SAT英语写作技巧之首段与主体段（汇总20篇）

1.一题多变，训练多用文

一题多变，最简单的理解就是从一个基本作文题，变出多个相类似的题目。就好比孙悟空有七十二般变化，所以深得孩子们的。如果我们老师也有“七十二般变化”，学生肯定会非常佩服和羡慕。而“多用文”就更好理解了，就是一篇文章适合多个作文题目。当然，实际操作中也并不像说的那么简单。下面我们就一起来试试。

如人教版六年级上册第五组的习作训练，是写人的作文，练习中有两个角度。角度一，用一两件事介绍自己的小伙伴，注意要写出小伙伴的特点。角度二，发挥想象，将发生在“我”和好朋友间的一件事情的经过和结果写清楚，写具体。在复习要指导学生用先概述后举例的方法写一个人，写出人物优秀品质。在复习时，可以引导学生想一想，还能找出多少相类似的题目?细细回忆一下，学生会发现在五、六年级的习作训练中有好几个题目都是类似的。比如《我熟悉的人》、《一个_____的人》、《我尊敬的人》、《我的好_____》等。

刚才我们看到的是一组写人的作文题，写事的可以吗?写一件事，要写清楚事情的起因、经过和结果。注意语句通顺。在五、六年级的习作训练中有好几个题目都是与其类似的，如《这件事_____》、《一件难忘的事》、《记亲身经历的一件事》、《童年趣事》等。至此，大胆的教师可能会有这样的想法：一篇写人加一篇写事足矣!我们先不下结论，让我们一起来看看往年毕业考的作文题。《一个──的晚上》，《我学会了──》，以《在老师家里》为题续写，给亲友写一封信，告诉对方一件事，《_____进步了》，《想起这件事，我真_____》，写一篇体现情谊的作文，《我给全家带来欢乐》，《我长大了》……其中奥妙留待大家细细体会。当然新课标强调的是语文素养，实行的是元、更。

2.整体把握，增强计划性

教师在指导学生进行作文复习时，以下问题首先必须心中有数：《课程标准》是怎样要求的，教材是怎样安排的，学生的水平怎样，哪些地方还有待解决，复习时间如何分配等等。教师要在复习之前，立足作文复习的总体要求，制订一个较好的计划。

(1)整体把握。把握课程标准。课程标准在情感态度方面提出了明确的写作目的：“懂得习作是为了自我表达和与人交流。”它也指出：第三学段注重培养创新精神，鼓励自由表达，强调习作的个性化，尊重并重视学生的主观感受。比如“有意识地丰富自己地见闻，珍视个人地独特感受，积累习作”。“独特感受”即鼓励学生想人所未想，言人所未言──培养学生地创新意识。在过程和方法方面，课程标准进一步提出了重视修改地要求;在知识和能力方面，课程标准提出“能写简单的记实作文和想象作文”;在作文条理性方面提出了“能根据习作内容和表达的需要，分段表述”的要求。这里要强调的是，一定要落实“感情真实”的要求，要力戒目前习作中普遍存在的“假情”、“矫情”。“真情”表现的不仅是文品，更是人品;要提倡学生自主拟题，少写或不写命题作文。

把握教材。现行语文课本里作文训练主要分为两大类：一是记叙文，包括写人、叙事、科学小实验、想象作文等;二是文，包括感谢信、毕业赠言等。要根据《课程标准》要求和学生作文能力状况，以教材的作文训练系列内容为依据，立足整体，考虑作文复习。

(2)突出重点。整体把握，但切忌平均用力。首先，作文复习要突出重点。如命题作文中的“审题、选材、构思”训练;材料作文中的“围绕中心，重点发散”训练;看图作文中的“观察”训练;应用文中的“格式” 训练等。抓住这些重点复习就能收到事半功倍的效果。其次，对薄弱环节下功夫，比如记叙文中的叙事、状物 ，重在求“序”，即按一定顺序将事情的来龙去脉，物体的形状、作用叙述清楚;写人、写景，重在求“异” ，即抓住，写出该人物、景物与其他人物、景物的不同之处。

(3)有计划性。一是作文复习的时间安排要有计划性。作文复习的时间是有限的，必须根据复习总体目标及学生作文能力的状况合理安排。如记叙文与应用文的复习时间安排，前者要多一些，后者可少一些;再如作文复习的单项训练与综合训练要具有恰当的时间比例。二是作文复习的内容安排要有计划性。可先安排单项复习，然后再相对集中地进行综合能力的复习训练。三是每节课的作文复习要有计划性。每节课复习什么?要达到什么目的?怎样复习?要认真做好作文复习教学。

3.别具匠心，谱写生命文

掌握了“一题多变”，训练了“多用文”，是否就马到功成了?答案当然是非也。不妨让我们先来读读下面三个故事。

“马踏飞燕”是一件古代青铜艺术珍品。该作品巧妙地表现了马跑得快这一主题。看，骏马四蹄生风，后蹄踏在一只飞燕身上，令人叫绝的是，飞燕竟安然无恙!

由此让人联想到“深山藏古寺”一画的意韵：远山绵延起伏，林木茂盛。山脚下的小河中，一个小和尚正弯腰取水，身后石径蜿蜒，隐没于丛林之中。此画真是意境深远。

另传有人对郑板桥说：你画竹之所以栩栩如生，是因你“胸有成竹”，而这正是你天天观竹研竹的结果。你会画风吗?板桥沉吟片刻，泼墨挥毫，一丛丛墨竹做倒伏状，观看的人惊呼，好大的风!这是以有形的物表现无形的物，颇具匠心。这三个例子，有异曲同工之妙，艺术上均以构思奇巧见长，对我们学习写作文也有不同寻常的启示。看同学们的作文，似曾相识的多，老调重弹的多。为什么?构思不巧(内容不新，角度不巧等)，作文没有力，没有表现力，也就没有生命力。

作文怎样才能构思新巧且有生命力呢?可从两个阶段下点功夫。

厚积阶段：加强作文基本功的训练，广开渠道，学会观察、思维、表达、修改的方式方法，此为作文成功的必要前提。

薄发阶段：也是同学们动手写作文的阶段，不仅要充分调动生活积累，运用学会的写作技巧，更要善于捕捉灵感的火花，写出富有灵气，浑然天成的作品。

学生只有具备了深厚的生活底蕴，写起文章来才有可能得心应手。动手写文章时，更要精心选材、巧妙构思，创造性地发挥出自己的作文水平，才能写出令人拍案叫绝的作文来。

4.自编作文选，总结经验和教训

五、六年级，学生课内外写的作文加起来就不只十几篇，这些作文，大部分是在老师指导下写的，由老师认真批改、讲评过的。我要求每个学生利用节假日把自己写过的作文分类编成作文选，每到期末或毕业复习时，让他们重温自己的作文选，以学习小组为单位，每周一次作文展示活动，让每一个学生展示自己认为写得好的作文，读给听或者传阅，然后自己评，小组评，说说好在哪里，哪些地方需要改进，最后每个小组选出一、两位学生在全班交流。活动后，由学生自己再修改完善，然后把最好的作文誊写在班级作文选中。

在班上可以准备一个大作文选，把活动中大家一直认为优秀的作文誊写在上面，谁的作文入选了，就给他一页的位置，学生自己设计版面，除了在那一页誊写作文，还可以绘画、摘抄名言，写上毕业赠言，或者自己的简历等等，再由老师和学生在作文后加上点评。

通过在我们班里的实验，学生对这项活动非常感兴趣，因为他们觉得作文选上有自己的文章，这是一件特别荣幸的事情。这本作文选就放在教室的图书角，它是同学们最喜欢的课外读物。学生从作文选中，既能总结自己的成功经验，又能总结出自己的失败教训，而且还能够感受自己的进步，学到别人的长处。临场应考无论碰到哪种类型的题目，就能做到心中有数，思考有路，这比猜题碰运气更有把握。同时对于学困生来说，在这种相互交流的中读读同班同学的好作文，对他们既有激励作用，又有示范作用，容易激发写作欲望。

注意指导高年级段考试作文的方法

小学生到了高年级，已经经过了两年的说话训练，两年的习作练习，对于作文的知识有了一定的了解和感悟。一般来说，从三年级开始，每一学期都要经历作文考试。所以，对于作文考试并不陌生。对于高年级段的作文教学的复习，关于考试作文的方法必须要年年讲，期期讲。考场作文与平时作文有很大的不同，主要是考场作文是在气氛紧张、情绪紧张、心情紧张的情况下进行的，而考试作文的阅卷老师也是极为紧张的(时间紧张)。因此在复习时，教师指导学生在作文内容和形式上掌握一些技巧，会事半功倍，从而占据一定的得分优势。

关于考试作文的写法，我们在复习时应该指导学生过好四个关：

1.指导学生过好审题关

审题正确与否是写好作文的先决条件。如果把作文写得文不对题，作文就会“一败涂地”，因此，过好审题关是写好作文的重要条件。

随着近年作文的开放度和自由度越来越大，作文跑题现象也越来越严重，这也成为我班学生作文中常见的毛病之一、作文课或者考场上，有的同学一见作文题便匆匆忙忙拿起笔就写。由于事先没有经过仔细审题，有时写了很长一篇，才发现写跑了题，于是不得不从头写起，或者根本就无法弥补了，结果事倍功半，欲速不达，这样就严重地影响了考试成绩。所以，不管写那种题材的作文，我都特别强调学生认真审题，审题的目的是为了不偏题，不离题，让写出来的习作符合试卷题目的要求。

怎样指导学生正确审题呢?

(1)指导学会分析，从题目的总体认知上审题。

所谓分析，就是把构成题目的每一个词拆开，逐一推敲，分析每个词语的意义和各词语之间的关系，以区分题眼、中心词和修饰词语等，弄清题目规定的范围和重点。如我的第一位老师是篇命题作文，中心词是“老师”，属于写人记叙文;“我的”“第一位”则是关键词语，是用来修饰和限制“老师”的，这篇作文应当写“我”有生以来的“第一位”老师。至于中心思想，题目没有明确限制，就有待学生根据材料自己确定了。

分析法是审题活动中最常用的一种技法，这种方法要求对题目中的每一个字、每一个词的含义及其相互之间的关系都要认真地推敲、揣摩、辨析、然后综合起来，从总体上把握文章的题目。如“我班最近发生的一件新鲜事”这个句子告诉我们作文要写的是一件“事”，是什么样的事呢?不是平常的小事，也不是一般的好事，而是“新鲜”事。这种新鲜事不是许多件，是“一件”事，而且不是过去发生的，是“最近”发生的。同时，“我班”又对事情发生的空间进行了限制，在作这个题目时忽略了哪一个词都容易造成偏题，所以让学生正确理解题目中的每一个词、一个字的含义，这样题目才能审清楚。也就是说审题要审清题意，就必须弄清题目要写的对象(是写人，还是记事;是写景，还是状物;是日记，还是书信;是记叙文，还是想象作文……)弄清题目要写的范围(明确题目对作者所选材料在时间、空间、数量、对象及内容上有哪些限制)。 (2)指导学会比较，抓住不同题目的“题眼”审题。

所谓比较，就是把类似的两个或三个以上的题目并列在一起，通过比较分析来弄清它们之间取材范围的细微差异，以完成审题过程。如通过对比《我的老师》、《我爱老师》、《我和老师》这组题目，使学生明白：这三道作文题目都是写人的，但各有侧重。《我的老师》以写人为主，重点在于写老师，要具体地写出这位老师是个怎样的人;《我爱老师》以抒情为主，重点在于写“我”，要写出“我”爱老师的原因和具体事例;《我和老师》两者并重，要写的是发生在两个人之间的事。通过比较，学生就能加深对题目的理解，更好地把握每个题目的范围和重点，写出切合题意的文章来。

我针对学生审题马虎、不仔细和粗心大意的毛病。把一些的、意思相近的题目在一起进行审题练习，尽量找出这些题目的相同点和不同点。如：《我这个小孩》和《邻居家的小孩》，虽然都是写小孩，但前者是写自己，后者却是写别人。又如《我钦佩的一个人》与《我喜欢的一个人》，二者的内容虽都侧重于写人，但“题眼”不同，就决定了选材重点不同。前者的“题眼”是“钦佩”，后者的“题眼”是“”，两篇文章的重点分别为“钦佩”、“喜欢”，两篇文章的选材也要从“钦佩”和“喜欢”入手。用这样的方法来复习审题，可以把相似题目的微小差别区分开来，提高学生的审题能力。

当然作文复习时要根据不同体裁突出重点训练。如命题作文重点进行“审题、选材、构思”训练;材料作文中重点进行“围绕中心，思维发散”训练;看图作文重点进行“观察”训练;文则重点进行“格式”训练等，抓住这些重点进行复习就能收到事半功倍的效果，学生写出的作文一般能做到不偏不离。

(3)从反面提醒学生，明确题目的限制。

就是对作文题目提出“不应该那样写”，从反面加以限制，。以《校园新鲜事》为例，如果从反面加以限制，可以提出三个问题：(1)不是写家庭里、社会上发生的事;(2)不是写老一套的;(3)不是写一两件事。这样从反面一限制，学生对题意的理解就深刻多了。

(4)指导学生审题的基本要求。

①审清作文的类型。小学生的的作文要求是能写简单的记叙文和常用的应用文，做到有中心，有条理，内容比较具体，语句比较通顺，感情真实健康。简单的记叙文包括这样一些类型：叙事，记人，状物，写景。审题时首先要审清题目是属于哪一类作文的。如果审错了题目的类型，作文时就会离开作文的要求。怎样识别作文题目对作文类型的要求呢?

