

议论文写作对于很多学生来说都比较有难度，那么如何写好议论文呢，下面是关于议论文写作基本知识，希望对大家有帮助！

议论文写作基本步骤

(1)第一步，段的首句：开门见山，一定要摆放这一小节的分论点。

(2)第二步：引用名人名言。从理论上对分论点进行论证，即理论论证。要注意名人名言与分论点有关系，如没有联系，则不能起论证作用。

(3)第三步：列举有典型性、代表性的事例，古今中外，正反事例均可。要紧扣分论点。写法上简要叙述即可，不要过多描写。

(4)第四步：分析说理。这是本段最重要的一步。因为没有分析说理，光列举一个两个事例，不进行分析说理，那这举出的事例就不能成为分论点的论据，也就没有说服力。那么怎样进行分析呢?常用的有两种分析说理方法，即因果法和假设法。

(5)第五步：本段小结。照应本段开头，重申这一节的分论点。可加上“因此”或“所以我认为”等字样。这样一来，本小节就形成了一个完整的说理板块。

如何选取与使用论据

就议论文而言，论据是证明观点的依据，能否正确地选取与使用论据，直接关系到观点是否有可信度。一篇文章，观点可能很正确，论证方法也不错，也运用了足够的论据来进行论证，但还是缺乏一定的说服力。究其原因，就在于对论据的选取与使用不当。那么，该如何选取与使用论据呢?

一、准确是前提

所谓“准确”，就是要做到论据的真实、可信、确切。这就要求同学们在选取、运用论据时，引用的名言、俗语等要准确无误，列举的事例、人物要真实可信，且论据在内涵、意旨上与论点要契合，能够确切地用来论证观点。缺乏可信性的虚假论据即便用得再多，也不能令人信服。

二、典型是基础

所谓“典型”，即论据经典，具有代表性。要做到这一点，同学们须注重从不同的角度选取论据，所选论据具有分量，以达到论证的全面、充分。一般来说，名人事例的分量要大于普通人物的，大事情的分量要大于小事情的，经典名言、格言、俗语、寓言故事等的分量要大于平常事情的。只有选择具有权威性的材料，注意在不同时间、地点、条件、背景下选用，才能使论述令人心服。所选事例的角度越全面，越能显示出论点的不可批驳性。

三、简颖是突破

所谓“简颖”，就是论据要简练、新颖。议论文中所列举的事例，只是用来阐明道理、作为论述的依据，过于详细势必冲淡和削弱论述的力度。因此，论据应尽量少写或不写细节，避免具体的铺叙和描绘，用概括、凝练的语言把事例讲清楚即可。此外，陈旧、司空见惯的材料，会给人“流俗”之感，影响议论文的整体“形象”。因此，在选用事例时，也应力避“雷同”，尽量选取一些较为新鲜的事例。

四、分析是关键

横看成岭侧成峰，一树梅花万首诗。就充当论据的材料而言，它往往具有多义性，可以用来论证不同的观点。因此，使用论据时，应对它进行必要的分析，把论据与论点内在的逻辑关系揭示出来，达到论据与观点的统一，这样才能增加文章的说服力。就议论文而言，“摆事实”只是手段，“讲道理”才是目的，两者应相互依存、相辅相成。

Let‘s cross the bridge when we come to it.船到桥头自然直。下面是小编为你带来的初中英语写作常用谚语，欢迎阅读。

1. All roads lead to Rome.

条条大路通罗马。

2. Well begun is half done.

好的开端是成功的一半。

3. East, west, home is best.

金窝、银窝，不如自己的草窝。

4. First think, then act.

三思而后行。

5. It is never too late to mend.

亡羊补牢，犹为未晚。

6. Time is money.

时间就是金钱。

7. A friend in need is a friend indeed.

患难见真交。

8. Great hopes make great man.

远大的希望，造就伟大的人物。

9. Where there is a will, there is a way.

有志者，事竟成。

10. Stick to it, and you‘ll succeed.

只要人有恒，万事都能成。

11. Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.

早睡早起，富裕、聪明、身体好。

12. A good medicine tastes bitter.

良药苦口。

13. It is good to learn at another man‘s cost.

前车之鉴。

14. Let‘s cross the bridge when we come to it.

船到桥头自然直。

15. No pains, no gains.

不劳则无获。

16. Nothing is difficult to the man who will try.

世上无难事，只要肯登攀。

17. Where there is life, there is hope.

生命不息，希望常在。

18. An idle youth, a needy age.

少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

19. A plant may produce new flowers; man is young but once.

花有重开日，人无再少年。

20. God helps those who help themselves.

自助者，天助之。

21. All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

只工作，不玩耍，聪明孩子也变傻。

22. Diligence is the mother of success.

勤奋是成功之母。

23. Truth is the daughter of time.

时间见真理。

24. No man is wise at all times.

智者千虑，必有一失。

25. Never put off till tomorrow what you can do today.

今天能做的事绝不要拖到明天。

26. Kill two birds with one stone.

一石双鸟。

27. Easier said than done.

说起来容易做起来难。

28. Genius is one percent inspiration and 99 percent perspiration.

天才一分来自灵感，九十九分来自勤奋。

29. He who laughs last laughs best.

谁笑在最后，谁笑得最好。

30. He who has health has hope, and he who has hope has everything.

身体健壮就有希望，有了希望就有了一切。

31. No man is born wise or learned.

人非生而知之。

32. Action speak louder than words.

事实胜于雄辩。

33. Courage and resolution are the spirit and soul of virtue.

勇敢和坚决是美德的灵魂。

34. There is no smoke without fire.

无风不起浪。

35. Many hands make light work.

人多好办事。

36. Reading makes a full man.

读书长见识。

37. Wisdom in the mind is better than money in the hand.

胸中有知识，胜于手中有金钱。

38. Seeing is believing.

百闻不如一见。

39. Money is a good servant but a bad master.

要做金钱的主人，莫作金钱的奴隶。

40. It‘s hard sailing when there is no wind.

无风难驶船。

41. The path to glory is always rugged.

通向光荣的道路常常是崎岖的。

42. Living without an aim is like sailing without a compass.

没有目标的生活如同没有罗盘的航行。

43. Quality matters more than quantity.

质重于量。

44. The on-looker sees most of the game.

旁观者清。

45. Joys shared with others are more enjoyed.

与众同乐，其乐更乐。

46. Happiness takes no account of time.

欢乐不觉日子长。

47. Time and tide waits for no man.

岁月不等人。

48. If you want knowledge, you must toil for it.

若要求知，必须刻苦。

49. Learn to walk before you run.

循序渐进。

50. From words to deeds is a great space.

言行之间，大有距离。

51. Skill and confidence are an unconquered army.

技能和信心是无敌的军队。

52. Habit is a second nature.

习惯成自然。

53. Two heads are better than one.

三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮。

54. Nothing is impossible to a willing mind.

世上无难事，只怕有心人。

55. You can‘t make something out of nothing.

巧妇难为无米之炊。

56. Nothing for nothing.

不费力气，一无所得。

57. He who makes no mistakes makes nothing.

不犯错误者一事无成。

58. Nothing seek, nothing find.

无所求则无所获。

59. A little of every thing is nothing in the main.

每事浅尝辄止，事事都告无成。

60. A great ship asks deep waters.

大船要走深水。

说明文是阐述事物的特征、本质、性能、结构、用途或科学原理的一种文体。其说明的对象可以是具体的，如：自然环境，仪表设备等；也可以是抽象的，如概念定律等。

说明文的写作相对于论说文来说，有一定的套路可循，因此不是十分复杂。说明科技方面的内容常用定义法、比较对比法、分类法、因果法等；说明自然环境方面的内容常用时间次序法、分类法等。当然，随着对象的不同，具体应该采用的方法也会有所不同。

说明文的写作应该注意的事项有下面几点：

1.语言简明扼要，通俗易懂，避免夸张华丽的辞藻，要把真实的一面展现在读者面前。

2.说明时一定要把握一个中心主题。说明文中细枝末节较多，但不能喧宾夺主。

3.说明的次序非常重要。合理的次序会使文章条理清楚，脉络明晰。因此，练习时可以尝试不同的次序进行写作，找出最合理的一种。

4.由于说明文写实性较强，有时难免会让人感到没有生气。因此，可以适当使用一些比喻、拟人等修辞手段，来增加文章的色彩。

1. China needs to reexamine the results of political and social modernization in order to ascertain the benefits and indeed the detrimental aspects from a new perspective . Otherwise , various perceived accomplishments might in fact prove to be far from beneficial .

