SAT英语写作技巧之首段与主体段(精选20篇)

掌握作文的写作技巧，对于小升初考试很重要，下面是小编整理的如何掌握写作技巧作文，欢迎阅读。

一、审题

这是写作文首先要做好的事，否则，就会直接导致“文不对题”，“下笔千言，离题万里”。怎样才能审好题呢?根据通常的作文题目的形式来看，一般可分为命题作文和材料作文两大类。对命题作文的审题，就是要审查给定的文章题目确定的具体要求，审清文题意图，明晰题外要求，确定“题眼”。通过审题，明确作文的内容范围、时间范围、数量范围、人称范围、处所范围等。不能超出给定的范围。对材料作文的审题，主要从两个方面去把握：一是与材料的思想内容要“形影不离”，二是与作文形式的要求“丝丝入扣”。

1。命题作文

我们先重点谈一下关于命题作文的审题，要注意做好哪些事情。

确定内容范围

有的题目，对写作内容做出规定。所以，审题时，要确定题目规定的内容范围：记人的，要记什么人;叙事的，要叙什么事;写景的，要写什么景;状物的，要状什么物，等等。

精彩习作-----童年趣事

童年，是一方没有莠草、污秽的净土，是一片无遮无拦明朗的天空。这里流淌的纯真与甜美，总会使人产生难以忘怀的回忆。

记得我4岁那年，迷信的奶奶告诉我：“要是剪掉了胳膊上的毛，会变成疯子。”幼稚而好奇的我听了以后，半信半疑，手痒痒的，老是想试试看，但又怕家人和亲戚为我担心。可是没试，就老是惦记着，越惦记，就越是想试。

于是，我准备马上试。我拿出那可怕的剪刀，用颤抖的右手慢慢地靠近左手胳膊上的一根毫毛。刚要剪，我又停了下来。心想：“我要是真的变成一个疯子，会不会像老鼠过街一样人人喊打?爸爸、妈妈和奶奶会不会不再疼爱这个傻孩子了?”我越想越害怕。我犹豫了许久，才把胳膊上的毛剪掉了。一剪完，我什么都不顾地钻进被窝里，不知不觉就睡着了。醒来时，我发现，我还是原来的我，一个正常的小女孩。于是，我不顾一切，高兴地蹦到奶奶身边，撒娇地说：“奶奶呀，奶奶!我今天剪了胳膊上的一根毫毛，可没变成疯子啊!”奶奶听了以后，笑了笑，摸着我的小脑袋，没说什么。

这件童年趣事已留在我记忆的闸门里。但随着年龄的增长，我懂得了：凡事要相信科学，不能相信迷信。

精彩点击

①小作者通过回忆的方式，记述了剪胳膊毛的故事。这件事既是童年发生的，又十分有趣，符合文题要求。

②事情的过程交代得很清楚，人物心理描写生动、逼真。

③结尾点明从中懂得的道理，深化了文章主题。

面对材料作文，不少考生因未能真正吃透材料，熟练掌握审题立意、观点提炼的方法，时常造成所提炼的观点与材料若即若离、似是而非，差之毫 厘、失之千里，甚至南辕北辙、风马牛不相及的重大失误——即使你的文章结构再严谨、论证再充分、事例再丰富、语言再优美，也只能是“瞎子点灯白费蜡”了。 可见，材料作文的观点提炼，至关重要。

那么，如何方能吃透材料，紧扣材料`，选好角度，确立一个具有相当新意、深意的观点呢?以下方法谨供参考。

一、主旨领悟法

这是材料作文最为常用且最为稳妥的审题立意方法。如果能准确地领悟材料的中心，并以之为文章的主旨，那么，所写文章定能既切题又有深度。

示例

《华尔街日报》报道：海湾战争前夕，该报记者到驻沙特的美国陆战队采访时，惊奇地发现，在沙漠的帐篷里，待命的军舰上，美国的官兵正在争相研读中国的《孙子兵法》。陆战队司令格雷将军指令：《孙子兵法》为陆战队官兵必读书。

综观材料，我们不难发现，美国官兵之所以学习中国的《孙子兵法》，是用以指导他们的战术，材料的主旨十分清晰，据此，可提炼“他山之石可以攻 玉”之类的观点。当然，这是显性的;从隐性看，外国人尚且如此重视对我国文化遗产的学习，那么作为中国人的我们，则更应“重视祖国文化遗产的传承”，而这 在某种意义上更具深意。

二、关键把握法

关键词句往往是“文眼”，蕴含着材料的主旨。因此，可将其作把握材料、选择立意角度的突破口。在材料作文的材料中，关键词句常常是命题者或材料中的人物的评议性语句。

示例

巴西足球名将贝利在足坛上初露锋芒时，一个记者问他：“你哪一个球踢得最好?”他回答说：“下一个!”而当他在足坛崭露头角，已成为世界著名球王，并踢进一千多个球后，记者又问道：“你哪一个球踢得最好?”他仍然回答：“下一个! ”

这“下一个”三个字，既体现出永不满足的进取精神，又蕴含着艺无止境、不断创新的哲理，闪耀着人格、智慧、精神的光芒。抓住了这个关键词，便抓住了材料的灵魂实质。

三、由果溯因法

事物都是互相联系的。比如，有很多事物就是以因果关系的联系形式存在的。写材料作文，审题时如果能由材料中列举的现象或结果推究出造成所列现象或结果的本质原因，往往能找到最佳的立意。

示例

某胶粘剂公司研制成强力万能胶水，在推向市场之前，别出心裁地将一枚价值可观的大金币，用该胶水粘在该公司的大理石柱上，并称谁能将其取下而不 损坏门柱，金币归谁。一时间，门前人头攒动，不少人纷纷一试身手，结果力气耗尽，金币却岿然不动。人群中爆发出热烈掌声，各色人等称赞有加，消息不胫而 走。新产品一上市，厂家即获得巨大效益。

材料中新产品一上市，之所以“获得巨大效益”，一是因为该强力万能胶水粘后能“岿然不动”的有目共睹的过硬质量，二是由于公司采用了非同寻常的 营销宣传策略，于是，我们便能顺理成章地分别得出 “事实胜于雄辩”、“酒香还需巧吆喝”的结论。相比之下，后者更富有时代气息。

四、寓意揭示法

对于一些寄寓性材料，如寓言、童话、漫画等，须透过材料的表象，进行“由物及人”、“由物及事”的联想，即由材料中的物联想到人，进而联想到与材料内容相类似的人生哲理、社会现象等，挖掘其真正的内涵，从而确立论点。

示例

驴子驮盐渡河，它滑了一下，跌进水里，盐溶化了，它站起来时轻了许多。这件事使它很高兴。又有一天，它驮了海绵走到河边，故意一滑，跌进水里，那海绵吸了水，驴子站不起来，终于淹死了。

这则寓言告诉我们，一切应从实际出发，情况变化了，我们的思想和工作方法也应随之变化，如果墨守成规，或盲目套用，必将招致失败。写作时要透过驴子驮盐和海绵的表象，把握并取其寓意作为文章的论点。

五、细节切入法

示例

郑板桥的书法，用隶书参以行楷，非隶非楷，非古非今，俗称“板桥体”。他的作品单个字体看似歪歪斜斜，但总体感觉错落有致，别有韵味，有人说“这种作品不可无一，不可有二”。

从局部细节来看，大致有以下思路：

郑板桥书法，“用隶书参以行楷，非隶非楷，非古非今”，启示人们要“善于借鉴”，学会融合;“作品单个字体看似歪歪斜斜，但总体感觉错落有致， 别有韵味”，提示我们要注重个体与总体、局部与整体关系的和谐，即“和谐就是美”;而“这种作品不可无一，不可有二”，则揭示出任何事物唯有 “彰显个性”，具有鲜明的个性特色，方能体现其价值、立于不败之地的真理。

六、倾向揣摩法

面对材料作文，不少考生因未能真正吃透材料，熟练掌握审题立意、观点提炼的方法，时常造成所提炼的观点与材料若即若离，甚至南辕北辙，即使你的文章结构再严谨、论证再充分、事例再丰富、语言再优美，也只能是“瞎子点灯白费蜡”了。可见，材料作文的观点提炼，至关重要。

那么，如何才能吃透材料，紧扣材料，选好角度，确立一个具有相当新意、深意的观点呢?

七、多向发散法

有些材料作文的材料比较散。对于这样的材料，审题时可以采用多向发散的思维方法，围绕材料展开多角度立意。

示例

薛潭学讴于秦青，未尽秦青之技，自谓尽之。遂辞归。秦青弗止，饯于郊衢。抚节悲歌，声振林木，响遏行云。薛潭乃谢求反，终身不敢言归。

从薛潭角度，我们可抓住他 “学讴”、“未尽秦青之技”就“辞归”，得出“要谦虚”的启示;也可从他意识到自己远未学到老师的本事而 “谢求反”，总结出“要知错即改”的道理。从老师秦青的角度，我们可从他面对学生的自以为是，并未发怒，而是“弗止，饯于郊衢”，且“抚节悲歌，声振林 木，响遏行云”的不一般的举动中，受到启发：“教育要讲究方法”。

然而薛潭 “终身不敢言归”的做法值得商榷。倘若学生真的将老师的本事全部学到家的话，那又何必 “终身不敢言归”呢?我们完全可以理直气壮地另行拜师，博采众长。当然，提炼出多个观点后，应择优而作。

八、舍次求主法

有些材料作文的材料往往会牵涉许多人和事。因此，审题时要明确哪些是材料的主要人物或事件，哪些是次要人物或事件，并舍弃次要人物或事件，从主要人物或事件的角度审题立意。

示例

公交车靠站停稳后，车站上一位妇女为抓紧时间，抱起原先站着等车的小孩上车。车上一青年乘客主动起身让座。抱小孩妇女谢过对方，放下小孩，笑笑 说：“小家伙刚会走路，还是让他自己站吧。”此刻，见两人互相谦让，无人入座，一旁的时髦少妇眼明手快，一屁股坐下，并大声招呼道：“囡囡，妈妈帮侬抢到 座位了。 ”

材料中共出现了三个“人物”。无论从让座青年角度提倡 “要助人为乐”，还是从抢座位的时髦少妇方面提出“要文明礼让”，似乎均无不可。然而从整个材料的重心、指向来看，应舍弃后两个次要人物，着眼点放在主角抱小孩的妇女身上，宜立意“尽早让孩子自立”。

九、求同存异法

此法对组合性材料作文尤为适宜。如果提供的组合性材料内涵是一致的，可以抽取其共同的、本质的内容，提炼出一个论点;如果提供的材料之间内涵不一致，甚至相差很远，那么应摒弃相异的面，寻找交叉、重合的点。

示例

丹麦人去钓鱼会随身带一把尺子，钓到鱼，常常用尺子量一量，将不够尺寸的小鱼放回河里。他们说：“让小鱼长大不更好吗? ”两千多年前，我国孟子曾说过：“数罟不入洿池，鱼鳖不可胜食也。 ”

一中一外、一古一今的两材料，告诉我们的是同一个道理：在急功近利、异常浮躁的当今社会，务必“要有远见卓识 ”。

十、互补完善法

示例

①佛罗伦萨诗人但丁的名言：“走自己的路，让别人去说吧! ”

②波兰谚语：“常问路的人不会迷失方向。 ”

材料①“走自己的路”强调要有坚定的信念;材料②“常问路的人不会迷失方向”是讲走路时要有虚心求教的精神，要听从他人指导。两者孰是孰非?两 者具有很强的互补性，若将两者结合起来，就既全面又合理。因此，可以提炼这样的观点：只有既有“走自己的路”的坚定信念，又有“常问路”的虚心精神，才能 走好自己的人生之路。

当然，材料作文审题立意的方法还有很多，而各种方法也并非孤立的，可能互有交叉。若在具体的审题立意过程中能灵活地综合运用，效果则更佳。

导语：千万不要把成功寄托在运气上，所谓的好运，往往意味着在背后下了更大的工夫，采取了更加有效的方法下面是yuwenmi小编为大家整理的作文素材，欢迎阅读与借鉴，谢谢!

1964年秋，美国乔治敦大学迎来一批新学员。由于该校收费偏高，外交专业31名新生一致联名给参议院写信，恳请给每人提供一份兼职，以缓解家庭的经济压力，同时提前适应社会。

参议院很快回复，以没有空缺岗位为由拒绝了。大家都很失望，纷纷另寻出路，唯独有个名叫威廉的小伙不想放弃，接连又寄出了八封信，但还是没结果。偶然的机会下，威廉打听到参议院主席富布赖特与自己一样来自阿肯色州，便又以老乡名义接连给他写了七封信，全都石沉大海。威廉仍不甘心，暑假结束后从家乡返校，再次给富布赖特去信。这次终于如愿以偿，他很快得到一份兼职，月薪高达3500美元。

同学们见威廉风光地出入参议院，羡慕不已，于是个个暗中给参议院去信，无一例外都遭到了拒绝。而威廉则好运连连，当上学生会主席，还被富布赖特指定为助理。同学们不禁疑惑地问："为何你总是交好运，难道真有上帝帮忙吗?"

威廉笑了，隔了很久才说："你们看到我多次写信，以为这样就能幸运地得到兼职?其实那年暑假我专程回到家乡，找到了一位与富布赖特交情很深的法官，无偿为他服务了两个月，最后才感动了他，请他帮忙给富布赖特写了封推荐信。我能得到兼职，全靠法官的推荐呀!"

