SAT英语写作技巧之首段与主体段【汇编20篇】

①拟人手法赋予事物以人的性格、思想、感情和动作。使事物人格化，从而达到形象生动的效果。比如朱自清的《春》一文中写春花“你不让我，我不让你，都开满了花赶趟儿”就是拟人句，生动形象地写出春花争艳的美景。

②比喻手法形象生动、简洁凝练地描写事物、讲解道理。

③夸张手法突出人或事物的特征，揭示本质，给读者以鲜明而强表达.........

的情感，增强了文章的表虽烈的印象。《安塞腰鼓》中多次运用夸张，描写黄土高原上的蓬勃的生命力。

④象征手法把特定的意义寄托在所描写的事物上。

⑤对比手法通过比较，突出事物或描写对象的特点。比如《变色龙》一文，把奥楚蔑洛夫因狗主人身份的变化而变化的态度用对比的方式表达出来，具有强烈的讽刺效果。

⑥衬托(

侧面烘托)手法和正面描写。以次要人物衬托主要的人物，表现人物性格特点、思想、感情等。如《藤野先生》中描写他不拘小节的性格就是用的侧面烘托;而写他工作严谨则是正面描写。

⑦讽刺手法。 运用比喻夸张等手段和方法对人或事物进行揭露、 批判和嘲笑，加强深刻性和批判性，使语言辛辣幽默。比如吴敬梓的《范进中举》。

⑧欲扬先抑和先扬后抑。先贬抑再大力颂扬所描写的对象，上下文形成对比，突出所写的对象，收到出人意料的感人效果。比如鲁迅的《阿长与》。

⑨前后照应(首尾呼应)使情节完整、结构严谨、中心突出。

⑩ 设置悬念能引起读者注意，引出文章的说明内容等。

1、organize your thoughts before writing: brainstorm、make an outline、etc。 下笔前整合思绪：脑力激荡，写出纲要等。

2、write clearly。 be concise。 avoid wordiness。写作清晰，务必精简，避免赘言。

3、use good grammar and write complete sentences。 使用好的文法，写出完整句子。

4、write simple sentences。 avoid a fancy style。 尝试简单句，避免花俏的句法。

5、avoid slang、cliche and informal words。 避免俚语、陈腔滥调和非正式用字。

6、avoid use of the first person (i。e。 i/me/my) unless necessary to specific piece。除非必要，避免使用第一人称：如“我/我的”。

7、writing naturally。 read it aloud。 does it sound natural? does it flow? 自然挥洒，大声朗诵。整篇文章听起来自然吗?通顺吗?

8、move logically from one idea to the next。 dont skip steps。 上下句意要合乎逻辑。别毫无章法乱跳。

[坚持八条英语作文的写作守则

新闻标题是新闻的题目，读者看新闻时首先看的就是标题。好的新闻标题能使读者在最短的时间内了解新闻的主要内容，小编收集了英语新闻标题写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

新闻标题是新闻的题目，读者看新闻时首先看的就是标题。好的新闻标题能使读者在最短的时间内了解新闻的主要内容，引起阅读兴趣。写作标题的原则，是要尽量用有限的语句将新闻的主要内容和意旨表达清楚。在英语(优习英语网)新闻标题的写作中，选取准确的动词及正确的时态、语态，是一项重要技巧。例如下面这几行标题，不管是硬新闻还是软新闻标题，都含有一个动词：

High tax levels “driving away foreign investors”

Bush acknowledges Viet Nam parallel

Nigerian plane crashes with over 100 aboard

Myles Quin likes to collect stuff-most of all good yarns

The City cultivates a thriving poetry corner out of The Waste Land

如果缺乏动词，新闻标题会显得单调、千篇一律，例如：

Bill Gates and the Microsoft

American views on China

这两则标题显得大而空泛，华而不实，没有提供关于新闻具体内容的实际信息，应该尽量避免这种写法。

动词的选择

动词使新闻标题变得活跃，但它本身必须是一个活跃的词，能最准确、生动地描述新闻事实，因为标题里没有多余的空间来容纳形容词，所有修饰性的内容，包括程度、颜色、感觉等，都必须依靠这个动词来体现。因此，要尽量避免使用“ask”这类平淡的动词和表达含糊的混合动词，例如“American government gives views on Mexican’s racism”，如果报道对象“American government”在谴责“Mexican’s racism”时用了很有力很明确的语句，那么就应该避免“gives views”这种含糊的写法。

此外，还应该尽量使用表达力强、有力的动词，尽量不使用较弱的助动词“be”、“have”作为新闻标题的主要动词。

时态的使用

一种观点认为新闻标题应使用现在时态，因为所报道的事件虽然已经过去，但它是新近发生的，对读者来说仍然是第一次了解该事件，现在时态能给他们一种事件正在发生的感觉，这对新闻报道来说很重要;另一种观点认为新闻标题不能用现在时，例如法庭报道，对于过去发生的事件，绝对不能用现在时态，避免产生歧义，例如应该写成：“Old retiree stole grocery loaves”，不能写成“Old retiree steals grocery loaves”，否则会使人误会此人一直在继续这种偷窃行为，引起争端。甚至认为任何含有过去的时间因素的标题都应使用过去时态。这一观点可能深受上世纪70年代以来美国新闻学者梅耶(Philip Meyer)的精确新闻报道理论的影响。

那么，究竟应该使用什么时态?考虑的重要依据是看使用现在时态会不会带来歧义，如果不会，则适宜使用现在时。英语新闻标题中不宜使用“yesterday”这个词，尤其是在早报的标题中，因为早报所报道的几乎所有事情都可以被认为是发生在“昨天”的。但如果报道的是将来要发生的事，则应尽量使用确切的时间，如：“Paper industry will strike tomorrow /next week/next month”。再如：“Beijing to fulfill promises for 2008 Olympics”，即使省略了“will”，意思仍很清楚。

有一种新闻标题采用“be+动词不定式”结构，助动词“be”通常省略：

Princess (is) to Visit Baffinaland in August.

Financier (is) killed by burglars.

Countries (are) to Spend More on Cancer Research.

使用将来时态报道即将和日后将会发生的事情是很常见的。

主动语态与被动语态

在英语新闻标题中，主动语态比被动语态的表达效果更好。试比较下面两则新闻标题：

France rejects EU Constitution

EU Constitution rejected by France

对比后，我们发现，使用被动语态的新闻标题，比主动语态标题长，单词数量多，这对有长度限制的标题来说是很不利的。同样长度的标题，主动语态所提供的信息内容更多，结构更生动，而且可以有更多的空间去阐述其他内容，例如“Boy found dead by teacher”如果改写成主动语态“Teacher found boy dead in lab”，不但阐述更加自然，包含的信息也更多。

例外的情况是当事件或动作的承受人比执行者更重要时，可以使用被动语态。

关于动词，还有一个问题需要注意。英语中有不少单词既能作名词，又能作动词，其词性是根据具体语法位置来决定的。写作标题时如果省略了一些前后辅助辨别的词汇，单词的词性就可能变得不确定和含糊，下面这些单词都属于此类：

tax, ban, plan, drive, move, probe, protest, bat, share, watch, cut, axe, ring, bank, rises, state, pay, pledge, talks, riot, attack, appeal, back, face, sign, jump, drug

英语新闻标题的动词应尽量使用一般现在时，但在遇到该动词兼有名词和动词两种词性的情况下，有时可以使用过去时态，以使这个动词的词性更加清楚，避免产生歧义。

一、说明文的特点

说明文是一种对事物作客观说明的一种文体，目的在于给予读者知识。中学生对说明文的写作最感头痛，往往举步维艰。其实，说明文的写作并非像同学们所害怕的那样，只要理顺了头绪，把阅读说明文和写作说明文结合起来，以阅读课文为写作借鉴的范例，多观察、多分析、多练习，就能逐步学会选用恰当的说明方法，正确而有条理地说明事物的特征

第一，要写好一篇说明文，首先得分清说明文和记叙文的区别。说明文的写作是授人以知，让人明白，记叙文写作目的是以情感人、让人动情。说明文只是说明事物的特征，阐明原理，介绍知识，说明是手段。说明文与议论文的区别，主要在于说明文的目的主要是说明，议论文的目的则主要是说理；说明文要求把实体事物或抽象事理本身的情况说清楚，议论文则要求提出个人对议论对象的看法或主张

第二，要完成一篇说明文，须将说明文的特点烂熟于心。说明文的特点主要有说明性、知识性、科学性、实用性。只有很好地掌握了说明文的这些特点，才能将说明文写好

第三，须将说明文的类型分清楚，如果从内容上而言，说明文可分为事物说明文和事理说明文，如果从表达方式上分，可以分为平实说明文和科学小品文事物说明文：以具体事物为说明对象，将事物是怎样的作为说明重点，对事物的状态、性质、功能、构造、发展变化等特征，进行科学说明。事理说明文：以事物的发生，发展变化以及相互联系的成因等为说明对象的说明文，说清怎么样和为什么，使人不仅知其然，还要知其所以然平实性说明文：是指用平实、简洁、明白的语言对事物的外形，内部结构，功用及种属关系加以较客观的说明，用词造句一般不带感情色彩和主观倾向，很少使用描写，更少使用修辞手法

［例文］ 水

在地球上，水是分布最广的一种物质。可以说，地球上到处都是水的寓所。地球上到底有多少水呢？有人粗略地估计，认为整个地球的水量，包括空中、地上、地下的水，总共将近14亿立方公里。