中国需要重新检查政治和社会现代化带来的结果以便从新的角度明确它们的好处，甚至是有害的方面。否则，许多我们以为取得的成就实际上可能完全不会带来好处。

2. It is essential to heed warnings of potentially catastrophic consequences associated with the Year 2000 computer bug and , in turn , to attach top priority to finding effective solutions to ensure a smooth transition into the new century .

我们必须注意有关计算机千年虫可能带来的灾难性结果的警告，并且相应地优先考虑寻找有效的解决办法以确保顺利过渡到新世纪。

3. It is high time we put an end to the deplorable practice of infanticide.

我们早该杜绝杀婴这种应遭谴责的做法。

4. There is little doubt that immediate action is required to eliminate the scourge of corruption once and forever .

毫无疑问，必须立即采取行动彻底消除****的祸害。

5. In short , we must work diligently to make the world a better place for coming generations . We must not persist in pursuits harmful to the environment .

简而言之，我们必须勤奋工作，为了下一代把世界变成更美好的地方。我们不应该坚持对环境有害的追求。

6. We must avoid overindulgence and conspicuous consumption . We must instead continue to recognize the benefits of thrift in order to protect our newfound prosperity .

我们必须避免过分放纵和铺张浪费。相反，我们应该继续发扬节俭的优点以守护我们新获得的繁荣。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

考辅P42

1.IgaveTomthebook.／／

2.Heboughthismothersomeflowers.／／

3.Thebridgewasbuiltbyworkerslastyear.／／

4.Wehavetofinishtheworktoday.／／5.Hewilldohishomeworktomorrow.／／

6.Wecleantheroomseveryday.／／7.Thewriterspent3yearsonthebook.／／

8.Itisabookwithalotofbeautifulpictures.／／

9.Thebooksoldverywellduringthefirstweek.／／firstweek.

10.Marywastheonlyoneintheoffice.／／

11.Shefinishedherworkat10o’clock.／／Shedidn’12.Shehadtotakeataxihomebecauseitwastoolate.

13.LizaandMikearrivedattheGreatWallintwohours.

14.Theywerehappytogettothetop.／／

15.TheyenjoyedthemselvesontheGreatWall.／／

16.ThepostmansentSusanandTommyapaperbox.

17.Theyopeneditandfoundapresentfromtheirfriend.

18.Theybothlikedthepresentandfeltveryhappy.

19.Alicedidn’tfeelwelltoday,soshewenttothehospital.

20.Thedoctoraskedhersomequestions.／／

21.Thedoctordidn’tgiveheranymedicineintheend.

（全真１）

1.ThecapitalAirporthasbeeninusefor20years.／／

2.ThecapitalAirportisthelargestoneinChina.／／

3.Ihavenevertakenaplane.MyfriendLiPing,either.／／

（全真２）

1.Fathergave$20formetobuysomebooks.／／

2.IwasexcitedwhenIsawsomanygoodbooksinthebookstore.

3.ButsomebookswouldcostmorethanIhave.／／

ButIdidn’／／（全真3）

1.ManyChinesefriendswenttotheparty.2.Tonywasgivenalotofpresentsbyhisfriends.／／Tony’

3.SeeinghisChineseteacheratthepartymadeTonyveryhappy.／／（全真4）

1.Iwanttoeatsomething.／／2.Therefrigeratorisempty.／／3.Bobspentfifteenyuanonthehamburger.／／／（全真5）

1.Mr.Wangdoesn’tworkinthatfactoryanylonger.／／

2.Mr.Wanglefthomeearlierinordertocatchthebus.3.Mr.Wangfindsitnoteasytogetalongwiththatyoungguy.／／（专家1）

1.Manypeoplewentshoppingyesterday.

2.Janespent4hourstobuyNewyeargifts.／／

3.Shewassotiredthatshecouldn’twalkanylonger.／／

（专家2）

1.Myfriendssaidtome,“Areyoufree?”

2.Shewantedmetogoshoppingwithher.

3.Shethinksitapleasuretogoshoppingwithafriend.

想要写好一篇英语作文有哪些方法步骤呢?下面来看看语文迷网为大家带来的写作指导吧。

(一)仔细审题，确定要点。在开始写作这前一定要认真阅读题目中的所有信息(中文提示、图示、注意事项等)把需要表达的全部信息要点列成提纲，列要点时，如果提示是图表，要认真审图，从图中找出要表达的信息要点，如事件发生的背景，人物的衣着、表情、动作、位置、年龄、外貌、图中的英汉文字等，如果有参考词汇，一定要用上。

(二)根据要点，先词组句。近年来高考书面表达的要求不断提高，高分文章要有较多的词汇，较高级的词汇用法。比如表达丰富可以用rich,但如果你用abundant这个词就属于较高级的词汇。再比如“他强调小心驾驶的重要”这个句子 He emphasized the importance of careful driving.其中“强调”这个词如果你用 attach much importance to 效果更佳。

(三)确定时态及人称，内容连贯，结构紧凑。高考书面表达评分标准明确规定，如人称错误要扣分，不同的文体一般都有基本时态。日记通常记叙发生过的事情，多用一般过去时。议论文多用一般现在时，通知等文体通常用一般将来时。每个句子写好之后，句与句之间要选择恰当的连接词。比如：(1)表示承接、递进用语，besides(并且)、whats more(并且)，moreover(而且)，firstly,secondly,finally(最后)，from now on (从此)，afterwards I after that(后来)，to make things worse/ whats worse(使事情更为糟糕的是)，the worst thing of all(最糟糕的是)。(2)表示转折关系用语。but bowever,otherwise,though,despite,in spite of...(尽管)on the other hand(另一方面)，as(尽管)，all the same(尽管如此)。(3)表示因果关系用语。because/because of......for(因为)，owing to (由于)，thanks to (由于)，due to (由于)，so that (结果)。(4)归纳总结用语。to summarize(总而言之)，in short/in a word(简而言之)，on the whole(从总体看)，generally speaking(一般说来)，in my view(我的观点)，in conclusion(总之)。

(四)句式丰富，避免单词。英语书面表达评分标准第五档(21-25分)要求，“应使用较复杂结构，这要求学生不仅会运用基本句型，也要有意识地使用复杂句型，这是文章的亮点。如何使用复杂结构，我认为适当运用非谓语结构(分词短语、动名词或不定式短语)适当运用各种从句(定语从句、名词性从句、状语从句)是有效什么途径。比如：when he arrived in Beijing,he gave me an e-mail.(时间状语从句。一般)→On arriving in Beijing,he gave me an e-mail.Having arrived in Beijing.he gave me an e-mail.(使用了动名词，分别作状语。高级) Hardly had he arrived in Beijing when he gave me an e-mail.(改变时态，句子结构。高级)I wont believe what he says.(一般)→No matter what he says,I wont believe.(让步状从句，高级)。

(五)认真答写，卷面整洁。高考书面表达评分标准中对书写有较高要求。尤其今年英语作文要进行网上阅卷，如果书写较差，会影响到扫描质量，因此，考生在答卷时，一定要认真、清楚规范地书写，以保卷面整洁。