威廉的全名叫威廉.杰斐逊.克林顿，此后他仍旧好运不断，直至28年后当选为第42任美国总统。这位从平凡家庭走出来的总统，常对崇拜者说："千万不要把成功寄托在运气上，所谓的好运，往往意味着在背后下了更大的工夫，采取了更加有效的方法。"

开头和结尾要写好，平时学的各种开头结尾的方法都可以用，评卷老师很看重开头，看开头能判断出你这篇文章有没有切题，结尾最好点明主旨，首尾呼应，这篇文章就比较完整。

写作文时不要束缚自己，文字不用反复推敲，妨碍作文思路的展开，只要意思表达到位，没有过多的辞藻修饰，简单的句子会让文章读起来更通顺更平易近人。

写作文和做题一样，只有多写多练，才会熟能生巧。督促孩子坚持写日记，帮助孩子天天坚持下去，是提高作文成绩的最佳途径。日记有“心灵长跑”的美誉，坚持写日记，不仅可以练笔，而且促进思考，还能锻炼意志，养成“无日不思，无日不写”的良好习惯，一举三得。

最好能把每段的第一句写好，最好第一句话能概括全段大意，或者表明自己的鲜明观点也好，整个段落都显得有精神。

导语：什么叫话题作文?“话题”，是谈话的核心议题，是描述或议论所涉及的范围或“由头”。“话题作文”便是就着这个“由头”说事论理、抒情言志。有人打比方说，话题作文就好比是电视里栏目主持人，跟嘉宾和观众一道聊天，或评述人物春秋，或讲述百姓故事，或评论时事热点，所聊的内容就是“话题作文”。

近几年高考话题作文以新的面孔出现在我们的眼前。它们是天津卷的“我说90后”和辽宁卷的“明星代言”。和往年相比，今年的话题作文命题思想和写作要求又有了一些变化，在内容范围和写作要求上提出了更严格的限制。比如，天津、辽宁两卷都提出了“不得套作，不得抄袭”的要求，以保障高考的严肃性和公正性;辽宁卷还明确要求“不要脱离材料内容及含意的范围作文”，这就避免了以前话题作文可以不联系材料从而无节制放纵的弊病。所以可称其为“新话题作文”。

新话题作文一般有很强的现实针对性，常常是社会热点问题。如今年的“明星代言”，考生可联系社会现实生活说事评理。其次便是有较充分的自由度。以今年天津卷的“我说90后”为例，对于“90后”的认识并没有统一的答案。文体选择也相对灵活，可写成“90后”的故事，可写成“90后”的宣言，也可写成为“90后”的辩白，甚至可写成理性评判对“90后”的毁誉之类的议论文。但是也应注意到：新话题作文在内容方面的限制性在增强。比如，“我说90后”这个话题，你可以任选“嘉许”、“担忧”、“诠释”中的某一个角度或说理，或叙事，或抒发感情，但是你得承认：“90后”终将担当起社会和历史赋予的重任。

新话题作文审题要注意几个方面，可概括为“五要”

一要全面，审清命题的所有信息要素。新话题作文文题的表述一般由导语、材料和要求三部分构成。对这三部分用语要全面关注。尤其是“要求”用语，其内容往往涉及角度、拟题、文体、字数、提示、警示等，大都是刚性要求，不可逾越，如2009年高考天津卷“要求”后的1至3点和第5点，而第4点则是一个善意的提示：“写出自己的真情实感”。材料表述有时会表明题型如“以‘我说90后’为话题”，有时则比较模糊，需要借助有关信息参比才能半端出题型，如辽宁卷材料表述的第一节“513网上论坛。主题：明星代言”，它意味着以“明星代言”为话题写文章。

二要深入，审清话题概念的内涵、外延甚至一些隐含信息。还以“我说90后”为例，其中“90后”应指20世纪90年代出生的一代人，而不能理解为时间、时代、社会等。“我”意味着文章应以第一人称表述，是写个人的认识，但不是写自己，并且第一人称还可以用“我们”来表述。“说”导向的文体应该是议论文，是要求作者发表对“90后”群体的感受、看法和评价。

三要分析，审清材料的内容、含意以及不同的角度。如辽宁卷“明星代言”，应围绕“明星代言”现象衍生出“小主题”或要点，如诚信、责任、道德与利益、法制等。抓住这些要点便于围绕中心从不同角度逐层论述。而天津卷“我说90后”材料中“嘉许”、“担忧”、“诠释”三个关键词则是三个并列的角度，最好选择其中一个进行叙事或评说，不要将几个纠合在一起，以至缠绕不清。

四要推求，审出话题背后的“命题意图”，以便有针对性地选择写作策略和方案。高考其实是一种社会行为，既要教育考生，又要引导舆论，自然应有积极的命意。话题或文题只是一个“窗口”，它要引导考生张望社会、世界和人生。因此我们应以正确的思维方式联系社会热点，推求命题意图。比如“我说90后”这个话题，是要让考生了解、认识自己所处的这个群体，正视自己的长处和短处，意识到自己这一代人的历史责任，以便更好地健康成长。而“明星代言”这个话题，将材料和社会热点如三鹿奶粉事件联系起来则能推出其“引导考生关注社会民生的热点问题，学会辩证思考和分析社会现象，培养独立思考的习惯和批判意识”的命题意图。

五要抓“点”，这样便于选择恰当的切入点、合适的文体、合理的思路，形成最佳写作方案。比如“我说90后”，材料中那三个关键词，你只需选择一个以优化的方案展开;而其中的“说”，明眼一看，议论文便是最合适的文体。再如“明星代言”，抓住五则材料的要点，可快捷地理出文章的合理思路。当然也可以抓住其中一个方面如道德自律或法制监管深入剖析，形成最佳方案。

今年有学者对高考作文命题晦涩化、幼稚化和缺少思想力度提出批评。这是我国高考作文命题的思想将发生较大变化的征兆，从上述两个文题可窥见一斑，至少它是对旧话题作文乃至多年高考作文命题沉疴的反拨。一些专家介绍的国外命题内容和话题形式，也值得我们关注。

优秀的应试作文，要开篇点题，开宗明义，开门见山，先声夺人，引人入胜。下面是小编为大家收集整理的议论散文的开头技巧，欢迎大家阅读参考!

因此，议论散文的开头，语言要富有文采，明示中心论点。中心论点须放在开头文段的末句。论点的表述最好警句化。话题材料可引也可不引用。

一、精彩开头的技巧 (前边我们训练了引用开头、形象开头、排比开头等技巧，这里综合一下)

1.比喻入题，直接扣题。

“理智和情感是人类生活中的两只脚印，人类在认知事物的道路上的每一次成长都和他们的理智及情感有关。”《天平和七弦琴》解说：将理智和情感比作是人类生活中的两只脚印，首句入题，就形象地点出了情感与理智的内在关系——情感与理智对认知具有重要的影响。这样的开头，入题迅速，闪烁着思辨的色彩，令人耳目一新。

2.拟人入题，激发想像。

“在蝶的眼中，花是天使，因为花给予她生命的甘露;在花的眼中，蜂是挚友，因为蜂给予她生命的延续。然而在蝶眼中，蜂不过是埋头苦干的笨蛋，在蜂眼中，蝶不过是游戏花间的浪子。” 《学会历史的旁观》)解说：文章开头赋予蝶、蜂、花以人的性情，连物都会带着情感的眼光来评价、认知事物，更何况是情感丰富的人?通过生动贴切的拟人手法，将话题的内在含义巧妙点出，不仅唤起了人们对美好事物的相关联想，更体现了作者的睿智。

3.设问入题，启人深思。

“人有七情，自有喜好与厌恶之情，然而，当这种好恶之情掺入对真理的认识时，又会有怎样的影响呢?”《勿以好恶论断之》)解说：一起笔就紧扣情感与认知，以一种假设将读者的思维引向对本质问题的思索，文章的立意显得十分深刻。这样的入题方式，将设问的修辞作用发挥得淋漓尽致，简洁，却分量十足。

4.排比入题，先声夺人。

“你会因喜爱北国的皑皑白雪，而对南国的椰树海风不屑一顾吗?你会因沉迷于江南的小桥流水、青瓦白墙，而否定西北‘大漠孤烟’的美吗?你会介意林黛玉‘使性子’，而不看经典名著《红楼梦》吗?你会钟情流行音乐，而厌烦‘沉闷乏味’的古典音乐吗?——古希腊哲人曾说，人是感情的动物。因此，面对大千世界，感情上的亲疏远近、喜好憎恶往往会影响到对人对事的看法。相信每个人的心中都会有架天平，有个自己的标准，用来衡量周遭的一切。”(《心中的天平》)解说：优雅的语言、和谐的音节、丰富的形象还不足以触动你的情感吗?还不足以让你在美的品味中恍然大悟“原来对美的感知，对人对事的看法，都是要受到心中那架天平的影响”吗?

5.抒情议论入题，入情入。

“ 常常是一位亲人的生命如流星般陨落，我们才悲哀于死神的无情;常常是一位朋友在与疾病殊死斗争，我们才诅咒病魔的猖獗横行;常常是我们自己的利益受到了侵犯，我们才正视社会上的毒瘤......感情的叶片时常遮挡住我们理智的目光。”(高考优秀作文《放下感情的叶片》)解说：这样的语言是不是很容易唤起你的共鸣?这样的开头，既饱含着深厚的情感，又折射出理性的色彩。如此入情入理的文字，引导我们触摸到了这样的本质——“感情的叶片时常遮挡住我们理智的目光”。

6名言警句入题，彰显底蕴。

“人是有感情的，正如古语所说的‘人非草木，孰能无情。故而，在认知事物时便不自觉地附着了浓浓的个人情感。于是有了‘情人眼里出西施’的缠绵，有了‘感时花溅泪’的悲戚。(《怎一个“情”字了得》解说：文章开头即紧扣住一个“情”字，在三句话中嵌入了三句有关情感的名句，显示出了考生较为扎实的写作功底和文学底蕴。

7.对比入题，表明立场。

“有时候，感情是一剂善变的药，融在爱人的酒杯中，苦涩里也能品出甘润;有时候，感情是一把双刃剑，握在敌人的手里，纵轻轻挥下也觉得伤痕累累。”(《真情诚可贵 理智价更高》)解说：感情既是能化苦涩为甘润的“善变的药”，又是可以带来累累伤痕的“双刃剑”。精致的比喻将情感的两重性揭示出来，构成巧妙的对比，非常形象地点出了文章的中心：真情诚可贵，理智价更高。

8.假设情景入题，埋下伏笔。

“如果你正赶时间，可是走到路口却被人告诉前面过不去。如果这个人是你认识的人，你会怎么办?如果这个人是陌生人，你又会怎么办?”《不要和陌生人说话》)解说：是啊，假如遇到这种情景，我们该怎么办?是从感情亲疏的角度出发，对所认识的人相信多一点，对所不认识的人相信少一点，还是反过来?假如其他类似的情景，又该怎么办?很自然地，我们便顺着作者的思路追寻下去，去看看作者预设的答案到底是什么。

9.品评时事入题，追踪本质。

ApEC让全世界刮起了‘唐装热’。看着那不同肤色、不同国籍的人们着一身相同的唐装时，我不禁呐喊，我爱唐装!曾经，这样的传统服装让国人排斥，单调乏味，不及洋装轻便舒适，人们抱怨过，人们责难过，穿着这样的衣服甚至让他们羞愧，我不禁要问：一件衣服，有那么多过错吗?我看是感情在作祟吧!”(《我爱唐装》解说：直接以ApEC会议引起的“唐装热”入题，联系对唐装前后情感态度的不同，引出了对本质的追问——衣服自然不会有对错，错的是人们的情感和认知。假如能在入题时用时事材料来紧扣话题，通过品评时事来追踪本质，你的作文的开头就也能带着几分新鲜，闪烁着几缕智性的光芒。

从以上的例子就可以看出，这些精巧的开头并非只是简单套用某种入题的技巧才显示出新意来，而是结合了几种或多种技巧，并且，从优秀考场作文的开头中，我们可以感受到的是这些考生驾驭语言的能力和良好的语文素养，这才是他们获高分的根本原因。

所以，希望同学们在备考过程中，既要有意识地借鉴他人成功的经验，也要厚实自己的知识积淀。

1918年11月11日，延续4年之久的第一次世界大战以英、美、法等国的胜利和德、奥等国的失败而告结束。1919年1月，获胜的协约国在巴黎凡尔赛宫召开和平会议。中华民国作为战胜国参加会议。中华民国代表在会上提出废除外国在华特权，取消二十一条等正当要求，均遭拒绝。会议竟决定日本接管德国在华的各种特权。对这丧权辱国的条约，中华民国代表居然准备签字承认。消息传来，举国震怒，群情激愤。以学生为先导的五四爱国运动就如火山爆发般地开始了。

In November 11, 1918, the first World War lasted for 4 years in Britain, America, France and other countries and the victory of Germany, Austria and other countries come to an end in failure. 1919 January, winning xiediguo held in the Palace of Versailles in Paris peace conference. The Republic of China as a victorious nation to attend the meeting. The representative of China at the proposed abolition of privileges in China and foreign countries, cancel twenty-one legitimate demands were rejected. Japan has decided to take over the meeting in Germanys privileges in china. To humiliate the country and forfeit its sovereignty of this treaty, the representative of the Republic of China was prepared to recognize the signature. When the news came out, the country burning, burning with indignation. The student led five four patriotic movement like a volcano began.