水是无色透明的液体，可为什么大海是蓝的，而湖水是碧绿的呢？原来这是阳光给它们染上的。阳光中的红光、橙光和黄光这些较长的光波被不同深度的水吸收了，蓝光、紫光和一部分绿光的波长较短，一遇到水面便四面散开或反射回来。所以湖水蓝中透绿。海水更深，散射、反射的蓝、紫光更多，就泛碧蓝色了。

比较纯净的水加热到100℃就会沸腾，降低到0℃以下就要结冰。在高山上，只要加热到80℃以上水就会沸腾；海平面上，只要72℃左右水就沸腾；矿井里，水到100℃以上才沸腾。

在大自然中，水无时无刻不在动，不在变，但万变不离其宗，它基本存在三个地方：空气里、地下、地表；它的基本形态是三种：气态、液态和固态。

［评析］这篇给人第一印象是散，其主要毛病是没有按一定的中心组织材料、安排顺序，只是东抓一点，西抓一点，一个方面才说了几句，又急急忙忙去说另一方面。结果是哪一方面都没有说明白。

世界上万事万物，都有其自身的质的规定性，一个事物的特征是区别于其他事物的标志。我们要说明一个事物，必须抓住这事物的特征，才能把被说明的事物准确地清晰介绍给读者，让人们对这事物有确切明白的了解。但事物与事物间的情况又各不相同，有的事物的形态、性质、发展等比较单纯，我们说明这类事物时，不妨将面展得开一点；有的事物的形态、特点等复杂而多样，往往有很多方面的特征。我们在介绍这类事物时，不可能在一篇说明文中面面俱到，只能根据需要，一次谈一两个特征。写这类事物的说明文时，更应该注意把握一个明确的说明中心，并以此安排说明顺序。水这篇主要毛病就是没有抓住一个要说明的中心，并以此组织材料、安排顺序，从而给人的感觉就是散而乱，什么问题均没有说明白。比如水是一种液体，并且具有无色、无嗅、无味的特征，可以这样来说明：

［例文］ 水

水是什么样的物体呢？

水是液体。石块和木块有一定的形状，无论放在桌子上或者盒子里，它们都不会改变自己的形状，都是固体。水就不同，放在圆杯子里就成为圆形，放在方盒子里就成了方形，它没有一定的形状。

水是无色透明的。有人说水是白色的，这话错了。拿水同牛奶比较一下就会明白，牛奶才是白色的，水是什么颜色也没有的。如果把一根筷子插入牛奶里，我们就看不见它。再把一根筷子插入清水中，我们能够透过清水看见插入的筷子。

水是无嗅、无味的。怎样来区分无色透明的烧酒和水呢？光凭肉眼是毫无办法的。只要闻一闻，尝一尝就能正确无误地区分了。烧酒有酒的气味和味道，而水却什么气味，什么味道也没有。

因此，在正常的情况下，水是无色、无嗅、无味的液体。

［评析］这篇说明文抓住了水是无色、无嗅、无味的液体这一特征为的中心，围绕这个中心组织材料，选择了比较说明的方法，拿水同木块、石块比形状，拿水同牛奶比颜色，拿水同烧酒比气味、比味道。相互比较以后，水的特征得到了充分的显示。

在说明事物过程中，为了突出有些比较抽象、陌生，一时难以讲清的事物的特点，增强说明效果，常常要采用比较的说明方法。有比较才有鉴别，比较是人们在认识事物中常用的一种思维方法，把大家熟悉的事物或通俗易懂的道理去和抽象的、陌生的作比较，使大家对事物有所了解，让读者产生由此及彼、由表及里的理解过程，最终充分认识事物的特征。这是因为事物的特征往往可以在同另一事物的比较中显现出来。这里需要指出的是，比较的先决条件是要找出比较事物之间可以值得比较的共同点，然后方能通过比较的方法来同中求异，说明事物的各自特点。换言之，在进行比较时，必须有相同之点才能作比。就拿上文说吧！在就物体的形态来比时，把水和石块、木块相比；就物体的颜色来比时，把水和牛奶来相比。倘若反过来，把水和牛奶放在一起比形态，把水和烧酒放在一起比颜色，岂不引起一片混乱！另外，还要注意到；被比较的事物是说明的对象，用作比较的事物是应该大家相当熟悉和非常具体的。比如上面选用的牛奶、石块等都是熟悉的和具体的，所以大家容易理解、容易接受。如果用作比较的事物比要说明的对象还要难以理解，是陌生的、是抽象的，那么，根本就无法达到说明的目的。

作文练习题

一、（某物）的自述

二、青少年吸烟害处大

三、写一篇说明文，向低年级同学介绍你学得较好的某门课程的学习方法，或是你所擅长的某种技艺、运动，注意综合运用各种说明方法。字数在600字以上。

提示《（某物）的自述》，这是填空式半命题。题面中的自述，规定说明是以第一人称的身份作自我介绍，而作自我介绍的又是某物，这就是说，要求用拟人化的手法介绍某物，要写得人格化，富有情趣，生动活泼。

至于究竟是介绍哪一种物，这可以由作者自己确定，题目对此并无限制。作者确定某物，主要从自己对某物的熟悉，了解的程度决定，应量力而行，不要硬写自己不熟悉、不懂的内容。动手写作之前，还应该认真地收集、查阅有关资料，或向有关人员作些了解，力求对自己所要介绍的某物了如指掌，以免犯知识性、科学性的错误。

写《青少年吸烟害处大》这篇说明文，要抓住青少年这个年龄层次，阐释吸烟害处大的所以然。

一是要避免泛泛而谈，只是一般地说说吸烟害处大，而不是强调吸烟对青少年为什么尤其有害，这就离开了题目的中心；

二是要避免杂乱无序，只是东一点、西一点地说吸烟害处大，而不是按照事理本身的逻辑安排结构，这就不能言之有序；

三是要避免想当然，只是凭自己的道听途说、一知半解去说吸烟害处大，而不是言之成理、言而有据地作科学阐释，这就不能以知益人。

因此，要写好这篇说明文，一定要抓住青少年吸烟害处大这些关键进行具体、详细的说明；要按照由一般到特殊、由浅到深、由近到远的顺序安排结构；要综合运用举例说明、比较说明、数字说明等方法。还要准确运用专门术语。

写一篇说明文，向低年级同学介绍你学得较好的某门课程的学习方法，或是你所擅长的某种技艺、运动，注意综合运用各种说明方法。字数在600字以上这不是一个具体题目，只是对这次写作说明文的一些要求。

这篇说明文的读者对象──低年级同学。

这篇说明文的写作目的──把自己的经验介绍给低年级同学。

这篇说明文的说明重点──怎样学好某门课程。具体来说有：自己对这门课程特点的认识；学习这门课程的过程中行之有效的一些方法；值得注意的一些问题等等。

这篇说明文的说明方法──可综合运用一些说明方法。如下定义、举例、比较、图表、数据等说明方法。

这篇说明文的篇幅──600字以上。

因为是向低年级同学介绍，因此，语言要尽量准确、简明、平实。尽量用深入浅出的话来阐释，举例要结合教材。

因为是向低年级同学介绍，因此，说明顺序要明晰、头绪要简单，如可以采用先总说、后分说、然后再总说的结构、也可以按照自己对这门课程规律性认识的顺序来写。

在作文中，不管是写人，记事，常常会有景物描写。那么写景应注意什么呢?下面是小编为你带来的小学生写景作文写作技巧归纳，欢迎阅读。

⒈写景要按方位顺序，由近及远，由远及近，由上而下，由下而上，由里到外，由外到里，或由中间到四周等等有次序地描写，要主次分明，详略得当。

⒉可以按景物的类别来写，如山、水、花、鸟;瀑、石、峰、洞;亭、台、楼阁等。要写出景物的光、色、味;既要写它的静态，也要写它的动态，还可以写出它的环境气氛。

⒊要仔细观察，抓住在不同季节里景物的不同特点进行描写，不要硬编乱造，凭自己的想象来写。

⒋写景中也可以具体地写些人和事，若让人、景、事三者交融一体来写，可以使作文更为感人。

⒌写景物时不要忘掉自己与景物之间的关系，要有意识地把自己的感情、感受写进去，这样使人读了会产生一种身临其境之感。叶圣陶老爷爷写的《记金华的双龙洞》不是具有这样的特点吗?

⒍适当地、正确地引用前人描写景物的诗词歌赋，也可以为作文增色。这就需要你平时多加阅读和积累，别等用时再去找。

【范文】

春 雨

四季的雨，各有千秋：春天的雨温婉动人，夏天的雨大气磅礴，秋天的雨夹杂着淡淡惆怅，冬天的雨带着一丝凄凉。相比之下，我更爱春雨，因为春雨“润物细无声”。

严冬一过，春雨便唤醒了世间的万物。它的亲吻让大地苏醒，土里的种子翻个身，打个滚，揉揉蒙眬的眼睛，伸个懒腰醒来了。瞧，小草探出脑袋，抖抖身子，精神劲儿十足。春雨给柳树送去一个微笑，柳枝吐出嫩芽作为回报。因为春雨的爱抚，湖水也不停地荡着波纹……

春雨是缠绵的、柔情的，好像是天空对大地的细语倾诉。它轻如牛毛，如烟如雾，亮泽了行人的头发，打湿了行人的衣衫。它如丝如雾的身影舞动于世间的每一个角落，像是春姑娘手中的绣花针，一针一线地绣出了美丽的春天。

雨过天晴，鸟儿扇动翅膀，在柳枝上放开歌喉，欢快地唱起春天的赞歌。迎春花也开心地露出灿烂的笑容。这一切都是春雨的功劳呢!