对联能够存在和发展这么久，人们喜爱愈烈、流传愈广除了某些客观原因：帝王的提倡，名人的创作，人们的需要外，主要在它自身具有许多艺术优点和长处：文字美、声韵美、民族特色、应用价值等，能与人们的思想感情和社会生活紧密联系。这里将探讨它构成那么多优美的艺术形式的艺术要求，即对联写作的基本要求。

（一）上下联字数相等

对联是有上联和下联的，缺少其中之一，都不成为对联，这是定格。它还规定上下联字数一定要相等，否则不能相对。从前有个故事说，甲乙二人对对，甲出句：“三宝殿前三个塔”，乙对以“五凤楼台五层楼”，本很工整了，但甲又说：“还有塔、塔、塔”，乙由于不能以五个楼字去对三个塔字，没能对了。它不像“三光日月星”可对以“四诗风雅颂”。因为雅包括了小雅大雅二诗，乙没有办法以三个楼字包括五层楼，只得认输了。因此，上联五个联（五言），下联也要五个字，上联七个字（七言），下联也要七个字，如下列二联：（1）铁肩担道义；妙手著文章。（2）自闭桃源称太古；欲栽大树柱长天。两联上下联字都相等，前者是李大钊烈士所引，气概非凡。后者是杨昌济教授（毛主席的岳父）的名联，表示决心培植救国材人。

不论多少字的对联，都一样要上下联字数相等，不能象词赋那样对偶句容许引头词和语尾词。例如：毛主席的《沁园春·长沙》上阕第四句“看漫山红遍”，下阕第三句“恰同学少年”中“看”和“恰”都是引头词；鲍照的《芜城赋》有“岂忆同舆之愉乐，离宫之苦辛哉”句，其中“岂忆”是引头词，“哉”是语尾词，在对联是不容许有的。因为对联的上下联必须互相对称、整齐、美观。理由很简单，从许多生物自然器官都成对就可说明了：鸟有两翼，兽有一对前腿，牛羊各有一对角，人的耳、眼、手、脚都是成对，长短大小一样，每对器官都在身体匀称地分布好，给人以对称、整齐的美感。对联的互相对称、整齐的意义也一样，是给人以美的观感，美的享受。对联如果不这样，就像人的器官不全，不成残废，也是缺陷，成为丑陋，给人以难看的形象。所以一切东西要得人喜爱，首先就要有外表美，形式美，对联就具有这特点。

对联字数相等的特点曾给聪明人反用过，有一副挽袁世凯联云：袁世凯千古；中国人民万岁！哀世凯对以中国人民是对不起的，作者正是借意说袁世凯对不起中国人民，因袁复辟帝制，扼杀共和，这是千多年才见到第一副字数不相等的奇联。但也不能说字数相等的两行字或两句话就成为对联，因为对联还要讲究对仗音韵等艺术构造。

对联的上下联字数相等既无异议了，但它应以多少字数为佳呢？从现有的对联看，少字多字都有佳联，若有字数划分联形，七言为最多，其次是八言九言，又次为五言和十言至十二言，四言六言和十三言以上则较少，至于少于四言的短联和几百言以上的长联，有点似凤毛麟角了。因为字数过少过多都难于写作。对联的字数多少应以内容决定形式，由作者根据题材来决定，既不宜过短，也不宜片面追求长。

（二）同词性的字词相对

词性即词的特点，同词性即划分为同一特点的词类。根据词类讲究字词对仗，是对联中对偶艺术的关键。古人对词类的划分和今人的说法不尽相同。古人云：“实对实，虚对虚”。何谓实？古人编有《词林典腋》一书，《诗韵合璧》附载了它。它把实字分为天文、时令，地理、帝后、职官、政治、礼仪、音乐、人伦、人物（事）、闱阁、形体、文事、武备、技艺、外教、珍宝、宫室、器用、服饰、饮食、菽粟、布帛、草木、百花、果品、飞鸟、走兽、鳞介、昆虫等三十门（类），外编八对：抬头对，颜色对、数目对、卦名对、干支对、姓名对、人物对、虚字对，都是同词性相对。只是漏掉方位词。照工对要求，要各小类中的字词相对。天文类对天文类，人伦类对人伦类……。若只说“实对实”，则三十类中任何一类的字词都可同其他二十九类的字词相对了。其实不然。因为其中有动词、形容词怎能同名词相对？“游览”怎能对得起“太阳”？何谓虚？古人编有《虚字韵薮》一书，附载于《诗韵合璧》末尾。它列举虚字一百三十八个，但其中包括有代词：他、其、谁、孰、何……等，动词：谓、曰、云……等，是不能同焉、矣、也、乎、哉相对的。由此可见古人谈对仗虚实之说，不但笼统不准确，而且有些混乱，是不科学的。

词分虚实是必要的，真正的科学划分，只有今人以汉语语法区分词性属类才准确。现在说的实词是指有实在意义的词；按语法特征分为名词、动词、形容词、代词、数词和量词六种；虚词一般不具有实在的意义，它的主要作用是表示语法关系，或句子的语气，分为副词、介词、连词、助词、叹词五类。至于方位词附属于名词。颜色词属形容词了。

（三）内容相关或相反

对子的上联和下联虽无律诗那样严格的承接转折关系，却也不能随意拼凑和拉扯。如我们拼凑这么一联：“鹈鴂悲啼血；鸳鸯喜订盟”，论对仗平仄则工整成对，但上下联情调各异，中间没有任何可联系，读了不知何意，不应认为是对联。又如：“电影院中看电影；图书馆里读图书”。对仗平仄很工，并有点巧，只是中间缺乏联系，也不能认作对联。凡要成为一副对联的，上下联内容必须相关。所谓相关，就是上下联所描写所形象的思想内容，思想意境必须相互关联，同为一件事物的各方面，不能风马牛不相及。

（四）平仄相间和相反

对联为了音节和谐，声韵铿锵，要依照近体诗的格调讲究用字的声律。声即平仄，是汉语声调最低的概括。律即平仄排列的规律，但它没有象律诗那样固定位置。能排列得像音乐的旋律那样有节奏、有起伏、有抑扬，给人以美感，得人喜爱。因此。对联的声律是不能缺少的。要做好这一点，首先要弄清文字平仄怎样划分，那些字属平，那些字属仄的问题

平仄定义：是中国诗中用字的声调。古代汉语声调分平、上、去、入四声。平指四声中的平声，包括阴平、阳平二声；仄指四声中的仄声，包括上、去、入三声。旧诗赋及骈文中所用的字音，平声与仄声相互调节，使声调谐协，谓之调平仄。*平调：分两种，基本上是平缓轻柔的声调。**阴平－较小声**阳平－较大声而且声尾上扬*仄调：分三种**上声－高昂明亮**去声－尖细哀柔**入声－短促因此平仄又常被分为四声：分别是平、上、去、入四种声调。中国古籍中有不少说明。

Today mother took me to skate. I was very happy. But I hadnt expected I fell down as soon as I got in. Today I didnt know why my two feet were out of control. If I wanted to head east， they would head the opposite. I fell down from time to time. My hands and face were all dirty. I thought maybe it was because that I hadnt skated for a long time.

On my way home， I thought that whatever one wants to do， he must work hard at it， so he can make progress. Skating is like this， so it study.

句子依据用途或语气可分为四大类即：陈述句、疑问句、祈使句、感叹句。

陈述句：说明一件事情，表示陈述语气的句子。

疑问句：提出一个问题，表示疑问语气的句子。

祈使句：要求或者希望中国人做什么或不做什么，表示祈使语气的句子。

感叹句：表示感叹语气的句子。

一、陈述句和反问句的互换：

陈述句指说明意见、叙述事实的句子。反问句是指用疑问句的形式表达确定的意思的句子。

把陈述句改成反问句有两种情况：

1 肯定语气改成反问句如：

天才来自勤奋。改为：难道天才不是来自勤奋吗?