叙事的作文。有的作文题目直接点明是叙事作文。如《一件小事》，《一件难忘的事》，《童年趣事》，《家乡新事多》等。这些题目中决定作文类型的词是“事”。有的作文题目虽然没有一个“事”字，但暗含着所叙的是事情。如：《我有一个秘密》，“一个秘密”可以指自己所做的一件不让人知道的事情。《假如我是》。这个题目含着的意思是假定“我”当了什么，我会怎么做。“怎么做”包含着做什么，怎样做，记的是事情。《难忘的第一次》，题目中要填写的是一件事，如洗衣服，做饭，旅行等。《快乐的夏令营》，题目要求叙的是愉快的夏令营。《参观》，题目要求写参观一个地方的过程和感受，是叙述一件事情。

记人的作文。一般来说，记人的作文大多在题目中直接点明。如《我的同桌》，《我尊敬的人》，《新来的老师》，《珍惜时间的人》等，这类作文题很容易识别。但有的作文题不直接点明是记人的，要通过仔细审题才能领会题目的意思。如：《温暖》，不是写气候的暖和使人感到温暖，而是某人在别人有困难的时候给予真诚有帮助和鼓励，使别人在心里感到“温暖”。还比如《胜似亲人》，《老师的微笑》等。

值得注意的是，写人和叙事这两类作文有时较难区别。因为写人必须通过具体的事例来表现，叙事又离不开写人的活动，因为事情是人做的。但这两类作文还是有区别的，它们的对象和目的是不同的。如《爸爸的胡子》，这样的题目所涉及的事情与表现人物品质密切相关，所以是写人的题目。又如《放学以后》，虽然要写“谁”，但重点是写“谁”所做的事情。

状物的作文。状物的作文一般都能从题目中看出来。物体有静物和动物之分。所以，描写静物，动物够的形态，颜色，结构，动作的作文都是状物的作文。

写景的作文。题目中有要求描写季节，时间或游览，见闻意思的，一般是写景作文。如《春》，《 的早晨》，《春游 》，《秋色》等。写景的题目有时与状物的题目难以识别。一般来说，重点写景物中某一物体，那就是状物作文了。如《街头小书亭》，要写小书亭的位置，周围的环境，书亭的陈设等。

②看清题外的要求。有些作文题下面还有一些文字说明。这些大都是附加的要求，如“把事情经过写具体”，“展开合理的想象”，“字数在400字左右”，“字迹端正，格式正确”等。这类题外要求可以概括成两个方面，一是对作者选材，写作思路作出提示;二是对作文的篇幅，行款格式，字迹等作一些具体规定，作者作文时必须遵守。所以作文前要看清题外的要求，这是审题的一个组成部分。 2.指导学生过好选材关

人们常说，中心是文章的灵魂，材料是文章的血肉。在作文教学中，审题并确定中心之后，能否过好选材关，就成为作文成败的关键。指导学生选材时要让学生学会五看、两做到。五看：一看题目的要求;二看中心的需要;三看材料是否真实;四看材料是否熟;五看材料是否新。两做到：(1)宽打算。要训练学生按题目要求打开思路，从各种角度想一想，尽量多找一些材料，以从中择优而用。比如《发生在我们班里的一件事》，就可引导学生先理解“班里”这个词所指的范围，然后再让学生想想：除去课上、课下的事，校外的事算不算班里的事?这样一摆思路就宽了，可供选择的材料就多了。(2)细挑选。思路打开了，摆出的材料多了，就有挑选的余地了。怎样挑?一要细比较;二要严格选。细比较就是要求学生将想到的材料按题目的要求加以鉴别比较。严格选就是让学生在比较中严格地选出最典型、最熟悉、最新颖的材料来。在选好材料的基础上，还有个组织材料的问题。训练学生组织材料，要从四个方面做：一是让学生利用小标题将材料分类，把相同的材料归在一类中;二是让学生考虑一下开头写什么，中间写什么，最后又写什么，安排一个次序;三是寻找文章段落之间的联系手段，想一想怎样衔接好;四是考虑哪些材料详写，哪些材料略写。

我认为：训练组织材料的最好办法是让学生养成列提纲的习惯，因为提纲可把上面的四项要求用简明的语言明晰化。

3.指导学生过好提纲关

考场作文，一般来说时间很紧张，学生没有的时间打草稿，因此，我班大部分学生写作文，往往对想写的材料不做安排，想到哪里就写到哪里。他们这种随想随写，随写随想的情况，就很容易造成条理不清，层次混乱，详略不当……要想让学生在作文时节约时间，少走弯路，避免或减少刚才所说的种种毛病，我在作文复习时，就指导学生编写作文提纲。他们可以事先大略考虑一下：选取什么材料，哪些材料先写，哪些材料后写，哪些材料要写得详细，哪些材料可以简略，文章分几层意思来说，前前后后怎样把材料连贯起来，然后列个提纲，那样写起来就比较顺利，往往可以做到一气呵成，顺理成章。而且，有助于理清思路，巩固记忆，使学生不至于把原来准备写的某些内容忘掉，避免想到哪里写到哪里，又可以把作文写得重点突出，条理清楚。到了高年级，我们应该指导学生学会运用列写作提纲的方法，以训练学生选材、组织材料和布局谋篇。

怎样指导学生编写提纲呢?

我要求学生编写的提纲内容要简明，语言要准确。“简”，就是简单，没有多余的话;“明”，就是清楚明了，一看提纲，就了解全文的布局，各部分内容及详略安排。就像盖房子一样，先立好框架。在毕业复习的时候，由于时间相对比较紧张，我一般在课堂上出示作文题目和要求后，就只要求学生编写提纲，不要求作文。我觉得这种复习方法很快捷，因为编写提纲实际上是从审题到布局谋篇进行构思的全，不写成文章便于让学生在课堂上有的机会，集中精力考虑作文写什么和怎么写。而且可以有的时间让学生在小组和全班进行交流，这样既增加训练密度、节约训练时间，又培养了学生的快速思维，既能引导学生发现问题，寻找办法，又能互相学习，提高审题，选材和立意的能力。学生对自己的提纲感觉满意了，再进行作文。

：

阅读下面的材料，根据要求作文：

一位16岁的少年拜访一位智者。他问：“我如何才能变成一个自己愉快，也能够给别人愉快的人呢?”智者说：“送你四句话——把自己当成别人，把别人当成自己，把别人当成别人，把自己当成自己。”这位少年牢记智者的话，终于成了自己愉快也给别人愉快的人。

请以智者四句话中的一句或几句话作为话题，写一篇文章。注意：文体不限，题目自拟，有真情实感，不少于800字。

【深情出发】这是一道关系型话题作文。近年来，这种题型颇受高考命题人的青睐。如2004年全国卷高考作文话题“看到自己与看到别人”，2005年全国卷II作文话题“忘记与铭记”，2006年重庆高考作文话题“走与停”，2007年高考作文海南卷作文话题科学家的创新与创造等，都属于关系型话题作文。这种题型体现了新课标“学会多角度地观察生活，丰富生活经历和情感体验，对自然、社会和人生有自己的感受和思考”的思想，指向本我与生活，关注人生，关注社会，关注人类的精神家园，有效地考查了学生的思辨能力，积极引导学生用哲学的理论指导生活实践，辩证地看待分析问题。

因此，同学们在审这类作文题时，要辨清构成话题的词、短语之间的特定关系。如该题中的“自己与别人”是并列共存关系，可以理解为“在看到自己的同时关注别人，自己、别人与愉快的人是对立统一的关系”;也可以理解为“只有处理好自己与自己的关系，才能成为自己愉快也给别人愉快的人”。关系型话题作文涉及到两种或两种以上的相互联系的关系，审题时必须认真思考，抓住关键点，明了地揭示出它们之间存在的联系，不可偏废，否则就会跑题。

我们不妨打个比方来全面把握这道题意：就好像放风筝，题目中的关键词“愉快”是拽在手里的线，放飞的风筝是“自己与别人”，多角度地解读如何做好“自己”与“别人”，“自己”与“自己”都须紧紧系住“愉快”这个关键词。

对于智者的四句话，我们可以这样解读：“把自己当成别人”——不囿于自我，与别人换位思考，从别人的立场出发，为别人设想;“把别人当成自己”——以人为镜，可以明得失，借鉴别人，可以看到自己的优势和缺陷;“把别人当成别人”——尊重价值的多样化，尊重别人，宽容别人，不把自己的主观愿望强加给人家;“把自己当成自己”——重视自己，善待自己，充实自己，发展自己，经营好自己的人生。同学们可联系实际，就以上一个或几个角度展开思路，生活中的林林总总都可以入文，选自己熟悉的方面下笔，深入挖掘，文章自然水到渠成了。学生可以若能紧握时代脉搏，关注人文，将立意提升至构建社会和谐，定能写出更有说服力和感染力的佳作来。

【佳作展示】庄子：愉快的哲学

福建龙海角美中学高二(2)班林艺贞

把自己当别人，把别人当成自己，把别人当成别人，把自己当成自己，你就成了自己愉快也给别人愉快的人。——题记

把自己当成别人。庄子，你是大海。“无名、无功、无己”，因不看重名利而心存高远，因不畏荣辱而处变不惊。因不计较得失而心胸辽阔。于是，你超乎物外，梦化成蝶。不知是蝴蝶梦化为庄周?还是庄周梦化成蝴蝶?你终成了浩瀚无边的大海，包容万物，生生不息。

把别人当成自己，在那样一个文化屈从权势的社会里，庄子，你是一棵孤独的树，独自在黑夜里守护心灵月亮的树。我终于明白为什么在人们昧昧欲睡的时候，皎月依旧当空，用自己的圆缺演绎着人间的美满与忧伤的故事，用自然的运转昭示人间的兴衰荣辱、际遇得失。是你，在清风夜唳的黑暗中默默守侯，守候别人的幸福。一轮孤月下，一棵孤独的树，那是一种不可企及的妩媚。

把别人当成别人，把自己当成自己。庄子，你眼极冷，心肠极热。眼冷，故是非不管;心热，故悲慨万端。虽知无用，而终不能忘情，到底是热肠牵绊;虽不能忘情，而终不下手，到底是冷眼看穿。亡妻那天，你抑制不住满腔的悲伤，想放声痛哭，终究是违背自然天性，于是，你鼓盆而歌。面对别人的质问，你从容地应答道：“是相与为春秋冬夏，四时行也。”这是一种摆脱世俗，洞察天地的真正达观。

一个人要想活得坦然、愉快，就必须坚持住自己的准则。在世人看来，你是痛苦的，活在梦化成蝶的希冀中，活在自己编织的罗网里，无穷无尽的纠缠与徘徊。殊不知你早已在俗世挣扎中获得了新生，赢得了那份坦然，那份“物化”的愉快了。

河畔边上，你以从容、自在定得鱼儿的快乐。你会心一笑，笑鱼儿的乐，笑惠子的浅陋。同是河塘边上，身后是楚国的相位，面前是一方净水。如果你是许由，恐怕也得坠河洗耳了。但你还是为那两位大夫保留了颜面，以乌龟自喻，一句：“往矣，吾将曳尾于涂中。”表明了心迹。庄子，你是一树怒放的梅花，无意和百花争春，无畏于寒风的凛冽，不在乎万物的艳羡，只愿在白雪中坦然释放，只愿在孤独中秉持那份守望。

人生的快乐在于能否坚持住自己的秉性，你凭一腔坦然坚持住了——把自己当别人，把别人当成自己，把别人当成别人，把自己当成自己。

简评：本文最突出的地方是迁移文本素材，让学生不再认为课文就单纯只是课文，考试派不了用场，学无所用似的。作者借庄子《逍遥游》折射的哲理光芒，以其思想、经历解读智者的为人处世原则，且巧妙地联系自然事物理解庄子的人生追求、思想境界。整体来说似是散文笔法的读后感，虽有些青涩，却不失为一篇佳作。

例文2：笑?!

福建龙海角美中学高二年(1)班黄艺娜

当一个人步入另一个世界里。笑，就不再仅仅只是因为自己。

那一年的那一天。

我拖着行李，迈着步伐，那步伐或轻快，或沉重?来到了那个既很向往又很陌生的城市——深圳。站在人才交流市场门口，一个乡下小妹，对着这样一个高墙林立、灯红酒绿的大都市，百感交集，是悲抑或是喜?!

寻寻觅觅——

“大叔，您这需要人手吗?我真的很需要这份工作。”好不容易，从憔悴而又僵硬的脸上挤出一个“笑”，怯怯而又焦急地问。只见那胖嘟嘟的脸颊泛着红润润的光，那双眼珠就深埋在两缝间，像月牙般，很小，很小的。他上下反复地打量着我，然后摇摇头，挥挥手，表示要我离开。晶莹的泪花在眼角闪动。我还是抬起头，对那张满是横肉的脸，恁地，笑了笑，疲惫地走开了。

夜，又降临了，“怎么办，晚上要在哪里落脚?”边走边喃喃着，黄色的连衣裙摆被夜风吹得胡乱地舞动，小腿被剐得有些许痛楚。

当我刚要上巴士时，一位白发苍苍的老奶奶唤住我，说要换零钱。我看着那张布满皱纹的脸，又笑了笑，毫不犹豫地从裤兜里找出10块钱，递到她手上。老奶奶给了我一张2元钱的和3张一块钱的，然后在一个黑色的、旧旧的包包里翻腾着，起初我以为她是在找零钱，后来却拿出了两块口香糖，塞在我手上，说：“没零钱了，就拿这个抵吧!”然后转身匆匆走了。这时我才意识到——被骗了。我愣愣地盯着搁在掌心的那两块口香糖，倏地，泪水溅到青绿色的包装纸上。

抬起头，望了望还没走太远的背影，跑了几步，大声喊：“老奶奶，谢谢你的口香糖。”她转过瘦弱的身体，用不解的目光看了看把两个口香糖举得高高的女孩，深深浅浅的皱纹堆在一起。虽然，泪水早已不听使唤的滑落，但还是发自内心的扬起嘴角的笑。笑了，只是不想让老奶奶心里不好过。

巴士开了。

坐在靠窗口的座位上，风，轻轻的拂过，吹动了发梢，颤动了心。

对于人生，这似乎永无止境的学问，今天我懂了一个道理：笑，不都只是因为自己的快乐!

简评：作者联系现实生活用叙述的口吻，以打工妹的经历很好地诠释了智者的话意。题目中两种标点符号的叠加使用，激发读者的阅读兴趣，引人入胜，主题突出、明确，人物的神态、心理描写较为细腻，人物形象真实可感。人活着，不仅仅是为了自己，可以让别人的生活因为你的存在而更加美好。乡下妹子用一朵人间永不凋谢的花——微笑展现她的善良和真诚。倘若人人都如此“快乐”而为，社会的和谐之花处处绽放!

【沙场秋点兵】阅读下面的文字，按要求作文：

题1一个外国人麦达德?赖茨在《最重要的几个字》一书中写道：

最重要的六个字：我承认我错了;最重要的五个字：你做得很好;

最重要的四个字：你觉得呢?最重要的三个字：麻烦你;

最重要的二个字：谢谢;最重要的一个词：我们;

最重要的一个字：我。

请你从上面七句话中任选一句(比如“最重要的三个字：麻烦你”)作为话题，写一篇文章。立意自定，文体不限，题目自拟，不少于800字。

记叙文的写作最讲究的就是要做到首尾照应，以下是小编整理的记叙文写作首尾照应的技巧，欢迎参考阅读!

首尾式照应

首尾式照应，就是在文章开头出现的事物或语句，在文章结尾又再次出现，从而构成首尾呼应的关系，使全文形成一个首尾圆合、严密无懈的整体。首尾式照应的作用，主要表现在两个方面，一是在内容上，它可以强调某种思想感情，强化主题意义，加深读者印象，提高表达效果。二是在结构上，它可以增强文章的完整性和回环美。

首尾式照应在记叙文中的运用，常见的有两种情况。

一是运用倒叙方法的记叙文，必然是首尾照应，这种情况最多，也最典型。例如《记一辆纺车》，它运用了倒叙的方法，首尾照应很严密。请看首尾两段的有关内容：

首段：“我曾经使用过一辆纺车，离开延安那年，把它跟一些书籍一起留在蓝家坪了，后来常常想起它。想起它，就像想起旅伴，想起战友，心里充满着深切的怀念。”

尾段：“就因为这些，我常常想起那辆纺车。想起它就像想起旅伴和战友，心里充满着深切的怀念。围绕着这种怀念，也想起延安的种种生活。……”

这两段文字，在内容上、感情上、修辞上、时间上、地点上、表达方式上等方面，几乎都是相同的，前者放在开头，领起全篇，造成悬念，揭示主旨，激发读者阅读的兴趣。后者放在结尾，总结全文，强调中心，回扣文首。这样，既强调了作者与纺车的密切关系，又深化了纺车的不平凡意义，使文章形成了一个很严密的整体。

二是运用顺叙方法的记叙文，也有首尾照应的，但没有运用倒叙方法记叙文的照应那么周密，那么严整，运用的频率也不高，难度却较大，但如果运用得好，会产生别出心裁的效果，例如莫怀戚的《散步》，是一篇用顺叙方法写成的记叙文，其中就运用了这种照应的方法。

先看开头：“我们在田野散步：我，我的母亲，我的妻子和儿子。”

再看结尾：“这样，我们在阳光下，向着那菜花、桑树和鱼塘走去，到了一处，我蹲下来，背起了母亲，妻子也蹲下来，背起了儿子。……”

这两段文字的照应，主要体现在两个方面：一是情节的照应，即“散步”;二是人物的照应，即“我”母亲、妻子、儿子等祖孙三代四个人。而且，照应的顺序很有讲究，开头是“散步”总概，结尾是具体的“散步”;开头由“我”到“母亲”到“妻子”到“儿子”，结尾依然是这样的安排顺序。这样照应，既有序，又有物，既合理，又严密。

首尾式照应是使文章完整的最主要方法之一，运用时，有两点值得注意：一是照应的语句要有所变化，不能简单重复，否则显得呆板;二是开头和结尾的文字，要有明显的适应性，开头只能作开头，结尾只能做结尾，不能互换而用。