5月4日下午，北京3000多名学生在天安门前集会游行，他们高呼：“还我青岛”“收回山东权利”、“拒绝在巴黎和会上签字”、“废除二十一条”、“抵制日货”、“宁肯玉碎，勿为瓦全”、“外争国权，内惩国贼”等口号，并且要求惩办交通总长曹汝霖、币制局总裁陆宗舆、驻日公使章宗祥，呼吁各界人士行动起来，反对帝国主义的侵略行径，保卫中国的领土和主权。这一运动得到的工人和各阶层人士的声援和支持，上海、南京等地的工人纷纷举行罢工或示威。在全国人民的压力下，北洋政府被迫释放被捕学生，罢免曹汝霖等人的职务，并指令巴黎参加会议的代表拒绝在和约上签字。

The afternoon of May 4th, more than 3000 students in Beijing shouting at them in front of the Tiananmen demonstrations,: "I also Qingdao" "Shandong," refused to withdraw the right "in Paris and will sign", "the abolition of the twenty-one", "boycott Japanese goods," "would rather die, not for your guns", "defend our sovereignty, punish traitor" and other slogans, and for the punishment of traffic chief Cao Rulin, President of monetary Bureau Lu Zongyu, Minister Zhang Zongxiang, calls for action, fight against imperialist aggression, defend the territorial integrity and sovereignty Chinese. This campaign workers and all sectors of the solidarity and support, Shanghai, Nanjing and other places of the workers have held strikes and demonstrations. In the country under the pressure of the people, the government was forced to release the arrested students, and others recall Cao Rulins position, and ordered the Paris representatives attending the meeting refused to sign the peace treaty.

为了继承和发扬“五四”运动以来中国青年光荣的革命传统，1939年，陕甘宁边区的西北青年救国联合会规定5月4日为青年节。1949年12月，中央人民政府政务院正式宣布这一规定。

In order to inherit and carry forward the "five four" youth movement Chinese glorious revolutionary tradition, in 1939, the Shaanxi Gansu Ningxia border region of the Northwest China Youth Federation provides for the May 4th Youth day. In 1949 December, the Central Peoples government officially announced the provisions.

班级姓名

Rewritethesentences.（注意大小写和标点）

e.g.Thisismydesk.→Isthisyourdesk?Yes,itis./No,itisn’t.

Thesearemypens.→Aretheseyourpens?Yes,theyare./No,theyaren’t.

1.Thisismyschoolbag.（肯定回答）

2.Thesearemybooks.（肯定回答）

3.Thisismypencil.（肯定回答）

4.Thesearemyrulers.（肯定回答）

5.Thisismychair.（肯定回答）

6.Thesearemyrubbers.（否定回答）

7.Thisismybanana.（否定回答）

8.Thesearemypears.（否定回答）

9.Thisismydog.（否定回答）

10.Thesearemyeggs.（否定回答）

1、立意紧贴材料

材料作文中所提供的材料是审题的原点，是立意的根基，是观点的依托。

考生必须紧密结合材料进行审题立意，在审题立意时，一定要全面解读材料，辨明主次，抓住核心，使自己的作文立意呈现命题的最大价值，开拓审题的新鲜视野。

2、题目紧贴材料

俗话说：“题好一半文，文好题先行。”

作文拟题是十分重要的。题目自拟其实就是考查考生的拟题能力。

拟题的一般要求是：概括内容、观点鲜明、新颖别致、简洁生动。比如写道德类材料，“人以德为天”“莫使道德向隅而泣”“看客们，醒醒吧!”等比较好的作文题目，犹如“明眸善睐第一瞥”，能在第一时间抓住评卷老师的眼球，博得好感，占据获取高分的良机。

3、适当运用题记

题记不能滥用;要与作文材料关系要密切;概括或者深化主旨;语言要简洁，一般控制在一行字以内为佳，写出几十字题记往往弄巧成拙;要防止题记的内容与题目、文章首段的内容重复。

有一篇题为“呼唤诚实”的考场作文，题记这样写道：“轻轻地一声问候，不想惊扰你，只想知道你是否安好?”这个题记距离作文材料甚远，让人觉得非常突兀。比如，一篇题为“年轻无极限”的作文题记：“生如夏花之绚烂，死如秋叶之静美”，既不贴合材料，也未进一步明晰题旨。

4、开头紧扣主题

材料作文的开篇最好能够扣合材料，入题迅捷，观点鲜明，语言精练。

比如，《成事须明德》的开篇：“公共场所大声喧哗竞争可以不择手段——如此违背社会公德及个人品行的做法在青少年中竟成了难以评价的做法。一个人对道德尺度的把握应是其修身的根本，成事的关键，由此观之，青少年的价值观尚需正确的引导。”小作者对材料进行适当的择取，言出有据，笔墨经济;在分析材料的基础上，顺势明确立场，语言干净。这就是阅卷老师希望看到的开篇。

5、结尾申明主题

如果前面的环节考生都没有把握住，那么，结尾就是最后一次结合材料的机会，处理得当，仍可力挽狂澜，使文章提档升分。但遗憾的是，有一小部分考生行文至结尾仍然没有贴合材料，错失最后的良机，令人感到非常惋惜。

有一篇题为“当今的青少年”的文章，文章用大量篇幅论述青少年的依赖性，结尾这样收束：“当今的社会条件下，变数很多，所以人们不能还按传统办事，要多动脑子。所以当今社会下的青少年所要面对和考虑的事情会更多更复杂，希望青少年们摆脱依赖性，要有勇气创新。”这个结尾虽然照应了开头，但是没有与材料建立联系，使整篇文章坠入“不切题”的万丈深渊。

如果改为：“当今社会下的青少年所要面对和考虑的事情会更多更复杂，更需要摆脱依赖性，以正确的人生观、价值观为指导，具体问题具体分析，对事物做出正确的判断和选择。”经修改后的结尾，基本秉承原意，表述更为集中，不仅在形式上照应开头，而且在内容上贴近了材料的核心，从而把文章从“不切题”的深渊中打捞上来。

看了这几个技巧，你是否明白了写作文需要主题鲜明，贴近材料;开头要先声夺人，结尾要互相照应。

良好的开端等于成功的一半，下面是小编整理的高考英语写作基础知识，欢迎阅读。

一. 开头用语：

良好的开端等于成功的一半.在写作文时，通常以最简单也最常用的方式---开门见山法。也就是说, 直截了当地提出你对这个问题的看法或要求，点出文章的中心思想。

1.议论文：

A. Just as every coin has two sides, cars have both advantages and disadvantages.

B. Compared to/ In comparison with letters, e-mails are more convenient.

C. When it comes to computers, some people think they have brought us a lot of convenience. However,...

D. Opinions are divided on(关于) the advantages and disadvantages of living in the city and in the countryside.

E. As is known to all/ As we all know, computers have played an important role/part in our daily life.

F. Why do you go to university? Different people have different points of view.

2. 书信：

A. I am writing to you to apply for admission to your university as a visiting scholar.

B. I read an advertisement in today’s China Daily and I apply for the job...

C. Thank you for your letter of May 5.

D. How happy I am to receive your letter of January 9.

E. How nice to hear from you again!

3. 口头通知或介绍情况：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? I have an announcement to make.

(词典例子：Can I have your attention please?请注意听我讲话好吗?)

B. Attention, please. I have something important to tell you.

C. Mr. Green, Welcome to our school. To begin with, let me introduce Mr. Wang to you.

4. 演讲稿：

A. Ladies and gentlemen, I feel very much honored to have a chance here to make a speech on the subject -- A Balanced Diet and Health.

(词典解释：be/feel honoured to do sth=feel proud and happy做某事感到荣幸

例子：I was honoured to have been mentioned in his speech. 他在讲话中提到了我，真是荣幸。)

B. Good morning everyone! Allow me, first of all, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greeting to our distinguished guest.

(词典解释：extend=to offer or give sth to sb 提供;给予

例子：I’m sure you will join me in extending a very warm welcome to our visitors. 我肯定你们会同我一起向来访者表示热烈的欢迎。)

(词典解释：allow me=used to offer help politely (礼貌地表示主动帮忙)让我来

二.并列用语：

as well as, not only…but (also), including,

A. Not only do computers play an important part in science and technology, but also play an informative role in our daily life.

B. All of us, including the teachers / the teachers included, will attend the lecture.

C. He speaks French as well as English.=He speaks English, and French as well.=He speaks not only English but also French.

D. E-mail, as well as telephones, is playing an important part in daily communication.

三.对比用语：

on the one hand---, on the other hand---, on the contrary/contrary to ..., though, for one thing, for another; nevertheless

A. I know the Internet can only be used at home or in the office, but on the other hand, it is becoming more and more popular for much information as well as clear and vivid pictures.

B. It is hard work; I enjoy it, though.

C. Contrary to what I had originally thought, the trip turned out to be fun.

(词典：contray to sth 与之相异的，相对的，相反的

Contrary to popular belief, many cats dislike milk. 与普通的想法相反，许多猫并不喜欢牛奶。)

四. 递进用语：

even, besides, what’s more, as for, so…that…, worse still, moreover, furthermore; but for, in addition, to make matters worse

A. The house is too small for a family of four, and furthermore/besides/what’s more/moreover /in addition/worse still , it is in a bad location.

下面的材料旨在丰富学生在是非问题写作方面的思想和语言，考生在复习时可以先分类阅读这些篇章，然后尝试写相关方面的作文题。

对于素材中用黑体字的部分，特别建议你熟读，背诵，因为它们在语言和观点上都值得吸收。学习语言的人应该明白，表达能力和思想深度都靠日积月累，潜移默化。从某种意义上说，提高英语写作能力无捷径可走，你必须大段背诵英语文章才能逐渐形成语感和用英语进行表达的能力。这一关，没有任何人能代替你过。

因此，建议你下点苦功夫，把背单词的精神拿出来背诵文章。何况，并不是要求你背了之后永远牢记在心：你可以这个星期背，下个星期忘。这没有关系，相信你的大脑具有神奇的能力。背了工具箱里的文章后，你会惊讶的发现：I can think in English now！

1.?????? Proverbs

1. A graduation ceremony is an event where the commencement speaker tells thousands of students dressed in identical caps and gowns that individuality is the key to success.

2. The primary purpose of a liberal education is to make one’s mind a pleasant place in which to spend one’s time.

3. Next in importance to freedom and justice is popular education, without which neither freedom nor justice can be permanently maintained.

4. The classroom--not the trench--is the frontier of freedom now and forevermore.

5. Education’s purpose is to replace an empty mind with an open one.

6. It is the purpose of education to help us become autonomous, creative, inquiring people who have the will and intelligence to create our own destiny.

7. You see, real ongoing, lifelong education doesn’t answer questions; it provokes them.

8. People will pay more to be entertained than educated.

9.the most important function of education at any level is to develop the personality of the individual and the significance of his life to himself and to others. This is the basic architecture of a life; the rest is ornamentation and decoration of the structure.

10. The essence of our efforts to see that every child has a chance must be to assure each as equal opportunity, not to become equal, but to become different-to realize whatever unique potential of body, mind, and spirit he or she possesses.

11. A great teacher never strives to explain his vision-he simply invites you to stand beside him and see for yourself.

12. If you can read and don’, you are an illiterate by choice.

2. Damaging Research

A study by National Parent-Teacher Organization revealed that in the average American school, eighteen negatives are identified for every positive that is pointed out. The Wisconsin study revealed that when children enter the first grade, 80 percent of them feel pretty good themselves, but by the time they get to the sixth grade, only 10 percent of them have good self-images.

3. Education and Citizenship

An important aspect of education in the United States is the relationship between education and citizenship. Throughout its history this nation has emphasized public education as a means of transmitting democratic values, creating equality of opportunity, and preparing new generations of citizens to function in society. In addition, the schools have been expected to help shape society itself. During the 1950s, for example, efforts to combat racial segregation focused on the schools. Later, when the Soviet Union launched the first orbiting satellite, American schools and colleges came under intense pressure and were offered many incentives to improve their science and mathematics programs so that the nations would not fall behind the Soviet Union in scientific and technological capabilities.

Education is often viewed as a tool for solving social problems, especially social inequality. The schools, t is thought, can transform young people from vastly different backgrounds into competent, upwardly mobile adults. Yet these goals seem almost impossible to attain. In recent years, in fact, public education has been at the center of numerous controversies arising from the gap between the ideal and the reality. Part of the problem is that different groups in society have different have different expectations. Some feel that children should be taught basic job-related skills; still others believe education should not only prepare children to compete in society but also help them maintain their cultural identity (and, in the case of Hispanic children, their language). On the other hand, policymakers concerned with education emphasize the need to increase the level of student achievement and to improve parents in their children’s education.

Some reformers and critics have called attention to the need to link formal schooling with programs designed to address social problems. Sociologist Charles Moscos, for example, is a leader in the movement to expand programs like the Peace Corps, Vista, and Outward Bound into a system of voluntary national service. National service, as Moscos defines it, would entail “the full-time undertaking of public duties by young people whether as citizen soldiers or civilian servers-who are paid subsistence wages” and serve for at least one year. In return for this period of service, the volunteers would receive assistance in paying for college or other educational expenses.

Advocates of national service and school-to-work programs believe that education does not have to be confined to formal schooling. In devising strategies to provide opportunities for young people to serve their society, they emphasize the educational value of citizenship experiences gained outside the classroom. At this writing there is little indication that national service will become a new educational institution in the United States, although the concept is steadily gaining support among educators and social critics.

4. The Teacher’s Role

Given the undeniable importance of classroom experience, sociologists have done a considerable amount of research on what goes on in the classroom. Often they start from the premise that, along with the influence of peers, students’ experiences in the classroom are of central importance to their later development. One study examined the impact of a single first-grade teacher on her students’ subsequent adult status. The surprising results of this study have important implications. It is evident that good teachers can make a big difference in children’s lives, a fact that gives increased urgency to the need to improve the quality of primary-school teaching. The reforms carried out by educational leaders like James Comer suggest that when good teaching is combined with high levels of parental involvement the results can be even more dramatic.