2 否定语气改成反问句

小孩掉进河里，我们不能见死不救。

小孩掉进河里，我们能见死不救吗?

注意点：陈述句改成反问句，要把句中表示肯定的词改成表示否定的词，句末的句号改成问号，并加上“吗”、“呢”等句末的句号要改成问号。

反问句改成陈述句也有两种情况：

把反问句改成陈述句就要把“难道”和“不”等词删去，把句末的问号改成句号，并去掉“难道……吗”和“怎么……呢”语气助词。

练习 ：

1、既须劳动，又长见识，这就是养花的乐趣。

2、不劳动，连棵花也养不活，这难道不是真理吗?

3、难道我们播下的种子不会在自己学生的身上开花结果吗?

4、老师对我的教导，难道我会忘记吗?

二、 肯定句和否定句的互换：

表达一个肯定的意思，也可以采用否定句式，例如，“人人都都遵守课堂纪律。”可以改写成“没有一个人不遵守课堂纪律。”改写后句子的肯定语气要比原来的句子更强。改写时要注意：双重否定是表示进一步的肯定，所以必须用上两个表示否定的词，也就是“否定+否定=肯定”。如果只用一个否定的词，句子意思就完全相反了

例：天下的人都知道秦国是从来不讲信用的。

天下的人没有一个不知道秦国是从来不讲信用的。

注意：

练习：

1)全班同学都参加了这次植树活动。

2)学好语文和输血，对青年人的成才才会起促进作用。

3)同学们都觉得书籍是我们的好老师。

4)记住“只拣儿童多处行”是会找到春天的。

5)上坡下的每一块地都被大水淹没了。

6)事情的来龙去脉得向你说清楚。

7)这里的情况你是清楚的。

三、直接引语与间接引语的改写：

我们在说话或写作中，有时需要直接引用别人的对话，有时需要转述。例如雨来摇摇头说：“我在屋子里什么也没有看见。”这是直接叙述的句子。如果要改成转述的句子，就可以改成“雨来摇摇头说，他在屋子里什么也没有看见。”

改写时应注意三点：一是改换人称，将对话中表示“谁”(如我、我们等)的人称代词改成“他”或“他们”。与引号前的人称一致起来。二是改变标点，将冒号改成逗号，双引号去掉。三是适当调整词语，需要时可作少量的文字改动，但不能改变句子的基本意思，使句子通顺。

例：贝多芬说：“我是来弹一首曲子给这位姑娘听的。

贝多芬说，它是来弹一首曲子给这位姑娘听的。

1)他轻轻地说：“我买不起，我的钱不够。”

2)蔺相如说：“秦王我都不怕，我会怕廉将军吗?

3)小华告诉我：“ 我的《儿童时代》先借给你看。”

4)妈妈对我说：“ 我今晚要加班，不回家吃饭了。”

5)小华对小丽说：“明天我们班要参加区文艺会演，我得早点到校排演。”

四、陈述句改成把字句和被字句

如：他碾死了小青虫。可改成

⒈“把”字句：他把小青虫碾死了。将陈述句改成把字句，就是将句中表示动作的对象移到表示动作的词前面，加上“把”即成把字句。在变换句式时必须保持原句的意思。

⒉“被”字句：小青虫被他碾死了。把陈述句改成被字句，就是将句中表示接受动作的词调到句首，换上“被”就成了被字句。

这两种句子的变换只要调换句中的某些词的位置就行了。

如上面句①中只需把“碾死了”和“小青虫”的位置调换一下，再在他的后面加个“把”字;句②则把“小青虫”与他“他”之间加个“被”字就行了。两个句子互相改换之后，它们原来的意思不能改变。

五、有些陈述句为了突出句中的某一部分，可交换下词语的位置。

如：“我去过北京。”与“北京，我去过。”前者突出“我去过”，后者突出了“北京”。改变说法，做到语言美。

在公共汽车上，看到一位老太太上车，一个小学生连忙让座，应怎么说呢?

应说：“老奶奶，请您坐这儿!”

注意点：如说“喂，老太婆，坐这儿来!”就很没有礼貌。我们在与人交往时，要学会使用“请”“打扰”“对不起”“谢谢”“没关系”，接电话时，要用“您好!请问……”等。

六、特殊句式的变换

1、词语位置的变换：如

常式句：亲人再见了!

变式句：再见了，亲人。把主谓语的位置进行互换

2、变换提示语的位置：如

(1)、我说：“爸爸，也许它不会死……” (提示语在前)

(2)、“爸爸!”，我说，“也许它不会死……”(提示语在中间)

(3)、“爸爸，也许它不会死……” 我说。 (提示语在句末)七、关联句

句子依据结构分类，可分为单句和复句。复句是能分成两个或两个以上相当于单句的分段的句子。复句内的各个单句形式，叫做分句。同一个复句里的分句，说是的是有关系的事，它们又是由关联词语连接起来的，因此也称作关联句。常见的关联句有七种类型，每类关联句有它们自己常用的关联词语。

1、因果关系：因为……所以 因此 既然……就

2、条件关系：只有……才 只要……就 无论……都 不管……总

3、假设关系：如果……就 要是……就 哪怕……也 即使……也4、递进关系：不但……而且 不光……还 不仅……还

5、并列关系 ：既……又 一边……一边 一方面……一方面 一会儿……一会儿

6、转折关系：虽然……但是 尽管……还是

7 选择关系：是……不是 宁可……也不 不是……就是 与其……不如

运用关联词语要注意以下几点：

关联词语一般都成对出现，只有少数单独使用。(如“可是”、“而”、“因此”等)

关联词语大都有一定的搭配习惯，不能任意组合。

关联词语起连接作用，可以把两句话并为一句。

七、因果句式的改写：

因果句式，是按事物的原因和结果关系来写的。它有两种形式：一是先因后果，二是先果后因。因果句式中，原因可以是一个或几个，但结果只能是一个。改写时，可以用关联词，也可省支其中一个关联词，甚至不用。但原意一定要保持不变。

八、缩句和扩句

缩句的目的是为了更好地分析和理解句子。把句子中表示修饰或限制的词语去掉，保留原来句子的主干，缩成一个简单完整的句子。缩句不能增加和减少原句基本成分，不改变原句的意思。

缩句主要方法有以下几种：

1、分辨句式，提出问题。先看看这句话是写人还是写景物的，然后可以提出“谁是什么”、“谁干什么 ”或者“什么是什么”、“什么干什么”、“怎么样”来找出句子的主要部分。如：“这毛茸茸的在地上流动着的小绒球原来是刚孵出来的小鸡。”我们可提问：什么?--小绒球;是什么?---是小鸡。缩句后就是成 “小绒球是小鸡。”

2、进行词语比较，找出主要词语。有些句子很长，修饰的部分较多，我们就要在几个词语中选出主要的，才能正确地缩句。如“工人宿舍前的草地上开满了五颜六色的野花。”因为“野花”只能开在“草地上”。所以“草地上”是主要词，而“工人宿舍前”是修饰“草地”的。

3、如果是否定句缩句，就要把否定词一起写出来，否则就会改变句意。如“我不相信他那种骗人的鬼话。”应缩成“我不相信鬼话”，而不能缩成“我相信鬼话” 另外要提醒小朋友的是，缩句后，虽然句子十分简短，但它还是个完整的句子，所以句末必须加上原句上的标点符号。扩句恰好相反，是在句子的主干上增加一些恰当的修饰或限制性的词语，是句子的内容变得丰富、具体和生动。扩句的过程正好与缩句相反，即按一定要求给句子的主干添枝加叶，加上修饰成分，使它表达的意思更具体、形象、生动。