总结式照应

总结式照应，就是在文章有关段落的前面或后面，对上面或下面的内容进行总结或领起，这种总结总领式的语句或段落，至少出现两次，而且句式或段落的内容和形式基本相同，从而形成前后照应的关系，使文章浑然一体。

总结式照应既在内容上归束上文，领起下文，又在结构上勾连前后，具有明显的阶段性，有的从内容上，逐层引向深入，有的从感情上，依次推向高潮。它在内容上以总结总领为主，在结构上以照应为主。例如《白杨礼赞》这篇文章，全文共9个自然节，总结式照应主要体现在第4、第6两节。第4节：“那就是白杨树，西北极普通的一种树，然而实在是不平凡的一种树。”第6节：“这就是白杨树，西北极普通的一种树，然而决不是平凡的树。”这两段文字，前者总结是第3节内容，后者总结第5节内容，它们都是一名话，都是独立成段，二者不仅内容相同，都是说白杨树的不平凡，都是说白杨树的评赞，而且句式也都是相同的，都是二重转折复句，都是判断句加否定句，实际上，只有两个词之差，其余所用的文字也都是相同的。这样总结，就构成了明显的照应关系，使文章前后相联，彼此关照，避免了松散和拖沓，强调了白杨树的不平凡意义，总结很有深度和力度。

总结式照应的另一种形式，就是体现文章主题思想的语句在文中多次出现，如果出现在开头，则起领起作用，如果出现在中间或结尾，则起总结作用。这种照应阶段性不明显，但更自由灵活。《钓胜于鱼》这篇以记叙文为主的哲理散文，就采用了这种照应的方法。体现文章主题的语句是“我是为钓，不是为鱼”，这个句子在文中完整地出现有两次，一次是在第6节，二次是在第 18节，除此而外还有与之相近的句子，如第10节：“能够欣赏钓，而不计较鱼”;如第17节：“不是为鱼的钓者”等。这些语句，有的用于段落的开头，有的用于段落的结尾，概括领起，总结归纳，前照后应，十分和谐紧凑。

总结式照应有明显的阶段性，阶段的体现有两种形式，一是并列式，像《白杨礼赞》;二是递进式，如《钓胜于鱼》。运用时，要注意文章的发展顺序，是并列式还是递进式。如果是前者，总结的语句可以相同：如果是后者，总结的语句就要稍有变化，要符合递进的内容特点，还有，总结的语句宜简不宜详，以概括为主，表达上一般是议论或抒情。

伏笔式照应

伏笔式照应，就是在文章的前面为后面设下埋伏的内容。这种照应，有的体现在事物上，有的体现在线索上，有的体现在情节上，用得比较多的是后者。伏笔式照应讲究的是“伏”，“伏”的内容设计要服从全文的主要情节，不能旁逸。同时，后文要有对前文“伏”的内容的说明，使“伏”的内容有个圆满的交代，从而形式前伏后应的密切关系，使文章结构严谨。

伏笔式照应既有单一性的，又有多样性的，前者按一条线索设置伏笔，单线发展，这种照应，比较简单，读者容易掌握.后者多方面地设置伏笔，也多方面交代结局，这种照应有一定的难度 ，读者不易把握，但用得好，可以增加文章的结构美。例如，《挺进报》就运用了这种多样性的伏笔照应。

文章开头提到陈然：“决心学写仿宋字”，狱中党组织又指示陈然“心须坚持写仿宋字”，这两处都是伏笔，后来，特务们核对许晓轩的笔迹，得出“笔迹相同”的结论，这是对前面两处伏笔的交代，照应十分严密。如果前面没有那两处伏笔，这个结论就很难作出，如果硬写上这个结论，就显得突兀了，这是第一组伏笔式照应。

一、写提示议论文应考虑的几点

1、文章开头，能依据提示确立主题句(topic)阐明观点或看法。

2、会使用连接词分层次说明理由、缘由(supportingsentences)。

3、归纳总结，首尾呼应。

二、看图作文应考虑的几点

1、看懂图片，把图片展示的人物、地点、时间、事件等有机地串联起来，使之成为内容连贯的句子。

2、确定短文须用的时态和该用的人称。

3、确定体裁(说明文还是记叙文)，接着用简洁的语句描述图片或图表大意。

4、根据图片或图表大意议论。

一、Nothing is + ~~~ er than to + V Nothing is + more +形容词+ than to + V

例句：Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。

二、~ the + ~ est +名词+(that)+主词+ have ever + seen(known/heard/had/read，etc)

~ the most +形容词+名词+(that)+主词+ have ever +seen(known/heard/had/read，etc)

例句：Helen is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen. 海伦是我所看过最美丽的女孩。

Mr. Chang is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 张老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

三、~~~ cannot emphasize the importance of ~~~ too much.(再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。)

例句：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

四、It is universally acknowledged that +句子~~(全世界都知道……)

例句：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

五、There is no denying that + S + V……(不可否认的……)

例句：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

六、There is no doubt that +句子~~(毫无疑问的……)

例句：There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。

七、An advantage of ~~~ is that +句子(……的优点是……)

例句：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create(produce)any pollution.

使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

八、The reason why +句子~~~ is that +句子(……的原因是……)

例句：The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

九、Adj + as + Subject(主词)+ be，S + V~~~(虽然……)

例句：Rich as our country is， the qualities of our living are by no means

satisfactory. {by no means = in no way = on no account一点也不}

虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

十、So +形容词+ be +主词+ that +句子(如此……以致于……)

例句：So precious is time that we cant afford to waste it.时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

专注综观近年中考作文题，以记录成长足迹为内容的考题占据了半壁江山。这类命题，或关注自我生活，或强调成长体验，角度广泛，内容集中。像“打磨”(辽宁大连)、“勇往直前”(黑龙江齐齐哈尔)、“成长”(内蒙古赤峰)、“跟自己赛跑”(甘肃)、“我的初中生活”(山东济宁)、“为自己喝彩”(山东泰安)、“成长，伴一路芬芳”(山东莱芜)、“我作主”(江苏南京)、“在尝试中成长”(福建福州)等，这些都是2010年中考的典型考题。专家预测，在推行课程改革、强调人文关怀的时代背景下，这类考题将继续引领2011年中考的命题潮流。

写作成长励志类作文，应注意三点：一要反映成长路上的美好追求。在这如花的季节里，我们不可避免地会遭遇一些挫折或失败，这就要求大家面对这些问题的时候，一定要有一种积极进取、乐观向上的态度。在字里行间，要表现出对真、善、美的追求与向往，对假、恶、丑的批判与鞭挞。二要再现成长路上的曲折经历。成长之路，苦辣酸甜，五味俱全。写作时若能多在情节上下工夫，内容自然会波澜迭起。如当你遭遇失败而独自落泪的时候，他人善意的笑脸也许让你感受到鼓励的力量;当你因为成功而扬扬自得的时候，意外的事件又让你感受到了骄傲带来的尴尬。三要挖掘成长路上的深刻感悟。写作此类考题，不能满足于讲清成长故事，而应深入发掘，学会从小事出发，品味美好的情感，挖掘生活的哲理。

误区1 一味埋怨他人。因为成长路上充满着曲折与坎坷，不少考生便将文章当成了诉苦的地方，字里行间充满着对父母、老师等人的埋怨与指责。比如，写自己迷恋网络的故事，一味地叙说网络带给自己的快乐，一味地批评父母反对自己上网的态度，这是不可以的。我们应该学会通过曲折的故事，正确表达自己对上网的看法。

误区2 思路狭窄雷同。成长是一个广泛的概念，它不仅包括我们自己的成长，也包括他人的成长;不仅包括个人的成长，也包括社会的成长;不仅包括人物的成长，也包括自然一草一木的成长。而从2010年中考成长类作文来看，考生大多叙述的只是自我生活中的那些寻常故事，不懂得拓宽视野，巧妙选材，导致内容大同小异。

导语：一篇好文章要有个好的开头，别开生面、新颖别致的开头，才有震撼力、吸引力，让人产生一种欲读之而后快之感。所谓“凤头”，亦是这个道理。文章开篇的方法众多，如下十二种方法是常用的：

一、开门见山，落笔扣题

所谓“开门见山”，是一种比喻的说法，指的是直截了当地切入要旨。

如《白杨礼赞》一开头就触及题旨：“白杨树实在是不平凡的，我赞美白杨树!”这种写法干脆利落，入题快捷，不枝不蔓，所以受很多同学所青睐。

二、引用经典，彰显底蕴

开头引用警句、名言、诗句或俗语、谚语等，能增强开端的气势，使人感到峥嵘、高远，达到吸引读者、突出中心的效果。

如下例几种常用的：

1.诗词开头

以诗句开头，气势磅礴，震撼人心。如：“莫等闲，白了少年头。”我的爸爸四十多了，白了头，可是依然很平凡……

2.俗语开头

俗语是孩子们所熟悉的，以此开头，倍感亲切，激发兴趣。如：中国有句俗语说：“三棒槌打不出一个屁来。”我的爸爸就是一个不爱说话的人……

3.名人名言开头

这种开头法不仅使你所要表达的意思简明扼要，言简意丰，而且能集中地表达文章的主旨，起到画龙点睛的作用，使文章增色不少。如一学生写《自信》：著名科学家爱迪生说：“自信是成功的第一秘诀。”是的，拥有自信，不断努力，就能获得成功。

4.故事导入

引用一则典故或现实生活中的小故事来开头的方法，可以增加文章的趣味性，能引起读者的兴趣。如一学生写《宽容》时，这样开头：“一位理发师正在给周恩来总理刮脸，由于周总理咳嗽了一声，理发师不小心将他的脸刮破了，这时理发师紧张不已，以为周总理会大发雷霆。想不到，周总理却很抱歉地说：‘这不关你的事，要是在咳嗽之前给你打个招呼，你就不会刮破我的脸了。’这样一句暖人的安慰，我们可以从周总理身上看到可贵的品质——宽容。”

5.声音开头

对话、琴声、风声、雷声等等，都可以用来开头，信手拈来，渲染氛围。如：“请把我的歌，带回你的家，请把你的微笑留下……”每当耳边响起这熟悉的旋律，自己就像遇见了多年不见的老朋友一样，感觉格外亲切。

三、精辟修辞，韵味悠长

用修辞手法开头，易抒写作者心灵的感悟，引发读者赏读的情趣。

1.比喻

开头设喻，以引起读者对要说明的事物或道理的兴趣。如《中国石拱桥》开头：“石拱桥的桥洞成弧形，就像虹。”

2.对比

用对比来开头的方法，可以加强文采，有力地突出主题。如：古今中外，凡是在事业上有所造就、取得成功的人，其成功没有不是用辛勤的汗水换来的;反之，那些懒惰昏庸的人，则无法成就事业，由此可见，勤则成事，惰则败业。

3.排比

用排比句开头，句式整齐，语势铿锵，促人赏读。如：假如我是小鸟，我会记住那出生时的巢穴;假如我是树苗，我无法忘记那滋养我的土地;假如我是江河，那雪域高原成为我记忆中的烙印……

4.设问

设问开头，铺排文气，先声夺人。如：为什么服装设计师总要千方百计地设计一套又一套的时装?为什么我们的祖国在前进的号角中总夹杂着这样一句话——提倡科技创新?为什么一座座拔地而起的高楼不沿用20世纪五六十年代建筑的风格?一切的一切，只因为时代在变化，人的思想也在变化。时装要迎合时代潮流，发展要与时俱进，生活赋予了我们创新的动力。

四、借物联想，引发情趣

文章的开头或从远到近，或由此及彼，从别的事物写起，再联想到要写的事物上来，借以烘托要写的事物。

如一学生这样写《路》：日常行走的路有大路、小路之别，人生之路有正路、歧路之分。人，应该择路而行。

五、巧设悬念，曲径通幽

开头设置一个悬而未决的问题，引起读者的关注，激发读者的兴趣，同时增加文章的曲折，显现布局之美。如一学生写《感受生活之美》：“我快要死了——我躺在病床上，四周黑漆漆的一片，十分寂静，偌大的房间里，只能听得见我微弱的呼吸声。”

六、名人作答，启人深思

采用名人作答的方式展开文章，有利增强开端气势，给人高远之感。如一学生如此写《幸福》的开篇：有人问：幸福是什么?答案是丰富多彩的。尼采认为：“能把蜈蚣、碎玻璃、肉虫、石头一齐吞下肚，却毫不恶心，这种人是最幸福的。”而思多葛派却认为：“拥有无穷的财富和威力，而且能够处事不惊，那才是真正的幸福。”

七、场景描写，渲染气氛

描写法即借助某种修辞或某种描写技法，通过对景物的描写，渲染气氛，烘托氛围，为下文人物或事情的开端做好衬托铺垫。

请看《考试》一文的开端：教室外，呼啸着的北风挟着密集的雨点扑打在墙上，“嚓、嚓”地响，教室内，一场全能竞赛考试进行到了白热化的阶段。

八、交代要素，引人入胜

交代要素式也是写作文较为常见的一种开头形式，即交代记叙文的几要素：时间、地点、人物和事件。

如《捉鱼》一文的开头：“一个星期天的早晨，我和小辰拿着小盆，拎着小桶来到一条小溪边围坝捉鱼。”这样开头可以让读者清楚地了解到记叙文的几要素，为下文展开故事情节作准备。

九、介绍背景，蓄势待发

以介绍情况、交代背景的方式开篇，可以让读者充分了解事情原委，有利于对整篇文章的正确、顺利解读。这种方法主要用于写一些事件或重要人物的文章。

如《火烧赤壁》一文的开头：“东汉末年，曹操率领大军南下，想夺取江南东吴的地方。东吴的周瑜调兵遣将，驻在赤壁，同曹操的兵隔江相对。曹操的兵在北岸，周瑜的兵在南岸。”这个开头，使读者看了以后，对两军相对峙的形势、所处的地理位置和即将发生的事一目了然。

十、概括内容，凸显主旨

开头总领全文，下文则围绕着它进行“分述”，全文因此而比较有条理，而且可以让读者迅速了解文章梗概，一睹为快，为下文的阅读埋下情感基调。如作文《春花朵朵》一文的开头：

“五讲文明的春风，吹开了学校这万紫千红的百花园中的朵朵春花。让我们从这万紫千红的百花园中摘取几朵，领略一下那满园春色吧!”