“春雨贵如油”，早春的雨吹响了劳动的号角!农民伯伯脸上露出了欣慰的笑容，他们开始了忙碌的一年，田地里的拖拉机唱起了欢快的歌。

一场春雨送走了寒冬，给孩子们带来了温暖。读书声飘荡在教室的每个角落，像是在表达对春雨的感谢!

一场春雨，让我闻到了泥土特有的芳香，我知道这是春天的味道!这不禁又让我想起“好雨知时节，当春乃发生”这句诗了。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

导语：小编提醒大家，要想把作文写好，要想在考研写作中得高分，平时一定得多阅读优秀的范文，特别是一些漂亮精彩的句型。同时也有必要掌握一些写作模式和技巧，不断地模仿练习，最后才能真正打造出高分作文。

一、命题依据

考研话题牵涉面广，包罗万象，变幻莫测。但从历年考研真题研究中可以发现写作基本上可粗略地划分为两大类话题：永恒话题(everlastingtopic)和热点话题(hotissue)。所谓永恒话题，是指那些不以时间和空间的转移为转移的话题。这类话题一般都是一些宏观的大话题，没有明显的时代印痕。如有关社会道德范畴的话题。另一大类是热点话题，即近几年或某一年特殊的社会现象， 媒体普遍报道过或公众普遍谈论的话题。如AdvertisementonTV(93)，温室的花朵经不起风雨(2003)等，所以，平时在生活和学习中留意类似话题的英文素材预以备战不妨是个好的办法。

二、写作技巧

1.精心构造全文的引言段

考研作文阅卷老师每天工作量很大，工作时间也较长，因此长时间批改水平参差不齐、质量高下不一的作文难免感到疲劳，厌倦，甚至气恼。据测试统计，一口气读完12 篇后才走神的人极少，定力惊人。因此，在考研写作三段制中，第一段最能吸引他们的目光和注意力，因为考研作文采用的是总体评分法(GlobalScoring)，作文评卷老师往往主要凭借第一段的总体印象打分。有人把文章的第一段说成是黄金段落，说老师就是在这一段中不断地“淘金”。这一说法是很有道理的，因此，作文要想得高分，一定要精心构造全文的第一段，最大限度地满足阅卷老师的期待心理，力争给他留下良好的第一印象。经验告诉我们，阅卷老师在看完文章的第一段后就已基本上给文章定了分数档次，即使在第二，第三段中发现文章中的其他一些美中不足之处，他也只是微调几分，总体分数还是比先定的档次低的文章要好得多。总之，引言段在全文三段中的重要性再怎么强调也不过分。如果要按重要性依次递减的顺序来排的话，那么应是引言在先，其次是结尾段，再次是拓展段。

2.制造语言的闪光点

“言之无文，行而不远”，同理语言干瘪平淡，让人看之面目可憎，读后味如嚼蜡。要想攫住阅卷老师匆匆的一瞥，留住他们的兴奋点，就非得在语言上猛下功夫，多制造些表达上的闪光点。语言是思维的外壳，语言的好坏直接影响到实际作文分数的高低。语言表达的亮点体现在小到一个词，短语大到一个句子中。高分作文往往是“锱铢必较”，几乎字字计较。很多人作文分数很低往往是因为用词面太窄。当然，词汇的积累是有个过程的。可惜的是，很多同学只能认词，却不能再现，更不用说写作时运用了。

3.避免中国式英语

母语为非英语的人学习英语时往往会将母语的思维和表达方式直接迁移到英语表达当中。中国人学英语时往往会受母语根深蒂固的影响，最易造出中国腔的英语。有人把“价格便宜”直接写成“The price is cheap”，把“这件事小菜一碟”说成“This is a small dish”，让人看后苦笑不得。因此要尽量摆脱中国试英语，方法看来只有一条：多看外国人写的文章，多多阅读。不难想象，阅卷老师如果在短短的二百字文章中到处看到Chinglish，他无法使自己对你文章的印象好起来。

4.尽量有路标词

路标词(signalword)又称衔接词(connectives)就像灯塔为在茫茫大海中航行的船只指引方向一样，它能突出文章的层次性和逻辑性。英语文章讲究启承转合。“启”就是开启观点：“承”就是接着话茬进一步发展论证或补充：“转”就是讲相反或对立的观点：“合”就是总结概括。一篇文章若没有路标词便会杂乱无章的乱堆在一起，给人凌乱没有条理的感觉。标志词或衔接词的作用绝对不可小觑。

此外，多种句型的交替使用，文章脉络层次的分明，论据的合理充分等在写作中都应引起足够的重视。

人类因梦想而伟大，人生因拼搏而精彩。梦想引领人生，拼搏创造传奇!下面是语文迷小编整理的关于梦想的英语名言，希望对你有帮助。

the important thing in life is to have a great aim, and the determination to attain it. (johan wolfgang von goethe, german poet and dramatist)

人生重要的事情就是确定一个伟大的目标,并决心实现它。(德国诗人、戏剧家 歌德. j. m.)

the man with a new idea is a crank until the idea succeeds. (mark twain, american writer)

具有新想法的人在其想法实现之前是个怪人。 (美国作家 马克·吐温)

the only limit to our realization of tomorrow will be our doubts of today. (franklin roosevelt, american president)

实现明天理想的唯一障碍是今天的疑虑。(美国总统 罗斯福. f.)

when an end is lawful and obligatory, the indispensable means to is are also lawful and obligatory. (abraham lincoln, american statesman)

如果一个目的是正当而必须做的,则达到这个目的的必要手段也是正当而必须采取的。(美国政治家 林肯. a.)

ideal is the beacon. without ideal, there is no secure direction; without direction, there is no life.( leo tolstoy, russian writer)

理想是指路明灯。没有理想,就没有坚定的方向;没有方向,就没有生活。(俄国作家 托尔斯泰. l.)

if winter comes, can spring be far behind ?( p. b. shelley, british poet )

冬天来了,春天还会远吗?( 英国诗人, 雪莱. p. b.)

if you doubt yourself, then indeed you stand on shaky ground. (ibsen, norwegian dramatist )

如果你怀疑自己,那么你的立足点确实不稳固了。 (挪威剧作家 易卜生)

if you would go up high, then use your own legs ! do not let yourselves carried aloft; do not seat yourselves on other peoples backs and heads. (f. w. nietzsche, german philosopher)

如果你想走到高处,就要使用自己的两条腿!不要让别人把你抬到高处;不要坐在别人的背上和头上。(德国哲学家 尼采. f. w.)

it is at our mothers knee that we acquire our noblest and truest and highest, but there is seldom any money in them. ( mark twain, american writer )

就是在我们母亲的膝上,我们获得了我们的最高尚、最真诚和最远大的理想,但是里面很少有任何金钱。(美国作家 马克·吐温)

living without an aim is like sailing without a compass. (alexander dumas, davy de la pailleterie, french writer)

生活没有目标就像航海没有指南针。 (法国作家 大仲马. a.)

the ideals which have lighted my way, and time after time have given me new courage to face life cheerfully 19 have been kindness, beauty and truth.(albert einstein, american scientist)

有些理想曾为我们引过道路,并不断给我新的勇气以欣然面对人生,那些理想就是--真、善、美。 (美国科学家 爱因斯坦. a.)

the dream is not a dream, the difference between the two usually have a very worth pondering the distance.梦想绝不是梦，两者之间的差别通常都有一段非常值得人们深思的距离。

“two gates there are for dreams," said penelope to odysseus after his ten years’ wandering had ended. "one made for horn and one of for ivory. the dreams that pass through the carved ivory delude and bring us tales that turn to naught;those that can come through polished horn accomplish real things whenever seen."“梦想有两扇门，”在奥德修斯结束了十年的漂泊后，潘尼洛对他说，“一扇是号角制成，一扇是象牙制成。通过精雕细缕的象牙门得梦想不过是一场会归于无的海市蜃楼的童话;而那些通过磨砺的号角门的梦想才会成为真实，为人所见。”

who has the material to survive, people have a dream only talk about life. you have to understand life and life different animal survival, while others life.人有了物质才能生存，人有了梦想才谈得上生活。你要了解生存与生活的不同吗?动物生存，而人则生活。

the dream was always running ahead of me. to catch up, to live for a moment in unison with it, that was the miracle.梦想总是跑在我前面，追寻它们，乃至仅有一瞬间的与梦想合而为一，也都是动人的生命奇迹。

a person rich money is not certain, but if the man is not a dream, the poor people.一个人有钱没钱不一定，但如果这个人没有了梦想，这个人穷定了。

if winter comes, can spring be far behind ?( p. b. shelley, british poet )冬天来了，春天还会远吗?( 英国诗人, 雪莱. p. b.)