在具体扩句过程中，要注意以下几个方面：

1、所加的修饰词必须与主干搭配得当

2、扩句后句子的成分不变。

3、扩句后不能改变句子的结构。

1.as…as 和……一样

中间必须用形容词或副词原级。例如：

This classroom is as big as that one. 这间教室和那间一样大。He runs as fast as Tom. 他和汤姆跑的一样快。

否定结构：not as/so…as,“不如……,和……不一样”。上面的两个句子可分别改为：

This classroom is not as/so large as that one。

He doesn’t run as/so fast as Tom。

练习：我的书包和你的一样好。 他的英语说的和你一样好。

2. as soon as 一……就……

用来引导时间状语从句。若主句是一般将来时，从句要用一般现在时。例如：

I’ll tell him the plan as soon as I see him. 我一看到他就告诉他这个计划。

He’ll go home as soon as he finishes his work. 他一完成工作就回家。

3. be busy/enjoy/hate/go on/finish doing sth. 忙于/喜欢/讨厌/继续/完成做某事

在enjoy, finish, hate, go on, be busy等词语后，一般用动词-ing形式作宾语。例如：

Lin Tao is busy making a model plane. 林涛忙着做飞机模型。

My mother enjoys taking a walk after supper. 我妈妈喜欢晚饭后散步。

I hate watching Channel Five. 我讨厌看五频道。

When someone asked him to have a rest, he just went on working. 当有人让他休息一会儿时，他仍继续工作。

I have finished writing the story. 我已经写完了故事。

4. fill…with用……装满， be filled with 充满了……, be full of 充满了

①be filled with 说明由外界事物造成的此种状态，表示被动。例如：

The box is filled with food. 盒子里装满了食物。

②be full of说明主语处于的状态。此外，还可表示程度，意为“非常”。例如：

The patient’s room is full of flowers. 那个病人的房间摆满了花。

The young man is full of pride. 那个年轻人非常骄傲。

③这两种结构还可以相互改写。例如：

I fill the box with food. The box is full of food。

5. be good/bad for 有利于/有害于…… 此句型是：be+adj.+for+n。结构。例如：

Doing morning exercises is good for your health。做早操对你的健康有益。

Always playing computer games is bad for your study. 总玩电脑游戏对你的学习不利。

6. be used to(doing) sth. 习惯于……

后必须接名词或动名词，可用于现在、过去、将来的多种时态。be 可用get,become来代替。 例如：He is used to life in the country。(He is used to living in the country。)他习惯于乡村生活。

He will get used to getting up early. 他将会习惯于早起。

注意：be used to do 的意思是“被用来做……”。例如：Wood is used to make paper。木材被用来造纸。

7. both…and…两者都…… 用来连接两个并列成分;当连接两个并列主语时，其后谓语动词用复数。

例如： Both the students and the teachers will go to the History Museum tomorrow。不论老师还是学生明天都会去历史博物馆。

8. can’t help doing sth. 禁不住做某事 help在此的意思是“抑制，忍住”，其后接动词-ing形式。例如：

His joke is too funny. We can’t help laughing. 他的笑话太有趣了，我们禁不止笑了起来。

听到这个坏消息，她禁不住哭了起来。

9. sth. costs sb. some money 某物花费某人多少钱

此句型的主语是物。cost一词带的是双宾语，它的过去式、过去分词和原型一样。

This book cost me five yuan. 这本书花了我五元钱。

10. either…or… 不是……就是……,或者……或者……

用来连接两个并列成分，当连接并列主语时，谓语动词与邻近的主语保持一致。

You may either stay here or go home. 你可以呆在这儿，也可以回家。

Either she or I am right. = Either I or she is right. 不是她对就是我对。

要么你去要么他必须去。 Either you or he to go。

11. enough (for sb。) to do sth. 足够……做……

在此结构中，for用来引出不定式的逻辑主语。例如：

The ice isn’t thick enough for you to walk on. 这冰还没有厚到你可以在上面走的程度。

他年龄做够大，可以自己照顾自己了。

12. feel like doing sth. 想要做……

此处like为介词，后面跟动词-ing形式。此句型与would like to do sth。同义。例如：

I feel like drinking a cup of milk. 我想喝一杯牛奶。

Do you like taking a walk? 你想不想去散步?

13. feel/find/think it adj./n. to do sth. 认为某事……

在此结构中it为形式宾语，不定式短语作真正的宾语。例如：

I find it very interesting to play football. 我发现踢足球很有趣。

She thinks her duty to help us. 她认为帮助我们是她的职责。

14. get ready for sth./ to do sth。

Get ready for sth。意为“为某事做准备”，get ready to do sth。“准备做某事”例如：

We are getting ready for the meeting. 我们正在为会议做准备。

They were getting ready to have a sports meet at the moment. 他们那时正准备开运动会。

15. get/receive/have a letter from 收到……的来信

相当于hear from 例如： Did you receive a letter from John?你收到约翰的来信了吗?

I got a letter from my brother yesterday. 我昨天收到了我弟弟的一封来信。

16. had better (not) do sth. 最好(别)做某事

had better为情态动词，其后需用动词原形。had better常用缩写，变成’d better，其否定形式是在其后直接加not。例如：We had better go now. = We’d better go now. 我们最好现在走吧。 You’d better take a rest. 你最好休息一下。 You’d better not go out because it is windy. 今天刮风，你最好别出去了。

17. have sth. done 使(某事)完成，使发生 (动作由别人完成)

sth。为宾语，done为过去分词作补语。例如：

We had the machine repaired. 我们请人把机器修好了。

注意区分： We have repaired the machine. 我们(自己)已经修好了机器。

18. help sb. (to) do sth./with sth. 帮助某人(做)某事

其中的to可以省略。例如：I often help my mother with housework。我常常帮助妈妈做家务。

Would you please help me (to) look up these words? 请你帮助我查查这些词好吗?

19. How do you like……? 你认为……怎么样?

与what do you think of …?同义。 例如：How do you like the weather in Beijing?你认为北京的天气怎么样? 你觉得这部新电影如何?

―What do you think of your boss? ―He is strict with us。

20. I don’t think/believe that… 我认我/相信……不……

其中的not是对宾语从句进行否定而不是对主句(否定前移)。that可省略。例如：

I don’t think it will rain. 我认为天不会下雨。

I don’t believe the girl will come. 我相信那女孩不会来了。

我认为他并不聪明。

21. It happens that… 碰巧……

相当于happen to do。例如： It happened that I heard their secret。

可改写为： I happened to hear their secret. 我碰巧听到了他们的秘密。

22. It’s/has been +一段时间+since从句 自从某时起做某件事情已经一段时间了。

该句型中since引导的时间状语从句常用一般过去时。例如：

It’s twenty years since he came here. 他来这里已经20年了。

It has been six years since he married Mary. 他和玛丽结婚已经六年了。

如果since从句中的谓语动词是延续性动词，则表示“从该动作结束起一直到现在的时间”。 例如： It’s three days since he stayed here. 他离开这儿有三天了。

我搬家到郑州已经20多年了。 since I moved to Zhengzhou。

23. It is +adj./n. + for sb. to do sth. 做某事对某人来说……

It是形式主语，真正的主语是不定式to do sth., for sb. 是不定式的逻辑主语。例如：

It’s not easy for us to study English well. 对我们来说学好英语并不容易。

It’s a good idea for us to travel to the south. 去南方旅行对我们来说是个好主意。

对我来说把英语学好非常重要。 to learn English well。

24. It’s + adj. + of sb. to do sth。

It是形式主语，to do sth。是真正的主语， of sb. 是逻辑主语，当表语(即形容词)能对逻辑主语描述时，常用介词of,而不用for。例如：It’s very polite of you to give your seat to old people. 你给老人让座，非常有礼貌。 It’s very kind of you to help me。