Because the role of the teacher is to change the learner in some way, the teacher-student relationship is an important part of education. Sociologists have pointed out that this relationship is asymmetrical or unbalanced, with the teacher being in a position of authority and the student having little choice but to passively absorb the information provided by the teacher. In other words, in conventional classrooms there is little opportunity for the students to become actively involved in the learning process. On the other hand, students often develop strategies for undercutting the teacher’s authority: mentally withdrawing, interrupting, and the like. Hence, much current research assumes that students and teachers influence each other instead of assuming that the influence is always in a single direction.

5. Education Philosophy

For the past fifty years our schools have operated on the theories of John Dewey (1859-1953), an American educator and writer. Dewey believed hat the school’s job was to enhance the natural development of the growing child, rather than to pour information, for which the child had no context, into him or her. In the Dewey system, the child becomes the active agent in his own education, rather than a passive receptacle for facts.

Consequently, American schools are very enthusiastic about teaching “life skills” –logical thinking, analysis, creative problem--solving. The actual content of the lessons is secondary to the process, which is supposed to train the child to be able to handle whatever life may present, including all the unknowns of the future. Students and teachers both regard pure memorization as an uncreative and somewhat vulgar.

In addition to “life skills”, schools are assigned to solve the ever growing stoke of social problems. Racism, teenage pregnancy, alcoholism, drug use, reckless driving, and are just a few of the modern problems that have appeared on the school curriculum.

This all contributes to a high degree of social awareness in American youngsters.

6. Student Life

To the students, the most notable difference between elementary school and the higher levels is that in junior high they start “changing classes”. This means that rather than spending the day in one classroom, they switch classrooms to meet their different teachers. This gives them three or four minutes between classes in the hallways, where a great deal of the important social action of high school traditionally takes place. Students have lockers in these hallways, around which thy congregate.

Society in general does not take the business of studying very seriously. Schoolchildren have a great deal of free time, which they are encouraged to fill with extracurricular activities—sports, clubs, cheerleading, scouts—supposed to inculcate such qualities as leadership, sportsmanship, ability to organize, etc. those who don’t become engaged in such activities or have afterschool jobs have plenty of opportunity to “hang out”, listen to teenager music, and watch television.

Compared to other nations, American students do not have much homework. Studies also show that American parents have lower expectations for their children’s success in school than other nationalities do. (Historically, there has not been much correlation between American school success and success in later life.) “He’s just not a scholar”, the American parents might say, content that their son is on the swim team and doesn’t take drugs. (Some of the young do choose to study hard, for reason of their own, such as determining that the road to riches lies through Harvard Business School.)

What American schools do effectively teach is the competitive method. In innumerable ways children are pitted against each other—whether in classroom discussion, spelling bees, reading groups, or tests. Every classroom is expected to produce a scattering of A’s and F’s (teachers often grade A=excellent; B=good; C=average; D=poor; and F=failed). A teacher who gives all A’s looks too soft—so students are aware that they are competing for the limited number of top marks.

Foreign students sometimes don’t understand that copying from other people’s papers or from books is considered wrong and taken seriously. Here, it is important to show that you have done your own work and are displaying your own knowledge. It is more important than helping your friends to pass, whom we think do not deserve to pass unless they can provide their own answers. Group effort goes against the competitive grain, and American students do not study together as many Asians do. Many Asians in this country consider their group study habits a large contributor to their school success.

7. Adult Education

After complaining about many aspects of American life, a 40-year-old woman from Hong Kong concluded, “But where else could someone my age go back to school and get a degree in social work? Here you can change your whole life, start a new business, do what you really want to do.”

So at least to this person, school requirements weren’t inhibiting. And to millions of others, adult education is the path to a new career, or if not to a new career, to a new outlook. Schools generally encourage the older person who wants to start anew, and besides regular classes, schedule evening classes in special programs. Today there are so many people of retirement age in college that it is no longer remarkable.

8. Moral Relativism in American

Improving American education requires not doing new things but doing (and remembering) some good old things. At the time of our nation’s founding, Thomas Jefferson listed the requirements for a sound education in the Report of the Commissioners for the University of Virginia. In this landmark statement on American education, Jefferson wrote of the importance of education and writing, and of reading history, and geography. But he also emphasized the need “to instruct the mass of our citizens in these, their rights, interests, and duties, as men and citizens.” Jefferson believed education should aim at the improvement of both one’s “morals” and “faculties”. That has been the dominant view of the aims of American education for over two centuries. But a number of changes, most of them unsound, have diverted schools from these great pursuits. And the story of the loss of the school’s original moral mission explains a great deal.

Starting in the early seventies, “values clarification” programs started turning up in schools all over America. According to this philosophy, the schools were not to take part in their time-honored task of transmitting sound moral values; rather, they were to allow the child to “clarify” his own values (which adults, including parents, had no “rights” to criticize). The “values clarification” movement didn’t clarify values; it clarified wants and desires. This form of moral relativism said, in effect, that no set of values was right or wrong; everybody had an equal right to his own values; and all values were subjective, relative, and personal. This destructive view took hold with a vengeance.

In 1985 The York Times published an article quoting New York area educators, in slavish devotion to this new view, proclaiming, “They deliberately avoid trying to tell students what is ethically right and wrong.” The article told of one counseling session involving fifteen high school juniors and seniors. In the course of that session a student concluded that a fellow student had been foolish to return one thousand dollars she found in a purse at school. According to the article, when the youngsters asked the counselor’s opinion, “He told them he believed the girl had done the right thing, but that, of course, he would not try to force his values on them. ‘If I come from the position of what is wrong,’ he explained, ‘then I’m not their counselor.’”

Once upon a time, a counselor offered counselor, and he knew that an adult does not form character in the young by taking a stance of neutrality toward questions of right and wrong or by merely offering “choices” or “options”.

In response to the belief that adults and educators should teach children sound morals, one can expect from some quarters indignant objections (I’ve heard one version of it expressed countless times over the years): “Who are you to say what’s important?” or “Whose standards and judgments do we use?”

The correct response, it seems to me, is, is we ready to do away with standards and judgments? Is anyone going to argue seriously that a life of cheating and swindling is as worthy as a life of honest, hard work? Is anyone (with the exception of some literature professors at our elite universities) going to argue seriously the intellectual corollary, that a Marvel comic book is as good as Macbeth? Unless we are willing to embrace some pretty silly position, we’ve got to admit the need for moral and intellectual standards. The problem is that some people tend to regard anyone who would pronounce a definitive judgment as an unsophisticated Philistine or a closed-minded “elitist” trying to impose his view on everybody else.

The truth of the real world is that without standards and judgments, there can be no progress. Unless we are prepared to say irrational things—that nothing can be proven more valuable than anything else or that everything is equally worthless—we must ask the normative question. It may come, as a surprise to those who fell that to be “progressive” is to be value-neutral. But as Matthew Amold said, “the world is forwarded by having its attention fixed on the best things” and if the world can’t decide what the best things are, at least to some degree, then it follows that progress, and character, is in trouble. We shouldn’t be reluctant to declare that some things, some lives, books, ideas, and values are better than others. It is the responsibility of the schools to teach these better things.

At one time, we weren’t so reluctant to teach them. In the mid-nineteenth century, a diverse, widespread group of crusaders began to work for the public support of what was then called the “common school”, the forerunner of the public school. They were to be charged with the mission of school felt that the nation could fulfill its destiny only if every new generation was taught these values together in a common institution.

The leaders of the common school movement were mainly citizens who were prominent in their communities—businessmen, ministers, local civic and government officials. These people saw the schools as upholders of standards of individual morality and small incubators of civic and personal virtue; the founders of the public schools had faith that public education could teach good moral and civic character from a common ground of American values.

But in the past quarter century or so, some of the so-called experts became experts of value neutrality, and moral education was increasingly left in their hands. The commonsense view of parents and the publicthat schools should reinforce rather than undermine the values of home, family, and country, was increasingly rejected.

There are those today still that claim we are now too diverse a nation, that we consist of too many competing convictions and interests to instill common values. They are wrong. Of course we are a diverse people. We have always been a diverse people. And as Madison wrote in FederalistNo.10, the competing, balancing interests of a diverse people can help ensure the survival of liberty. But there are values that all American citizens share and that we should want all American students to know and to make their own: honesty, fairness, self-discipline, fidelity to task, friends, and family, personal responsibility, love of country, and belief in the principles of liberty, equality, and the freedom to practice one’s faith. The explicit teaching of these values is the legacy of the common schools, and it is a legacy to which we must return.

9. Schools Should Teach Values

People often said, “Yes, we should teach these values, but how do we teach them?” this question deserves a candid response, one that isn’t given often enough. It is by exposing our children to good character and inviting its imitation that we will transmit to them a moral foundation. This happens when teachers and principals, by their words and actions, embody sound convictions. As Oxford’s Mary Warnock has written, “You cannot teach morality without being committed to morality yourself; and you cannot be committed to morality yourself without holding that some things are right and others wrong.” The theologian Martin Buber wrote that the educator is distinguished from all other influences “by his will to take part in the stamping of character and by his consciousness that he represents in the eyes of the growing person a certain selection of what is, the selection of what is ‘right’, of what should be.” It is in this will, Buber says, in this clear standing for something, that the “vocation as an educator finds its fundamental expression.”

There is no escaping the fact that young people need as example principals and teachers who know the difference between right and wrong, good and bad, and who themselves exemplify high moral purpose.

As Education Secretary, I visited a class at Waterbury Elementary School in Waterbury, Vermont, and asked the students, “Is this a good school?” They answered, “Yes, this is a good school.” I asked them, “Why?” Among other things, one eight-year-old said, “The principal Mr. Riegel, makes good rules and everybody obeys them.” So I said, “Give me an example.” And another answered, “You can’t climb on the pipes in the bathroom. We don’t climb on the pipes and the principal doesn’t either.”

This example is probably too simple to please a lot of people who want to make the topic of moral education difficult, but there is something profound in the answer of those children, something education should pay more attention to. You can’t expect children to take messages about rules or morality seriously unless they see adults taking those rules seriously in their day-to-day affairs. Certain must be said, certain limits lay down, and certain examples set. There is no other way.

We should also do a better job at curriculum selection. The research shows that most “values education” exercises and separate courses in “moral reasoning” tend not to affect children’s behavior; if anything, they may leave children morally adrift. Where to turn? I believe our literature and our history are a rich quarry of moral literacy. We should mine that quarry. Children should have at their disposal a stock of examples illustrating what we believe to be right and wrong, good and bad—examples illustrating what are morally right and wrong can indeed be known and that there is a difference.

What kind of stories, historical events, and famous lives am I talking about? If we want our children to know about honesty, we should teach them about Abe Lincoln walking three miles to return six cents and conversely, about Aesop’s shepherd boy who cried wolf if we want them to know about courage, we should teach them about Joan of Arc, Horatius at the bridge, and Harriet Tubman and the Underground Railroad. If we want them to know about persistence in the face of adversity, they should know about the voyages of Columbus and the character of Washington during the Civil War. And our youngest should be told about the Little Engine That Could. If we want them to know about respect for the law, they should understand why Socrates told Crito: “No, I must submit to the decree of Athens.” If we want our children to respect the rights of others, they should read the Declaration of Independence, the Bill of Rights, the Gettysburg Address, and Martin Luther King, Jr.’ “Letter from Birmingham jail.” From the Bible they should know about Ruth’s loyalty to Naomi, Joseph’s forgiveness of his brothers, Jonathan’s friendship with David, the Good Samaritan’s kindness toward a stranger, and David’s cleverness and courage in facing Goliath.

These are only a few of the hundreds of examples we can call on. And we need not get into issues like nuclear war, abortion, creationism, or euthanasia. This may come as a disappointment to some people, but the fact is that the formation of character in young people is educationally a task different from, and prior to, the discussion of the great, difficult controversies of the day. First things come first. We should teach values the same way we teach other things: one step at a time. We should not use the fact that there are many difficult and controversial moral questions as an argument against basic instruction in the subject.

After all, we do not argue against teaching physics because laser physics is difficult, against teaching American history because there are heated disputes about the Founders’ intent. Every field has its complexities and its controversies. And every field has its basics, its fundamentals. So they are too with forming character and achieving moral literacy. As any parent knows, teaching character is a difficult task. But it is a crucial task, because we want our children to be healthy, happy, and successful but decent, strong, and good. None of this happens automatically; there is no genetic transmission of virtue. It takes the conscious, committed efforts of adults. It takes careful attention.

10. College Pressures

Mainly I try to remind that the road ahead is a long one and that it will have more unexpected turns than they think. There will be plenty of time to change jobs, change careers, change whole attitudes and approaches. They don not want to hear such liberating news. They want a map—right now – that they can follow unswervingly to career security, financial security, Social Security and, presumably, a prepaid grave.

What I wish for all students is some release from the clammy grip of the future. I wish them a chance to savor each segment of their education as an experience in itself and not as a grim preparation for the next step. I wish them the right to experiment, to trip and fall, to learn that defeat is as instructive as victory and is not the end of the world.

My wish, of course, is na?ve. One of the national gods venerated in our media—the million-dollar athlete, the wealthy executive—and glorified in our praise of possessions. In the presence of such a potent state religion, the young are growing up old.