俗话说：万事开头难。写作文也是如此。我国古代作家把一篇好文章分成三个部分，即凤头、猪肚、豹尾。凤头是传说中凤凰的头，这种传说中的鸟非常漂亮，我们在画家的笔下，可以看到凤凰头上的羽毛色彩斑斓，细腻可爱。由此可见，古人把文章好开头说成是凤头，是很动了一番心思的。写人的文章和其他的文章一样，开头至关重要，好的开头，能够一下子吸引读者的眼球。

我们平时接触写人的作文很多，只有写我们身边的人，写我们自己熟悉的人，才会有内容可写，才能够写得真实、具体、生动、形象。在自己熟悉的人当中，最好选取那些有明显特点和鲜明个性的典型人物来写。写一个人，不能像照相机那样把人照出来就行，而要把人物写活，让别人读了你的作文，仿佛人物就在眼前，这就是我们说的栩栩如生。

写人作文的开头，应该和人物的个性特征相联系，这样就能在文章开始给读者一个深刻的印象。一般情况下，可以采用以下几种方法开头：第一，外貌描写，抓住特征。这是写人的作文最常见的开头方法，为了避免千人一面，就要抓住人物有别于其他人的特征来写。第二，开门见山，直接介绍。这种开头应该交代清楚你和人物的关系，点明人物最主要的性格特点。第三，巧设悬念，吸引读者。运用这种开头的方法，要把人物和事件结合起来，既能表现人物的特点，又能让读者对发生在人物身上的事件产生浓厚的兴趣。第四，先声夺人，引出人物。每个人由于身份、年龄、性格等的不同，他的语言、声音也独具特色，我们可以抓住人物的语言特点，来巧妙地引出要写的人物。

[人物作文开头写作技巧大全

1、重视增加阅读量是提高英语写作的途径之一

目前，考生在进行大量阅读的同时，应注重所读材料的文章结构以及连接词的运用(ontheotherhand，however，furthermore)、作者的表达方式(词汇、习惯用语和典型句子的使用)、作者是如何进行叙述和议论的。

2、在教师的指导下，平时应勤写多练

练习写作应从基本功抓起。在中译英翻译训练过程中，加强积累适量的词汇、词组和增加各种类型句子的运用。把握好各种句型和词汇的搭配，并从各类题材和体裁着手，多阅读好的范文。然后模仿写作，作文写好之后，一般都要修改。

第一遍收笔后，先看一看结构，然后从字词上推敲，使文章“充实”起来。更重要的是经老师修改过的作文一定要仔细地看一至两遍，然后再认真地抄写一遍，收获将会很大。

3、英文写作“四步走”

由于时间限制，考试时必须在所限定的时间内完成英语作文。英语作文步骤如下：

（1)作文动笔之前一般都要先打腹稿。在确立中心上、运用材料上、篇章结构上，充分酝酿。

（2)考虑好想写多少句子，该用哪些动词和词组等。

（3)边写边思考内容的连贯性，语言和句子的准确性。

（4)写完后一定要再细看一遍。

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

半命题作文这种方式,其题型灵活、机动、自由度高、自主性强，极容易彰显考生的思想与个性，也很接地气，很受欢迎,成为平常训练和考场作文的主要题型之一。

半命题作文的形式有如下几种:

前补，如“___给我带来了欢喜”。后补，“拥抱__”。补中间，如“在__影响下”。补两边，如“__里的__”。补中前，如“__让__更美丽”。补中后，如“我想让__更__”。但无论是哪一种半命题作文的补题方式，都必须掌握一个诀窍，那就是:充分、合理、高效地利用好两个字“自由”。

半命题作文的考题方式,是将一个完全命题,省去其中的某一局部,使之成为一个不完全命题,省去的某一局部由作者去增补。这种考题方式从本质上讲,只是规定了一个写作框架范畴,而把与立意选材、主题的自由，统统留给了作者。这类题在三个方面给作者以“自由”:

一是重在让考生自由选材。如文题“我渴望__”、“__笑了”、“我爱我的__”等都是这样。做此类题,要在选材上仔细斟酌，以“易下笔、角度新”为原则，多次斟酌，筛选出自己最熟悉、最有意义、最简单好写的材料,补充好题目并实行写作。

二是重在让考生自由立意。如文题“做人要__”、“这堂课真__”、“星期天给我带来的__”、“那天，我真__”等。做这些问题，要以“站得住、立得稳”为原则，认真思虑立意角度，写出自己最真切的感受，表达自己的思想与情感。

三是既重自由选材，又重自由立意。如文题“当代科技带来的__”等。做此类题，要把它看成一篇自由拟题作文来写，把选材、立意、构思放在一起，统筹思考，合理安排结构，胸有成竹之后再落笔成文。

需要注意的几个问题:

一、填补题目要注意主谓宾搭配巧妙而合理，半命题作文基本涵盖了一个单据的框架结构，只是有时主谓宾俱在，有时略去了主语或者宾语其中的一个，只要搭配不超出语法结构要求就是合理。

二、补充部分角度不宜过大。比如“在__前”这一题目，有的考生写出了《在历史的大门前》，看似不错，但角度太大，弄不好就写成了一片历史的流水账。如改成《在圆明园的废墟前》，同样以历史为主题，切入点就变得具体而容易下笔了。

三、补题要彰显涵盖主题与思想，不能信马由缰，漫无目的。否则，补足的题目看似绝妙，但却是蚂蚁吃西瓜，无处下手，只能给自己徒增烦恼。

四、不能突破原题所给与的框架。半命题作文题只给考生一半的自由，也便是说，考生在完成命题时，还受到必定的要求。

再有的文题也有一大段笔墨，但这段笔墨的作用只是提示而不是要求(它没有要求必定要写哪一方面的内容)。如下面一个文题:

家庭给我的__(家庭给我们的有爱、有暖和、有教益，大概还会有烦恼和难过……)

这样的题目且其面面俱到，那样反而会尾大不掉了，你在哪个方面感应最深，就从哪个方面下笔，专其一项即可。

还是有的。我这里给即将高考的考生赠送一粒“临时抱佛脚”的“高考作文速升法仙丹”，让你们在高考作文时，不会那么慌乱、盲目、抓瞎。敬请服用!药不能停!

上周在广东某市，晚上吃饭时，一位教育局领导问我，孩子在市重点上学，初中作文写得还不错，上了高中之后，作文写得越来越不好了。能不能抽出半个小时，跟她谈谈怎样写好作文?

写作文是个大难题，只谈半个小时就要有效果，就是天上文曲星下凡也做不到啊。但老虎老师知难而上，略微思考了三秒钟说，好吧，我试试。

实际上谈得很融洽，四十多分钟，高中生很高兴地走了。教育局领导说，没想到，叶开老师竟然可以从阅读开始，这么讲写作文。

我说，这是我长期的实践经验，对于在小学初中阶段缺乏有效阅读积累的学生，这种临时抱佛脚的方法，也非常有效。

前 天，我在杭州讲课，与来杭州东站接我的省语文教研员章老师说到这件事情，我说，写作文还是有技巧的，但是中小学作文教学都比较盲目，教师自己擅长“下水” 写作的很稀少，又没有好的写作课教材可以参考，完全是“摸着石头过河”。因此，中小学作文的教与学，除了少数语文老师摸到窍门之外，大多数主要都处在“摸 猫”状态，学生写作文很不稳定。我的办法是：“一本书，一名作家，一个时代······”

具体解释了我的“速成法”之后，章老师觉得非常有效，值得推广。

语 文能力本应是一种综合的人文素养，但今天的应试教育体系下，语文也变成了没完没了的刷题，并且耗费了大量的精力和时间，并没有刷出好的效果。尤其是高考作 文，通常做法是猜题测题套题，滥用好词好句名人名言，而通篇内容空洞，虚情假意。这样的作文，即使“不离题”，也只能拿到中等的分数。高考一分只差就会痛 失名校，这样的“中等”作文，在参加高考时完全不行。

语文的客观题，通常在学生们的三年高中学习中都刷题刷到头晕了，基本合格的学生，大多知道王维王摩诘李白李太白，丢分通常是课文以外的知识没法答出来。这些我们不讲。

而70分的作文，则是难以把握的重中之重。满分要靠命，不能乱追求。但是要保证能考到58-63分的优秀线，语文分数就很高了。

如果深入了解“一本书、一名作家、一个时代”的深阅读写作法，你真的很有可能写出满分高考作文。对于初中生、小学生来说，这个方法也非常有效，可以说更加有效。

丰富有效的阅读，是中小学生写出好作文的核心基础，丢开阅读谈写作的都是耍流氓。但如果在小学、初中里读书比较少，积累不够多，到了高中阶段怎么办?具体的做法是：

1、找一本你最喜欢的书，精读。读过了没关系，再读两遍。广东那个高中生是喜欢毛姆的《月亮与六便士》，我建议她再读两遍，然后找英文原版读一遍。并且要对法国大画家高更的人生有个了解，看看他的画和他的相关传记。

2、了解英国作家毛姆的人生和他的其他作品，有时间的话可以延伸阅读他的其他名作如《人性的枷锁》《刀锋》、以及游记《在中国的屏风上》等。毛姆曾不远万里来到中国，去四川成都拜见一个拖着大辫子的中国老头辜鸿铭。你要知道这些琐碎的事情。

3、 了解毛姆所处的时代，对那个时代的其他作家也要有些了解，知道个大概。如第一次世界大战时毛姆在干什么，第二次世界大战时他在干什么。还有，他同时代的作 家如英国的萧伯纳、德国的托马斯·曼、法国的安德烈·纪德等，他们都在干什么。那个时代的中国，还有怪人辜鸿铭等，凡是毛姆知道的、认识的，都可以略微了 解，明白一点当时的时代背景和思想潮流，会知道毛姆对自然与人性的认识。

在深入阅读《月亮与六便士》之后，你在写作文时，就可以不断调用这 部作品以及这位作家的资料来充实内容了。比如，某年广东的作文题目是“心灵中闪过微光”，题目不佳，很抽象，很难写好。但我们运用《月亮与六便士》的内 容，可以这么说，“当法国画家高更离开繁华而喧嚣的巴黎，来到南太平洋深处的波利尼西亚群岛时，他的内心充满了矛盾与沮丧。就在那里，他碰到了一个塔希提 姑娘。在塔希提岛上，他度过了人生中最丰富也是最珍贵的时期······”

如此类推，无论什么作文题，都可以套用。

对中国考生，通常来说最好的选择是“四大名著”，因为阅卷老师大多读过，没读过的也肯定知道(没读过四大名著的语文老师?哼哼!不配当语文老师)，因此，你在高考作文时，恰当地引用“四大名著”的内容时，他们都会知道，很容易让他们产生亲切感。

上海特级语文教师余党绪说，他有个学生特别喜欢《水浒传》，了如指掌，说什么都知道，写作文时，无论什么题目都能绕到《水浒传》上。因此他的作文说理时很有逻辑，资料很有说服力。高考时，这位同学写出了满分作文。

如果你对《水浒传》如数家珍，在写作时能够恰当地引用，并逻辑合理，即使不能满分，也基本都是可以达到优的分数，确保语文的考试在优秀级别，就可以于考试中，立于不败了。

昨天下午两点钟，我在杭州江干区采荷中学讲《人工智能时代的创造性写作》，谈了一堆万物互联、纳米技术、大脑扫描、人机结合声明、碳基生命和硅基生命等内容，最后谈到了《西游记》，

我 建议听课的六百多名初一同学，如果喜欢的话就精读《西游记》。什么叫做精读呢?就是除了吴承恩的《西游记》之外，你还知道朱鼎臣的《唐三藏西游释厄传》杨 致和的《西游记传》等相关作品，最好还知道丘处机等《长春真人西游记》、玄奘的《大唐西域记》等不直接有关但是可以拓展认识的作品。当代的影视改编版本， 如上海美术电影制片厂早期的动画片《大闹天宫》、央视版《西游记》、如刘镇伟、周星驰版《大话西游》、如周星驰版《西游降魔篇》，还有新的动画片《西游记 之大神归来》，新的改编版《西游记之三打白骨精》以及周润发等主演的新《大闹天宫》等。另外，现代人新解《西游记》，如今何在等《悟空传》等，也可以了 解，还可以看看《孙悟空等师父是谁》等网文，知道一下人们为何用“猪一般的队友”等方式来活用《西游记》这部经典，这样，你写作文时，就言之有物，下笔如 有神了。

我小时候是胡乱生长的，整天都是打家劫舍、捉鱼摸虾，没干什么好事。但是父亲比较关心我们的阅读，在七十年代末书籍缺乏年代，我们还是能读到“四大名著”连环画等小人书，后来看到梁羽生、金庸、古龙等人的武侠小说，语文课本之外，知道了世界如此丰富。

这些武侠小说虽然算不上是经典名著，但也开拓了我们的知识，拓展了我们的思维。我少年时代读金庸的《天龙八部》，完全不明白什么叫做“天龙八部”，也完全不懂佛经佛法佛教，但知道了大理国、吐蕃、西夏、大辽，那个宋代四面受敌的时代，在武侠小说里写得比革命史精彩多了。

后来，我算是把金庸的武侠小说全都读透了，八十年代初进入大陆的香港电视连续剧如《射雕英雄传》《神雕侠侣》等，成为我们那个时代的精神大餐。

为了深入理解新派武侠小说，我也曾有意识地了解了金庸先生的人生经历，后来顺藤摸瓜，又去读了旧式武侠小说如《三侠五义》等。这种延伸性阅读法，使我的阅读比同龄人丰富得多，在高考时，我几乎毫不费力地拿到了全县语文高考的最高分。

后来考研究生、考博士，我都是第一名，这个真是轻轻松松，势如破竹，完全可以大肆吹嘘的。

女儿说：“爸爸是考神!”

是因为，我有好办法，又能更早地运用这种方法。

好方法不常有，能把好方法运用好的更是不寻常。

前人为我们总结了几条行之有效的经验，即：多观察，多读书，多练笔，多思考，多修改。 小编收集了写作技巧的提升，欢迎阅读。

1、细观察。细致观察是提高写作水平的金钥匙。只有仔细地观察，才能从生活现象的矿藏中发现碎金璞玉，于泥沙混杂中攫取闪光的宝物。不掌握“观察”这把开门的金钥匙，作文的“铁门”是坚决跨不进去的。

2、多阅读。广泛阅读是提高作文水平的前提条件。要写出好文章，就必须多读书。“读书破万卷，下笔如有神。”“熟读唐诗三百首，不会作诗也会吟。”我们强调既要多读，又要选择地读，更要读进去，理解所读文章的结构技艺，语言特点”等。

3、常练笔。经常练笔是提高作文水平的关键。要想入作文的大门，并求得不断进步，更重要的是多练。谚语说的好：“文章读十篇，不如写一篇。”这就道出了作文实践出真知的道理。写日记是一种有效的练笔方式，天天坚持写日记，以后作文就有了坚实的基础。

4.发挥想象力。

5.多读书。

6.多借鉴别人的好文章(不是抄袭)多去借鉴别人的意见 。

7.多听别人的意见。

【怎样练好作文基本功】

同学们要想写好作文，从小就要扎扎实实地练好作文基本功。

怎样练好作文基本功呢?

前人为我们总结了几条行之有效的经验，即：多观察，多读书，多练笔，多思考，多修改。

多观察：就是说要注意观察生活，做生活的有心人。鲁迅先生在答复《北斗》杂志社讨论怎样写文章的一封信中第一条就是“留心各样的事情，多看看，不要看到一点就写。”对于周围的人物，动物，植物，景物……都要留心观察。

多读书：古人说：“读书破万卷，下笔如有神。”少年时熟读背诵一些好文章，可以经久不忘，也可以学到一些作文的方法。鲁迅先生说：“凡是已有定评的大作家，他的作品，全部就说明着‘应该怎样写’。”鲁迅先生还主张“广博”，除了阅读文学书以外，还要适当阅读一些历史、地理和科学技术知识方面的书籍，以增长知识，扩大视野。读书，还要养成认真的习惯，不要走马观花，不求甚解，应该努力做到读一本书有一本书的收获。

多练笔：俗话说：“好记性不如烂笔头。”现在，有不少同学开始写观察日记，做读书笔记，这很好，应该坚持下去。已故作家老舍先生告诫我们：“要打好基础，第一步就要学会‘记’，每天记一件事。”“最好的窍门就是‘每天必写’、‘天天拿笔’，哪怕是写几十个字也好。”因为“习惯养成之后，虽不记，也能抓住要点了，这样日积月累，你肚子里的东西就多了起来。”不练，不写，手就生;多练，多写，熟就能生巧。

多思考：老舍先生说：“读一篇文章，读完要仔细想想。会写文章的人，他用一个字就能顶几个字，他会找一个顶合适的字来用。读文章的时候，只念一念，不仔细想一想，是体会不到它的好处的。”读文章要想，写文章也要想，拿起笔就写，结果不是下笔千言，离题万里，就是写了几句就写不下去，只好“挤牙膏”，想一句，写一句，东拉西扯，这样的文章怎能写好呢?多思才能出智慧，多思考才能把文章写深刻，多联想才能把文章写生动。

多修改：修改是写作的重要一环。如果把写文章比作生产一种产品，那么，修改就是生产过程中必不可少的一道“工序”。有人说，好文章是改出来的，这话有道理。一篇文章，什么地方需要改，什么地方不需要改，要从实际出发，认真地把已经写出来的文章从立意、选材、篇章结构、语言文字、标点符号等多方面进行增、删、改，使文章更完美、更周密、更准确地反映客观实际。同学们初学写作文，更应该养成认真修改的习惯。

以上说的“五多”，不是什么写作的“秘诀”和“窍门”，却是练好作文基本功必须知道的常识。

导语：冰冻三尺，非一日之寒，练习英语写作也是一样，三天打鱼两天晒网是不行的，必须得持之以恒的练习，才会有进步。下面是yuwenmi小编为还在备考的同学整理的优秀英语素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1. According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking.