dont part with your illusions. when they are gone you may still exist, but you have ceased to live. (mark twain, american writer)不要放弃你的幻想。当幻想没有了以后，你还可以生存，但是你虽生犹死。((美国作家 马克·吐温)

to accomplish great things, in addition to dream, must act.要想成就伟业，除了梦想，必须行动。

when you truly want something, all the universe conspires to help you finish it.当你真心渴望一件东西的时候，整个宇宙都会联合起来帮你完成它。

everything is now for the future of dream weaving wings, soar to great heights to dream in reality.现在的一切都是为将来的梦想编织翅膀，让梦想在现实中展翅高飞。

11、human nature is the most pathetic: we always dream of the horizon of a wonderful rose garden, not to enjoy today in our window open rose.人性最可怜的就是：我们总是梦想着天边的一座奇妙的玫瑰园，而不去欣赏今天就开在我们窗口的玫瑰。

faith consists in believing when it is beyond the power of reason to believe. it is not enough that a thing be possible for it to be believed.当还缺乏产生信仰的足够理由时，要用信念去包涵。模棱两可不足以支持一个信仰。(伏尔泰)

the dream is the other shore, the reality is that on this side, action is the bridge connecting.梦想是彼岸，现实是此岸，行动是那座连接的桥。

a heart will not be hurt for pursuing a dream, when you truly want something, all the universe conspires to help you complete the.没有一颗心会因为追求梦想而受伤，当你真心想要某样东西时，整个宇宙都会联合起来帮你完成。

dreams don’t abandon a painstaking pursuit of the people, as long as you never stop pursuing, you will bathe in the brilliance of the dream.梦想不抛弃苦心追求的人，只要不停止追求，你们会沐浴在梦想的光辉之中。

四六级英语写作是一个难点。下面语文迷网整理了一些技巧供大家阅读。

一、背诵——背诵经典范文不能死记硬背，要结合范文、中文译文去背

通过范文的背诵，考生可以有针对性的了解高分范文的写作特点，积累写作常用的词语表达，和闪光句型，解决考生在进行写作训练时，心中有千言万语，笔下无一言的困境。但是，考生一定要谨记，高分范文的背诵在精不在多，20篇足够，但现在离考试还有一周的时间，能背上10篇就可以了，但是一定要背的滚瓜烂熟，张口就能说，提笔就能写。

很多考生抱怨过，我背了很多范文，可还是什么也写不出来，根本原因就是这些范文背诵不够熟练，根本没有深化成自己的东西。

二、默写，保证质量还要控制时间

光背是不够的。有些同学基础不太好，好多单词自己觉得会了，其实还是不会拼写。默写的过程就是对自己背诵情况的一个检查，默写不是抄写，所以一篇文章背熟了之后，把书合上，把它默写下来。默写下来之后对照一下范文，会发现，如果和范文的意思一致，但有些错误，比如语法、拼写、标点的错误。文章背得滚瓜烂熟还是写错了，那么上了考场更不可能写对了。这就是你写作的弱点。然后对照范文，寻找差距。哪些地方写错了，把它纠正过来。

同时，老师建议，四级作文一般120—150个词，最好能在10分钟之内默写完，六级作文150—180个词，最好能在15分钟内默写完。

三、仿写——将范文变成自己的作文的唯一途径

模仿进行写作。背完一篇文章之后，要有意识地积累表达。比方说，这篇文章中有没有万能词汇，或者常用的句型。背完每篇文章之后，使用这篇文章的表达，去写另一道题目。比如背完07年的作文，用它去练08年的作文。换一道题目，这些表达尽可能多的去使用。如果平时不用，上了考场是想不到的。

每个考生可以摸索出属于自己的作文框架，做到带着自己“写好的作文”进考场。

四、作文出题方向预测

老师指出，根据往年出题规律，预计12月份考试作文考论说文的概率在70%左右，考应用文的概率在30%左右。论说文的话题，一般也不会考太热门的话题，建议考生多准备一些次热门话题或中热门话题。

人类生活在五光十色的自然之中。高考春、夏、秋、冬，风、霜、雨、雪等气候现象；春种秋收、日出日落等节令时序；鸟兽虫鱼、花草树木等动物植物，还有那数不胜数的名山大川，富饶的沃野、草原，浩瀚的沙漠、海洋，构成了这个丰富的大千世界。我们生活在这个世界中，必须要接触它，并了解、观察、感受它，以至加以描绘。把这些再现于字里行间，就是景物描写。那么，怎样才能写好这样的作文呢？

一、立足于观察

观察是写好作文的基础，尤其对于写景作文，离开了细致准确的观察，是绝对写不好的。

观察必须确立好立足点。立足点可以是固定的 ( 空间方位 ) ，也可以是变换的 ( 移步换景 ) 。但无论怎样必须层次清楚，文章的思路也就清楚了。

二、抓住特征

写景物，要善于抓住在不同地区、不同季节、不同时间里的景物颜色、形态、声响、变化等方面的特征，不能生搬硬套，春天就是春光明媚，秋天就是秋高气爽。这样，你笔下的景象就会生动起来。

三、要层次分明

层次就是文章的内容顺序，也即表达顺序。一般来说，写景文章有如下几种顺序。

1 ．空间方位顺序。上下、左右、前后、远近等等。

2 ．时间顺序。可按季节时令和一日的时间变化 ( 春夏秋冬早午晚 ) 。

3 ．地点转换顺序。也称移步换景，或参观、游览顺序。

四、要动静结合

所谓动静结合，就是指描写景色时，不仅要写出景色的静态，而且要写出它的动态，使他们很和谐地呈现在读者眼前。只有这样、你笔下的景色才能活起来，才能使读者的印象更深刻。

五、要抒发感情

任何景物都是客观存在的，但这种客观存在的景物却能给人不同的感受。我们写景要写自己热爱的景色，表达一定的主题思想，要表达出对自然的热爱，这就是借景抒情。

六、要文辞优美

自然景色是美丽的，令人陶醉的。因此，我们在写景色时，一定要文辞优美，语气生动形象，恰当地运用一些修辞方法。这样，文章才会给读者以美的享受。

作文在中考语文试卷所占比重之大是人皆共知的，其得分直接影响着中考语文成绩，一篇好的作文得分能在48分以上，而一篇较差的作文得分可能不足30分，要想使中考作文取得一个令人满意的成绩，做到以下几个方面是至关重要的：

一、思想内容应深刻

思想内容深刻是作文得分关键。今年我市高分作文大多是内容丰富，见解深刻的作文，考生或阐述对生活的感悟，或表达自己对生活独到的见解;而那些得分较低的考生作文，内容则显得空洞贫乏，缺少实实在在的内涵，仅仅是凑一些字数，敷衍成一篇非常乏味的“政治式论述题”。因此考生在写作文时一定要结合自己的实际生活阅历，运用自己的眼光去深入思考、提炼作文的主题，表达自己的生活感悟，展示自己的思想境界，写出一篇实实在在的文章，切不可蜻蜓点水一带而过，更不可架空文章。

二、篇章结构应完整

结构完整，这是中考作文最基本的要求。一篇未及完篇的作文，无论语言多么优美，观点如何新颖，也只能归入三类卷，所以在中考作文时一定要避免无结尾作文的出现。如果实在没有时间，也应结合作文的开头急就一个作文结尾。

其次，中考作文一定要做到主题集中，作文应围绕同一主题作深入阐述，切忌东拉西扯，主题涣散甚至无主题。

另外，作文篇幅也应控制在600~700字之间，作文太短了，会让人觉得内容单薄，太长了又会让人感到厌烦。

三、切入角度应新颖

要想在众多的考生作文中脱颖而出，赢得阅卷老师的青睐，作文切入角度的新颖不失为一条行之有效的途径。今年我省的中考作文为半命题作文，大部分的考生都是从题目的提示语中选择一个词语填入题中，如写珍惜拥有的“亲情”、“青春”、“幸福”等，这样的文题当然可以，但写的人多了，阅卷者难免会觉得乏味，如果作文语言不是很精彩，那么你的作文就很难得到高分。但有些考生就很聪明，他们舍弃了这些考生常用的话题，而另辟蹊径，有的写珍惜拥有的“挫折”，有的写珍惜拥有的“对手”等，这样新颖别致的文题就很能引起阅卷老师的注意，如果言之成理或描述得当，则很容易得高分。

四、表达形式应多变

有些学生在写作文时不懂分段，一篇作文就老三段——开头、中间、结尾，甚至全文就一段，这就使得作文显得非常呆滞，难以引起阅卷老师的重视而得不到高分。

而今年我市中考作文形式多样，从体裁上看，有记叙文，有抒情散文，有日记体作文，还有诗歌、戏剧等。在表现形式上，有以题记式开篇的，有以后记式结篇的，还有的将全篇分成几个小片段，每个片段冠以一个小标题，几个片段构成一个有机整体的。这样，多变的形式为作文获得高分加上了一个有力的砝码。

因此学生在平时作文训练时应有意识的加强文体训练，多吸取别人作文的成功经验，努力使自己的作文在形式上不拘一格。

五、语言表达应有味

语言项是作文主要采分点。考生在平时的作文训练中，应尽量提高自己的语言表达能力，并力争形成自己的语言风格。

今年我市中考作文在语言表达上可谓异彩纷呈：有俏皮幽默的，有老成持重的，有清新亮丽的，有古朴典雅的……优美有味的语言让阅卷老师拍案叫绝，也为作文获得高分提供有力保障。