I see four kinds of pressure working on college students today: economic pressure, parental pressure, peer pressure, and self-induced pressure. It is easy to look around for villains—to blame the colleges for charging too much money, the professors for assigning too much work, the parents for pushing their children too far, and the students for driving themselves too hard. But there are no villains: only victims.

“In the late 1960s.” one dean told me. “The typical question that I got from students was ‘Why is there so much suffering in the world’ or ‘how I can make a contribution?’ Today it’s ‘Do you think it would look better for getting into law school if I did a double major in history and political science, or just majored in one of them?’” many other deans confirmed this pattern. One said: “They are trying to find an edge—the intangible something that will look better on paper if two students are about equal.”

Note the emphasis on looking better. The transcript has become a sacred document, the passport to security. How one appears on paper is more important than how one appears in person. A is for Admirable and B is for Borderline, even though, in Yale’s official system of grading, A means “excellent” and B means “very good.” Today, looking very good is no longer good enough, especially for students who hope to go on to law school or medical school. They know that entrance into the better schools will be an entrance into the better law firms and better medical practices where they will make a lot of money. They also know that the odds are harsh. Yale Law School, for instance, matriculates 170students from an applicant pool of 3,700; Harvard enrolls 550 from a pool of 7,000.

It’s all very well for those of us who write letters of recommendation for our students to stress the qualities of humanity that will make them good lawyers or doctors. And it’s nice to think that admission officers are ready reading our letters and looking for the extra dimension of commitment or concern. Still, it would be hard for a student not to visualize these officers shuffling so many transcripts studded with As that they regard a B as positively shameful.

The pressure is almost as heavy on students who just want to graduate and get a job. Long gone are the days of the “gentleman’s C.” when students journeyed through college with a certain relaxation, sampling a wide variety of courses-music, art, philosophy, classics, anthropology, poetry, religion—that would send them out as liberally educated men and women. If I were an employer I would rather employ graduates who have this range and curiosity than those who narrowly pursued safe subjects and high grades. I know countless students whose inquiring minds exhilarate me. I like to hear the play of their ideas. I do not know if they are getting As or Cs, and I do not care. I also like them as people. The country needs them, and they will find satisfying jobs. I tell them to relax. They cannot.

Nor can I blame them. They live in a brutal economy. Tuition, room, and board at most private colleges now come to at least $7,000, not counting books and fees. This might seem to suggest that the colleges are getting rich. But they are equally battered by inflation. Tuition covers only 60 percent of what it costs to educate a student, and ordinarily the remainder comes from what college receives in endowments, grants, and gifts. Now, the remainder keeps being swallowed by the cruel costs—higher every year—of just opening the doors. Heating oil is up. Insurance is up. Postage is up. Health-premium costs are up. Everything is up. Deficits are up. We are witnessing in American the creation of a brotherhood of paupers—colleges, parents, and students, joined by the common bond of debt.

Today it is not unusual for a student, even if he works part time at college and full time during the summer, to accrue $5,000 in loans after four years—loans that he must start to repay within one year after graduation. Exhorted at commencement to go forth into the world, he is already behind as he goes forth. How could he not feel under pressure throughout college to prepare for this day of reckoning? I have used “he,” incidentally, only for brevity. Women at Yale are under no less pressure to justify their expensive education to themselves, their parents, and society. In fact, they are probably under more pressure. For although they leave college superbly equipped to bring fresh leadership to traditionally male jobs, society has not yet caught up with this fact.

Along with economic pressure goes parental pressure. Inevitably, the two are deeply intertwined.

I see many students taking pre-medical courses with joyless tenacity. They go off to their labs as if they were going to the dentist. It saddens me because I know tem in other corners of their life as cheerful people.

“Do you want to medical school?” I asked them.

“I guess so,” they say, without conviction, or “Not really.”

“Then why are you going?”

“Well, my parents want me to be a doctor. They are paying all this money and …”

Poor students, poor parents, they are caught in one of the oldest webs of love and duty and guilt. The parents mean will; they are trying to steer their sons and draughts toward a secure future. But the sons and daughter want to major in history or classics or philosophy—subjects with no “practical” value. Where’s the payoff on the humanities? It’s not easy to persuade such loving parents that the humanities do indeed pay off. The intellectual faculties developed by studying subjects like history and classics—an ability to synthesize and relate, to weigh cause and effect, to see events in perspective—are just the faculties that make creative leaders in business or almost any general field. Still, many fathers would rather put their money on courses that point toward specific profession—courses that are pre-law, pre-medical, pre-business, or, as I sometimes heard it put, “pre-rich.”

But the pressure on students is severe. They are truly torn. One part of them feels obliged to fulfill their parents’ expectations; after all, their parents are older and presumably wiser. Another part tells them that the expectations that are right for their parents are not right for them.

I know a student who wants to be an artist. She is very obviously an artist and will be a good one—she has already had several modest local exhibits. Meanwhile she is growing as a well-round person and taking humanistic subjects that will enrich the inner resources out of which her art will grow. But her father is strongly opposed. He thinks that an artist is a “dumb” thing to be. The student vacillates and tries to please everybody. She keeps up with her art somewhat furtively and takes some of the “dumb” courses her father wants her to take—at least they are dumb courses for her. She is a free spirit on a campus of tense students—no small achievement in it—and she deserves to follow her muse.

Peer pressure and self-induced pressure are also intertwined, and they begin almost at the beginning of freshman year.

“I had a freshman student I’ll call Linda,” one dean told me, “who came in and said she was under terrible pressure because her roommate, Barbara, was much brighter and studied all the time. I could not tell her that Barbara had come in two hours earlier to say the same thing about Linda.”

The story is almost funny—except that it is not. It is symptomatic of all the pressure put together. When every student thinks every other student is working harder and doing better, the only solution is to study harder still. I see students going off to the library every night after dinner and coming back when it closes at midnight. I wish they would sometimes forget about their peers and go to a movie. I hear the clacking of typewriters in the hours before dawn. I see the tension in their eyes when exams are approaching and papers are due: “Will I get everything done?”

Probably they won’t. They will get blocked. They will sleep. They will oversleep. They will bug out.

Part of the problem is that they are expected to do. A professor will assign five page papers. Several students will start writing ten page papers to impress him. Then more students will write ten page papers, and a few will raise the ante to fifteen. Pity the poor student who is still just doing the assignment.

“Once you have twenty or thirty percent of the student population deliberately overexerting,” one dean points out, “It’s bad for everybody. When a teacher gets more and more effort from his class, the student who is doing normal work can be perceived as not doing well. The tactic work, psychologically.”

Why cannot the professor just cut back and not accept longer papers? He can, and he probably will. But by then the term will be half over and the damage done. Grade fever is highly contagious and not easily reversed. Besides, the professor’s main concern is with his course. He knows his students only in relation to the course and does not know that they are also overexerting in their other courses. Nor is it really his business. He did not sign up for dealing with the student as a whole person and with all the emotional baggage the student brought along from home. That’s what deans, masters, chaplains, and psychiatrists are for.

To some extent this is nothing new: a certain number of professors have always been self-contained islands of scholarship and shyness, more comfortable with books than with people. But the new pauperism has widened the gap still further, for professors who actually like to spend time with students do not have as much time to spend. They are also overexerting. If they are young, they are busy trying to publish in order not to perish, hanging by their figure nails onto a shrinking profession.

If they are old and tenured, they are buried under the duties of administering departments—as departmental chairmen or members of committees—that have been thinned out by the budgetary axe.

Ultimately it will be the students’ own business to break the circles in which they are trapped. They are too young to be prisoners of their parents’ dreams and their classmates’ fears. They must be jolted into believing into themselves as unique men and women who have the power to shape their own future.

“Violence is being done to the undergraduate experience,” says Carlos Hortas. “College should be open-ended: at the end it should open many, many roads. Instead, students are choosing their goal in advance, and their choices narrow as they go along. It’s almost as if they think that the country has been codified in the type of jobs that exist-that they’ve got to fit into certain slots. Therefore, fit into the best paying slot.”

“They ought to take chances. Not taking chances will lead to life of colorless mediocrity. They’ll be comfortable. But something in the spirit will be missing.”

I have painted too drab a portrait of today’s students, making them seem a solemn lot. That is only half of their story; if they were so dreary I wouldn’t so thoroughly enjoy their company. The other half is that they are easy to like. They are quick to laugh and to offer friendship. They are not introverts. They are usually kind and are more considerate of one another than any student generation I have known.

Nor are they so obsessed with their studies that they avoid sports and extracurricular activities. On the contrary, they juggle their crowded hours to play on a variety of teams, perform with musical and dramatic groups, and write for campus publications. But this in turn is one more cause of anxiety. There are too many choices. Academically, they have 1,300 courses to select from; outside class they have to decide how much spare time they can spare and how to spend it.

This means that they engage in fewer extracurricular pursuits than their predecessors did. If they want to row on the crew and play in the symphony they will eliminate one; in the ‘60s they would have done both. They also tend to choose activities that are self-limiting. Drama, for instance, is flourishing in all twelve of Yale’s residential colleges, as it never has before. Students hurl themselves into these productions—as actors, directors, carpenters, and technicians—with a dedication to create the best possible play, knowing that the day will come when the run will end and they can get back to their studies.

They also cannot afford to be the willing slave of organizations like the Yale Daily News. Last spring at the one-hundredth anniversary banquet of that paper—who’s past chairmen include such once and future kings as Potter Stewart, Kingman Brewster, and William F. Buckley, Jr.—much was made of the fact that the editorial staff used to be small and totally committed and that “newsies” routinely worked fifty hours a week. In effect they belonged to a club; Newsies is how they defined themselves at Yale. Today’s students will one or two articles a week, when he can, and he defines himself as a student. I’ve never heard the word Newsie except at the banquet.

If I have described the modern undergraduate primarily as a driven creature who is largely ignoring the blithe spirit inside who keeps trying to come out and play, it’s because that’s where the crunch is, not only at Yale but throughout American education. It’s why I think we should all be worried about the values that are nurturing a generation so fearful of risk and so goal-obsessed at such an early age.

I tell students that there is no one “right” way to get ahead—that each of them is a different person, starting from a different point and bound for a different destination. I tell neither them that change is a tonic and that all the slots are not codified nor the frontiers closed. One of my ways of telling them is to invite men and women who have achieved success outside the academic world to come and talk informally with my students during the year. They are heads of companies or ad agencies, editors of magazines, politicians, public officials, television magnates, labor leaders, business executives, Broadway products, artists, writers, economists, photographers, scientists, historians—a mixed bag of achievers.

I asked them to say a few words about how they got started. The students assume that they started in their present profession and knew all along that it was what they wanted to do. Luckily for me, most of them got into their field by a circuitous route, to their surprise, after many detours. The students are startled. They can hardly conceive of a career that was not pre-planned. They can hardly imagine allowing the hand of God or chance to nudge them down some unforeseen trail.

11. To Err Is Wrong

In the summer of 1979, Boston Red Sox first baseman Carl Yastrzemski became the fifteenth player in baseball history to reach the three thousand hit plateaus. This event drew a lot of media attention, and for about a week prior to the attainment of this goal, hundreds of reports covered Yaz’s every more. Finally, one reporter asked, “Hey Yaz, aren’t you afraid all of this attention will go to your head?” Yastrzemski replied, “I look at this way: in my career I’ve been up to bat over ten thousand times. That means I’ve been unsuccessful at the plate over seven thousand times. That fact alone keeps me from getting a swollen head.”?

Most people consider success and failure as opposites, but they are actually both products of the same process. As Yaz suggest, an activity that produces a hit may also produce a miss. It is the same with creative thinking; the same energy that generates good creative ideas also produces errors.

Many people, however, are not comfortable with errors. Our educational system, based on “the right answer” belief, cultivates our thinking in another, more conservative way. From an early age, we are taught that right answers are good and incorrect answers are bad. This value is deeply embedded in the incentive system used in most schools:

Right over 90% of the time = “A”

Right over 80% of the time = “B~”

Right over 70% of the time = “C~” Right over 60% of the time = “D~” Less than 60% correct, you fail.

From this we learn to be right as often as possible and to keep our mistakes to a minimum. We learn, in other words, that “to err is wrong.

Playing It Safe

With this kind of attitude, you aren’t going to be taking too many chances. If you learn that failing even a litter penalizes you (e.g., being wrong only 15% of the time garners you only a “B” performance), you learn not to make mistakes. And more important, you learn not to put yourself to situation where you might fall. This leads to conservative thought pattern designed to avoid the stigma our society puts on “failure”.

I have a friend who recently graduated from college with a Master’s degree in Journalism. For the last six month, she has been trying to find a job, but to no avail. I talked with her about situation, and realized that her problem is that she doesn’t know how to fail. She went through eighteen years of schooling to try any approaches where she might fail. She has been conditioned to believe that failure is bad in and of itself, rather than a potential stepping-stone to new ideas.

Look around. How many middle managers, housewives, administrators, teachers, and other people do you see who are to try anything new because of this failure? Most of us have learned not to make mistakes in public. As a result, we remove ourselves from many learning experience except for those occurring in the most private of circumstances.

Different Logic

From a practical point of view, “to err is wrong” makes sense. Our survival in the everyday world requires us to perform thousand of small tasks without failure. Think about it: you wouldn’t last very long if you were to step out in front of traffic or stick your hand a pot of boiling water. In addition, engineers whose bridges collapse, stock brokers who lose money for their clients, and copywriters whose ad campaigns decrease sales won’t keep their jobs very long.