依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.

最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet.

没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. People seem to fail to take into account the fact that education does not end with graduation.

人们似乎忽视了教育不应该随着毕业而结束这一事实。

5. An increasing number of people are beginning to realize that education is not complete with graduation.

越来越多的人开始意识到教育不能随着毕业而结束。

6. When it comes to education, the majority of people believe that education is a lifetime study.

说到教育，大部分人认为其是一个终生的学习。

7. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a persons physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

8. Proper measures must be taken to limit the number of foreign tourists and the great efforts should be made to protect local environment and history from the harmful

effects of international tourism.

应该采取适当的措施限制外国旅游者的数量，努力保护当地环境和历史不受国际旅游业的不利影响。

9. An increasing number of experts believe that migrants will exert positive effects on construction of city. However, this opinion is now being questioned by more and more city residents, who complain that the migrants have brought many serious problems like crime and prostitution.

越来越多的专家相信移民对城市的建设起到积极作用。然而，越来越多的城市居民却怀疑这种说法，他们抱怨民工给城市带来了许多严重的问题，像犯罪和卖淫。

10. Many city residents complain that it is so few buses in their city that they have to spend much more time waiting for a bus, which is usually crowded with a large number of passengers.

许多市民抱怨城市的公交车太少，以至于他们要花很长时间等一辆公交车，而车上可能已满载乘客。

11. There is no denying the fact that air pollution is an extremely serious problem: the city authorities should take strong measures to deal with it.

无可否认，空气污染是一个极其严重的问题：城市当局应该采取有力措施来解决它。

12. An investigation shows that female workers tend to have a favorable attitude toward retirement.

一项调查显示妇女欢迎退休。

13. A proper part-time job does not occupy students too much time. In fact, it is unhealthy for them to spend all of time on their study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

一份适当的业余工作并不会占用学生太多的时间，事实上，把全部的时间都用到学习上并不健康，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

14. Any government, which is blind to this point, may pay a heavy price.

任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

15.Nowadays, many students always go into raptures at the mere mention of the coming life of high school or college they will begin. Unfortunately, for most young people, it is not pleasant experience on their first day on campus.

当前，一提到即将开始的学校生活，许多学生都会兴高采烈。然而，对多数年轻人来说，校园刚开始的日子并不是什么愉快的经历。

16. In view of the seriousness of this problem, effective measures should be taken before things get worse.

考虑到问题的严重性，在事态进一步恶化之前，必须采取有效的措施。

17. The majority of students believe that part-time job will provide them with more opportunities to develop their interpersonal skills, which may put them in a favorable position in the future job markets.

大部分学生相信业余工作会使他们有更多机会发展人际交往能力，而这对他们未来找工作是非常有好处的。

18. It is indisputable that there are millions of people who still have a miserable life and have to face the dangers of starvation and exposure.

无可争辩，现在有成千上万的人仍过着挨饿受冻的痛苦生活。

19. Although this view is wildly held, this is little evidence that education can be obtained at any age and at any place.

尽管这一观点被广泛接受，很少有证据表明教育能够在任何地点、任何年龄进行。

20. No one can deny the fact that a persons education is the most important aspect of his life.

没有人能否认：教育是人生最重要的一方面。

21. People equate success in life with the ability of operating computer.

人们把会使用计算机与人生成功相提并论。

22. In the last decades, advances in medical technology have made it possible for people to live longer than in the past.

在过去的几十年，先进的医疗技术已经使得人们比过去活的时间更长成为可能。

23. In fact, we have to admit the fact that the quality of life is as important as life itself.

事实上，我们必须承认生命的质量和生命本身一样重要。

24. We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.

我们应该不遗余力地美化我们的环境。

25. People believe that computer skills will enhance their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

人们相信拥有计算机技术可以获得更多工作或提升的机会。

26. The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that this knowledge may be less useful than most people think.

从这几年我搜集的信息来看，这些知识并没有人们想象的那么有用。

27. Now, it is generally accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduation.

现在，人们普遍认为没有一所大学能够在毕业时候教给学生所有的知识。

28. This is a matter of life and death--a matter no country can afford to ignore.

这是一个关系到生死的问题，任何国家都不能忽视。

29. For my part, I agree with the latter opinion for the following reasons:

我同意后者，有如下理由：

30. Before giving my opinion, I think it is important to look at the arguments on both sides.

在给出我的观点之前，我想看看双方的观点是重要的。

31. This view is now being questioned by more and more people.

这一观点正受到越来越多人的质疑。

32. Although many people claim that, along with the rapidly economic development, the number of people who use bicycle are decreasing and bicycle is bound to die out. The information Ive collected over the recent years leads me to believe that bicycle will continue to play extremely important roles in modern society.

尽管许多人认为随着经济的高速发展，用自行车的人数会减少，自行车可能会消亡， 然而，这几年我收集的一些信息让我相信自行车仍然会继续在现代社会发挥极其重要的作用。

33. Environmental experts point out that increasing pollution not only causes serious problems such as global warming but also could threaten to end human life on our planet.

环境学家指出：持续增加的污染不仅会导致像全球变暖这样严重的问题，而且还将威胁到人类在这个星球的生存。

34. In view of such serious situation, environmental tools of transportation like bicycle are more important than any time before.

考虑到这些严重的状况，我们比以往任何时候更需要像自行车这样的环保型交通工具。

35. Using bicycle contributes greatly to peoples physical fitness as well as easing traffic jams.

使用自行车有助于人们的身体健康，并极大地缓解了交通阻塞。

36. Despite many obvious advantages of bicycle, it is not without its problem.

尽管自行车有许多明显的优点，但是它也存在它的问题。

37. Bicycle cant be compared with other means of transportation like car and train for speed and comfort.

在速度和舒适度方面，自行车是无法和汽车、火车这样的交通工具相比的。

38. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages and it will still play essential roles in modern society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：自行车的优点远大于缺点，并且在现代社会它仍将发挥重要作用。

39. There is a general discussion these days over education in many colleges and institutes. One of the questions under debate is whether education is a lifetime study.

当前在高校和研究机构对教育存在着大量争论，其中一个问题就是教育是否是个终身学习的过程。

40. This issue has caused wide public concern.

这个问题已经引起了广泛关注。

41. It must be noted that learning must be done by a person himself.

必须指出学习只能靠自己。

42. A large number of people tend to live under the illusion that they had completed their education when they finished their schooling. Obviously, they seem to fail to take into account the basic fact that a persons education is a most important aspect of his life.

许多人存在这样的误解，认为离开学校就意味着结束了他们的教育。显然，他们忽视了教育是人生重要部分这一基本事实。

43. As for me, Im in favor of the opinion that education is not complete with graduation, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我同意教育不应该随着毕业而结束的观点，有以下原因：

44. It is commonly accepted that no college or university can educate its students by the time they graduate.

人们普遍认为高校是不可能在毕业的时候教会他们的学生所有知识的。

45. Even the best possible graduate needs to continue learning before she or he becomes an educated person.

即使最优秀的毕业生，要想成为一个博学的人也要不断地学习。

46. It is commonly thought that our society had dramatically changed by modern science and technology, and human had made extraordinary progress in knowledge and technology over the recent decades.

人们普遍认为我们的现代科技使我们的社会发生了巨大的变化，近几十年人类在科技方面取得了惊人的进步。

47. Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that learning new skills and knowledge contributes directly to enhancing their job opportunities or promotion opportunities.

现在越来越多的人开始相信学习新的技术和知识能直接帮助他们获得工作就会或提升的机会。

48. An investigation shows that many older people express a strong desire to continue studying in university or college.

一项调查显示许多老人都有到大学继续学习的愿望。

49. For the majority of people, reading or learning a new skill has become the focus of their lives and the source of their happiness and contentment after their retirement.

对大多数人来讲，退休以后，阅读或学习一项新技术已成为他们生活的中心和快乐的来源。

50. For people who want to adopt a healthy and meaningful life style, it is important to find time to learn certain new knowledge. Just as an old saying goes: it is never too late to learn.

对于那些想过上健康而有意义的生活的人们来说，找时间学习一些新知识是很重要的，正如那句老话：活到老，学到老。

51. There is a general debate on the campus today over the phenomenon of college or high school students doing a part-time job.

对于大学或高中生打工这一现象，校园里进行着广泛的争论。

52. By taking a major-related part-job, students can not only improve their academic studies, but gain much experience, experience they will never be able to get from the textbooks.

通过做一份和专业相关的工作，学生不仅能够提高他们的专业能力，而且能获得从课本上得不到的经验。

53. Although peoples lives have been dramatically changed over the last decades, it must be admitted that, shortage of funds is still the one of the biggest questions that students nowadays have to face because that tuition fees and prices of books are soaring by the day

近几十年，尽管人们的生活有了惊人的改变，但必须承认，由于学费和书费日益飞涨，资金短缺仍然是学生们面临的最大问题之一。

54. Consequently, the extra money obtained from part-time job will strongly support students to continue to their study life.

因此，业余工作挣来的钱将强有力地支持学生们继续他们的求学生活。

55. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that part-time job can produce a far-reaching impact on students and they should be encouraged to take part-time job, which will benefit students and their family, even the society as a whole.

通过上面的讨论，我们不难得出结论：业余工作对学生们会产生深远的影响，我们应鼓励学生从事业余工作，这将有利于学生和他们的家庭，甚至整个社会。

56. These days, people in growing numbers are beginning to complain that work is more stressful and less leisurely than in past. Many experts point out that, along with the development of modern society, it is an inevitable result and there is no way to avoid it.

现在，越来越多的人们开始抱怨工作比以前更有压力。许多专家指出这是现代社会发展必然的结果，无法避免。

57. It is widely acknowledged that computer and other machines have become an indispensable part of our society, which make our life and work more comfortable and less

laborious.

人们普遍认为计算机和其他机器已经成为我们社会必不可少的一部分。 它们使我们的生活更舒适，减少了大量劳动。

58. At the same time, along with the benefits of such machines, employees must study knowledge involved in such machines so that they are able to control them.

同时，随着这些机器带给我们的好处，员工们也必须要学习与之相关的知识以便使用它们。

59. No one can deny the basic fact that it is impossible for average workers to master those high-technology skills easily.

没有人能否认这一基本事实：对于一般工人来讲，轻松掌握这些技术是不可能的。

60. In the second place, there seem to be too many people without job and not enough job position.

第二方面，失业的人似乎太多而又没有足够的工作岗位。

61. Millions of people have to spend more time and energy on studying new skills and technology so that they can keep a favorable position in job market.

成千上万的人们不得不花费更多的精力和时间学习新的技术和知识，使得他们在就业市场能保持优势。

62. According to a recent survey, a growing number of people express a strong desire to take another job or spend more time on their job in order to get more money to support their family.

根据最近的一项调查，越来越多的人表达了想从事另外的工作或加班以赚取更多的钱来补贴家用的强烈愿望。

63. From what has been discussed above, I am fully convinced that the leisure life-style is undergoing a decline with the progress of modern society, it is not necessary a bad thing.

通过以上讨论，我完全相信，随着现代社会的进步，幽闲的生活方式正在消失并不是件坏事。

64. The problem of international tourism has caused wide public concern over the recent years.

近些年，国际旅游的问题引起了广泛关注。

65. Many people believe that international tourism produce positive effects on economic growth and local government should be encouraged to promote international tourism.

许多人认为国际旅游对经济发展有积极作用，应鼓励地方政府发展国际旅游。

66. But what these people fail to see is that international tourism may bring about a disastrous impact on our environment and local history.

但是这些人忽视了国际旅游可能会给当地环境和历史造成的灾难性的影响。

67. As for me, Im firmly convinced that the number of foreign tourists should be limited, for the following reasons:

就我而言，我坚定地认为国外旅游者的数量应得到限制，理由如下：

68. In addition, in order to attract tourists, a lot of artificial facilities have been built, which have certain unfavorable effects on the environment.

另外，为了吸引旅游者，大量人工设施被修建，这对环境是不利的。

69. For lack of distinct culture, some places will not attract tourists any more. Consequently, the fast rise in number of foreign tourists may eventually lead to the decline of local tourism.

由于缺乏独特的文化，一些地方不再吸引旅游者。因此，国外旅游者数量的快速增加可能最终会导致当地旅游业的衰败。

70. There is a growing tendency for parents to ask their children to accept extra educational programs over the recent years.

近些年，父母要求他们的孩子接受额外的教育呈增长的势头。

71. This phenomenon has caused wide public concern in many places of world.

这一现象在全世界许多地方已引起了广泛关注。

72. Many parents believe that additional educational activities enjoy obvious advantage. By extra studies, they maintain, their children are able to obtain many kinds of practical skills and useful knowledge, which will put them in a beneficial position in the future job markets when they grow up.

许多家长相信额外的教育活动有许多优点，通过学习，他们的孩子可以获得很多实践技能和有用的知识，当他们长大后，这些对他们就业是大有好处的。

73. In the first place, extra studies bring about unhealthy impacts on physical growth of children. Educational experts point out that, it is equally important to take some sport activities instead of extra studies when children have spent the whole day in a boring classroom.

首先，额外的学习对孩子们的身体发育是不利的。教育专家指出，孩子们在枯燥的教室里呆了一整天后，从事一些体育活动，而不是额外的学习，是非常重要的。

74. Children are undergoing fast physical development; lack of physical exercise may produce disastrous influence on their later life.

孩子们正处于身体快速发育时期，缺乏体育锻炼可能会对他们未来的生活造成严重的影响。

75. In the second place, from psychological aspect, the majority of children seem to tend to have an unfavorable attitude toward additional educational activities.

第二，从心理上讲，大部分孩子似乎对额外的学习没有什么好感。

76. It is hard to imagine a student focusing their energy on textbook while other children are playing.

当别的孩子在玩耍的时候，很难想象一个学生能集中精力在课本上。

77. Moreover, children will have less time to play and communicate with their peers due to extra studies, consequently, it is difficult to develop and cultivate their character and interpersonal skills. They may become more solitary and even suffer from certain mental illness.

而且，由于要额外地学习，孩子们没有多少时间和同龄的孩子玩耍和交流，很难培养他们的个性和交际能力。他们可能变得孤僻甚至产生某些心理疾病。

78. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that, although extra studies indeed enjoy many obvious advantages, its disadvantages shouldnt be ignored and far outweigh its advantages. It is absurd to force children to take extra studies after school.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论：尽管额外学习的确有很多优点，但它的缺点不可忽视，且远大于它的优点。因此，放学后强迫孩子额外学习是不明智的。

79. Any parents should place considerable emphasis on their children to keep the balance between play and study. As an old saying goes: All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.

任何家长都应非常重视保持孩子在学习与玩耍的平衡，正如那句老话：只工作，不玩耍，聪明的孩子会变傻。

80. There is a growing tendency for parent these days to stay at home to look after their children instead of returning to work earlier.

现在，父亲或母亲留在家里照顾他们的孩子而不愿过早返回工作岗位正成为增加的趋势。

81. Parents are firmly convinced that, to send their child to kindergartens or nursery schools will have an unfavorable influence on the growth of children.