你能来车站接我真是太好了。 to pick me up at the station。

25. It seems/appears that… (在某人看来)好像……

此句中的it是主语，that引导的是表语从句。例如：It seems that he is lying. 看样子他好像是在撒谎。 It appears to me that he never smiles。

看样子要下雨了。 it’s going to rain。

26. It is +数词+metres/kilometers long/wide… ……是多少米(公里)长(宽)

用来表示物体的长(宽，高)，如数词大于一，名词要用复数。例如：

It is 20 metres long from this end to that end. 从这端到那端有二十米长。

27.It’s time for sb. to do sth. 是某人干某事的时候了

it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式to do sth.。for sb./sth。是逻辑主语。例如：

It’s time for the child to go to bed. 孩子该睡觉了。

比较下面两种结构：① It’s time for + n. 例如： It’s time for school。

②It’s time to do sth. 例如： It’s time to go to school. 我们该学习英语了。

28. It takes sb. some time to do sth. 花费某人多少时间做某事

it是形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式to do sth.。例如：

It takes her fifteen minutes to walk to the bus stop from here. 从这儿走着到公交车站将花费她15分钟。

It took the old man three days to finish the work. 那个老人花了三天时间完成这项工作。

我上学坐公交车要花半个小时。

29. keep (on) doing sth. 一直坚持做某事

keep doing sth。一般用于静态动词。keep on doing sth。意为“继续不停地做某事”，一般用于动态动词，但二者的区别并不是很严格，有时可以互换。例如：

Don’t keep on doing such foolish things. 不要再做这样的傻事了。

He kept sitting there all day. 他整天坐在那里。

30. keep…from doing sth. 阻止，使免于做某事

相当于stop…from doing sth., prevent…from doing sth.。在主动句中，stop和prevent后面的from可以省略，但在被动结构中，from不可以省略。例如：

Please keep the children from swimming in the sea. 请别让孩子到海里游泳。

The big noise outside my room stopped me from doing my homework. 屋外巨大的噪音使我不能做作业。

我会尽最大努力阻止他抽烟。I’ll try my best to 。

31. keep sb. doing sth. 让某人一直做某事

不可和keep sb.from doing sth。结构混淆。

例如：Why do you keep me waiting for a long time? 你为什么让我等了很长时间?

32. make sb. do sth. 使某人干某事

make意为“使”时，其后要有不带to的动词不定式。

例如：He made me work ten hours a day. 他迫使我每天工作10小时。

注意：上句如改为被动语态，则work 前的to不能省略。例如：I was made to work ten hours a day。

上个星期天爸爸让我做了一天的作业。

33. neither…nor… 既不……也不……

当连接两个并列主语时，谓语动词与邻近的主语取得一致(就进一致原则)。例如：

Neither we nor Jack knows him. 我们和杰克都不认识他。

He neither knows nor cares what happened. 他对发生的事情不闻不问。

34. not…until… 直到……才

until后可跟名词或从句，表示时间。例如：He didn’t come until late in the evening。他直到晚上很迟才来。 He didn’t arrive until the game had begun. 直到比赛开始他才来。

昨晚我直到做完作业才睡觉。Last night, I didn’t go to bed 。

35. sb. pays money for sth. 某人花钱买某物

此句型主语是人。I’ve already paid 2,000 yuan for the motor bike. 我已经花了2000元买这辆摩托车。

36. spend time/money on sth./(in)doing sth. 花费(时间、钱)在某事上做某事

其中in可以省略，通常主语为“人”。例如：

I spent five yuan on this book. 我在这本书上花了五元钱。

I spent two hours (in) doing my homework yesterday. 昨晚我花了两个小时做作业。

不要在打电子游戏上花太多时间。Don’t 。

37. so…that… 太……以至于……

用于复合句，that引导的是结果状语从句。so是副词，后面应接形容词或副词，如果接名词，应用such。 例如：The ice is so thin that you can’t walk on it. 冰太薄了，你不能在上面走。 He is such a kind man that we all like him. 他是一个非常好的人，我们都很喜欢他。

38. stop to do sth., stop doing sth。

stop to do sth. 意为“停下来做某事”。stop doing sth。意为“停止做某事”例如：

The teacher is coming. Let’s stop talking. 老师来了，咱们别说话了。

You’re too tired. You’d better stop to have a rest. 你们太累了，最好停下来休息一会儿。

39. Thank you for doing sth. 感激你做了……

For之后除了加动名词doing外，还可以加名词。例如：

Thank you for giving me the present. 谢谢你给我的礼物。

Thank you for your help. (Thank you for helping me。) 谢谢你的帮助。

40. thanks to 多亏……;由于……

thanks后的s不能省略，to是介词。例如：Thanks to my friend Jim, I’ve worked out this problem. 多亏了我朋友吉姆的帮助，我已经解决了这个问题。

41. There be句型

①在此结构中，there是引导词，在句中不能充当任何成分，也不必翻译出来。句中的主语是某人或某物，谓语动词be要与主语的数保持一致。例如：There is a man at the door. 门口有一个人。

当主语是由两个或者两者以上的名词充当时，谓语动词be要跟它邻近的那个名词的数一致(就近一致)。例如：There are two dogs and a cat under the table。桌下有两只狗和一只猫。 比较： There is a cat and two dogs under the table。

②There be 句型中的be不能用have来代替，但可以用lie(位于，躺)，stand(矗立)，exist(生存)，live(生活)等词来替换。例如：There stand a lot of tall buildings on both sides of the street. 街道两旁矗立着许多高楼。

There lies lake in front of our school. 我们学校前面有一个湖。

Once there lived a king here. 这儿曾经有一个国王。

There is going to be a sports meeting next week. 下周准备开一个运动会。

与there be 类似的结构： there seem(s)/happen(s) to be…

There seems to be one mistake in spelling. 似乎有一处拼写错误。

There happened to be a ruler here. 这儿碰巧有把尺子。

There seemed to be a lot of people there. 那儿似乎有很多人。

42. The + adj。比较级， the + adj。比较级 越……,越……

此句型表示一方随另一方的变化而变化。例如：The harder he works, the happier he feels。他工作越努力，就感到越幸福。 The more, the better. 多多益善。 这本书我越读越喜欢。The more I read this book, 。

43. too+adj./adj. +to do sth. 太……以至于不……。

此句型为简单句，后面的to表示否定含义。

例如：The ice is too thin for you to walk on. 这冰太薄，你不能在上面走。

The bag is too heavy to carry. 这个袋子太重搬不动。

他太生气了，一句话也说不出来。He was say a word。

44. used to do sth. 过去常常做某事

used to是情态动词，表示过去的习惯动作或状态，现在已不存在，因此只用于过去时态。

例如： He used to get up early. 他过去总早起。

When I was yong, I used to play tennis very often. 我年轻时经常打网球。

否定形式有两种：didn’t use to;used not to,例如： 他过去不常来。He didn’t use to come. = He usedn’t to come。

45. what about…? ……怎么样? 后面可接名词、代词、动名词等。与“how about…?”同义。例如：

We have been to Hainan. What about you? 我们去过海南，你呢?

What about going to the park on Sunday? 星期天去公园怎么样?

46. What day/date is it today? 今天星期几(几月几日)?

―What day is it today? 今天星期几?―Sunday. ―What date is it today? ―June 24th。

47. What’s wrong (the matter) with…? ……怎么了?

What’s wrong with you, Madam? 夫人，您怎么了?

You look worried. What’s wrong with you? 你看上去很焦急，出什么事了?

48. Why not do…? 为什么不做……?

谓语动词用原形。与Why don’t you do…?同义。例如：Why not go to see the film with us?

= Why don’t you go to see the film with us? 为什么不和我们一起去看电影呢?

49. would like to do sth. 想做……

like后用动词不定式作宾语，也可用名词作宾语。例如： I would like to drink a cup of tea。我想喝一杯茶。 疑问句式：Would you like (to drink) a cup of tea? 你想喝杯茶吗?