Nevertheless, too great an adherence to the belief “to err is wrong” can greatly undermine your attempts to generate new ideas. If you are more concerned with producing right answers than generating original ideas, you’ll probably make uncritical use of the rules, formulae, and procedures used to obtain these right answers. By doing this, you’ll by-pass the germinal phase of the creative process, and thus spend litter time testing assumptions, challenging the rules, asking what-if questions, or just playing around with the problem. All of these techniques will produce some incorrect answers, but in the germinal phase errors are viewed as a necessary by-product of creative thinking. As Yaz would put it, “if you want the hits, be prepared for the misses.” That’s the way the game of life goes.

Errors as Stepping Stones

Whenever an error pops up, the usual response is “Jeez, another screw up, what went wrong this time?” the creative thinker, on the other hand, will realize the potential value of errors, and perhaps say something like, “Would you look at that! Where can it lead our thinking?” and then he or she will go on to use the error as a stepping stone to a new idea. As a matter of fact, the whole history of discovery is filed with people who used erroneous assumptions and failed ideas as stepping-stones to new ideas. Columbus thought he was finding a shorter route to India. Johannes Kepler stumbled on to the idea of interplanetary gravity because of assumptions that were right for the wrong reasons. And, Thomas Edison knew 1800 ways not to build a light bulb.

The following story about the automotive genius Charles Kettering exemplifies the spirit of working through erroneous assumptions to good ideas. In 1912, when the automobile industry was just beginning to grow, Kettering was interested in improving gasoline engine efficiency. The problem he faced was“knockthe phenomenon in which gasoline takes too long to burn in the cylinder-thereby reducing efficiency.

Kettering began searching for ways to eliminate the “knock.” He thought to him, “How can I get the gasoline to combust in the cylinder at an earlier time?” the key concept here is “early”. Searching for analogous situations, he looked around for models of “things that happen early.” He thought of historical models, physical models, and biological models. Finally, he remembered a particular plant, the trailing arbutus, which “happens early,” i.e., it blooms in the snow (“earlier” than other plants). One of this plant’s chief characteristics is its’ red leaves, which help the plant retain light at certain wavelengths. Kettering figured that it must be the red color, which made the trailing arbutus bloom earlier.

Now came the critical step in Kettering’s chain of thought. He asked himself, “How can I make the gasoline red?” perhaps I’ll put red dye in the gasoline—maybe that’ll make it combust earlier.” He looked around his workshop, and found that he didn’t have any red dye. But he did happen to have some iodine—perhaps that would do. He added the iodine to the gasoline and, lo and behold, the engine didn’t “knock”.

[英语作文写作的需要背诵的部分

1.开好头

高尔基说过：“(开头)好像音乐里定调一样，全曲的音调都是它给予的，也是作者花功夫的所在。”议论文的开头要讲究“短、快、靓”。短，即要简捷，最好三两句成段，引入本论。开头短，可避免冗长之赘，而且短句成段，在空间上突出其内容的重要性。快，即入题要快，最好三言两语就点明文章的基本观点或议论的话题。因为评分标准中有“中心明确”的细则。开篇确定中心，有利于阅卷者按等计分，也有利于作者展开论述，不致出现主旨不清、中途转换论题等作文大忌。靓，即要精彩。这也是传统文论中所说的“凤头”。精彩的开头，最突出的效果是吸引阅卷者，给阅卷者留下好的印象。文章开头要精彩，多用比喻、类比、排比等修辞引入论点，还可引述名言，讲述寓言故事导入话题。

2.写好字

一篇内质不错的文章，字迹可憎，其分值往往不理想。为何?其一，字和卷面差，按评分要求要扣分，其二，试卷的“面目”在一定程度上控制着阅卷者打分的情绪。美观整洁的书写是文章最好的“外衣”，它对阅卷者评分印象的形成是直接有效的：首先，笔划要清楚。字迹笔划清楚，字体端正，就能给阅卷者留下好印象。相反，龙飞凤舞，一路狂草，但难以辨认，就算文章写得好，也难以让人欣赏。其次，字体要适中。字体过大，卷面有拥挤繁乱之感，观之不雅。字体过小，阅读起来如觉蚁行，极其费神。再次，尽量少涂改。要涂改也须规范地涂改，切忌乱涂乱画，在卷面留下醒目的墨点，造成凌乱之感。

3.拟好题

题目是文章的眼睛，是文章传递显要信息的重要部分。由于它位居文章结构之首，所以文章题目的优劣也会直接影响阅卷者对文章的第一印象。议论文拟题的基本要求是：在准确的基础上力求醒目、舒畅。具体而言，可鲜明，可形象，可简洁，可别致，可整齐，不一而足。总之，以能激发阅卷者阅读兴趣或使之有耳目一新之感为最佳。

议论文的题目要求符合文体特征，要求鲜明，使人见其题而知其旨。观点鲜明的文章最受阅卷者的欢迎，因为它具有清澈感和透明感，能够传达出文章内容之大概，便于阅卷者准确而快速地把握整篇文章的基本内容。

4.中间段写好首句和末句

议论文的结构是否严谨，条理是否清楚，论证是否严密，论据是否典型，关键在中间段的写作。而结构、条理、论证和论据等是议论文评分的重要细则，因此，写作议论文要尽量符合这些标准。

常见的论述模式是：首句为小论点或承上启下的过渡词句;中间围绕小论点，运用恰当的事实、理论论据，或针对现实生活中的某些现象，分析说理;最后结合论述内容写一两句小结的话语。其中首句和末句的写作最重要，它能直接勾勒文章的脉络，显示全文的论述思路。另外，文章的整体论证结构常用正反对比式。许多道理只要从正反两面说了，就基本上可做到论述严密。在考场中熟练地运用这种作文模式，可迅速地展开写作，减少失误，节省时间。同时，它可使阅卷者能便捷地依据评分标准，在中档以上分项计分，避免不利于考生的个人评分因素出现。

5.典型而鲜活的论据

论点是议论文的灵魂，分论点是支撑起这个灵魂的骨架，而论据是议论文的血肉。一个人要丰满多彩，光有灵魂和骨架，没有血肉是不可想象的。同样一篇议论文只有中心论点和分论点是不能称为文章的，它还必须有典型而鲜活的论据。

典型的论据是指能充分反映事物本质，具有代表性的事例与名言。它首先要求真实，切合题旨。其次，选用的论据要弃旧用新，要厚今薄古。有些同学作文，记住几个经典论据，如司马迁、居里夫人、张海迪，变换着角度使用，把它们当做万花油。其实，这些论据就算典型，也不能引人注目。相反，选取人无我有、人有我新的论据说理，使阅卷者在阅读时产生新鲜感，效果会更好。另外，有些同学习惯用古代事例阐述事理，整篇文章未能联系实际，无时代的活水，也不能达到充分说理的目的。最好能引述时尚言论和当前媒体普遍关注的事例辅助说理，加强说理的针对性、时代感，使文章更具说服力。

6.结好尾

结尾是全文内容发展的必然结果，是文章结构的重要组成部分。现代著名作家师陀曾说：“写文章不管长短，首先要考虑好结尾。有了结尾，如何开头，中间如何安排，便迎刃而解了。”好的结尾当如豹尾，响亮有力，令人警醒，催人奋进。如鲁迅的《论雷峰塔的倒掉》，结尾只有两个字：“活该!”短短两字，可谓简洁之至，力透纸背。

其实，文章的结尾有时比开头还重要。由于阅卷者看完结尾后即开始打分，因此，它的好坏还直接影响到阅卷者的评分心理。李渔曾说：“篇际之终当以媚语摄魂，使之执卷流连，若难遽别。”结尾如有此种效果，整篇文章将增色不少。议论文结尾的写作，要收束全文，突出中心论点;要体现全文结构的紧凑、完整，不能草率收兵，也不能画蛇添足;语言要干脆有力、清音留响，富有启发性和鼓舞性。

7.语言形象畅达

语言项是作文评分的重要标准。议论文的语言，要准确鲜明，生动形象。有些同学写议论文，常摆出说大道理的架式，将哲学原理和辩证法的术语一股脑搬出来，以求说理的充分、透彻，但效果适得其反。

一个道理有一千种说法，要尽量选用形象生动的说法。要显形象生动之效，除了采用比喻、类比、事例等论证方法外，形象畅达乃至华美的语言必不可少.修饰议论文的语言，注意运用比喻、排比、对偶和反复等修辞，使文章形成华美流畅感;注意运用假设句、反问句或整句，使文章增强不可辩驳之势。修饰语言之功，虽不是一朝一夕可成，但只要积久成习，自然会有长进。

第一步：“装”。我这里所说的“装”，也可以理解为“装傻”，指的是我们明明知道某一样事物的存在，但在写作时却要表现出完成不知道或者是没有发现的样子。以《美，就在身边》或者《原来，这也是一种美》为例，我们身边的一处美景、一件好事、一个心灵美的人物等凡是可以挖掘出“美”的特点的都可以成为我们写作的对象。但在确定好写作对象之后，我们先不要急着去阐述这一种“美”，而是有意地采用对比或者欲扬先抑的表现手法，反映出我们认为它不美或者根本就没有觉察到这一种美的存在，甚至还可以表现出自己对身边的美视而不见，反而苦苦地去追寻所谓的“美”。

第二步：“转”。我这里所说的“转”，包含两个方面：一是在行文结构上的过渡，也就是承上启下;二是因为某一件事情的发生促使我在认识或是思想上有了根本性的转变。也就是要告诉读者：前面所写的是我对某一样事物最初的认识或是它给我留下的坏印象，而这些都因为接下来发生的这件事情使我在认识或是思想上发生了重要的转变。这一步是文章的重点，除了要处理好过渡句或是过渡段之外，重中之重还是要写好这一件令我发生转变的非比寻常的事情，因此最好能够在这一件事情上交待清楚记叙文的六要素。

第三步：“醒”。我这里所说的“醒”，指的是在经历了第二步所写的某件事情之后，在认识上的颠覆或者是思想上的醒悟，或者说是由此开始“卖乖”。具体说来，就是要交待清楚自己对第一步所提到事物(写作对象)有了什么不一样的看法或是新的认识?获得了什么样的启示?明白了什么样的道理或是思想上有了什么样的转变?从“卖乖”的角度来说，就是要告诉读者你从此变得懂事了、变好了、积极向上了，目光不会再像以前一样短浅、人也不会再像以前一样不懂事了。

会写文章，善于写文章，需要若干条件，其中一个条件就是练好基本功。以下是为大家分享的3小学生写作基础及提升技巧，供大家参考借鉴，欢迎浏览!

打好写作基础，练好写句子的基本功，要从把句子写完整、具体、通顺、连贯这几方面做起。

一、把句子写完整

怎样的句子才算是完整的呢？读读下面的句子：

1.我们劳动。(谁，干什么)

2.小蚂蚁运送食物。(什么，干什么)

3.哥哥是一名少先队员。(谁，是什么)

不难看出：在一般情况下，句子是由两部分组成的，前半部分交代“谁”或“什么”，后半部分交代“做什么”“怎么样”或者“是什么”。前后两部分说全了，句子才算是一句完整的话。

需要强调说明的是：知道什么是完整句，怎样的句子才算完整，这只是一个知识性的问题;落实在行动上，即平日在说每一句话，在写每一句话时，都要认真思考，反复斟酌，提高“完整”意识，不写残缺不全的句子，这才是最重要的。

二、把句子写具体

句子要完整，这是首要的。但在许多时候，句子只做到“完整”是不能准确表达意思的，还要做到“具体”。怎样的句子才算是具体的呢?读读下面这几组句子，体会一下：

第一组：

1、爸爸做工。

2.爸爸在工厂里做工。

分析：第二句写清了爸爸在哪儿做工。

第二组：

1.小蜜蜂飞来。

2.夏日，一只金色的小蜜蜂从远处嗡嗡地飞来。

分析：第二句写清什么时候，有多少，什么样，从哪儿，怎么样。

由上面这两组句子可以看出：在句子主要成分的前面或后面，写清什么时候(时间)、有多少(数量)、在什么地方或从哪儿(地点)、什么样(形状或颜色)、怎么样(态势)、达到什么程度(情境)等，就写清了事物外形特点、活动特点，就把自己要准确表达的意思写出来了，这就叫做把句子写具体。这样的句子就算是完整、具体的句子。

学习把句子写具体，这是一项极为重要的技能，需要同学们抓住人物或事物的特点，准确运用词语，进行持久练习。

三、把句子写通顺

句子通顺，就是句意明白，读得顺口。具体来说，句子通顺包括以下几个方面：

1.用词要准确，经得起推敲。例如：我们把门口的泥土消除掉了。句中，“泥土”不能“消除”，只能“清除”掉。

2.句中词语排列的顺序要合理。例如：正在花上，有几只漂亮的蝴蝶翩翩起舞。这句话改成“有几只漂亮的蝴蝶，正在花上翩翩起舞”,句子就通顺了。

3.词语使用搭配要得当。例如：公园里生长着各种树木和五颜六色的鲜花。句中“生长”和“鲜花”两词搭配不当，应改为“公园里生长着各种树木，盛开着五颜六色的鲜花”。

4.句中各词语的意思不能自相矛盾。例如：我断定他大概是王小刚的哥哥。句中“断定”与“大概”矛盾，应删掉“大概”。

5.关联词语的使用恰到好处。例如：只有天下雨，地才会湿。“下雨”不是“地湿”的唯一条件，因此，第一句应改为：只要天下雨，地就会湿。

6.句意明白，合乎实际，符合情理。例如：博物馆里展出了五千多年前新出土的文物。说“五千多年前新出土的文物”不合实际，应改为：博物馆里展出了新出土的五千多年前的文物。

四、把句子写连贯

连贯，即句子之间连接贯通。显然，把句子写连贯，这是指写几句话(又叫“句群”)来说的。

翻开某些同学的作文本，段落中上下句不连贯的现象比比皆是，主要表现在：句子之间无顺序，承接不紧密，跨度大;上下句之间，被描述的对象(即“主语”)重复出现，不会运用“他(她)”或者“它”这些人称代词。怎样才能做到把句子写连贯呢?