父母们坚定地相信把孩子送到幼儿园对他们的成长不利。

82. However, this idea is now being questioned by more and more experts, who point out that it is unhealthy for children who always stay with their parents at home.

然而，这一想法正遭受越来越多的专家的质疑，他们指出，孩子总是呆在家里，和父母在一起，是不健康的。

83. Although parent would be able to devote much more time and energy to their children, it must be admitted that, parent has less experience and knowledge about how to educate and supervise children, when compared with professional teachers working in kindergartens or nursery schools.

尽管父母能在他们孩子身上投入更多时间和精力，但是必须承认，与工作在幼儿园的专职教师相比，他们在如何管理教育孩子方面缺乏知识和经验。

84. From what has been discussed above, we may safely draw a conclusion that, although the parents desire to look after children by themselves is understandable, its disadvantages far outweigh the advantages.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出如下结论：尽管家长想亲自照看孩子的愿望是可以理解的，但是这样做的缺点远大于优点。

85. Parents should be encouraged to send their children to nursery schools, which will bring about profound impacts on children and families, and even the society as a whole.

应该鼓励父母将他们的孩子送到幼儿园，这将对孩子，家庭，甚至整个社会产生深远的影响。

86. Many leaders of government always go into raptures at the mere mention of artistic and cultural projects. They are forever talking about the nice parks, the smart sculptures in central city and the art galleries with various valuable rarities. Nothing, they maintain, is more essential than such projects in the economic growth.

只要一提起艺术和文化项目，一些政府领导就会兴奋不已，他们滔滔不绝地说着美丽的公园，城市中心漂亮的雕塑，还有满是稀世珍宝的艺术展览馆。他们认为在经济发展中，没有什么比这些艺术项目更重要了。

87. But is it really the case? The information Ive collected over last few years leads me to believe that artistic and cultural projects may be less useful than many governments think. In fact, basic infrastructure projects are playing extremely important role and should be given priority.

这是真的吗?这些年我收集的信息让我相信这些文化、艺术项目并没有许多政府想象的那么重要。事实上，基础设施建设非常重要，应该放在首位。

88. Those who are in favor of artistic and cultural projects advocate that cultural environment will attract more tourists, which will bring huge profits to local residents. Some people even equate the build of such projects with the improving of economic construction.

那些赞成建设文化艺术项目的人认为文化环境会吸引更多的游客，这将给当地居民带来巨大的利益。一些人甚至把建设文化艺术项目与发展经济建设等同起来。

89. Unfortunately, there is very few evidence that big companies are willing to invest a huge sums of money in a place without sufficient basic projects, such as supplies of electricity and water.

然而，很少有证据表明大公司愿意把巨额的资金投到一个连水电这些基础设施都不完善的地方去。

90. From what has been discussed above, it would be reasonable to believe that basic projects play far more important role than artistic and cultural projects in peoples life and economic growth.

通过以上讨论，我们有理由相信在人们的生活和经济发展方面，基础建设比艺术文化项目发挥更大的作用。

91. Those urban planners who are blind to this point will pay a heavy price, which they cannot afford it.

那些城市的规划者们如果忽视这一点，将会付出他们无法承受的代价。

92. There is a growing tendency these days for many people who live in rural areas to come into and work in city. This problem has caused wide public concern in most cities all over the world.

农民进城打工正成为增长的趋势，这一问题在世界上大部分城市已引起普遍关注。

93. An investigation shows that many emigrants think that working at city provide them with not only a higher salary but also the opportunity of learning new skills.

一项调查显示许多民工认为在城市打工不仅有较高的收入，而且能学到一些新技术。

94. It must be noted that improvement in agriculture seems to not be able to catch up with the increase in population of rural areas and there are millions of peasants who still live a miserable life and have to face the dangers of exposure and starvation.

必须指出，农业的发展似乎赶不上农村人口的增加，并且仍有成千上万的农民过着缺衣挨饿的贫寒生活。

95. Although rural emigrants contribute greatly to the economic growth of the cities, they may inevitably bring about many negative impacts.

尽管民工对城市的经济发展做出了巨大贡献，然而他们也不可避免的带来了一些负面影响。

96. Many sociologists point out that rural emigrants are putting pressure on population control and social order; that they are threatening to take already scarce city jobs; and that they have worsened traffic and public health problems.

许多社会学家指出民工正给人口控制和社会治安带来压力。他们正在威胁着本已萧条的工作市场，他们恶化了交通和公共卫生状况。

97. It is suggested that governments ought to make efforts to reduce the increasing gap between cities and countryside. They ought to set aside an appropriate fund for improvement of the standard of peasants lives. They ought to invite some experts in agriculture to share their experiences, information and knowledge with peasants, which will contribute directly to the economic growth of rural areas.

建议政府应该努力减少正在拉大的城乡差距。应该划拨适当的资金提高农民的生活水平;应该邀请农业专家向农民介绍他们的经验，知识和信息，这些将有助于发展农村经济。

98. In conclusion, we must take into account this problem rationally and place more emphases on peasants lives. Any government that is blind to this point will pay a heavy price.

总之，我们应理智考虑这一问题，重视农民的生活。任何政府忽视这一点都将付出巨大的代价。

99. Although many experts from universities and institutes consistently maintain that it is an inevitable part of an independent life, parents in growing numbers are starting to realize that people, including teachers and experts in education, should pay considerable attention to this problem.

尽管来自高校和研究院的许多专家坚持认为这是独立生活不可避免的一部分，然而越来越多的家长开始意识到包括教师和教育专家在内的人们应该认真对待这一问题。

100. As for me, it is essential to know, at first, what kind of problems young students possible would encounter on campus.

我认为，首先应看看学生们在校园可能遇到哪些问题。

121. on the one hand, it is indisputable that boarding schools are exerting a growing important effect, especially in last few years.

一方面，寄宿学校正在发挥越来越重要的作用，尤其是最近几年，这是无可争辩的。

122. students attend a boarding school would cultivate their independence as apart from their parents.

离开父母上寄宿学校的学生将会培养他们的独立性

123. whats more, living in school can save them a great deal of time on the way between home and school everyday, so they would be able to concentrate more time and energy on their academic work.

而且，生活在学校里能节省大量每天往返于学校和家的路上的时间，这会使他们有更多的时间和精力放在学习上。

124. on the other hand, the contribution of day schools cant be ignored.

另一方面，日制学校的贡献是不能忽视的。

125. due to high tuition fee, most of ordinary families cannot afford to send their children to boarding schools.

因为较高的学费，大部分普通家庭支付不起他们的孩子上寄宿学校的费用。

126. since it is unnecessary to consider students routinelife, day school can lay stress on teaching instead of other aspects, such as management of dormitory and cafeteria.

由于无需考虑学生的日常生活，日制学校可以将重点放在教学上而不是放在像宿舍和食堂管理这些方面。

127. furthermore, students living in their own home would have access to a comfortable life and have more opportunities to communicate with their parents, which have beneficial impact on development of their personal character.

而且，学生生活在自己家中，有舒适的生活，并有更多机会和父母交流，这对他们个性的培养是有利的。

128. from what has been discussed above, we may safely draw the conclusion that both of day schools and boarding schools are important to train young students for our society.

通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论，寄宿学校和日制学校对我们社会培养年轻学生都是重要的。

129. there is much discussion over science and technology. one of the questions under debate is whether traditional technology and methods are bound to die out when a country begins to develop modern science and technology.

关于科学技术存在许多争论，其中一个问题是当国家发展现代科学技术时，传统的技术方法是否可能会消亡?

130. as for me, the declining of traditional technology and methods is not a bad thing; it is the natural result of progress of society.

我认为，传统技术方法的消亡不一定是坏事，这是社会进步的自然结果。

131. in the first place, some aspects of the traditional technology and methods are harmful and hampering the development of modern technology science.

首先，传统技术方法有些部分是有害的，并且会阻碍现代科技的发展。

132. although modern science and technology have proved that such methods are absurd, there are still millions of people use such methods in many remote places nowadays.

尽管现代科学技术已经证明了这些方法是愚昧的，然而在许多偏僻的地方，仍有成千上万的人们在使用这些方法。

133. in the second place, many values of traditional technology are out of date and should be replaced by modern science.

第二点，许多传统技术方法已经过时，应被现代科技所取代。

134. although many people tend to live under the illusion that traditional technology and methods are still playing extremely important role in peoples life, an increasingevidences show that it is less useful than many people think.

尽管许多人保持着传统观念，认为传统技术方法在人们生活中仍发挥着重要作用，但是越来越多的证据显示它并没有人们想象的有用。

135. from what has been discussed above, i firmly believe that time will prove that traditional technology and methods would die out with the development of modern science and technology. the maintenance of the traditionaltechnology and methods is futile.

通过以上讨论，我坚定地相信时间会证明传统技术方法将会随着现代技术的发展而消亡，坚持传统技术方法是徒劳的。

136. at the time when technology means ever more harmful carbon in the air we breathe, we need these forests now more than ever.

当技术的发展意味着我们会吸入更多有害气体时，我们比任何时候更需要森林。

137. nothing is more important than to receive education.

没有比接受教育更重要的事。

138. we cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

我们再怎么强调保护眼睛的重要性也不为过。

139. there is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.

无可否认，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。

140. it is universally acknowledged that trees are

indispensable to us.

全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

141. there is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.

毫无疑问，我们的教育制度令人不满意。

142. an advantage of using the solar energy is that it wont create any pollution.

使用太阳能的优点是它不会产生任何污染。

143. the reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.

我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

144. so precious is time that we cant afford to waste it.

时间是如此珍贵，我们不能浪费它。

145. rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.

虽然我们的国家很富有，但是我们的生活质量却令人很不满意。

146. the harder you work, the more progress you make.

你越努力，你越进步。

147. the more books we read, the more learned we become.

我们书读得越多，我们越有学问。

148. to average people, they often tend to live under the illusion that english often means a good opportunity for ones career, is this really the case?

对于一般人来说，他们常常以为掌握英语就意味着一份好的工作，然而这是真的吗?

149. by taking exercise, we can always stay healthy.

通过体育锻炼，我们能够始终保持健康。

150. listening to music enables us to feel relaxed.

听音乐能使我们放松。

151. on no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.

我们绝对不能忽视知识的价值。

152. it is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.

该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

153. those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.

违反交通规则的人应该受到处罚。

154. there is no one but longs to go to college.

人们都希望上大学。

155. since the examination is around the corner, i am compelled to give up doing sports.

既然考试迫在眉睫，我不得不放弃作运动。

156. it is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in our life.

可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

157. summer is sultry. thats the reason why i dont like it.

夏天很闷热，这就是我不喜欢它的原因。

158. the progress of the society is based on harmony.

社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

159. we should bring home to people the value of working hard.

我们应该让人们知道努力的价值。

160. taking exercise is closely related to health.

作运动与健康息息相关。

161. we should get into the habit of keeping good hours.

我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

162. the condition of our traffic leaves much to be desired.

我们的交通状况令人不满意。

163. smoking has a great influence on our health.

抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

164. reading does good to our mind.

读书对心灵有益。

165. overwork does harm to health.

工作过度对健康有害。

166. pollution poses a great threat to our existence.

污染对我们的生存造成巨大威胁。

167. we should do our best to achieve our goal in life.

我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标。

168. weather a large family is a good thing or not is a very popular topic, which is often talked about not only by city residents but by farmers as well.

家庭人口多好还是家庭人口少好是一个非常通俗的主题，不仅是城里人，而且农民都经常讨论这个问题。

169. as is known to all, fake and inferior commodities harm the interests of consumers.

众所周知，假冒伪劣商品损害了消费者的利益。

170. today an increasing number of people have realized that law education is of great importance. in order to keep law and order, every one of us is supposed to get a law education.

现在，愈来愈多的人认识到法制教育的重要性。为了维护社会治安 ，我们每人都应该接受法制教育。

171. from what i have mentioned above, we can see clearly that violence on tv has great influence on youngsters behavior.

从上面我所提到的，我们可以清楚地看到，电视暴力对青少年的影响是极其深远的。

172. there are two reasons for the improvement in peoples living conditions. in the first place, we have been carrying out the reform and opening-up policy. secondly, there has been a rapid expansion of our national economy. furthermore, the birth rate has been put under control.

人民生活状况的改善原因有两点。首先，我们一直在贯彻执行改革开放政策。其次，国民经济正在迅速发展，而且出生率已经得到控制。

173. my suggestions to deal with the problem are as follows. to begin with, it is urgent to create nature reserves. secondly, certain rare wild animals that are going to be extinct should be collected, fed and reproduced artificially. finally, those who hunter them must be punished severely.

我对解决这个问题的建议如下：首先，迫在眉睫的是建立自然保护区。其次，有些濒临灭绝的珍稀野生动物应该收捕、人工喂养并繁殖。最后，对于捕猎珍稀野生动物的人必须严惩。

174. people differ in their attitudes towards failure. faced with it, some of them can stand up to it, draw useful lessons from it and try hard to fulfill what they are determined to do. others, however, lose heart and give in.

人们对失败持有不同的态度。面对失败，有人能够经得起考验，从失败中汲取教训，并努力去完成他们下定决心要做的事情。然而，另一些人却丧失信心并退却了。

175. it is desirable to build more hospitals, shopping centers, recreation centers, cinemas and other public facilities to meet the growing needs of people.

人们希望建立更多的医院、购物中心、娱乐中心、电影院和其他公用设施来满足人们日益增长的需求。

176. as a popular saying goes, "everything has two sides." now the public are benefiting more and more from scientific and technological inventions. on the other hand, the progress of science and technology is bringing us a lot of trouble. people in many countries are suffering from public hazards.

常言道：事情总是一分为二的。如今人们从科技发明中得到越来越多的好处。另一方面，科技进步也给我们带来了许多麻烦。现在许多国家 的人民饱受公害之苦。

177. lets take cars for example. they not only pollute the air in cities, but make them crowded. furthermore, they are responsible for a lot of traffic accidents. the noise made by cars disturbs the residents living on both sides of streets all day and night.

就拿汽车为例。汽车不仅污染城市空气，而且使城市拥挤不堪。此外，汽车造成许多交通事故。汽车所产生的噪音使居住在街道两旁的居民日夜不得安宁。

178. it is generally believed that the chief reason for the increase in population in developed countries is not so much the rise in birth rates as the decline in death rates as a result of the improvement in medical care.

普遍认为，在发达国家人口增长的主要原因与其说是出生率的上升，还不如说是由于医疗保健的改善使死亡率下降了。

179. there is no doubt that the increase in demand caused the rise in prices.

毫无疑问，需求的增长导致了价格的上涨。

180. additional social stresses may also occur because of the population explosion or problems arising from mass migration movements-themselves made relatively easy nowadays by modern means of transport.

由于人口的猛增或大量人口流动(现代交通工具使这种流动相对容易)引发的种种问题也会对社会造成新的压力。

文题是文章的眉目，“文好题一半”，一个好的题目，可以概括全文的内容，可以体现全文的思路，可以蕴涵全文的主旨，可以表明全文的特色，能给人清新脱俗，耳目一新的感觉，能一下子抓住读者的注意力、激发起仔细阅读的兴趣，能使文章起到眉目传神的妙用。如《扬长避短，成功之道》、《“英雄”偏到“无用武之地》，这些文题巧用成语，新颖别致。又如《“钦差大臣”请下岗》、《“李鬼”打假》，这些文题巧用名人名字，耐人寻味。再如《千里马变成推磨驴》、《岂可回族街头卖猪肉》等活用修辞给人赏心悦目的感觉。

考场作文的文题，首先必须准确，要扣准话题，不能偏题离题;其次要醒目，要紧扣文章内容，让人一看一目了然，给人耳目一新的感觉;再其次要简洁，要短小简单，能给人留下深刻的印象，能给人广阔的想象空间。常见的文题有三种类型①老实型。老老实实的采用原话题的原词句，并不多加改造。如《心灵的选择》《小议诚信》。②深化型。对原话题理解的基础上，所拟文题或明确主旨，或概括内容，或体现思路，或表明特色，如《失败是种难言的美丽》《人在旅途》。③艺术型。采用一定的修辞方法，常见的如比喻式《人生也是一张答卷》《成功之花只对挑战者绽放》，夸张式《世界很小是个家》，引用式《你不该悄悄地走开》(歌曲)《横看成岭侧成峰》(诗句)，反问式《21世纪你美吗》《岂可回族街头卖猪肉》，情景式《滑铁卢上空的雄鹰》《带着三句话上路》，符号式《出发+拼搏=到达》，呼告式《妈妈，我想对你说》，对比式《英雄无用武之地与英雄有用武之地》。这三种情况以后两种为好。

导语：高考英语作文是高考英语中比较重要的一部分，下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理了优秀英语作文，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1) 主语+ cannot emphasize the importance of … too much.(再怎么强调……的重要性也不为过。)例如：We cannot emphasize the importance of protecting our eyes too much.