尽管语言优美是较高要求，需长期努力训练方能得到，但我们在平时作文训练时注意提炼语言则很必要，也很有效。语言是作文的外在表现形式，阅卷者在判你作文时首先就是看你的语言，语言不够精彩就可能失去得高分的机会，因为中考阅卷时间紧、任务重，每篇作文在阅卷者眼中停留的时间一般只有一分钟左右，在这么短的时间内，阅卷者是不可能细细琢磨推敲你的作文的，如果你的作文开头就显得很拖沓，写了一大段还没写到点子上，那么你的作文可能就要面临得低分的命运了。

因此，考生在写作文时开头应简洁，并迅速入题，尽量做到语言表达的生动精彩。作文中间段落每段开头的语言应简洁生动，并尽量在每段开头用优美的语句概括本段内容或紧扣作文主旨。作文的结尾更要注意锤炼语言并再扣主题，如能用画龙点睛式的句子突出中心或升华中心，则效果更好，应尽量避免使用“所以”“因此”一类的字眼作总结，因为这样很容易让人觉得你不是在写作文，而是在回答问答题。

六、卷面书写应工整

卷面是作文的门面，卷面书写洁净工整会让人赏心悦目，能博得阅卷老师的好感;而卷面脏乱不堪的作文只能让阅卷者望而生厌，难得高分。

我省从去年开始，中考命题时就已把卷面书写列为得分项，分值为8分，由此可见对卷面书写要求之高。今年我市考生卷面书写质量有很大程度提高，脏乱差的卷面数量大幅度减少。但仍有为数不少的考生卷面不够整洁，乱涂乱抹，这就直接影响了他的作文得分。

当然语文考试的书写不同于书法，只要你的字迹工整，卷面整洁就可以了。我们在平时的写作时注意养成一种良好的习惯，写作时细心些，少写或不写错别字，如遇确实要修改的地方，千万不要在错误的地方肆意涂抹，你可以用小括号把错的地方括起来再用笔在错的地方轻轻的划一条横线，这样你的卷面就不会很差了。

如何才能写好中考作文呢?下面是小编整理的2017年中考作文写作技巧精选，欢迎阅读。

记叙文在组材时要注意以下三点：

1.疏密有致。这就是人们常说的详略得当的问题。譬如写一个人，必然要通过几件事写一个人。如果每件事都作具体细致的描述，势必冗长，不仅时间和篇幅不允许，而且也会让读者生厌，如果件件都粗粗略述，那人物又不丰满。我们可采用详写一件，略写一件，再概写几件的方法，这样，就疏密有致相得益彰了。

2.大胆舍弃。在一般情况下，记叙文总要交代事情的起因、发展、结局。可有的同学却有意略去其中的一个环节，文章反而更精练了。如有位同学写“我”与爸爸妈妈怄气、发脾气、使性子，终于得到一套新衣的经过。作者开笔就直接插入事情发展过程的叙述：

我一脚踢开了房门，妈妈关心地问：“蒂儿，回来了?”真是明知故问!我径直走进了自己的房间，倒在床上，大叫：“妈妈，衣服买了吗?”其实刚进门我就感觉到，衣服一定没有买。

这个开头用一“踢”字单刀直入，至于爸爸妈妈什么时候在什么情况下承诺买衣给“我”的则一概略去了。这样一开头就营造了一种“逼”的氛围，于是逼得妈妈唯唯诺诺，逼得爸爸惭愧不安。当“我”终于如愿以偿得到了一套新衣服后，才从他人口中得知，衣服是爸爸借钱买来的，“我”感到了无比歉疚。试想一下，如开头从买衣的起因絮絮道来，那文章能如此一气贯通吗?

开头可省，结尾也同样可省。有位同学在一篇题为《在车夫的影响下》的作文中写他骑车撞倒了一位“阿婆”，本想一溜了之，这时，他的脑海中闪现出鲁迅笔下车夫的形象。文章结尾写道：“雨开始往下洒，我向阿婆走去……”这个结尾何等简洁!至于如何关心、护理阿婆的事已不是本文的重点。作者在此戛然而止，既突出了“影响”，又留给了读者想象的空间。

3.自然过渡。要使文章前后浑然一体，就得注意上下文的过渡，这是文章组材不可忽视的问题。过渡的方式是多种多样的，有的是一个词，如“最”、“当然”、“不过”等。有的是一个单句;有的则是一个起着承上启下作用的复句，如有位同学在他的《我和书的故事》中先写自己利用课余时间攒钱买书的经历，后写了书对他书本知识的学习也起了很大的作用，中间的过渡句是：“阅读大量的课外书，不仅丰富了我的课余生活，使我增长了知识，它对我学习书本中的知识也起了巨大的作用。”;还有的是以一个小段来起过渡作用，如有位同学在他的《读父亲》一文中先用一组排比句写父亲在“我”小的时候对“我”的关心和教育：“当我第一次摔倒时，父亲叫我自己爬起来，我从父亲那里读到做人要坚强;当我不屑一顾于桌上的饭菜时，父亲带我走到卖火柴的小女孩擦火柴的雪夜，让我领略到‘谁知盘中餐，粒粒皆辛苦’的真谛。当我第一次背上书包走进学校时，父亲给我讲述了小萝卜头的故事，要我加倍珍惜今天幸福的生活。就这样，在读父亲的过程中，我逐渐长大了。”但是，“我”并不是一直这样顺从父亲的，“我”也有过对父亲的误解和厌烦。怎样过渡到下一个层次呢?作者设计了这样一个过渡段：

可是，当我认为自己已经长大的时候，自以为已经读懂了父亲这本书后，我对父亲产生了隔膜，我不再认真读透父亲的每一句话。然而，那一次却让我刻骨铭心地明白了我的无知和浅薄。

有了这样一些过渡，文章就上下勾连浑然一体了。

上面我们是从内容的角度谈了组材中要注意的问题，下面我们再从形式的角度谈谈怎样的组合方式更容易获得读者的青睐。

1.倒叙设悬式。这种方式就是先把故事的结局置于文首或在开头设置一个悬念，目的都在吸引读者，引起读者的阅读兴趣。如有篇题为《我终于解决了这个难题》的作文是这样开头的：

残月在天的黎明似乎没有往日晓星隐没的诗情。淡淡的晨雾中，一个矇眬的身影沙沙地挪动。仅仅为了一个无从回答的难题，父亲“无情”地将我“逐出”家门，开始了一天的“流浪”。我真不明白：有什么难题连老师和书本都无法帮我解决，而非得自己亲身感受才能领悟?

这个开头留给读者很多疑惑：父亲给“我”出的到底是一道怎样的难题?这道难题为什么“连老师和书本都无法帮我解决”?父亲为什么要把“我”逐出家门来解这道难题?一连串的疑问正勾起了读者阅读的欲望，促使他们要迫不及待地看个究竟。有了这样引人入胜的开头，文章也就成功了一半了。

2.标题串联式。这里所说的标题指的是小标题。用小标题串联全文，醒目而又别具一格。如有位同学写《生活中的发现》就用了三个小标题：“我被感动了”、“美就在身边”、“平凡也是美”。有的小标题设计还很别致，如有的同学用“喜”、“怒”、“哀”、“乐”四个字串联全文;有的则用标点符号为题，如“?”、“!”、“……”;还有的文章的小标题均由上一段的最后一句话引出，自然而又巧妙。如有篇题为《我的欢乐与烦恼》的作文，第一个小标题“欢乐的文学梦”用“17岁的日子有风也有雨，有欢乐也有烦恼，我仔细品味着——”引出，而第二个小标题“烦恼的情感小屋”则由“欢乐之余，也常常困扰于——”引出，读来别有一番情趣。

3.书信日记式。这是在不明确规定用书信和日记形式作文时采用的一种出奇制胜的方法。如有位学生在写《雷锋就在我们身边》的作文时，就以给远方的朋友写信的方式介绍了自己身边的好人好事，语言显得亲切自然，传统题目写出了新意。还有的同学在写《难忘的初中生活》时，把所写的三件事分别融进于三篇日记之中，而三篇日记的日期又代表了初中三年，这就省去了许多过渡和交代，使文章更加简练。我们还看到有篇文章巧妙地以日记标题中气候的变化来暗示故事的发展变化，如“多云——多云转阴——雨——大雨——多云转晴”，这里的气候变化实际上是一语双关，令人拍案叫绝。

4.以物为线式。天津有一年中考考了一个半命题作文《 的回忆》，有位考生便以“一片绿叶”为线索贯穿全文，通过老师爱绿叶、讲绿叶的故事、赠绿叶书签等事件，歌颂了老师如绿叶似的无私奉献的精神。全文始终扣住“绿叶”，以“叶”喻人，使文章格调高雅，耐人寻味。

当然，形式是为内容服务的，组材的方式也是因题而异的，如果为刻意求新而弄巧成拙，那就得不偿失了。

导语：2016年高三开学已经一个星期了，高三的同学们是不是又投入了紧张的高考一轮复习中，下面小编整理了一些高考满分作文写作技巧，供大家鉴赏!