1.合理安排顺序，使句子连贯。

有顺序，这是写几句意思连贯的话的最基本的要求。这就要求我们，在写几句话时，一定不能东一句、西一句，想到哪儿就写到哪儿;总要围绕既定的中心意思，按照一定的顺序，把相关的句子组织在一起，使句子前后连贯。

2.学会运用“他(她)”或“它”这些人称代词，使句子连贯。

读读下面这段话，想一想，有什么毛病，怎样说才好：

妈妈的衣袖破了。妈妈赶忙从抽屉里拿出一个小布包。妈妈先从布包里拿出一根针，一根青线，用牙咬了咬线头，把线头穿过针眼。妈妈又从布包里找出一小块布，贴在破了的地方，然后一针一线地缝起来。

读后，大家一定会发现：这几句话写的对象是妈妈，主要写的是妈妈缝补衣服时所作的准备工作，是按事情经过的先后顺序排列的。只是由于这四句话的开头重复出现“妈妈”一词，因此读起来显得很拗口。如果把后面三句开头中的“妈妈”改成“她”字，这几句话就连贯多了。

这就告诉我们：在几个句子里，如果写的是同一个人物(或事物)，后面再指这个人物(或事物)时，就可以用“他(她)”或“它”来代替。

记叙文是记人叙事的文章，它主要是用于说明事件的时间、背景、起因、过程及结果，即我们通常所说的五个" W "( what, who, when, where, why )和一个" H "( how )。记叙文的重点在于"述说"和"描写"，因此一篇好的记叙文要叙述条理清楚，描写生动形象。下面就谈谈英语记叙文的特点和写好记叙文的基本要领。

一、记叙文的特点

1. 叙述的人称

英语的记叙文一般是以第一或第三人称的角度来叙述的。用第一称表示的是由叙述者亲眼所见、亲耳所闻的经历。它的优点在于能把故事的情节通过"我"来传达给读者，使人读后感到真实可信，如身临其境。如：

The other day, I was driving along the street. Suddenly, a car lost its control and ran directly towards me fast. I was so frightened that I quickly turned to the left side. But it was too late. The car hit my bike and I fell off it.

用第三人称叙述，优点在于叙述者不受"我"活动范围以内的人和事物的限制，而是通过作者与读者之外的第三者，直接把故事中的情节展现在读者面前，文章的客观性很强。如：

Little Tom was going to school with an umbrella, for it was raining hard. On the way, he saw an old woman walking in the rain with nothing to cover. Tom went up to the old woman and wanted to share the umbrella with her, but he was too short. What could he do? Then he had a good idea.

2. 动词的时态

在记叙文中，记和叙都离不开动词。所以动词出现率最高，且富于变化。记叙文中用得最多的是动词的过去的，这是英语记叙文区别于汉语记叙文的关键之处。英语写作的优美之处就在于这些动词时态的变化，正是这一点才使得所记、所叙有鲜活的动态感、鲜明的层次感和立体感。

3. 叙述的顺序

记叙一件事要有一定的顺序。无论是顺叙、倒叙、插叙还是补叙，都要让读者能弄清事情的来龙去脉。顺叙最容易操作，较容易给读者提供有关事情的空间和时间线索。但这种方法也容易使文章显得平铺直叙，读起来平淡乏味。倒叙、插叙、补叙等叙述方法能有效地提高文章的结构效果，让所叙之事跌宕起伏，使读者在阅读时思维产生较大的跳跃，从而为文章所吸引，深入其中。但这些方法如果使用不当，则容易弄巧成拙，使文章结构散乱，头绪不清，让读者不知所云。

4. 叙述的过渡

过渡在上下文中起着承上启下、融会贯通的作用。过渡往往用在地点转移或时间、事件转换以及由概括说明到具体叙述时。如：

In my summer holidays, I did a lot of things. Apart form doing my homework, reading an English novel, watching TV and doing some housework, I went on a trip to Qingdao. It is really a beautiful city. There are many places of interest to see. But what impressed me most was the sunrise.

The next morning I got up early. I was very happy because it was a fine day. By the time I got to the beach, the clouds on the horizon were turning red. In a little while, a small part of the sun was gradually appearing. The sun was very red, not shining. It rose slowly. At last it broke through the red clouds and jumped above the sea, just like a deep-red ball. At the same time the clouds and the sea water became red and bright.

What a moving and unforgettable scene!

5. 叙述与对话

引用故事情节中主要人物的对话是记叙文提高表现力的一种好方法。适当地用直接引语代替间接的主观叙述，可以客观生动地反映人物的性格、品质和心理状态，使记叙生动、有趣，使文章内容更加充实、具体。试比较下面两段的叙述效果：

I was in the kitchen, and I was cooking something. Suddenly I heard a loud noise from the front. I thought maybe someone was knocking the door. I asked who it was but I heard no reply. After a while I saw my cat running across the parlor. I realized it was the cat. I felt released.

这本来应是一段故事性很强的文字，但经作者这么一写，就不那么吸引人了。原因是文中用的都是叙述模式，没有人物语言，把"悬念"给冲淡了。可作如下调整：

I was in the kitchen cooking something. "Crash!" a loud noise came from the front. Thinking someone was knocking at the door, I asked, "Who?" No reply. After a while, I saw my cat running across the parlor. "Its you." I said, quite released.

二、写好记叙文的基本要领

1. 头绪分明，脉络清楚

写好记叙文，首先要头绪分明，脉络清楚，明确文章要求写什么。要对所写的事件或人物进行分析，弄清事件发生、发展一直到结束的整个过程，然后再收集选取素材。这些素材都应该跟上述五个" W "和一个" H "有关。尽管不是每篇记叙文里都必须包括这些" W "和" H "，但动笔之前，围绕五个" W "和" H "进行构思是必不可少的。

2. 突出中心，详略得当

在文章的框架确定后，对支持故事的素材的选取是很关键的。选材要注意取舍，应该从表现文章主题的需要出发，分清主次，定好详略。要突出重点，详写细述那些能表现文章主题的重要情节，略写粗述那么非关键的次要情节。面面俱到反而使情节罗列化，使人不得要领。这一点是写好记叙文要解决的一个基本问题，也需要一定的技巧。如：

One night a man came to our house and told me, "There is a family with eight children. They have not eaten for days." I took some food with me and went.

When I finally came to that family, I saw the faces of those little children disfigured (破坏外貌) by hunger. There was no sorrow or sadness in their faces, just the deep pain of hunger.

I gave the rice to the mother. She divided the rice in two, and went out, carrying half the rice. When she came back, I asked her, "Where did you go?" she gave me this simple answer, "To my neighbors - they are hungry also!"

3. 用活语言，准确生动

记叙文要用具体的事件和生动的语言对人、事、物加以叙述。一篇好的记叙文的语言既要准确、生动，又要表现力强，这样才能把人、事描写得具体生动，其可读性才强。试比较下面一篇例文修改的前后效果。

原文：

One day Xiaoqiang was wandering away. He was soon lost among people and traffic. He could not find the way back home and started crying. Just then, two young students who were passing by found him standing alone in front of a shop and crying. They went up to Xiaoqiang and asked him what had happened. Xiaoqiang told them how he got lost and where he lived. The two students decided to take him home. Mother was pleased to see Xiaoqiang come back safe and sound. She invited the two students into the house and gave them some money, but they didnt take it. She served them with tea but they left.

修改后：

The other day, five-year-old Xiaoqiang left home alone and wandered happily in the street. After some time, he felt hungry so he wanted to go back home. But he found he was lost among the crowded people and heavy traffic. When he could not find the way home, he started and crying. Just then, two young students who were passing by from school found him sanding crying in front of a shop. They immediately went up to him.

"Little boy, why are you standing here crying?" they asked.

"I want Mom, I go home." said the boy, still crying.

"Dont worry, well send you home."

And they spent the next two hours looking for the boys house. With the help of a policeman, they finally found it.

When the worried mother saw her son come back safe and sound, she was so thankful and she invited the students into her house. Gratefully, she offered them some money, saying it was a way to express her thanks, but the young students firmly refused it and left without even a cup of tea.

Love,It would have to be to you

[爱，它只属于你]

Softhearted is sick, but you are life.

心软是病，可你是命.

island is the scar of the sea

[岛是海的疤痕]

You ever far is my fixed lattice

(你永远是我的定格.)

The time that you are my most fatal.

时光深知你是我最致命的爱

Learn to sorrow blind eye.

[学会熟视无睹对于悲伤]

You dont laugh tears away.

[你别笑了眼泪都掉了]

I want to be your bride .

【 我想成为你的新娘 】

Lets make thing better.

(让我们做得更好)

Does not belong to me,I will let go

不属于我的 我会离开.

I am not greed but I envy.

我没有贪婪 我羡慕海枯石烂.

Let the time tell the truth.

任由时间说真话

Promises are often like the dust

承诺像尘埃

Everybody wants to be loved

谁都想被疼爱

I will always be, even if love pale.

我会一直在,纵使爱变苍白

The time that you are my most fatal

时光深知你是我最致命的爱人

Let me make you whole life youth

[愿我许你一生青涩年华]

You are my most adventure youth dream

[你是我年少时最冒险的梦]

If through time, through love

[倘若看透时光看透爱]

Who gives us meet but not concurrently give us forever.

是谁赐我们遇见 却不一并赠我们永远。

I think I will love you for a long time

我想我会爱你很久

Laugh Until You Cry; Cry Until You Laugh

笑到终于哭出来;哭到终于笑出来。

You were never mine to lose.

你从来就不属于我，谈不上什么失去

干部考察材料的质量，直接关系到干部工作的质量。因此，我们要本着对组织和干部本人负责的精神，实事求是、客观公正、准确无误地撰写考察材料，

一、基本格式

干部考察材料的格式，要有利于把干部的德才表现、工作实绩准确、清楚地表现出来，给人形成生动、立体、确切的印象，在工作实践中，我们一般采用以下格式：

l、标题。即“同志考察材料”。

2、正文。一般结构是：

第一自然段：写政治思想素质方面的情况。无论是写哪一类或哪一级领导干部的考察材料，都要注意反映这方面情况。主要写学习贯彻落实党的路线方针政策、历次重大历史事件中的表现和能否同党中央保持一致等方面的情况。“文化大革命”、1989年政治风波中如果没有问题，可以不写，其他方面也不一定面面俱到。

第二至四自然段：根据不同干部的不同特点，综合考察对象德能勤绩廉方面的主要表现和主要特长，重点评价工作实绩。每个观点篇幅大致相当。

第四至五自然段：概况的评价考察对象的思想作风、廉洁勤政、群众威信等方面的情况，写明民主推荐、民主测评情况。

第五至六自然段：主要缺点和不足。写实、写具体，与优点不相矛盾。

3、落款。即署明考察组组长、成员姓名。

4、考察日期。

二、存在的主要问题

主要存在三方面的问题：

一是反映的特征不够突出。就是说特点不鲜明，所描述的干部不像考察对象，所勾画出的‘人’似曾相识，谁都像又谁都不像”。基本上分不出层次和所从事的工作，“千人一面”。对优点的评价，大都是政治坚定，有较强的组织领导能力，工作积极主动，事业心责任感强，廉洁自律等等;而缺点和不足往往集中在有时注意方法不够，脾气比较急躁、工作不够大胆泼辣等方面。

二是材料和观点不够统一。概念化的叙述较多，量化分析和典型事例等写实性表述比较少，有的仅罗列一些事实和数据;有的只有观点，缺乏说明观点的事实，或是观点和事实不一致。如观点为“开拓性比较强，敢于创新”，而事例却是重视业务学习，做好本职工作的情况;观点是“思想解放，具有开拓创新精神”，所举事例却不是这方面的内容。也有的内容前后重复，前面写了工作能力强，后面又写组织领导能力如何。写最后一个观点，一般是概括地评价一些考察对象的思想作风和廉洁勤政的情况，但有的材料又把工作如何勤奋和其他的情况写进来，如“切实做到廉洁勤政，积极配合好科室间的工作”。

三是语言表述不够准确。有的评价过高，如“组织领导能力很强”、“有很高的专业造诣”、35岁以下干部用“善于、精于、敏于”，与其身份不符;有的引用事例不够准确，把一个县市区或一个市直部门所做的工作，说成是某个单位副职或者中层干部的政绩;有的语言缺乏推敲，如“比较民主、不用命令压人”，“脾气随和”，“配合意识强、思想政治素质好”;还有的口语化，如“工作作风粘糊点”，“工作粗拉些”等。

三、注意事项

撰写考察材料一般采取观例法，即抓住被考察对象的个性特征，确立几个观点，运用具体事例加以说明。要注意以下几个方面：

1、要“像”。就是考察材料所描述的干部，要像被考察对象。这就要求按照实事求是、客观公正的原则，从重一般、轻个性的套路中解脱出来，找出最能体现德才表现和性格特征的思想、行动、言

论及数据，并运用富有特色的语言，使考察材料做到形神兼备，个性鲜明，使人看后“如见其人”，让熟悉的人看后知道写的是谁，不熟悉的人看后也能有鲜明的印象。需要把握三点：一要根据干部考察任务突出其特点。比如，对拟提拔任职干部的考察材料，要突出实绩和特长;对后备干部的考察材料，要突出基本素质和潜能;对主要领导干部的考察材料，要突出政治水平和驾驭全局、处