2)There is no need for sb to do sth. for sth.(某人没有必要做……)，例如：There is no need for you to bring more food. 不需你拿来更多的食物了。

3)By +doing…，主语can …. (借着……，……能够……)，例如：By taking exercise, we can always stay healthy. 借着做运动，我们能够始终保持健康。

4) … enable + sb.+ to + do…. (……使……能够……)，例如：Listening to music enables us to feel relaxed. 听音乐使我们能够感觉轻松。

5) On no account can we + do…. (我们绝对不能……)，例如：On no account can we ignore the value of knowledge.我们绝对不能忽略知识的价值。

6) What will happen to sb.? (某人将会怎样?), 例如：What will happen to the orphan? 那个孤儿将会怎样?

7)For the past + 时间，主语 + 现在完成式…. (过去……年来，……一直……)例如：

For the past two years，I have been busy preparing for the examination. 过去两年来，我一直忙着准备考试。

8)It pays to + do….(……是值得的。)例如：It pays to help others. 帮助别人是值得的。

9)主语+ be based on….(以……为基础)，例如：The progress of thee society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。

10)主语 + do one’s best to do….(尽全力去……)，例如：We should do our best to achieve our goal in life.我们应尽全力去达成我们的人生目标

注意：“尽全力”在英语中有不同表达，例如：We should spare no effort/make every effort to beautify our environment.我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。

11)主语+ be closely related to …. (与……息息相关)， 例如：Taking exercise is closely related to health.做运动与健康息息相关。

12) 主语+ get into the habit of + V-ing = make it a rule to + V (养成……的习惯)，例如：We should get into the habit of keeping good hours.我们应该养成早睡早起的习惯。

Owing to/Thanks to sth… (因为……)，例如：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。

13)What a + 形容词 + 名词 + 主语 + be!= How +形容词+ a +名词+ be!(多么……!)，例如： What an important thing it is to keep our promise!= How important a thing it is to keep our promise!遵守诺言是多么重要的事!

14)主语 + do good/ harm to sth.. (对……有益/有害)，例如：Reading does good to our mind.读书对心灵有益。Overwork does harm to health.工作过度对健康有害。

15)主语 + have a great influence on sth. (对……有很大的影响)，例如：Smoking has a great influence on our health.抽烟对我们的健康有很大的影响。

16) nothing can prevent us from doing…. (没有事情能够阻挡我们做……), 例如：All this shows that nothing can prevent us from reaching our aims.这显示了没有事情能够阻挡我们实现目标。

17) Upon / On doing…, …. (一……就…….) ，例如：Upon / On hearing of the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldn’t say a word. 一听到这个出乎意料的消息，他惊讶到说不出话来。

注意：此句型一般可以改为如下复合句句型，例如：As soon as he heard of the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he ….

Hardly had he arrived when she started complaining. 他刚来，她就开始抱怨。

No sooner had he arrived than it began to rain. 他刚来，就下雨了。

18) would rather do…than do…(宁愿……而不……), 例如：I would rather walk home than take a crowded bus. 我宁愿步行回家也不愿做拥挤的公交车。

注意：此句型可以改为prefer to do…rather than do…句型，例如：

I prefer to stay at home rather than see the awful film with him. 我宁愿呆在家也不愿意和他去看那部恐怖电影。

19) only + 状语， 主句部分倒装 例如：Only then could the work of reconstruction begin. 直到那时，重建工作才开始。

20) be worth doing (值得做)，例如：The book is worth reading. 这本书值得读。

21)Owing to/Thanks to sth, …. (因为……)，例如：Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。

以下为复合句高级句型：

22)主语+ is + the +形容词最高级+名词+(that)+主语+ have ever + seen(known / heard / had / read,etc)例如：Liu Yifei is the most beautiful girl that I have ever seen in my life. 刘亦菲是我所看过最美丽的女孩。Mr. Liu is the kindest teacher that I have ever had. 刘老师是我曾经遇到最仁慈的教师。

注意，比较级也可以用来表达最高级的意思， 例如：I have never seen a more beautiful girl than Liu Yifei in my life. 在我生活中我从来没见过比刘亦菲更美的女孩。Nothing is more important than to receive education. 没有比接受教育更重要的事。

23)There is no denying that + S + V….(不可否认的……)，例如：There is no denying that the qualities of our living have gone from bad to worse.不可否认的，我们的生活品质已经每况愈下。There is no denying the fact that the new management method has greatly increased the production. 不可否认的事实是，新的管理方法已经极大提高了产量。

24)It is universally acknowledged that +从句(全世界都知道……)，例如：It is universally acknowledged that trees are indispensable to us.全世界都知道树木对我们是不可或缺的。

注意，全世界都知道还可以改为以下句型：As is known to us/As we all know, …. (众所周知，……)。例如：As is known to us/As we all know, knowledge is power.众所周知，知识就是力量。

25)There is no doubt that +从句(毫无疑问的……)，例如：There is no doubt that he came late. 毫无疑问，他来晚了。There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。 There is no doubt that you will be helped by others if you have any difficulties.毫无疑问，你有困难时，会得到别人的帮助。

26)(It is) No wonder that.... (难怪……)，例如：No wonder that he fell asleep in class. 难怪他在课堂上睡着了。

27)So + 形容词 + be + 主词 + that + 从句 (如此……以致于……)，例如：So precious is time that we can’t afford to waste it.时间是如此珍贵，我们经不起浪费它。

28)形容词+ as +主语+ be，主语+ 谓语(虽然……)，例如：Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。

29)The + 比较级 +主语+谓语， the +比较级+主语+谓语(愈……愈……)，例如：The harder you work, the more progress you make. 你愈努力，你愈进步。The more books we read, the more learned we become.我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。The more, the better. 越多越好。

30)It is time + 主语 + 过去式 (该是……的时候了)例如：It is time the authorities concerned took proper steps to solve the traffic problems.该是有关当局采取适当的措施来解决交通问题的时候了。

注意：此句型可以转化为简单句句型：It is time for sth./for sb to do….例如：

It is time for lunch. 该吃午饭了。

It is time they were taught a lesson. 他们该接受教训了

31)To be frank/ To tell the truth, …. (老实说, ……) , 例如: To be frank/ To tell the truth, whether you like it or not, you have no other choice.老实说，不论你喜不喜欢，你别无选择。

32)it took him a year to do….( 他用了1年的时间来做……), 例如：As far as we know, it took him more than a year to write the book.到目前为止我们所知道的是，他用了1年的时间来写这本书。It took them a long time to realize they had made a mistake. 过了很久，他们才意识到犯错了。

33)spent as much time as he could doing sth.(花尽可能的时间做某事)，例如：He spent as much time as he could remembering new words. 他花了尽可能多时间记新单词。

34)Since + 主语 + 过去式，主语 + 现在完成式，例如：Since he went to senior high school， he has worked very hard.自从他上高中，他一直很用功。

35)An advantage of… is that + 句子 (……的优点是……)，例如：An advantage of using the solar energy is that it won’t create (produce) any pollution. 使用太阳能的优点是它不会制造任何污染。

36) It was not until recently that….( 直到最近, ……) ，例如：It was not until recently that the problem was solved. 直到最近这个问题才被解决。

37) We will be successful as long as we…. (只要我们……，我们就会成功的) ，例如：We will be successful as long as we insist on working hard.只要我们坚持努力工作，我们会成功的。

38) No matter + wh-从句，…, 例如：No matter how difficult English may be, you should do your best to learn it.不管英语有多么难，你都应该尽你最大的努力来学它。No matter what he asks you to do, please refuse him. 不管他让你做什么，请拒绝他。注意：此句型一般可以改为疑问词+ever引导的从句，+主句，例如：Whatever he asks you to do, please refuse him.

39)It’s useless/ no good / no use doing sth. (做……是没有用的) , 例如：It’s no use crying over spilt milk. 覆水难收。

40)It’s + a shame / nice/ kind + to do (做.....真惭愧/好)，例如：It’s a shame to lose the match. 输了比赛，真惭愧!It’s nice of you to tell me the truth. 你太好了，告诉我真相。It’s your turn to look after the young trees. 该你照顾这些小树了。

41)It is obvious/clear that + 从句 (…是明显的)，例如：It is obvious that knowledge plays an important role in our life.可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。

注意：此句型中it是形式主语，其后谓语可以有不同变化。例如：

It’s certain that he will win the election. 他肯定会赢得选举。

It is true that we must make our greater efforts; otherwise we cannot catch up with the developed countries.是真的，我们要作出更大的努力，不然/否则，我们不能赶上发达国家。

It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to work twenty hours each day.很难想象爱迪生每天是怎样工作20小时的。

It’s hard to say whether the plan is practical.这个计划是否实际很难说。

It is a common saying that where there is a will ,there is a way.俗话说，有志者，事竟成。

It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to control population growth while raising the quality of the population. 一定要指出的是国家基本政策之一是在提高人口质量的同时控制人口增长。

It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of success but hard work. 一定要记住的是成功的秘密是努力的工作。

It can be seen from this that there is no difficulty in the world we cannot overcome.从这里可看出，世上没有克服不了的困难。

It has been proved that his theory is right.已经证明，他的理论是对的。

42)It is/ was ….that… (强调句型), 例如：It was on the desk that you put your book. 你把书放桌子上了。It was the doctor that inquired what had happened. 医生询问了发生的事情。

43)I don’t think / feel/ suppose that… (否定前移)，例如：

I don’t think that we shall finish it on time. 我认为我们不能按时完成(工作)。

44)The reason why + 从句 is that + 从句 (……的原因是……)，例如：

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can provide us with fresh air.

The reason why we have to grow trees is that they can supply fresh air for us.我们必须种树的原因是它们能供应我们新鲜的空气。

The reason why the river is polluted is that the factory has poured much waste into it.这条河受污染的原因是那家工厂向里倾到了很多垃圾。

注意：表示原因还可用以下句型。请比较：That is the reason why …. (那就是……的原因)，例如：Summer is very hot. That is the reason why I don’t like it.夏天很热。那就是我不喜欢它的原因。

45)It will (not) + 时间段 + before…(……需要很长时间), 例如：It will be a long time before everything returns to normal. 一切恢复正常需要很长时间。

46) I think / feel/ find it + important/ our duty + to do… (我发觉做……重要/是我的责任),例如：I feel it our duty to help the old. 我觉得帮助老人是我们的职责。

47)Those who…. (……的人……)，例如：Those who violate traffic regulations should be punished.违反交通规定的人应该受处罚。

注意：此句型还可以转化为one/a person who…, 例如：

As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.俗话说，世上无难事，只怕有心人。In a certain sense, a successful scientist is a person who is never satisfied with what he has achieved.在某种情况下，一个成功的科学家就是一个绝不满足于自己已取得的成就的人。

写作技巧在写作活动中的具有极其重要的作用。小编收集了2018年高考作文指导：如何训练写作技巧，欢迎阅读。

第一，写作技巧是实现作者写作意图的重要条件。一般来说，作者的写作活动都具有一定的写作意图。所谓的写作意图，就是指作者打算在文章或作品中表达什么样的生活和思想内容，以及通过这种表达达到什么目的。而要使这一写作意图圆满实现，就必须依靠写作技巧。

第二，写作技巧是构成文学作品艺术性的内在因素。文学作品的艺术性，即文学作品反映社会生活或表达思想感情所达到的完美程度。这种艺术性的取得，决定于作者的世界观、创作方法和写作技巧。在具体的作品中，艺术性表现在作家在一定世界观的指导下，运用各种写作手法，创造出具有审美价值的艺术意境我典型形象，从而给读者带来审美愉悦。文学作品的艺术性虽不同于形式美，但它更多地体现在与内容和谐统一的艺术形式之中，而艺术形式的完美创造，则依靠写作技巧。

那么什么是写作技巧的操作训练呢?

(一)师法生活

生活是写作的源泉，丰富多采的大自然和人类社会，不仅为我们提供了取之不尽的写作材料，而且为我们提供了生动鲜活的关于写作形式与写作技巧的深刻启示。例如，巧合与悬念，往往是某些生活事件展示在人们面前时固有形式或“手法”;对比与映衬，常常是构成大自然优美景观及“艺术”美感的重要因素和“手段”;“人有悲欢离合，月有阴睛圆缺”作文人网 你也可以投稿，人生和自然的规律中寓含着曲折美、变化美、节奏美;“蝉鸣林逾静，鸟鸣山更幽”，常见的景象中包含着动与静相反相成的艺术辨证法则……因此，我们学习写作技巧，必须首先向生活学习。只有勤于观察生活，深入体验生活，才能使自己的写作技巧真正得到提高。

(二)阅读、借鉴

即从古今中外的优秀文章(以及音乐、绘画等艺术形式)中汲取营养。凡优秀的文章，内容和形式的完美程度都较高，其写作技巧往往是娴熟而又富于创造性。多读优秀的文章，在注意思想内容的同时，注意其写作技巧，看作者是运用哪些来表现思想内容，实现写作意图的，并且分析这些写作手法的具体运用情况及其所取得的写作效果。在此基础上，还应结合实际(写作者自身的思想和艺术修养的实际与题材和表现对象的实际)进一步思考，看哪些手法可以“拿来”，经过改造为我所用。这样，久而久之，潜移默化，自己的写作技巧，自然会有所提高。

(三)经常练笔

这是具有本质意义的技巧“操作训练”。清人唐彪写道：“谚云，‘读十篇不如做一篇’。盖常作则机关熟，题虽甚难，为之亦易;不常做，则理路生，题虽甚易，为之则难。沈虹野云：‘文章硬涩由于不熟，不熟由于不多做。’信哉言乎!”多写才能熟，熟才能生巧，这是不可更易的规律，任何企图改变或超越这一规律的人，永远也掌握不了写作技巧，永远也写不出好文章。只有经常写，反复写，才可能在写作者身上固定下一个写作技巧的“概括化系统”，一个“自动化的”写作“行动方式”。懂得了这一点，我们就会懂得那些语言艺术大师们为什么谆谆劝诫“我们大家都应该写、写、写，写得尽量多”了。

写作技巧的掌握是有一个过程的。这个过程可以分为两个阶段。一是“技能”阶段，一是“熟练”阶段。“技能”阶段，是无法之中求有法，能过观察、体验、多读、多写，学习并掌握了一些写作的基本手法，且能将它们运用于写作实践。这是掌握写作技巧的第一阶段。“熟练”阶段，是有法之中求变化。在第一阶段的基础上，进而掌握了包括写作的辨证艺术在内的多种写作手法，并能将它们纯熟自如、富于创造性地运用于写作实践。这是掌握写作技巧的第二阶段。古人说：“学诗当识活法。”“所谓活法者，规矩具备，而能出于规矩之外;变化不测，而亦不背规矩也。”识得“活法”，并能运用“活法”是掌握写作技巧第二阶段的重要标志。

掌握写作技巧，对写作具有重要的意义，任何否定写作技巧在写作中的客观作用的观点无疑是错误的。但是，我们也不能把技巧绝对化，走到唯技巧论的极端。因为，决定文章价值的主要因素，还是内容，脱离了丰富而深刻的内容，文章的审美价值乃至艺术性，也就不复存在了。这一点，尤其应该引起初学写作者的重视。

导语：写作文要创新，要出彩，切忌重复过去，切忌重复别人。下面是小编整理的小升初观察作文写作方法，有需要的小伙伴快来吧!