1、随时随地记下你的灵感 随身带一本小笔记本(纳博科夫身上装满了小卡片)，当你对你的构思小说，文章，或是小说里的人物有什么灵感的时候，马上记下来。当你听到别人谈话的只言片语所有顿悟时，看到一段散文诗或是一句歌词让你很感动时，都可以马上当他们记下来。灵感总是转瞬即逝的，你及时的记录下来，可以成为你写作的素材。我的习惯是，为我的博客要写的文章列一个清单，不断的补充它。

2、专门的写作时间 每天找一段没有任何打扰的时间作为专门的写作时间，让这成为习惯。对我而言，清晨的时间是最佳的，午饭，傍晚，或者深夜的那段时间也可以。无论你是做什么工作的，把写作当作每天必须完成的任务去做。每天至少写半个小时，当然有一个小时更好。如果你跟我一样，是一个全职的作家，你需要写更多的小时，请你不要担心，这只会让你写得更好。

3、读优秀作家的作品 这是显而易见的，但却是立竿见影的方法。如果你不读更多的好作品，你就不知道如何写出更好的作品。优秀的作家都是从阅读别人的佳作开始，接着开始模仿，最后超越他们，形成自己的风格。尽可能的多读著作吧，再看内容的时候，更要留意文章的问题和写作的技巧。

4.好开头和结尾 开头和结尾是文章的重点。特别是开头。如果你不能在故事的开始吸引读者，他们很难有耐心把整篇文章读完。所以投入更多的时间考虑怎么写好开头，读者一旦对你开头感兴趣，他们会想知道得更多...写好开头后，再弄一个精彩的结尾，这会让读者更加期待你的下一篇佳作。

5、采用对话式的文体 很多人写的很正式，但是我发现最好是写得像我们说话一样会更流畅，更通俗。这样一来，读者看起来会更舒服。刚开始这么写并不容易，你需要坚持这么做。也许，会带来另一个问题，为了读起来更口语化，你需要打破一些语法规则(就像我的前一句那样)。因为如果生搬硬套语法，会让你的文章看起来很不自然。但是如果没有其他原因，不要破坏语法规则。你需要知道你在做什么，为什么这样做.

6、集中精神 写作是一件一心一意的事情，在嘈杂的环境或是同时干别的事情，是不可能写的好。写作需要一个安静的环境，需要一点点柔和的背景音乐。那怕是最低要求，你需要在全屏(没有其他软件得干扰)的条件下，使用WriteRoom， DarkRoom，Writer这些写作软件，不受打扰的写作。关掉邮箱，关点MSN和Gtalk，关掉电话和手机，关掉电视，清理掉书桌上无用的东西。清除与写作无关的一切杂念，现在就是写作的时间，好像把自己放进一个盒子一样，没有任何打扰地进入写作状态。

People hold different views about X. Some people are of the opinion that 观点1, while others point out that 观点2. As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight. For one thing, 论据1. For another, 论据2.

Last but not the least, 论据3.

To conclude, 总结观点. As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心. 或 From above, we can predict that 预测.

SAT写作出题方式和大家以往接触过的英语考试不同，是大家在备考SAT写作考试的时候，一定要适应的。下面小编就为大家整理了SAT写作考试的出题方式和应对方法，供大家在备考的时候，进行适当的参考和借鉴。

SAT写作题目由两部分组成Prompt + Assignment。

例如：

Prompt ：

A better understanding of other people contributes to the development of moral virtues. We shall be both kinder and fairer in our treatment of others if we understand them better. Understanding ourselves and understanding others are connected, since as human beings we all have things in common。

Assignment ：

Do we need other People in order to understand ourselves?

Prompt的作用是给考生提供理解Assignment的线索。Assignment中的问题是作文中要回答。

由于SAT是针对高中生升大学的考试，因此写作话题不需要具备单项的专业背景知识，但话题涉及范围却非常广泛，包括文学、艺术、运动、政治、技术、科学、历史及时事。我们需要注意的是SAT的Official Guide中清楚地说明The essay readers are not looking for one correct viewpoint。

所以说有些考生竭力寻找一个观点，想以此讨好阅卷老师，这种做法是没有意义，也是浪费时间的。你选择什么样的立场其实并不重要，重要的是你能否做到运用简洁清晰恰当的例子，推理论证你持有的观点。

英语写作是一种创作性的学习过程。启动知识信息储存，构思立意，谋篇布局，遣词造句，对语言表达的正确性和准确性、思维的逻辑性和文章的条理性都比口语要求更高。通常英语写作有以下几个特点：紧扣教学大纲对考生书面表达的要求;以有指导的写作为主(guidedwriting)，便于考生在短时间内构思成文;突出试题的交际性，考查考生在特定的情景中运用语言的能力;增强试题的实用性，所选话题贴近学生学习生活，为学生所熟悉;看图作文主要考查考生运用所学知识解决实际问题的能力。

一、给写作留有充分的时间

在小升初英语题中， “书面表达”往往是最后一项，有的学生把最后几分钟用在写作上，匆匆了事，这是很不明智的。学生用在写作上的时间应不少于10分钟，力争不丢分，少丢分。

二、认真审题，先打草稿

写之前一定要认真阅读写作要求，切忌见题就写。小升初英语作文主要有两种类型： “提示作文”和 “看图作文”。 “提示作文”一般已经给出要点，而 “看图作文”则需根据图画及提示在很短的时间内将要点列出。把要点列出后，在草稿纸上写提纲，打草稿，就可以看出大概有多少字。在正式往试卷上写之前，根据题目要求适当增减内容，保持卷面整洁。

三、写好简单句，慎用长句

考生要根据所列要点，运用相应的提示词及正确的动词形式在稿纸上写出简单句。考生应熟悉简单句的五种基本句型，尽量使用简单句。在简单句的基础上，根据各句之间的关系适当加上一些连词，使得整篇文章结构紧凑，行文流畅。套用句型，能显示考生的英语基础扎实，提高作文档次。慎用长句是因为其成分多，结构复杂，所以出错的机会也多。考生在没有十足的把握时最好少用或不用长句，以免给自己的作文带来不必要的损失。

四、熟悉各种时态，灵活运用

时态是学习英语语言的难点。考生务必系统地学习初中出现的各种时态，做到灵活运用。在同一篇作文当中，时态要保持一致。

五、切忌中式英语，避免生搬硬套

一些学生因缺乏写作技巧，往往在写英语作文时，根据中文意思堆积英文单词，编造出许多中式英语，结果错误百出，意思表达不清楚，直接影响考试成绩。

六、认真检查和修改，减少错误

做完写作题后要从头至尾读一遍，检查一下文章是否通顺，有无逻辑错误，标点符号、单词拼写和时态运用是否正确，避免笔误。

1.经济的快速发展 the rapid development of economy

2.人民生活水平的显著提高/ 稳步增长the remarkable improvement/ steady growth of people’s living standard

3.先进的科学技术 advanced science and technology

4.面临新的机遇和挑战 be faced with new opportunities and challenges

5.人们普遍认为 It is commonly believed/ recognized that…

6.社会发展的必然结果 the inevitable result of social development

7.引起了广泛的公众关注 arouse wide public concern/ draw public attention

8.不可否认 It is undeniable that…/ There is no denying that…

9.热烈的讨论/ 争论 a heated discussion/ debate

10. 有争议性的问题 a controversial issue

11.完全不同的观点 a totally different argument

12.一些人 …而另外一些人 … Some people… while others…

13. 就我而言/ 就个人而言 As far as I am concerned, / Personally,

14.就…达到绝对的一致 reach an absolute consensus on…

15.有充分的理由支持 be supported by sound reasons

16.双方的论点 argument on both sides

17.发挥着日益重要的作用 play an increasingly important role in…

18.对…必不可少 be indispensable to …

19.正如谚语所说 As the proverb goes:

20.…也不例外 …be no exception

21.对…产生有利/不利的影响 exert positive/ negative effects on…

22.利远远大于弊 the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages。

23.导致，引起 lead to/ give rise to/ contribute to/ result in

24.复杂的社会现象 a complicated social phenomenon

25.责任感 / 成就感 sense of responsibility/ sense of achievement

26. 竞争与合作精神 sense of competition and cooperation

27. 开阔眼界 widen one’s horizon/ broaden one’s vision

28.学习知识和技能 acquire knowledge and skills

29.经济/心理负担 financial burden / psychological burden

30.考虑到诸多因素 take many factors into account/ consideration

31. 从另一个角度 from another perspective

32.做出共同努力 make joint efforts

33. 对…有益 be beneficial / conducive to…

34.为社会做贡献 make contributions to the society

35.打下坚实的基础 lay a solid foundation for…

36.综合素质 comprehensive quality

37.无可非议 blameless / beyond reproach

39.致力于/ 投身于 be committed / devoted to…

40. 应当承认 Admittedly,

41.不可推卸的义务 unshakable duty

42. 满足需求 satisfy/ meet the needs of…

43.可靠的信息源 a reliable source of information

44.宝贵的自然资源 valuable natural resources

45.因特网 the Internet (一定要由冠词，字母I 大写)

46.方便快捷 convenient and efficient

47.在人类生活的方方面面 in all aspects of human life

48.环保(的) environmental protection / environmentally friendly

49.社会进步的体现 a symbol of society progress

50.科技的飞速更新 the ever-accelerated updating of science and technology

51.对这一问题持有不同态度 hold different attitudes towards this issue

52.支持前/后种观点的人 people / those in fovor of the former/ latteropinion

53.有/ 提供如下理由/ 证据 have/ provide the following reasons/ evidence

54.在一定程度上 to some extent/ degree / in some way

55. 理论和实践相结合 integrate theory with practice

56. …必然趋势 an irresistible trend of…

57.日益激烈的社会竞争 the increasingly fierce social competition

58.眼前利益 immediate interest/ short-term interest

59.长远利益. interest in the long run

60.…有其自身的优缺点 … has its merits and demerits/ advantages and disadvantages

61.扬长避短 Exploit to the full one’s favorable conditions and avoid unfavorable ones