50. adj./adv。比较级 + and adj./adv。比较级 越来越....。

若形容词/副词为双音节词及多音节词，则这一结构变为“more and more +形容词/副词”。

例如：It’s getting warmer and warmer. 天气变得越来越暖和了。

The little girl becomes more and more beautiful. 小女孩变得越来越漂亮了。

51. adj。比较级+than

than引导的是典型的比较级句型，表示“一者比另一者……”，起前用形容词或副词的比较级，than从句可以用省略形式。例如：I know you better than she does. 我比她更了解你。 This house is bigger than that one. 这所房子比那所房子大。

52. though-从句

though引导的是让步状语从句，意思是“虽然……但是……”。但不能和but连用，英语中表达“虽然……,但是……”时，though和but只能用一个。例如：

Though it was snowing, it was not very cold. 虽然下着雪，可并不太冷。

I was late for the last bus though I hurried. 虽然我拼命赶路，还是没搭上最后一班公交车。

We didn’t feel tired though we walked a long way. 虽然我们走了很长的路程，但是并没有感到累。

53. if-从句

If 引导的是条件状语从句，“如果;假如“。如主句用一般将来时，if从句要用一般现在时(主将从现)。例如：If I go to the GreatWall tomorrow, would you like to come along?

如果明天我去长城，你会和我一起去吗?

If it rains tomorrow, I won’t go. 如果明天下雨，我就不去了。

如果他不来我就不去。I won’t go 。

54. because-从句 引导原因状语从句，“因为”。 例如： He didn’t hear the knocking at the door because he was listening to the radio. 他没有听见敲门声，因为他正在听收音机。

55. so + do/be + 主语

“So + be/助动词/情态动词 + 主语” 表示前面所述内容也适用于另一人或物。be、助动词或情态动词的选择视前面陈述句中谓语动词的时态形式而定。例：He likes football and so do I. 他喜欢足球，我也如此。

Jim was playing football just now and so was Tom. 刚才吉姆在踢足球，汤姆也在踢足球。

比较： “So +主语+be/助动词/情态动词。”结构，是用来证实前一句所表达的内容(起强调作用)。be、助动词或情态动词的选择视前面陈述句中谓语动词的时态形式而定。

A: It is very hot today. B: So it is. 确实如此。

A: He can swim. B: So he can。

56. not only…but also… 不但……而且……

常用来连接语法作用相同的词、短语或句子。连接两个主语时，谓语动词要和紧靠它的主语在人称和数上保持一致。例如：She likes not only singing but also dancing. 她不但喜欢唱歌，而且喜欢跳舞。

He is not only a good doctor but also a good father. 他不但是个好医生而且是个好爸爸。

Not only I but also he is hoping to go there. 不但我而且他也想去那儿。

Not only you but also his father likes football and basketaball. 不但你喜欢足球和篮球，而且她的父亲也喜欢。

57. prefer…to… 喜欢……胜过…。

prefer (doing) sth. to (doing) sth. 意为“两者相比更喜欢(做)其中之一”。在此结构中，to是介词，接名词或动名词，结构中前后所跟成分一样。例如：

He prefers tea to coffee. 茶与咖啡相比，他更喜欢茶。

He prefers doing shopping to going fishing。购物与钓鱼相比，他更喜欢购物。

58. 感叹句型 What (a/an) + adj. + n. +主语+谓语! How + adj./adv.+ +主语+谓语! 例如：

What a clever boy (he is)! How clever the boy is!

What a wonderful film we saw last night! 昨天晚上我们看的电影多精彩啊!

How lovely the weather is! 天气多好啊! How hard he works! 他工作多么努力啊!

59. 祈使句型

祈使句型表示命令、请求、劝告等含义。说话的对象通常为第二人称，习惯上常省略。句末用句号或感叹号。肯定祈使句是：谓语动词用动词原形表示。否定祈使句是：在谓语动词前加do not(don’t)。例如：Be here on time tomorrow. 明天准时到这儿来。 Say it in English! 用英语说!

Don’t be afraid! 别怕! Don’t look out of the window! 不要朝窗外看!

60. 并列句型

用并列连词连接起来的两个或两个以上的简单句叫并列句。连接并列句常用的连接词有：and, but, or, so, however, not only…but also, neither…nor, either…or…等。例如：

I help her and she helps me。

He is very old but he is in good health. 他年纪很大了，但他身体很好。

We must hurry, or we’ll be late. 我们得赶快走，不然就晚了。

Kate does her work carefully, so she never makes any mistakes. 凯特工作很认真，从不出错。

积累一些英语格言，对英文写作有一定的帮助。以下是小编带来的小学生经典英语格言，希望对你有帮助。

A cat may look at a king. 猫也可以看国王。

A friend in need is a friend in indeed. 患难识知已。

A good marksman may miss. 智者千虑，必有一失。

A good maxim is never out of season. 至理名言不会过时。

A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口，忠言逆耳。

A good winter brings a good summer. 瑞雪兆丰年。

All roads lead to Rome. 条条道路通罗马。

Better early than late. 宁早勿晚。

Better late than never. 迟做总比不做好。

Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。

It is good to learn at another man’s cost.前车可鉴。

It is never too late to learn. 活到老，学到老。

Love me, love my dog.爱屋及乌。

Men learn while they reach. 教学相长。

Second thoughts are best. 三思而后行 。

不少同学在问了，英语作文怎么写?如何写好英语作文，下面是小编为大家收集的初中英语作文的写作方法，欢迎阅读。

初一英语写作题，题材一般是写人、写事、写物、写景、日记、书信、通知、便条等文体。一般来说，不同的写作题材，它的人物，时间，写作的重点也是不尽相同的。下面结合一些常见的题型介绍一下写作的注意事项以及写作技巧。

各地的评分标准略有差异，但是都包括以下几个方面：整体印象、语言表达、词数规定等几方面内容。我们在写作中要尽量避免扣分，争取有加分点。当然用英文写作不同于用母语那样得心应手，常常会受到生词、语法、惯用法的限制，只要同学们平时注意两种语言的异同性，抓住写作要点，也可妙笔生花。

1、为了保证文章层次分明、条理清楚，要把时间固定下来，如：记叙一件事要用过去时;写经常发生的事或对人物的描写，要用一般现在时。整个文章中的人称要一致，首尾呼应，不要随意改动，以免造成误解。

2、不要为了追求“一鸣惊人”而去找一些生冷的词汇，对这些一知半解的词你不会用，不知道如何搭配，结果可能适得其反，使文章显的生硬、不协调，甚至错误百出，所以要使用有把握的词，避免不必要的失分。比如说发生了一起意外事件，我们通常用“have an accident ”来表示，不要错误的使用“have an incident”。

3、注意不同语言的表达习惯，也是写好英语作文的重要环节，如“我的理想是做一名歌手”，很多同学写成“My ambition is to do/make a singer，” “to do”表示“做”或者“干”，“to make”表示“制作”，而“做一名歌手”则表示“成为一名歌手”应该用“be/become a singer”;又如“看书、看报”应用“read a book/newspaper”，而不是“see a book/newspaper”。因此，平时应该注意不同语言的表达习惯，切忌望文生义或一味生搬硬套。

4、有些同学因怕出错而只写短句或简单句，写出的文章过于幼稚、空洞乏味。要使文章有血有肉就要把平时学的知识用进去，如：定语从句、宾语从句、非谓语动词和比较等句型，关键时用上一、二个，就能使文章不同凡响，更有文采，特别是对关联词的使用，如“so that”、“not…but ”“not only...but also”等，会使你的文章逻辑结构紧密、层次鲜明、条理清楚，更能显示出你的英文功底，但要做到这些并非一日之功，要靠平时的不断训练和积累。