观察作文，又叫素描作文，是中年级作文的主要训练形式。在教学中，永春县桃城镇桃溪小学周淑印老师采用三步训练法，紧紧围绕“认真看，仔细想，善比较，悟道理”十二字，指”十二字，指导学生写好观察作文。

第一步：以观察室内静物为主，注意观察顺序和观察重点，培养学生想象能力

如指导学生观察教室的摆设情况，写静态片断，要求学生做到：认真看，按方位顺序，把教室的摆设和布置一件一件说清楚。

学生观察口述后，要求学生仔细想——发挥联想和想象，把事物写具体，然后把下面两段短文进行比较，从中悟出写作方法。如：我们的教室在图书楼下，正面墙上挂着国旗，国旗下面是黑板……

我们的教室在图书楼下第一间，教室宽敞明亮，干净整洁，正面墙上挂着一面鲜艳的国旗。每当我抬头看到国旗，心中就肃然起敬，它是千百万革命先烈用鲜血染成的，它激励着我们为祖国美好未来而努力学习……

通过比较，学生明白：静态片断描写要抓住事物特征，运用数字，写出静物的形状、颜色等，只要注意发挥联想和想象，就能把事物写得具体生动些。

第二步：扩大观察范围，从室内到室外，由静到动，从颜色、形状、大小到发展变化，从看、听、想等方面写动态片断

如指导写“初冬到了，天气一天天寒冷”片断，可让学生利用课余时间观察初冬树木的变化，然后写在本子上，在课堂上念给大家听。如一个学生这样写：“一阵秋风刮来，树叶沙沙直响，几片黄叶飘飘悠悠掉下来。我往地下一看，爸爸昨天扫得干干净净的院子，今天又撒下许多树叶……”有的学生还能与其它树进行比较，并写进心里想的话。如：“……只有松树、柏树，它们不怕寒冷，还那么青绿，屹立在严寒之中。我想我也要像松柏那样，不怕寒冷……”

写动态片断，要注意观察事物发展变化过程，如写“春雾”片断，向学生提供观察提纲，提醒学生有顺序有重点地进行观察：①太阳出来前后，春雾怎样?(形状、颜色、飘动)②春雾中的景物和人们怎样?通过仔细观察，大部分学生能按观察顺序写下来。如：“春天的一个早晨，我打开门，一股寒冷潮气迎面扑来。原来天下大雾啦!那灰蒙蒙的大雾，像一个巨大的纱罩，把地上的一切都蒙住了。公路上，人们在雾中行走，真像电影里的神仙在天际遨游。不远处的自行车，只听到铃声，却看不到影子。汽车也不得不打开黄车灯，不停地按着喇叭缓缓前进。

第三步：观察人物的外貌和动作

在指导观察人物外貌时的做法是

(1)教给人物外貌基本写法：①抓住人物外貌主要特征;②按一定顺序写;③通过比喻等修辞手法把外貌写具体。

(2)人物外貌素描。由教师或选班上一位学生当模特，用教师教给的写法，进行素描，然后上台念给同学听，进行评价。

(3)猜谜活动。选校内一名教师或班上一名同学进行具体描绘，不要写出名字，写好上台念，让同学猜他(她)是谁，猜对说明写得好。

指导写人物行动时的做法

(1)教给人物行动基本写法：①抓住人物主要动作;②按人物动作先后顺序;③准确选择动词。

(2)由教师演示动作，如批改作业，炒鸡蛋等，让学生素描。

(3)让学生回忆扫地、洗碗、做作业等动作，按顺序写。

3、中心要新颖。要善于从多层次、多角度、多方面来考察材料，做到以小见大，由表及里，从中深深地挖掘出他人从未曾发现的新的思想内容。

确定中心思想，有的可直接从题目中看出，如《勤俭节约的奶奶》、《我爱家乡的秋天》等题目作文，确定中心思想必须符合题目的要求。有的作文题目设有直接规定中心思想，但是规定了确定中心思想大致的范围，如《一次有意义的活动》、《这件事教育了我》等题目，确定中心思想比前一种情况有较大的自由，但也必须受规定的范围的限制。有的作文题目完全没有涉及中心思想，而只规定了在什么范围里选择写作的材料，如《课间十分钟》《我的爸爸》等题目，但要避免中心思想不明确的毛病。

1、根据下面所给材料，请你确定文章的中心思想。

李明在运动会比赛的前一天身体不舒服，老师、家长、同学都劝他不要跑了，可他坚持参加。比赛中，李明被其他运动员远远地甩在后边，但他仍顽强地跑完了全程。

2、给下面的作文题目分类，看看哪些题目直接规定了中心思想;哪些题目规定了中心思想的大致范围;哪些题目完全没有涉及中心思想。

(1)记一次公益劳动

(2)书，我的好朋友

(3)生日

(4)我的小黑板

(5)一个助人为乐的人

(6)春游南北湖

每年夏日，中考总会如期而至。在这之前，同学们一般都会读到不少芬芳四溢的满分作文。那些万里挑一的佳作，或标题新颖、立意深远，或构思巧妙、情节诱人，或文采斐然、文体出新。虽然内容各不相同，亮点却是大同小异。要想获取高分甚至是满分，有四种能力极为关键：

人如果缺少了明亮的眼睛，会顿然失色;文章如果没有精彩的细节，也会暗淡无光。

细节很寻常，但有时却很精彩。课堂上，当你鼓起勇气回答问题的时候，老师鼓励的眼神也许会让你心花怒放;校园里，当你主动融入集体的时候，同学伸出的双手也许会让你百感交集，那温暖的双手，好似一座桥梁引导你感受到了交流的快乐。这些事真的很小，可它们往往能够激起内心的情感波澜。如中考佳作《慢下来的时光》里便有这样的文字：

街道路人行色匆匆，五颜六色的伞汇成一条河，一条不知流向何方的小河。突然我的视线停住了，街角出现一个老人和一个中年男子，我暂且把他们假设为一对母子。或许，他们是一对母子。不，肯定是一对母子。

白发苍苍的母亲坐在轮椅上，推着车的是一个中年男子。男子穿着白衬衫，打着黑伞。他不时俯下身子，在老母亲耳边说着什么，我无法听见，只能看见他的嘴唇微微颤动。

轮椅上的老人弯起的嘴角形成一条优美的弧线。她笑了，嘴角的酒窝陷得那么深，仿佛盛满甜蜜。他们缓缓前行，路人们的目光也被他们吸引，不少行人停下匆匆的步伐，驻足观望。

“快”与“慢”，是生活中的不同节奏。写作此文时，考生并没有去简单地论述说理，也不是寻常叙事，而是通过“推轮椅”这么一个细节，让当事者慢下来享受情感的美好，让周围的路人欣赏到了微笑的魅力。

作文的结构，宛如人的衣装。搭配巧妙，寻常之衣物也能光彩照人;搭配不当，再美的服饰也会黯淡无光。对于结构的评判，中考评分标准界定非常明确：首尾完整，主体鲜明，不存在残缺不全的问题，可视为“结构完整”;前后连贯，详略分明，没有颠三倒四的问题，可视为“结构严谨”。

美化结构的方法非常多。一是板块呈现法。这类作文或用几篇日记串联，或用几个小标题呈现。满分作文《校园奏鸣曲》，便选择清晨醒来时的“宁静曲”、白天学习时的“激越曲”与夜晚就寝时的“小夜曲”，巧妙地展示了丰富多彩的校园生活。二是彩线穿珠法。“线”就是线索，“珠”即为材料。如题为《我的生活无限美好》的佳作，用“在这充满活力的岁月里”引领段落，把各部分内容有机地串联起来，内容闪现出了回环复沓的美感。三是首尾出彩法。这类作文下笔之初，或佳句夺目，或悬念诱人，令人一见钟情;收束时，或融情于景，或陡转立止，前后浑然一体，余韵悠长。

满分作文的亮点各不相同，但有一点是相同的，那就是这些文章在语言的表达上往往光彩夺目。有的词句极为出彩，绘景栩栩如生，写人跃然纸上。有的善用修辞：用设问，悬念顿生;用比喻，形象逼真;用排比，句式整齐。而引用经典的诗词，能够收到以一当十、画龙点睛的效果。中考满分作文《有一种声音，在记忆深处》里的这个片段是典范：

翻过一页，仍是头发花白又稀少的杜甫向我走来，脚步却显得轻快，话语也有了些许喜悦，吟诵道：“两个黄鹂鸣翠柳，一行白鹭上青天。”我又诧异，怎么不“惊心”了?杜甫微笑曰：“安史之乱平定啦!朋友帮我在成都盖了草房，居有定所，心情好多啦!盼望已久了，难得啊!你看，草堂周围那么多柳树;你听，新绿的柳枝上鸟鸣声声，还是成双成对的黄鹂呢!”言罢再笑。我道喜，也笑，然后道别，老先生却兴致甚高，定要我再闻几声鸟鸣。于是吟诵之声又起：“黄四娘家花满蹊，千朵万朵压枝低。留连戏蝶时时舞，自在娇莺恰恰啼。”

这位考生将目光放到了历史文化的长河里，或描写美不胜收的风景，或想象诗人诗意的生活，或引用耳熟能详的诗词，将那“一种声音”展示得格外动人。

卷面整洁，书写美观，是各地评卷中心评判优秀作文的一个重要标准。不管平日怎样，在中考作文中一定要注意书写。纵观各地满分作文，大多是书写美观的典范之作。这种美，主要是表现在三个方面：一是字迹之美。不求书法之美，但求字字端正;不求遒劲有力，只求笔笔清楚。二是卷面之美。我建议大家不要用修改液，非改不可的，要尽量使用规范的修改符号，切忌随意涂画。三是标点之美。看看自己的作文，你写出来的逗号像逗号吗?句号像句号吗?我要提醒大家，从今天起，让那些充满生命、洋溢着文化气息的标点符号，在我们的作文里重新活跃起来。一篇能够将标点都书写得精美的文章，阅卷老师能不喜欢吗?

一、观察要有序

有序观察是写好状物类作文的基础。一要按顺序观察，二要抓住特点进行观察，只有进行有序观察，才能写出条理清晰的文章。

如，苏教版六年级(上册)《麋鹿》。在介绍其外形时这样写道：“它的外形很奇特：角似鹿，面似马，蹄似牛，尾似驴，所以又被称为‘四不像’。”这里的观察顺序是：由上而下，由前而后。作者抓住麋鹿角、面、蹄、尾的特点，寥寥数语，却勾画得栩栩如生。又如，苏教版五年级(上)“练习册”上有一段对熊猫的描写，形象逼真，凸现熊猫的生活习性。“熊猫睡觉时，腹部朝天。有时，它用前爪轻轻地拍着肚子;有时，它两腿一蹬，便翻了个身。”“它睡醒了就翻身起来，用手揉了揉腥忪的眼睛，好奇地望望人们。然后迈着蹒跚的步子走到栏杆的另一边，坐了下来，好像想清醒一下头脑似的。”这里，作者抓住熊猫嗜睡的特点，写得饶有趣味。

二、语言要有趣

如习作《蚂蚁》。作者在写蚂蚊的独特功能时，是这样写的：“除了四周的景物能帮助蚂蚁辨别方向外，它们还有一个自身的‘法宝’，这就是在蚂蚁走过的地方都会留下一种特殊的气味，掉队的蚂蚁根据这种气味就能确定方向。倘若用樟脑丸一类的怪气味弥散在蚂蚁走过的路径上，那么后来的蚂蚁就会因找不到那种特殊的气味而迷失方向。”这是作者知识的积累与生活的积累相互融合的结果。

又如，习作《姥姥家的小黑狗》。作者在介绍小黑狗的外形特点时如是说：“(它)一身乌黑发亮的皮毛，就像黑缎子一样油亮光滑;雪白的小爪儿，俨如四朵梅花;那条翘着的小尾巴总是不停地摇摆着;特别是那对黑白分明的小眼睛，总是四处张望，充满着兴奋和好奇。”这里，作者用了生动的比喻，写出了小黑狗皮毛的油亮和爪子的厚实;又用“不停地摇”写出了小黑狗对熟人的媚态;还用“四处张望”来写小黑狗的警觉与好奇。语言富有生活的情趣，突出了小黑狗的漂亮与可爱。

因此，语言的理趣是知识性的体现，情趣是情感性的体现。只有结合为一体，方能显示状物类作文语言的知识性与趣味性。

三、结构要有“形”

根据表达的需要，文章有纵式结构与横式结构之别。初学状物类作文，以纵式结构为主，以纵横交错式结构为辅。如“总分”或“总分总”结构。

例，习作《银杏》。可以先介绍它的外形特征，再写出它的价值或用途，诸如营养价值和药有价值等。从总体上看，全文为纵式结构。而在介绍其价值或用途中，又采用横式(并列式)结构。这样，介绍的内容尽管较多，但由于结构清晰，也就显得有条不紊。

又如，习作《猪》。作者从对猪这种动物的偏爱入手，开篇破题：“其实，猪是一种聪明可爱的动物。”接着，文章分别从猪的智力、嗅觉、起居、饮食等方面展现它的聪明可爱。这种“总分式”结构条分缕析，学生容易模仿。有的同学为了进一步突出家养猪的可爱，还简约地将野猪与家养猪作对比。这样，不仅丰富了写作的内容，而且凸现了文章的中心。

四、方法要有变

状物类作文的写作方法也不是一成不变的。仅就叙述的人称而言，就有第一人称与第三人称之异。当然，各有各的妙处。例《钢笔和原珠笔》，叙述时采用第一人称，既显得亲切，又便于介绍。为了行文需要，人称也可以转换。如，《铺路石》。从整体上说，用的是第三人称，“它来自大山之中，它是大山的儿子。为了人类的需要，它离开了母亲的怀抱，来到了繁华的闹市，来到了宁静的村庄……”而在文章的结尾，为了礼赞的需要，转为第二人称。“铺路石，你是山的精灵，你是大山的忠实儿子!你默默无闻，但大地没有忘记你，高山没有忘记你。看，高山顶上的巨石，不正是大地母亲为你树立的丰碑吗?”这种第三人称与第二人称的交替作用，使知识性和情感性得以和谐统一，叙的是“铺路石”，颂的是“劳动者”。

现代写作学认为，写作是一种观念形态的活动，是客观外界事物在头脑中加工制作的过程。从这一意义上来说，状物类作文的指导要以有序观察为基础，情趣表达为载体，有形结构为借鉴，行文有变为方法，经典引路，以读促写。实践证明，这是一条行之有效的写作途径。

一：用介词短语替代从句，例：

原句：While they were playing tennis， she started an argument that lasted all morning.

修改后：During tennis she started an argument that lasted all morning.

原句：When you come to the second traffic light， turn right.

修改后：At the second traffic light turn left.

二：删除诸如"who is"或"that is"之类的关系代词，变从句为短语，例：

句：The novel， which is written in three parts， told a story that took place in the Middle Ages.

修改后：The three-part novel told a story set in the Middle Ages.

注：把句中的"three parts"改用形容词来表达，节省了四个不必要的单词"which is written in"。我们经常可以将关系代词如"that"去掉，这只会引起最少的变动。

三：剔除你不需要的单词，例：

Two joint partners will present their views over a long-distance telephone call. 写完这样的句子后，你自己再读一遍，挑出单词"joint"和"telephone"，注意删去不必要的词。