62.取其精髓，取其糟粕 Take the essence and discard the dregs。

63.对…有害 do harm to / be harmful to/ be detrimental to

64.交流思想/ 情感/ 信息 exchange ideas/ emotions/ information

65.跟上…的最新发展 keep pace with / catch up with/ keep abreast with the latest development of …

66.采取有效措施来… take effective measures to do sth

67.…的健康发展 the healthy development of …

68.有利有弊 Every coin has its two sides。

No garden without weeds。

69.对…观点因人而异 Views on …vary from person to person。

70.重视 attach great importance to…

71.社会地位 social status

72.把时间和精力放在…上 focus time and energy on…

73.扩大知识面 expand one’s scope of knowledge

74.身心两方面 both physically and mentally

75.有直接/间接关系 be directly / indirectly related to…

76. 提出折中提议 set forth a compromise proposal

77. 可以取代 “think”的词 believe, claim, maintain, argue, insist, hold the opinion/ belief that

78.缓解压力/ 减轻负担 relieve stress/ burden

79.优先考虑/发展… give (top) priority to sth。

80.与…比较 compared with…/ in comparison with

81. 相反 in contrast / on the contrary。

82.代替 replace/ substitute / take the place of

83.经不起推敲 cannot bear closer analysis / cannot hold water

84.提供就业机会 offer job opportunities

85. 社会进步的反映 mirror of social progress

86.毫无疑问 Undoubtedly, / There is no doubt that…

87.增进相互了解 enhance/ promote mutual understanding

88.充分利用 make full use of / take advantage of

1 天空没有翅膀的痕迹，而鸟儿已飞过

there are no trails of the wings in the sky, while the birds has flied away。

2 没有谁对不起谁，只有谁不懂得珍惜谁。

no one indebted for others,while many people dont know how to cherish others。

3 我的世界不允许你的消失，不管结局是否完美。

no matter the ending is perfect or not, you cannot disappear from my world。

4 凋谢是真实的 盛开只是一种过去

fading is true while flowering is past。

5 为什么幸福总是擦肩而过，偶尔想你的时候…。就让…。回忆来陪我。

why i have never catched the happiness? whenever i want you ,i will be accompanyed by the memory of.。。

6 如果你为着错过夕阳而哭泣，那么你就要错群星了

if you weeped for the missing sunset,you would miss all the shining stars

7 如果只是遇见，不能停留，不如不遇见

if we can only encounter each other rather than stay with each other,then i wish we had never encountered 。

8 宁愿笑著流泪，也不哭著说后悔 心碎了，还需再补吗？

i would like weeping with the smile rather than repenting with the cry,when my heart is broken ,is it needed to fix?

9 爱情是一个精心设计的谎言

love is a carefully designed lie。

10 当香烟爱上火柴时，就注定受到伤害

when a cigarette falls in love with a match,it is destined to be hurt。

11 人活着 总是要得罪一些人的 就要看那些人是否值得得罪

when alive ,we may probably offend some people.however, we must think about whether they are deserved offended。

12 命里有时终需有 命里无时莫强求

you will have it if it belongs to you,whereas you dont kveth for it if it doesnt appear in your life。

13 爱情就像一只蝴蝶，它喜欢飞到哪里，就把欢乐带到哪里。

love is like a butterfly. it goes where it pleases and it pleases where it goes。

14 永远不是一种距离，而是一种决定。

eternity is not a distance but a decision。

15 在回忆里继续梦幻不如在地狱里等待天堂

dreaming in the memory is not as good as waiting for the paradise in the hell。

16 哪里有真爱存在，哪里就有奇迹

where there is great love, there are always miracles。

17 每一个沐浴在爱河中的人都是诗人

at the touch of love everyone becomes a poet。

18 假如每次想起你我都会得到一朵鲜花，那么我将永远在花丛中徜徉。

if i had a single flower for every time i think about you, i could walk forever in my garden。

19 有了你，我迷失了自我；失去你，我多么希望自己再度迷失。

within you i lose myself, without you i find myself wanting to be lost again。

20 承诺常常很像蝴蝶，美丽的飞盘旋然后不见

promises are often like the butterfly, which disappear after beautiful hover。

[优美英语写作段落句子摘抄中英互译

导语：中考作文要取得高分，努力积累是必不可少，一些小技巧也很重要，小编带来中考高分作文写作小技巧。

我们常规学到的比喻的修辞手法无非两种使用。

一是考察你在阅读理解中对比喻的应用，具体的格式就不加以详述了，这个应该是每个初中生必须掌握的。

而在作文中，最长用的手法有明喻，暗喻，借喻。

举一个最简单的，例如：“沉默的价值像金子一样珍贵。”

这便是明喻，有本体有喻体也有比喻词。而我换一个用法，“沉默是金。”则为暗语。这种用法可以大量放在开头的排比句中，既有分量，又很厚重。

如古诗“山是眉黛聚，水是眼波横”就是很好的代表。

借喻相对于其它两种手法来说更能说明一个人的文笔。借喻是本体比喻词都不出现，只参考喻体。比如，“皓月当空，我们每个人身上仿佛有一层薄薄的珠纱。”珠纱是银白色月光的喻体。常用借喻，使得文章更有韵味。

今天小编就想与大家一起分享一些特殊的比喻。

一是巧用“想”字。

古诗有云“云想衣裳花想容”，什么意思呢?看到云我们想到了飘逸的纱衣，看到花，我们想到了娇美的容颜。这句诗的本质其实就是一个比喻。所以很多时候我们学古诗，被古诗，更多的要从写作的角度去揣摩他。

所以这样的用法可以是“离家在外的我看着天上的圆月，却想起了出发那天早起的母亲给我煮的汤圆。”

当然我们要注意，比喻句中本体和喻体不可以是相同的一种物品。

而“想”字句又会在不知不觉中帮你完成“虚实结合”这样一个重要的作文结构的搭建。

二是“成”字句。

“每天奔波劳累的爸爸把自己忙成了一个陀螺。”

“哥哥早已经把他的心炼成钢铁。”

诸如此类。其实“成”字句和我们暗喻手法中的“是”字句是一样的模式，只不过“成”字句更侧重选择具有强烈情感特点表述的对象，并要求我们善于把共同的特点放出来。

我的学生曾给我写过这样的句子，“你是风一样的走了，却又风一样的在左在右。”“相思成树，连虬成空。”这就是对这个技巧综合运用比较好的表现。

英语写作和汉语写作一样，要写出好文章除了要有好的内容外还少不了好的结构，而句子的好坏又取决于选词造句。小编收集了关于英语作文的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、措辞

1、选择生动准确的词

词是语言的基本单位，人们要表达思想，就要选择适当的词语，这是写作的基本要求。

词可分为一般概念的词(general words)和具体概念的词(specific words)。表示一般概念的词含义模糊;表示具体概念的词含义明确，表达准确，生动形象。写作时合理地使用具体概念的词能够使句子表达的意思准确，内容生动，更富有感染力。试比较下面各组句子：

(l) A few houses were destroyed yesterday (general)

Five houses burnt down yesterday (specific)

(2)His relatives gave him two gifts(general)

His aunt and uncle gave hima watch and a Pen as the birthday gifts。(specific)

(3) Jack went to the window and looked at the crowd outside(general)

Jack tiptoed to the window and peeped into the room(specific)

上面各组句中，第一个句子抽象概括，给人以空泛的感觉：第二个句子用词具体，有个件，使人感到意思确切，生动逼真。

2、使用英语成语和习语

人们在长期使用语言的过程中，积累了大量的习惯表达法。这些成语、习语内涵丰富，语言生动活泼。文章中适当地使用这类短语，可避免语言的单调贫乏，使句子生动而富于内涵。如：

(l)George has lost his social position since his business failed.

可改为：George has come down in the world since his business failed

(2).Maybe you have time to go to the cinema,but I have more importavt businessto attend to.

可改为：Maybe you have time to go to the cinema,but I have other fish to fry.

3、用词的宽度

用词的宽度可以反映出写作者所掌握的词汇量。如果一个人掌握的词汇量大，那么当表达同一概念有不同的表达方法时，则可以换一种说法。如：

The teachers maintained that the students should give up love for the sake ofleaming Students,however,hold that fordidding love among college students is nogood.

这两句话里，谓语分别用了maintain和hold。如果将它们换为think，所表达的意思相同，但用词宽度则不如原文。这两句话中for the sake of，give uP,is no good等都是用词宽度的表现。

所以在英语写作中有意识地适当增加用词宽度既能体现学以致用的原则又能使文章取得良好效果。

二、句子的多样化

英语中，同一思想用不同句式表达，其效果会大不相同。要想写出好的文章，就要不断地变化句子的结构形式。

l、长短句交替使用

句子的长短是为表达思想服务的。英语短句结构简单，意思明白具有生动活泼而又干脆利索的表达效果，而长句结构复杂，信息丰富，能表达成熟的思想与复杂的概念。一味地使用长句或短句会使文章显得单调，乏味，从而影响文章的总体效果。科学地交替使用长短句使句子结构变化多样，不仅给文章带来顿挫起伏的语言美感，而且可以受到理想的修辞效果。请看下面的这段话：

She returned to her office.There was a note under the door. It was from Mr May.He said he was waiting for her in the coffee room.And he bad not found her sister.Hewas sorry to have missed her.