理复杂问题的能力等。二要要结合考察对象所从事和分管的工作写出特点。如对组织部门领导干部的考察材料，要突出政治坚定性、公道正派和组织协调能力;对宣传部门领导干部的考察材料，要突出政治敏锐性、思想理论水平和文字表达能力等。三要在与周围其他干部的比较中写出特点。既全面反映考察对象的情况，又要突出与其他干部的不同之处，突出“个性化”，变“千人一面”为“一人一面”。

2、要“实”。就是采用写实的方法，用事实说话，不要一般概念化的描述。要充分利用考察中获得的各种数据，对考察对象进行定量分析，运用定量分析结果，对考察中的定性评价进行印证。比如在履行职责情况方面，要在考察材料中具体说明考察对象在工作中做了怎样的决策，提出了什么建议，做了哪些具体工作，取得了哪些效果。再如写一个干部的能力怎样，只要写出几件在本职岗位上做出的具体成绩，就一目了然;写上许多句“成绩突出”、“做了许多工作”、“有一定贡献”，不如选择几件能代表本人成绩的事实让人信服。对干部的功过是非，尤其是缺点和不足，要如实反映，不能笼统抽象地概括。在文字表达上，要朴朴实实、直截了当、实实在在，不能华而不实、言之无物。

3、要“准”。就是考察材料对被考察对象所作评价，要实事求是，恰如其分。大家从网上可以看一看，中组部负责同志在评价各省和中直部门正职特点时基本上是“比较”到底，我们评价干部县级干部更要注意把握这一点。对所引用的数字、事例，要有根有据，准确无误。评价个人的作用，应根据个人在班子中的职责分工以及实际工作情况，着重反映考察对象在工作中出了哪些主意，做了哪些工作，防止“一顶帽子大家戴，一件衣服众人穿”的现象。缺点和不足是一个很重要的方面，也是写考察材料的难点和重点。对干部的缺点和失误要认真地加以分析，看看是主要的还是次要的;是偶发的还是一贯的;是缺乏经验造成的还是渎职失职造成的;是思想品质问题还是工作方法问题;是出以公心还是图谋私利;是知错就改还是屡错屡犯。这个问题上要注意4点：一要反复推敲、慎重落笔。是什么缺点就写什么，切忌乱扣帽子。二要写明短在何处、缺的程度和具体表现。不要用“希望抓工作再放手一些”、“建议进一步加强政治理论学习”等代替不足。三要防止优点和缺点打架，不能自圆其说。比如，写优点时说“勇于开拓，大胆创新”，但在不足中又说“推进工作的力度小一些”。四要防止把优点作为缺点写。如“不注意身体”、“工作中要求急一些”等。

4、要“精”。撰写考察材料应讲究语法修辞，格式统一，用语规范，简明扼要，一般在1500字左右。

小升初的作文看似简单，但是因为考生主体年龄与知识能力的局限，所以实际上是学生所经历的小、中、高考三大阶段性升学考试中难度相对较大的一个阶段。如何打好这一阶段的基本功，不仅仅是试管小升初考试，更为重要与紧迫的是它对中学阶段的影响。这一阶段的技巧，既是基本的技巧，优势跨越的桥梁与成长的阶梯，所以是绝对忽略不得的。

这一阶段的作文考题方式，大多是以命题作文为主。下面我们就对于这一阶段的命题作文写作技巧加以系统分析与探讨。

一、确定内容范围

有的题目，对写作内容做出规定。所以，审题时，要确定题目规定的内容范围：记人的，要记什么人;叙事的，要叙什么事;写景的，要写什么景;状物的，要状什么物，等等。确定了范围，写作的时候就必须要把握详略，不能“失重”。

二、确定时间范围

有的题目，从时间上规定了写作范围。因此，作文必须是反映规定时间范围内的事。否则就会视为跑题或超范围，考生必须清楚：这种“罪名”下，扣分是非常“惨烈”的。而犯下这种错误的原因，通常仅仅是审题不细致而已。

三、确定材料数量范围

有的作文题目，对选材的数量做出规定。审题时必须注意，不能超范围选题。选材多了，不但没功，反而显得啰嗦，这是这一阶段学生最容易犯的错误。

四、确定人称范围

有的作文题目对写作的人称做了规定，审题时要依照要求确定人称范围，明确是写自己的还是写别人的，该用第一人称的，就绝对不能用第二人称或第三人称。

五、确定处所范围

有的题目规定了处所范围。这就要求我们在审题时必须依照文题要求，把握住事情发生的地点，不能把应在操场上发生的事搞到野外去，有些考生，写至兴头上非常容易“忘我”，信马由缰，这是大忌。

六、确定“题眼”

“题眼”也可以称作“文眼”，就是作文题目中的关键词，它是作文标题意思的核心，是你文章的主题与主旨所在，是作文要反映的具体内容的重点所在。学习、做事都要抓住关键，这个道理用在作文上，就是要抓住“题眼”这个关键。没有“题眼”，你的文章就没有灵魂，说白了，那就是一笔“流水账”。

七、确定比喻意义或者象征意义

比喻，就是打比方，是一种常用的修辞方法。这种修辞方法有助于形象地说明问题。我们平时见到的作文题中，有很多运用了这种修辞方法。因此，弄清文题的喻意，就显得非常重要。例如，文题“难忘的一幕”，其中的“一幕”本该是指舞台上的演出。但它具有比喻意义，可以用来说明生活中的一瞥、一个镜头、一个场面等。因此，在作文前，必须先确定好它的比喻意义，以增加文章的内涵。

象征意，就是某一命题本身包含了明与暗两层内涵，你看到的是明的，就是现实生活中的事物，你所要挖掘的，就是暗的，就是它所象征的那部分内涵。比如《桥》，如果写现实生活中的事物，那边写成了说明文，如果写它的象征意，那就要把方向定在人与人之间情感与心灵沟通的“桥”。内涵不一样，作文的品位也就不一样，你的得分也就不一样了。

1.According to a recent survey, four million people die each year from diseases linked to smoking. 依照最近的一项调查，每年有4，000，000人死于与吸烟有关的疾病。

2. The latest surveys show that quite a few children have unpleasant associations with homework.最近的调查显示相当多的孩子对家庭作业没什么好感。

3. No invention has received more praise and abuse than Internet. 没有一项发明像互联网一样同时受到如此多的赞扬和批评。

4. Many experts point out that physical exercise contributes directly to a person’s physical fitness.

许多专家指出体育锻炼直接有助于身体健康。

5.写信的开头：Very glad to receive your letter of July 13.

6.One day after school,XiaoMing passed a Café on his way home.

7.The boss had no choice but to let him in.

8.How he enjoyed himself on the computer!

9.Walking home full of fear,he was sure that he would be scolded.

10.However,other students are against the idea.

11.Sometimes we have too many examinations which are too difficult for us.

12.today’s activity has taught us the new meaning of the spirit of LeiFeng:sharing with others what you have—you time,energy,or knowledge—makes you fell warm in you heart.It has truly a difference in how I feel about myself.

13.The girl whose composition was well written is spoken highly of.

14.No matter what he says，I won’t believe.

15. Thanks to the good weather，our journey was comfortable.

16. At the news of his death，she went pale with sorrow.

Each years Arbor Day across the country will be massive tree-planting activities, because of afforestation greening and beautifying the home, not only can also at the same time expanding forest resources, prevent water loss and soil erosion, protecting farmland, regulating climate, and promote economic development, and so on, is a grand project of contemporary, benefiting future. But the meaning of the Arbor Day is not everyone want to plant a tree in the Arbor Day this day, but through the Arbor Day again come, make us more attention of greening, the problems of environmental protection.

As we all know: the earth is in arid and desert area covered are increased year by year, but we seem to feel these are far from us, but in our side have such a group of people: they are quietly for planting green the earth, they are called "hero", some are called "contemporary yu gong", some even are foreign friends... They plant trees in their practical action to tell us, was the event of all mankind, is benefiting future generations of the ten thousand.

Hundreds of millions of years ago, the earth belongs to the animals with lush plants, everywhere full of vitality, full of green, however, IQ is far more human than the other animals, plants like enchanted decreased dramatically. That is because the human in order to build houses, caused by the cutting down trees. Have a plenty of because business needs, large teams of cut down the trees to set aside space, used to build the building. Because many people without authorization, cut down trees and trees, so nature was damaged.

The disadvantages of cutting down trees a lot. We all know trees can be recycled carbon dioxide, if a large number of cut down trees, trees will sharply reduce the number of, we cant get exhaled carbon dioxide cycle. Lush trees can stop the sandstorm, two years before Beijing encountered sandstorms, the entire city was shrouded by sand that is because of the lack of protection in the trees.

Trees are the earths lungs, I hope everyone can protect the forest, protection of trees, green make urban life add a minute! Protect trees is to protect the earth is to protect our humanity!

But for all of us, the meaning of the Arbor Day is not just as simple plant a tree. Arbor Day to express meaning not only for us is to plant more trees, but to cultivate citizens to take good care of our natural, low carbon a philosophy of life.

Arbor Day if there are no conditions to plant trees, we can do from daily life and the same effect to plant trees. Such as a piece of paper with a pair of disposable chopsticks, less waste less and less an air-conditioner and so on. The concept of low carbon, saving itself is beneficial to the progress of the society, the protection of the trees. Only our demand for trees, trees cut down will be less, then the love will be more and more trees. Arbor Day, what are you waiting for, from now on, since you have come together to love nature, low carbon a day!

每年的植树节全国各地都会大规模开展植树活动，因为植树造林不仅可以绿化和美化家园，同时还可以起到扩大山林资源、防止水土流失、保护农田、调节气候、促进经济发展等作用，是一项利于当代、造福子孙的宏伟工程。但是植树节的意义不是在于每个人都要在植树节这天去种一棵树，而是通过植树节的又一次来临，使我们大家更加的关注绿化、环保的问题。

众所周知：地球正在沙化，沙漠的覆盖面积正在逐年的增加——可我们似乎觉得这些离我们还很远，但是在我们的身边有这样的一群人：他们在默默无闻地为这片大地播种着绿色，他们有的被称为“英雄"、有的被称为“当代愚公”，有的甚至是外国友人……他们用他们的实际行动告诉我们，植树是全人类的大事，是造福子孙万代的伟业。

几亿年前，地球归动物所拥有的时候植物繁茂，到处生机勃勃，充满了绿色，但是，智商远远高出其他动物的人类出现后，植物像被施了魔法一样的急剧减少。那是因为，人类为了建造房屋，砍伐树木所造成的。有的是因为商业需要，大批大批的砍伐树林留出空地，用来建造大楼。正因为许多人擅自砍伐树林和树木，所以大自然被破坏。

砍伐树木的坏处很多。大家都知道树木可以循环二氧化碳，如果大量砍伐树木，树木的数量就会急剧减少，我们呼出的二氧化碳无法得到循环。茂密的树木可以阻挡沙尘暴，前两年北京遭遇沙尘暴，整个城市被沙子所笼罩这也是因为缺少树木的保护所造成的。

树是地球的肺，我希望每个人都能保护树林、保护树木，让都市的生活添一分绿色!保护树木就是保护地球就是保护我们人类!

但是对于我们大家来说，植树节的意义并不仅仅是种一棵树那么简单。植树节向我们表达的意义不仅是要多种植树木，而是要培养我们广大市民爱护自然、低碳生活的一种理念。

植树节如果没有条件去种树，我们从日常生活中也可以做到和种树一样的效果。比如少用一双一次性筷子、少浪费一张纸、少开一次空调等等。这些节约低碳的理念，本身就有益于社会的进步，树木的保护。只有我们对树木的需求少了，树木的砍伐才会少，那么爱护树木的人就会越来越多。植树节，大家还在等什么，从现在开始，从你开始，都来一起爱护自然吧，低碳的过一天!

①拟人手法赋予事物以人的性格、思想、感情和动作。使事物人格化，从而达到形象生动的效果。比如朱自清的《春》一文中写春花“你不让我，我不让你，都开满了花赶趟儿”就是拟人句，生动形象地写出春花争艳的美景。

②比喻手法形象生动、简洁凝练地描写事物、讲解道理。

③夸张手法突出人或事物的特征，揭示本质，给读者以鲜明而强表达.........

的情感，增强了文章的表虽烈的印象。《安塞腰鼓》中多次运用夸张，描写黄土高原上的蓬勃的生命力。

④象征手法把特定的意义寄托在所描写的事物上。

⑤对比手法通过比较，突出事物或描写对象的特点。比如《变色龙》一文，把奥楚蔑洛夫因狗主人身份的变化而变化的态度用对比的方式表达出来，具有强烈的讽刺效果。

⑥衬托(

侧面烘托)手法和正面描写。以次要人物衬托主要的人物，表现人物性格特点、思想、感情等。如《藤野先生》中描写他不拘小节的性格就是用的侧面烘托;而写他工作严谨则是正面描写。

⑦讽刺手法。 运用比喻夸张等手段和方法对人或事物进行揭露、 批判和嘲笑，加强深刻性和批判性，使语言辛辣幽默。比如吴敬梓的《范进中举》。

⑧欲扬先抑和先扬后抑。先贬抑再大力颂扬所描写的对象，上下文形成对比，突出所写的对象，收到出人意料的感人效果。比如鲁迅的《阿长与》。

⑨前后照应(首尾呼应)使情节完整、结构严谨、中心突出。

⑩ 设置悬念能引起读者注意，引出文章的说明内容等。