5、最简单的增分点就是认真的书写。工整漂亮的书写会给评卷老师留下美好的第一印象，在扣分时自然会“手下留情”，而且很多地区都在写作上有1分的书写分。只要平时多下点功夫，得到这一分并不难。

注意事项

最后将英语写作的基本步骤和技巧归纳为以下几个环节：

1、细心审题细读题目中每一项提示或观察所给的每一幅画，明确文章的中心思想，弄清题意，确定写作体裁，掌握所要表达的要点做到心中有数，避免随心所欲，文不对题。

2、理顺要点在所给提示或图上标出要点，然后按事件先后的顺序或各要点之间的内在联系排序，分出层次。如果是看图作文，则要按图构思，这样做既可避免要点遗漏，又可使表达内容条理清楚。

3、构成框架将理顺的要点或每幅图画的含义加以连贯，构成写作的整体框架，进一步定人称、定时态语态、定顺序、定段落、定开头结尾。基本框架构成后，写作就有了把握。

4、组织句子用自己最熟悉的短语或句型将理顺的要点逐句表达出来，多用简单句，用有把握的复合句。要扬长避短，避难就易。若遇到表达障碍，可换一种说法，将一句变成两、三句，只求达意。

5、串句成篇将写好的句子连贯地组织起来，注意上下句的逻辑关系，适当采用递进、让步、转折、因果等关联词语，使短文浑然一体，层次分明，过渡自然。6、检查修改文章草成后，默读1～2遍，检查修改，尤其要注意人称、大小写、拼写、习惯用语、格式有无错误，要点有无遗漏，文句有无语病，词数是否恰当，行文是否连贯。

英语写作水平的提高是一个渐进的过程，只要同学们在平时多加训练，多读文章，做一个有心人，就能在英语作文中取得理想的成绩

铭仁园高三话题类作文常用短语与句型荟萃(一)----旅游&交通

本话题主要包括：1.旅游；2.描述一次旅程；

针对本话题，高考命题人员可能会从以下角度来命题。

1.描述个人旅游经历 2. 谈旅行中的不文明现象 3 .太空旅游、生态旅游 4.度假方式的变化及其原因5.旅游计划的拟订、准备及注意事项 一、话题常用单词

1. travel/journey/trip/tour n.旅游，旅行 16. a group/organized tour n. 团体游

2. travel agency n. 旅行社 17. a self-driving tripn. 自驾游

3. guiden. 向导，导游 18. destinationn. 目的地

4. flight ticketn. 机票 19. sceneryn. 风景，景色

5. passport n. 护照 20. disadvantage n. 不利条件

6. visan.签证 21. insurancen. 保险

7. identity card(ID) 身份证 22. interesting/ funny/ exciting adj 有趣的

8. tent n. 帐篷 23. enjoyable令人愉快的

9. camp n&vi. 露营 24. memorable 令人难忘的

10. hoteln. 旅馆 25. attractive/fascinatingadj 迷人的

11. necessity n. 必需品 26. boring/dull/tiringadj.无聊的

12. schedule n. 计划表，日程表 27. well-organized adj 组织有序的

13. tourist attractions/places of interest 28. convenient adj 方便的，便利的 /scenic spots/sights旅游景点 29. crowded adj 拥挤的

14. DIY tour n. 自助游 30. severe/seriousadj 严重的 15. space tourism n. 太空旅游

二、话题常用短语

1. go on a wildlife tour/a hiking trip

参加野生动物之旅/去远足

2. be on holiday/a trip to sp 去某地度假/旅行

3. see sb off 送行

4. pay a visit to sp/sb 参观某地/拜访某人

5. show sb around 带领某人参观

6. set out/off 出发，启程

7. check in 登记住宿

8. check out 结账退房

9. have a good time/enjoy oneself/have fun 玩的开心

10. broaden one’s horizon/mind 开拓视野

11. eich one’s knowledge丰富知识

11. experience foreign culture 体验国外的文化

12. join a tour group参加旅游团 三、话题常用句型

1. He who travels far knows much. 远行者见闻多。

2. Travelling can eich our knowledge.旅游可以丰富我们的知识。

3. Travelling enables us to learn a lot that we cannot get from books 旅游可以使我们学到很多在书本上学不到的东西。

4. It’s my pleasure to tell you how to get to the Great Wall. 我很乐意告诉你如何到达长城。

5. Welcome to Sichuan. I feel it an honor to be your guide. 欢迎来到四川。我很荣幸能够担任你的导游。

6. I will keep you company to visit numerous places of interest.我将陪你去参加许多的名胜古迹

7. A visit to Sichuan will be an unforgettable experience. 到四川旅行将会令人难忘。

8. There are many places of interest in Sichuan, such as…四川有很多名胜古迹，比如…

9. Sichuan is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest.

四川有很多景点，并且享有很有世界著名的名胜古迹。

10. However, travelling may cause some problems. 然而，旅行可能会造成一些问题。

11. Great changes have taken place in the ways that people spend their holidays in the past decades. 在近几十年内，人们的度假方式已经发生了巨大的变化。

四、佳作欣赏

nick,将于八月来四川旅游，特来询问，有关旅游景点的情况，请根据，提供的要求写封回信，表示盼望他的到来

要点：1.旅游资源：许多世界著名的风景名胜，如九寨沟（海子：清澈见底，色彩斑斓）；都

江堰水利工程（2000年的历史，仍发挥作用） 2.相关信息： 气侯适宜，交通方便。

Dear Nick,

Im glad to hear that youre coming to Sichuan in August. Youve made the wise choice to travel here. Sichuan Province is rich in tourist attractions and enjoys many world-famous places of interest, such as Jiuzhaigou and Dujiangyan Irrigation Projcet.

Jiuzhaigou is well known for its beautiful lakes, of which the water is clear and looks colorful. It can excite visitors imagination. Another attraction is Dujiangyan Irrigation Project. It was built over 2,000 years ago and is still playing an important part in irrigation today. Besides, the nice weather and convenient transportation here can make your trip more enjoyable. Im sure youll have a good time. Im looking forward to your coming.

假设你是李华，父母答应你今年高三毕业后去美国进行为期10天的观光旅游。请你给美国网友Lucy 写一封电子邮件，咨询以下事情：1. 不随团旅游的食宿、交通等问题。2. 必看景点与时间安排 3. 邀请她到中国观光。

Dear Lucy

How are you doingMy parents have just promised me to make a 10-day tour of America after my graduation from senior high school this summer, which will be a good chance for me to experience American culture and practice my oral English.

As I don’t like to join a tour group, could you please offer me some advice on where to stay, what to eat and how to travel in such a short timeI would appreciate it if you could tell the must-see attractions and the time arrangement. Your advice will surely make my visit enjoyable and worthwhile.

Welcome to China at your convenience. Looking forward to your early reply.

范文二：文明旅游

有些旅游景点的文物景观遭到了严重的破坏，致使最近文明旅游的倡议越来越受重视，因此就“游客可付费在仿造长城上涂写留言”发表看法。

内容包括：(1)谈谈对某些人喜欢在旅游景点随便涂鸦留言的看法;

(2)对专门修一段仿造城墙让游客付高价留言的做法你是赞成还是反对，并简要陈述你的理由。

It is reported that tourists to China’s Great Wall can now leave their mark on a fake(伪造的) wall recently built near the real wall in Badaling if they pay 999 yuan.

In China, many visitors have the hobby of carving graffiti on places of interest, especially on some famous cultural relics. Last year I went to the Great Wall and found many people had left names and ugly words on the Wall, which destroys many historic bricks. In my opinion, such people should feel ashamed of leaving their marks on the great relics which were created by our ancestors.

So personally, I quite agree with this brilliant project though it has caused criticism from some people. The Great Wall would be ruined one day if we didn’t take any steps to protect it. The fake wall is a really good idea because it will protect our relics as well as making profits from the project

1. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

2. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

3. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。