这段话用了一连串的短句，读起来单调呆板，平淡无味。为使文字更加生动，意思更加明确可改为：

When she returned to her office，the found a note from Mr May under the door.He said he was waiting for her in the coffee room and hadnt found her sister yet.Headded that he was sorry to have missed her.

修改后三个句子长短不一，读起来就给人以不同的感觉。

又如《大学英语》第一册第十课 Going Home，当汽车驶至 Brunsnick，车上的年轻人看见黄手帕时，出现了以下这两行文字：

Then，suddenly，all of the young people were up out of thelr seats，screamlng andshouting and cryin, doing small dances of joy.All except Vlngo.这两句话一长(23个词)一短(3个词)，彼此衬托互为凸现。第一句的两个and和四个-ing词，把热闹、喧哗的气氛喧染极至，长句之后，蜂回路转，一个仅三个词的短句扑入读者的双目几乎沸腾的场面顿时凝固但其余音未绝，此时外表虽冷漠，内心却炙热难当。

2、句子开头的多样化

“主-谓-宾”、“主-系-表”是英语的基本句型，主语领先句也是用得最多的句型。写作中为避免形式单一，当句子可以用主语开头，同时又可以其它结构开头时，不妨变换一下。如：

(1)Defeated in the minor exchanges,I now play my queen of trumps.(分词短语做状语开头)

(2)There are two ways in which one can own a book.( there be句型开头)

(3)Equally important is a good habit of reading(表语开头)

以上各句都可以用主语开句，但在篇章中通过改变句子开头，文章就会疏落有致，语言形式丰富多采。

3、句子结构的多样化

写作中可以通过句型结构的变化来增添文采，强化表现力。如：

(l) The love of the liberty is the love of the others;the love of power ls thelove of ourselves.

(平行结构.这类结构整齐、紧凑;句子生动、鲜明，语义贯通、语势强劲有力。)

(2)The days when we suffered from oppression and exploitation are gone.(这样表达文字通顺，但语意不很突出。)

改为：Gone are the days when we suffered fron oppression andexploitation.

(采用倒装句结构后，充分体现出受剥削受压迫的人民解放后扬眉吐气的心情。)

三、观点切题结构合理

这是写作中最重要的要求之一它要求写作开门见山直入主题。如写一篇谈“健康重要性”的文章，提示是1、健康的重要性;2、保持健康的方法;3、我的看法。按要求文章应按三个自然段来写，而每段开头都必须是提示的内容，因此，三段可以这么开头：

l.Good health is important to everyone of us.

2.There are many ways which can help build up our health.

3.As for me，I like running as well as playing basketball and football.

除了开门见山以外，论述的内容必须与提示保持一致，否则文章的语言再好，也只能算是失败之作。一般来说，这类文章的每个自然段都由三部分组成，即主题句，论述句和结论句。主题句由提示给出，论述句提供观点来论证主题句，结论句则是总结、归纳、概括主提句的观点。

总之，要写出一篇好的英语作文不是一朝一夕就能做到的。除了借助以上方法之外，还需从平时入手，勤写多练，以提高自己的写作水平和语言表达能力。

规章制度是具有法规性质,并需要所属人员共同遵守的准则,它对所属人员有约束力,要求严格遵守,不得违反。小编收集了关于制度的写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

一、规章制度的种类

规章制度是一个总称,它的种类很多,应用范围很广。国家机关、社会团体、企事业单位均可根据工作和生产的需要,制定各自的法规、章程,要求所属人员或社会成员共同遵守执行。如章程、条例、规定、办法、细则、守则、规则、公约、须知、制度等,均属规章制度。上述这些文种,根据其性质和作用,可以分为以下三种类型:

1、一种是国家机关发布的法规式文件,具有法令的效用,由有关会议批准通过。如《中华人民共和国消防条例》,由第六届全国人大常委会第五次会议批准,国务院公布,具有法令的效用。

2、一种是机关或团体内部规定的道德规范和行为准则,要求所属工作人员严格遵守。如《国务院工作人员守则》,共十条,要求各部、委、各直属机构全体工作人员严格遵照执行。

3、一种是企事业单位为加强经济管理、生产操作、学习研究而制定的规章制度,属业务性质。如《海关奖励查私办法》,它是为了查禁走私、奖励查私有功的单位和个人而制定的,它对海关打击走私的活动起了推动的作用。章程是一个组织的规则和办事条例,是法规性文件,要求所属成员严格遵循执行,不得有违。它必须明确规定这一组织或团体的性质、宗旨、任务、组织机构、成员条件、义务、权利等。条例是由国家制定或批准的规定某些事项或某一机关的组织、职权等的法规性文件,用以指导某一方面的工作或活动的正常进行。

规定是由国家机关或企事业单位制定的法规性的文件,对某项政策、工作或活动订出具体的办法、要求和规程等,要求有关单位和个人严格遵行。如《财政部关于企业使用各种专项生产措施贷款还款问题的规定》,先说明制定规定的原由,然后对企业使用各种专项生产措施贷款还款问题作出具体规定,最后提出要求和希望。

办法与规定一样,是由主管部门或领导机关制定,对某一政策、工作或活动作出具体的规定,要求有关的人员严格遵守执行。如《粮油工业企业利润留成试行办法》,就对粮油工业企业利润留成资金的提取和清算办法,利润留成资金的使用范围、利润留成资金的使用和管理等方面作出具体的规定,订出切实的办法。

细则是有关规章、制度、办法的详细规则,是为具体执行某一规章制度而制定的。如《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业所得税法施行细则》,就是为具体执行《中华人民共和国中外合资经营所得税法》而制定的详细规则。

守则、须知、规则性质相同,也是由主管部门或领导机关制定。它为所属人员或社会成员规定简明的道德规范和行为准则,要求严格遵守,不得违反,是对群众进行思想教育和道德教育的一种有效方法。如《高等学校学生守则》、《上海市民卫生须知》、《高考试场规则》等,规定了明确的条文,对大学生、市民、考生提出了具体的要求和希望。

公约是由一定范围内的社会成员或他们的代表,经过共同商讨,自己倡议制定的,要求自觉共同遵守。它为自己的成员规定了道德规范和行为准则,是进行自我教育的一种有效措施。如《文艺工作者公约》,集中了文艺工作者的意志,是由中国文联第四届文委会第二次会议讨论通过,共八条,成为文艺工作者必须遵守的道德规范和行为准则,要求文艺工作者自觉遵行。

二、规章制度的写法

规章制度的写法,一般可分为两大部分:

1、标题。一般应写明制定和发布法规的单位、内容及法规的文种。如《上海市容环境卫生管理规定》(试行)。有的法规,在标题下面还要用括号注明发布的时间和批准的机构,如《中华人民共和国经济合同仲裁条例》(国务院1983年8月22日国发119号文件发布)。标题应确切、简明,如实反映这一法则的内容。

2、正文。规章制度的内容,大体可以分为三个部分:

(一)总则。说明制定该法规或条例的原由、依据或背景等,放在正文的第一条或前头几条。总则具有序言的性质。如《上海市市容环境卫生管理规定》(试行)总则共三条,第一条说:“为了加强环境卫生管理,维护市容整洁,保障人民身体健康,建设社会主义精神文明,现根据有关法律、法规,制定本规定。”其余两条说明适用范围、施行权限、希望和要求。

(二)分则。这是规章的基本内容,核心部分,具体规定该法规的条规、办法、要求、措施等等,涉及面较广,一般采用分章立标题的写法。如上例在“分则”下共有四章:“市容卫生”、“环境卫生”、“公共卫生设施”、“奖惩办法”。章下可分条,条下可再分款,眉目清楚,一目了然。

(三)附则。这是规章的结束部分,主要说明该法规的实施日期、解释权限以及同其它有关法规的关系。如上述的“附则”(最后一章)说:“本规定自一九八四年三月一日起实施。一九七九年市革命委员会颁发的《上海市市容、卫生管理的试行规定》同时废止。

有的规章制度,由于内容较简单,涉及面较小,因而不采用分章节又分条款的写法,而用条例的写法,一“条”到底。但是它正文的内容,一般还是包括“总则”、“分则”、“附则”三部分,行文顺序还是先说明制定该法规的依据、目的等,中间阐明具体的条规,最后说明该法规的生效日期、解释权限等。

三、规章制度写作中应注意的几点

规章和法规性的文件是人们办事的标准和章程,是行为的规范和准则,它必须具有准确、鲜明、严密的特点。每一条款,都应有明确的含义,有的明确的质的规定,不能有多种含义,有多种理解。法规、章程一旦制定颁布,有关单位和人员必须遵照执行,因此有关条款必须严密周全,不能有遗漏,使人知道“应该”或“不应该”的界限,什么该办,什么不该办,什么是对,什么是错,使遵法者有章可循,使不轨者无空可钻。此外,还必须注意下面三点:

1、制定规章制度,内容一定要符合党的路线、方针和政策,一定要切合本地区、本系统、本单位的实际情况,能有助于解决实际问题。

2、规章制度的写法应该合乎规范。标题应概括、准确。正文要写明制定这一法规的目的、意义、条规、执行办法、生效日期等。条文应该切实具体,简明扼要,不可笼统繁杂。全文以统一序号编排,显得井然有序。

3、规章制度的语言要准确、鲜明、通俗易懂,便于理解.